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--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Advanced
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Advanced
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
---
-created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2026-06-12
-title: Advanced Research Projects Agency
-aliases:
-  - ARPA
-tags:
-  - organization
-  - government
-  - research
-description: The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was a U.S. government agency responsible for funding and overseeing advanced technological research, including early investigations into psychic phenomena. It is now known as DARPA.
-category: "U.S. Government"
-summary: "The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), now known as DARPA, was a U.S. government agency that funded advanced technological research including early classified investigations into psychic phenomena during the Cold War."
-start: 1958
-end: 1972
-location: "Arlington, Virginia"
---
-The [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA) was a U.S. government agency responsible for funding and overseeing advanced technological research. It is now known as [[DARPA]] ([[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]]).[^1]
-
-In the early 1970s, ARPA showed interest in psychic phenomena, sending a three-man team to observe [[Uri Geller]] at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) in early 1973.[^1]
-
-While ARPA's corporate stance was not to pursue further investigations into Geller, one of its team members, psychologist [[Robert Van de Castle]], was reportedly impressed by Geller's abilities.[^1]
-
-### Long-Horizon Research and Military Psychology
-
-ARPA was specifically designed to sponsor projects whose results would not arrive for ten to fifteen years, providing a funding mechanism for long-horizon military science outside standard procurement budgets. Its [[Arlington, Virginia]] headquarters sat in the same building complex as the [[USARIBSS|Army Research Institute]] and other military psychological research organizations. In the psychological sciences its Cold War work concentrated on biofeedback research and early brain-weapon studies (including whether pilots' brain states could be linked to missile systems), and on the psychology of insurgent organizations, with [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] as the primary focus. The most prominent ARPA-commissioned psychological study was the [[Rand Corporation]]'s Viet Cong motivation and morale study of the early 1960s, and ARPA also sponsored [[Project Agile]], a series of Asian military-science studies that included the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] smell-weapons research of 1966. A 1964 classified memorandum from the Director of Defense Research and Engineering placed ARPA in an integrating role for behavioral and social science research across the service branches.[^2]
-
---
-
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/All-domain
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/All-domain
@ -15,42 +15,57 @@ relations:
    start: 2025-08-05
    end: 2025-08-06
    role: "named sponsor of the August 5-6, 2025 workshop 'Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis' held at Associated Universities, Inc. (paper 26-P-0344)"
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 9
  - type: partner_of
    with: "[[Associated Universities, Inc.]]"
    start: 2025
    role: "the invitation letter to the 2025 workshop describes 'a new collaboration between the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), and Florida State University (FSU)'"
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 9
  - type: partner_of
    with: "[[Florida State University]]"
    start: 2025
    role: "same collaboration; Gretchen Stahlman of the FSU School of Information signed the invitation letter on behalf of the organizing committee"
-    fn: 2
-updated: 2026-10-04
+    fn: 9
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
-The [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) is the official office within the [[United States]] [[Department of Defense]] tasked with investigating [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP). It was established by Congress in the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and is the successor to the [[UAP Task Force]].[^1]
+The [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) is the official office within the [[United States]] [[Department of Defense]] tasked with investigating [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP). Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 required the Secretary of Defense to establish an office to carry out the duties of the [[UAP Task Force]], "as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^1][^2] The Deputy Secretary of Defense established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office by memorandum on July 15, 2022, "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022," and Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, provided that the office be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^3][^4]

 ### Establishment and Mandate

 The creation of AARO was a direct result of the legislative efforts of [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Luis Elizondo]], and a bipartisan group of senators and representatives who were concerned about the national security implications of UAP and the lack of transparency from the Pentagon. The office is mandated to synchronize efforts across the Department of Defense and other federal agencies to detect, identify, and attribute objects of interest in, on, or near military installations, operating areas, training areas, special use airspace, and other areas of interest.[^1]

+On November 23, 2021 the Deputy Secretary of Defense, [[Kathleen Hicks]], directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security to establish the [[Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group]] (AOIMSG) "as the successor to the U.S. Navy's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," with an executive council (AOIMEXEC).[^5]
+
+The July 15, 2022 memorandum established the office "to carry out the duties that were to be fulfilled by the AOIMSG." It directed the Secretary of the Navy to "disestablish the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) no later than the date the AARO is established," and to support "the transfer of any data, analysis, or other relevant material, to the AARO."[^6]
+
+Section 1673 of the 2023 act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^7]
+
+The office's March 2024 historical record report states that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO," and dates the UAP Task Force "August 2020-November 2021."[^8]
+
 AARO is required to provide regular briefings to Congress and to produce an annual public report on its findings. The establishment of a permanent, congressionally-mandated UAP office with a direct line of reporting to lawmakers is a significant step forward in the effort to bring transparency and scientific rigor to the study of UAP.[^1]

 ### Academic Workshops

-The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office is named as sponsor of a two-day workshop held August 5 and 6, 2025 at the headquarters of [[Associated Universities, Inc.]] (AUI) in [[Vienna, Virginia]]. The sponsoring office's own paper, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," carries the line "Workshop sponsored by: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)" and the document number 26-P-0344. Its executive summary states that the workshop "brought together 40 participants from government, academia, and independent research organizations," and the text adds that "Outside participation was limited due to budget constraints and institutional capacity."[^2]
+The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office is named as sponsor of a two-day workshop held August 5 and 6, 2025 at the headquarters of [[Associated Universities, Inc.]] (AUI) in [[Vienna, Virginia]]. The sponsoring office's own paper, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," carries the line "Workshop sponsored by: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)" and the document number 26-P-0344. Its executive summary states that the workshop "brought together 40 participants from government, academia, and independent research organizations," and the text adds that "Outside participation was limited due to budget constraints and institutional capacity."[^9]

-The invitation letter reproduced in the paper's Appendix A, signed by [[Gretchen Stahlman]] of [[Florida State University]] and [[Tim Spuck]] of AUI on behalf of the organizing committee, states that the event "builds upon a previous NSF-funded workshop held in 2024" and that "A new collaboration between the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), and Florida State University (FSU) has convened to host the upcoming event." The 2024 workshop was held May 15 to 17, 2024 at AUI under [[National Science Foundation]] award 2301922, via a $25,000 supplement (see [[2024 AUI UAP Workshop]]). The 2025 letter anticipated "25-30 experts," and the final count was 40. It offered lodging and most meals and stated that the organizers were "unable to compensate you for travel costs."[^2]
+The invitation letter reproduced in the paper's Appendix A, signed by [[Gretchen Stahlman]] of [[Florida State University]] and [[Tim Spuck]] of AUI on behalf of the organizing committee, states that the event "builds upon a previous NSF-funded workshop held in 2024" and that "A new collaboration between the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), and Florida State University (FSU) has convened to host the upcoming event." The 2024 workshop was held May 15 to 17, 2024 at AUI under [[National Science Foundation]] award 2301922, via a $25,000 supplement (see [[2024 AUI UAP Workshop]]). The 2025 letter anticipated "25-30 experts," and the final count was 40. It offered lodging and most meals and stated that the organizers were "unable to compensate you for travel costs."[^9]

-The paper's recommended next steps are standardized metadata templates for UAP reports, a hybrid of qualitative expertise and AI tools with human oversight, triage of reports by credibility and corroboration, preservation and digitization of historical reports, enhancement of public reporting portals, and further convenings to build a "community of practice." Its guidelines for conduct state that the workshop would "NOT be focused on what UAP are or their origins," and name tags could list a first name with no institutional affiliation.[^2]
+The paper's recommended next steps are standardized metadata templates for UAP reports, a hybrid of qualitative expertise and AI tools with human oversight, triage of reports by credibility and corroboration, preservation and digitization of historical reports, enhancement of public reporting portals, and further convenings to build a "community of practice." Its guidelines for conduct state that the workshop would "NOT be focused on what UAP are or their origins," and name tags could list a first name with no institutional affiliation.[^9]

-The [[Society for UAP Studies]] published a report by [[Greg Bishop]] dated September 2, 2025 stating that AARO and AUI "convened a symposium at the AUI headquarters in Vienna, Virginia," and that "AARO director Kosloski emphasized that the mission of his office is to study UAP as a potential deficit in 'domain awareness.'" The report identifies the director as Acting Director Dr. [[Jon Kosloski|Jon T. Kosloski]].[^3]
+The [[Society for UAP Studies]] published a report by [[Greg Bishop]] dated September 2, 2025 stating that AARO and AUI "convened a symposium at the AUI headquarters in Vienna, Virginia," and that "AARO director Kosloski emphasized that the mission of his office is to study UAP as a potential deficit in 'domain awareness.'" The report identifies the director as Acting Director Dr. [[Jon Kosloski|Jon T. Kosloski]].[^10]

-On April 29, 2026 AUI's podcast "[[Beyond the Breakthrough]]" (episode "Making Sense of the Unknown," with Spuck and Stahlman) stated in its notes: "The 2025 workshop, 'Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis' was supported by the U.S. All-domain Anomaly Office."[^4]
+On April 29, 2026 AUI's podcast "[[Beyond the Breakthrough]]" (episode "Making Sense of the Unknown," with Spuck and Stahlman) stated in its notes: "The 2025 workshop, 'Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis' was supported by the U.S. All-domain Anomaly Office."[^11]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
-[^2]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," 26-P-0344, August 5-6, 2025, https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf (archived PDF: https://web.archive.org/web/20260927135859/https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf).
-[^3]: Greg Bishop, "AARO and AUI Engage Academia in UAP Symposium," Society for UAP Studies, September 2, 2025, https://www.societyforuapstudies.org/post/aaro-and-aui-engage-academia-in-uap-symposium.
-[^4]: "Making Sense of the Unknown," Beyond the Breakthrough (Associated Universities, Inc. podcast), April 29, 2026, https://beyondthebreakthrough.podbean.com/e/uap-data/.
+[^2]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm
+[^3]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF
+[^4]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm
+[^5]: Department of Defense, "DoD Announces the Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG)," press release, November 23, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-the-establishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/
+[^6]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF
+[^7]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm
+[^8]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," March 2024, p. 24. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
+[^9]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," 26-P-0344, August 5-6, 2025, https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf (archived PDF: https://web.archive.org/web/20260927135859/https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf).
+[^10]: Greg Bishop, "AARO and AUI Engage Academia in UAP Symposium," Society for UAP Studies, September 2, 2025, https://www.societyforuapstudies.org/post/aaro-and-aui-engage-academia-in-uap-symposium.
+[^11]: "Making Sense of the Unknown," Beyond the Breakthrough (Associated Universities, Inc. podcast), April 29, 2026, https://beyondthebreakthrough.podbean.com/e/uap-data/.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md
@ -1,23 +1,159 @@
 ---
 created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2025-07-22
+updated: 2026-10-08
 title: DARPA
+aliases:
+  - DARPA
+  - ARPA
+  - Advanced Research Projects Agency
+  - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Government
  - Research
-  - USA
  - Defense
-  - Technology
+  - ARPANET
+  - RemoteViewing
+  - ProjectPandora
+  - TotalInformationAwareness
+  - BrainComputerInterface
 description: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.
 category: "U.S. Government"
-summary: "The DARPA (DARPA) is the modern name for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the..."
+summary: "The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), founded in 1958 as ARPA, funded psychic research at Stanford Research Institute, the Pandora microwave program and the Total Information Awareness office."
 start: 1958
 location: "Arlington, Virginia"
+relations:
+  - type: contractor_to
+    with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 2005
+    fn: 28
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
+    start: 1983
+    fn: 17
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Project Pandora]]"
+    end: 1970
+    fn: 3
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Richard S. Cesaro]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 1967
+    fn: 23
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[George Lawrence]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 1972
+    fn: 10
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[John Poindexter]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 2002
+    end: 2003
+    fn: 26
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Center Lane]]"
+    start: 1983
+    fn: 19
 ---
-The [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) is the modern name for the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA). It is a research and development agency of the [[United States Department of Defense]] responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.[^1]
+The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the [[United States Department of Defense]] that funds advanced technology for military use. It was established in 1958 as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).[^1]

-While the *Remote Viewers* text primarily refers to the agency by its earlier name, ARPA, DARPA continues to be at the forefront of advanced research, including areas that may touch upon human capabilities and unconventional intelligence methods.
+### Names, leadership and headquarters
+
+[[Barry M. Leiner]] and coauthors date the first renaming to DARPA to 1971, a return to ARPA in 1993, and a second return to DARPA in 1996.[^2] A history prepared for the agency by the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] gives 1972 for the renaming to DARPA.[^1] A letter from the agency to [[Warren G. Magnuson]], chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, gave its headquarters as 1400 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia.[^3]
+
+The same Institute for Defense Analyses history lists [[Jack Ruina]] as director from 1961 to 1963, [[Robert Sproull]] from 1963 to 1965, and [[Charles Herzfeld]] from 1965 to 1967. [[Eberhardt Rechtin]] became director in 1967 after about six months in which the deputy director, [[Peter Franken]], served as acting director. [[Stephen Lukasik]] became director in 1971, and [[George H. Heilmeier]] was named by the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, [[Malcolm Currie]], with [[James Schlesinger]] as Secretary of Defense. [[Robert Fossum]] became director in 1977, [[Robert Cooper]] in 1981 and [[Robert Duncan]] in 1985, and [[Raymond Colladay]], formerly of [[NASA]], served as director for 18 months. The history describes the agency's Vietnam-era role as operating particularly through its Advanced Sensor program.[^1] [[Anthony Tether]] was director in August 2003.[^4]
+
+### Long-horizon research and military psychology
+
+ARPA was designed to sponsor projects whose results would not arrive for ten to fifteen years, providing a funding mechanism for long-horizon military science outside standard procurement budgets. Its [[Arlington, Virginia]] headquarters sat in the same building complex as the [[USARIBSS|Army Research Institute]] and other military psychological research organizations. In the psychological sciences its Cold War work concentrated on biofeedback research and early brain-weapon studies (including whether pilots' brain states could be linked to missile systems), and on the psychology of insurgent organizations, with [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] as the primary focus. The most prominent ARPA-commissioned psychological study was the [[Rand Corporation]]'s Viet Cong motivation and morale study of the early 1960s, and ARPA also sponsored [[Project Agile]], a series of Asian military-science studies that included the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] smell-weapons research of 1966. A 1964 classified memorandum from the Director of Defense Research and Engineering placed ARPA in an integrating role for behavioral and social science research across the service branches.[^5]
+
+### Early psychic inquiries, 1972 to 1973
+
+[[Ray Hyman]] wrote that he visited SRI on December 8, 1972, with the agency's George Lawrence.[^6] Beaumont wrote that in 1972 the agency sent a team to evaluate the claimed results obtained at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) with the spoon-bender [[Uri Geller]], headed by [[George Lawrence]], a psychologist open-minded on parapsychology, and including Hyman, an accomplished magician, and [[Robert Van de Castle]], a University of Virginia sleep and dream expert and a past president of the [[Parapsychological Association|American Parapsychological Association]]. Beaumont described the team's report as totally negative.[^7] A CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum of January 24, 1973 refers to "Drs. Austin Kibler and George Lawrence" of ARPA as having been to SRI to observe Geller, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]].[^8] [[Jim Schnabel]] wrote that the agency sent a three-man team to look at Geller at SRI in early 1973, one member of which was a University of Virginia psychologist While the agency's corporate stance was not to pursue Geller further, Schnabel wrote, Van de Castle was impressed by Geller's abilities.[^9]
+
+[[Time]] reported in 1974 that Hyman, accompanied by Lawrence, described as a DoD projects manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, caught Geller in some outright deceptions. Time quoted Hyman as calling the SRI tests conducted with what he termed "incredible sloppiness."[^10]
+
+[[Michael Zarbo]], an Army captain writing a master's thesis at the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] college in 1992, citing [[Ronald McRae]]'s [[Mind Wars]], wrote that Lawrence "was ordered by his superiors to find something to satisfy Congressional demands to match purported Soviet efforts in the field."[^11]
+
+Beaumont wrote that the Army awarded a contract of $145,000 to examine Kirlian photography in 1976 and that the researchers found the "aura" to be an interaction of body moisture and the electric field.[^7] [[David Suter]], in an undated [[Washington Post]] article, attributed a $145,000 contract to the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency, placing it "last year."[^12]
+
+Suter reported that DARPA spokesperson Jane Smith denied that the agency had any interest in psychic research or in Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ. He reported that Director George H. Heilmeier had stated that the agency had not received, and was not considering, a formal or informal proposal on psychic research. According to a paid consultant who briefed the agency, SRI had proposed a $3.5 million program on remote viewing. Suter also reported that Colonel Austin Kibler, director of DARPA's human resources division in 1973, confided to a consulting psychologist that "it could be that we are pretending to support this [psychic] work to throw off the Russians."[^12] Skeptics at the agency, Suter wrote, flew in an outside team of debunkers to brief engineers considering SRI's psychic work.[^12]
+
+[[Kenneth A. Kress]], writing in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] journal [[Studies in Intelligence]] in the winter of 1977, recalled that DARPA reported "not only a showing of interest but a hostile response." He described a briefing at which "the SRI contractors and I" faced "an assemblage of hostile DARPA people who had been convened especially to debunk our results," after which contacts with DARPA stopped for several years and the Navy funded a replication.[^13]
+
+### The DARPA computer network and remote viewing experiments, 1975 to 1979
+
+A 1977 SRI report by Puthoff, Targ and [[Edwin May]], titled "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," has a section on long-distance remote viewing that lists "Use of the DARPA teleconferencing computer network to provide date and time records of experiments in progress." The experiments ran between New York and California, New York and Dayton, and New Orleans and California.[^14] A 1977 proceedings volume of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society describes the TALK mode of the DARPA net being used for post-experiment feedback between a subject at SRI and an experimenter on the East Coast.[^15] Zarbo describes a 1976 test, reported in a [[New York Times]] article that he dates to 1983, in which Targ acted as a conduit in New York City while a viewer at SRI typed impressions on a terminal linked to the DARPA network, the target being a fountain in Washington Square Park. The thesis footnote for the article lists William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," January 10, 1984, section C.[^11]
+
+In 1979 [[Harry Snyder]] and Arlene Snyder of [[Systemetrics]], Inc., issued a critical evaluation of remote viewing research under contract 77F104420. The report states that the DARPA computer teleconferencing network coordinated experimental timing and provided time and date stamped records of all communications.[^16]
+
+### Funding routed through DARPA, 1983
+
+Army and Defense Intelligence Agency records released through the CIA reading room describe DARPA as the source of money for remote viewing work at SRI in 1983. A February 21, 1983 information paper of the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM), signed by [[Robert Jachim]] as project manager, states that a memorandum of January 19, 1983 from the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering lifted a prohibition on the use of P6 funds for the [[Grill Flame]] project. The paper reports that Dr. [[Jack Vorona]] of the Defense Intelligence Agency "has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA" to keep SRI intact for fiscal 1983.[^17] The same paper states that the Director of the GDIP Program, Mr. Hurwitz, wrote the memorandum for the Under Secretary, and lists among his objectives for Grill Flame: "Keep the SRI team intact - Use the Dr DeLaurer Memo to get funds to SRI."[^17]
+
+A February 28, 1983 INSCOM information paper repeats the $200,000 figure and describes it as money DIA had determined was needed to keep DIA intact for fiscal 1983.[^18] An undated Army memorandum (DAMI-ISH), concerning a funding initiative for the INSCOM unit called [[Center Lane]], states that "Contact with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the actual source of the funds, resulted in a decision to move the money covertly through DCSRDA, if approved." It refers to the end of fiscal 1983 and records that the Congressional prohibition against use of [[National Foreign Intelligence Program]] (NFIP) or NFIP-derived funds "has been discussed with DARPA, but will be reiterated."[^19]
+
+A Defense Intelligence Agency project report dated October 19, 1983 totals the three-year Grill Flame project at $1,475.5K for fiscal years 1981 to 1983. It divides that sum into $962K for DIA, $313.5K for the Army, and $200K for DARPA. Its largest task line is remote viewing enhancement training at $575K.[^20] A later DIA special access program file on [[Sun Streak]] describes the R/D link through [[SRI International]] as "accomplished via HQ SGRD funding and a DARPA MIPR."[^21]
+
+### Congressional funding through DARPA, 1986 program
+
+Edwin May and Wanda Luke wrote in a research plan dated May 10, 1991 that beginning in fiscal year 1986 the [[United States Army Medical Research and Development Command]] began a five-year investigation of anomalous mental phenomena at SRI International. They wrote that the Command did not fund the fourth and fifth years, and that the House Appropriations Committee funded the fourth year, at the level of the third, through DARPA to the Command's contract.[^22]
+
+### Project Pandora and the Moscow Signal
+
+A memorandum dated September 27, 1967 reports on Project BIZARRE and its relation to Project PANDORA. It is signed by [[Richard S. Cesaro]] as acting director of Advanced Sensors at ARPA. It states that "The central nervous system of primates has been penetrated directly or indirectly by non-thermal modulated microwave radiation," and that the frequency and modulation used "simulated a portion of the 'Moscow Signal.'" The memorandum adds: "The potential of exerting a degree of control on human behavior by low level selectively modulated microwave radiation should be investigated for potential weapon applications."[^23]
+
+In the September 15, 1977 letter to Senator Magnuson, the agency stated that Pandora was classified at the direction of the Department of State and the United States Intelligence Board, that its total cost was $4,615,000, and that DARPA terminated the project in March 1970 and transferred its assets to the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]].[^3] The letter states that "classification of Project Pandora was a foreign relation rather than a national security matter," and that DARPA did not foresee the development of microwave weapons directed at altering nervous system function or behavior.[^3]
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] reports that in 1969 the program was expanded to include human subjects, under the code names Big Boy and Project Bizarre, with microwave beams directed at sailors at the [[Philadelphia Naval Yard]].[^24]
+
+### Information Awareness Office and Total Information Awareness, 2002 to 2003
+
+The conference report on the fiscal 2004 defense appropriations act, House Report 108-283, was taken up by the House on September 24, 2003. Section 8131 provides that none of the funds may be obligated "for the Terrorism Information Awareness Program," with a proviso excepting "processing, analysis, and collaboration tools for counterterrorism foreign intelligence" funded in the National Foreign Intelligence Program, and defines that program as "the program known either as Terrorism Information Awareness or Total Information Awareness, or any successor program, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or any other Department or element of the Federal Government."[^25] The joint explanatory statement records that the conferees "agree with the Senate position which eliminates funding for the Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) program within the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)," and "direct that the Office be terminated immediately," meaning the [[Information Awareness Office]].[^25]
+
+The statement names four projects previously under the office that may continue under DARPA: Bio-Event Advanced Leading Indicator Recognition Technology, Rapid Analytic Wargaming, Wargaming the Asymmetric Environment, and Automated Speech and Text Exploitation in Multiple Languages (including Babylon and Symphony).[^25] The conference agreement states that it "does not restrict the National Foreign Intelligence Program from using processing, analysis and collaboration tools for counterterrorism foreign intelligence purposes."[^25] DARPA created the Information Awareness Office in mid-January 2002, and [[John Poindexter]] directed it. On August 12, 2003 he submitted a five-page letter of resignation to Tether, effective August 29.[^26]
+
+### ARPANET
+
+Leiner and coauthors state that [[Lawrence G. Roberts]] went to DARPA in late 1966 to develop the computer network concept and published a plan for the ARPANET in 1967. [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] developed the switches, called IMPs, under Frank Heart's leadership, with [[Robert Kahn]] responsible for overall system design. The first switch was installed at UCLA in September 1969. The authors credit Kahn with introducing open-architecture networking in late 1972, shortly after he arrived at DARPA.[^2]
+
+### Neural interface programs
+
+In January 2016 DARPA announced the Neural Engineering System Design (NESD) program, managed by [[Phillip Alvelda]]. The release sets a size goal of about one cubic centimeter for an implantable device that would link neural activity with digital systems, and gives a ceiling of $65 million over four years.[^27] The release lists devices that could compensate for deficits in sight or hearing by feeding digital auditory or visual information to the brain.[^27]
+
+### Contractors
+
+Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International with action dates from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2026, whose Award Amount fields total $462,329,429.73 and whose transactions inside that date range total $423,420,369. The largest record is contract HR001106C0023, with action dates from November 2005 to March 2011 and an award amount of $41,671,826.77.[^28] Other records describe supply chain hardware security, machine translation under the BOLT program, semantic forensics, and molecular discovery.[^28]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+
+[^1]: Richard H. Van Atta, Seymour J. Deitchman and Sidney G. Reed, "DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume III: An Overall Perspective and Assessment of the Technical Accomplishments of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: 1958-1990," Institute for Defense Analyses, IDA Paper P-2538, July 1991, DTIC ADA241680, sections A and E and footnote 19. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA241680
+[^2]: Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts and Stephen Wolff, "The Past and Future History of the Internet," *Communications of the ACM* 40, no. 2 (February 1997), pp. 102 to 108, footnote 3 on p. 103. https://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/data/files/Leiner/Past%20and%20Future%20History%20of%20the%20Internet.pdf
+[^3]: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, letter to Senator Warren G. Magnuson, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, September 15, 1977, on agency letterhead (1400 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/14.pdf
+[^4]: Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003 (letter addressed to "DARPA director, Anthony Tether"). https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/
+[^5]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978.
+[^6]: Ray Hyman, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," *The Humanist*, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4.pdf
+[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Sole source for the team's composition as described here and for the Army Kirlian contract; Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf
+[^8]: CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.pdf
+[^9]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), p. 138 (index entry "Agency (ARPA), 138-39"); Hyman, who was present at the visit, gives December 8, 1972.
+[^10]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974, cover story, CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8.pdf
+[^11]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. Sole source for the 1976 Targ test. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf
+[^12]: David Suter, article for *The Washington Post*, continued from page B5, undated clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf
+[^13]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (Winter 1977), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.pdf
+[^14]: Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf
+[^15]: Proceedings, International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C., September 19 to 21, 1977 (IEEE catalog 77CH1259-1), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4.pdf
+[^16]: Harry L. Snyder and Arlene G. Snyder, "Summary and Critical Evaluation: Research in Remote Viewing," Report RV-79-1, Systemetrics, Inc., June 1, 1979, contract 77F104420, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9.pdf
+[^17]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H-S, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, signed Robert J. Jachim, Project Manager, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf
+[^18]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H, "Information for ACSI-INSCOM Meeting," February 28, 1983, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5.pdf
+[^19]: Department of the Army memorandum DAMI-ISH, "CENTER LANE DAMI-ISH Funding Initiative," undated (refers to the end of FY 83), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3.pdf
+[^20]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME Project Report," October 19, 1983, Appendix III, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6.pdf
+[^21]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "SUN STREAK" special access program background, CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5.pdf
+[^22]: Edwin C. May and Wanda L. W. Luke, "A Long-Term, Integrated, Basic and Applied Research Plan (U)" (draft), May 10, 1991, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1; the same passage appears in "A Comprehensive Research Plan for Anomalous Mental Phenomena (U)," CIA-RDP96-00789R003100080001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1.pdf
+[^23]: ARPA memorandum ARPA-AS-TS-67-20, "Project BIZARRE," September 27, 1967, signed Richard S. Cesaro, Acting Director, Advanced Sensors, declassified copy. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/08.pdf
+[^24]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). Sole source for the passage so cited.
+[^25]: Congressional Record, House, September 24, 2003, pp. H8500 to H8550, Conference Report on H.R. 2658, Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2004 (House Report 108-283), Sec. 8131 and Joint Explanatory Statement. https://sgp.fas.org/congress/2003/tia.html
+[^26]: Dan Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/
+[^27]: DARPA, "Bridging the Bio-Electronic Divide," January 19, 2016 (paraphrased). https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/bridging-the-bio-electronic-divide
+[^28]: USAspending.gov API, POST /api/v2/search/spending_by_award/ and /api/v2/search/spending_by_category/recipient/, filters: time_period 2007-10-01 to 2026-09-30, award_type_codes A, B, C, D, recipient_search_text "SRI INTERNATIONAL", awarding subtier agency "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" (toptier Department of Defense); the count endpoint returned 113 contracts; reproduced October 8, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/docs/endpoints
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Economic
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Economic
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ relations:
    role: "program compliance officer"
    fn: 2
 created: 2026-09-25
-updated: 2026-09-25
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---

 The Economic Development Commission is the board of the [[Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority]] that grants tax-incentive certificates to companies operating in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], trading large reductions in territorial income, gross-receipts, excise, and withholding taxes for local employment and investment. It certified [[Jeffrey Epstein|Jeffrey Epstein's]] [[Financial Trust Company]] from 1999 and his [[Southern Trust Company]] from 2013, and his companies kept their benefits after his 2008 [[Florida]] conviction, his 2010 registration as a sex offender in the territory, and a January 2015 internal query about "current media discussions surrounding a principal of Southern Trust Company." The future governor [[Albert Bryan]] chaired the commission when it issued Southern Trust's certificate in January 2014, and the future congressional delegate [[Stacey Plaskett]] was its general counsel from 2007 to 2014. A consultant retained by [[JPMorgan Chase]] put Epstein's total benefits at about 300 million dollars.[^1][^2][^3]
@ -74,6 +74,10 @@ Southern Trust reported net income of 50.3 million dollars in 2013, 67.5 million

 For 2013 through 2017 Southern Trust received tax exemptions of 73.6 million dollars, and after it elected S-corporation status Epstein's personal income-tax exemption for the period was 71.3 million dollars. Including gross-receipts taxes, the territory estimated that the certificate allowed Epstein to avoid 80,576,236 dollars in taxes. Southern Trust had assets of about 391 million dollars by 2015. The authority's records show Epstein's companies received 144.9 million dollars in incentives between 2013 and 2019 alone, according to filings by the Virgin Islands [[Department of Justice]].[^1][^5]

+### Black Diamond Affiliates
+
+The Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority's fiscal 2016 annual report lists Black Diamond Advisors, LLLP and Black Diamond Holding, LLLP, affiliates of Stephen Deckoff's [[Black Diamond Capital Management]], among its site visits to beneficiaries of the commission's program on St. Thomas.[^7] Its fiscal 2023 annual report records certificate orientations on February 7, 2023 for Black Diamond Advisors, LLC and Black Diamond Holdings, LLC, each for a modification of its certificate on St. Thomas.[^8] [[Suzanne Carlson]] of the Virgin Islands Daily News reported in February 2026 that the two companies had received benefits from the commission since 2012.[^9]
+
 ### Oversight

 Bess testified that compliance review consisted of checking that the figures on the summary page of a beneficiary's annual report matched the supporting pages, "many of which were authored by the company itself": "I would look at the presentation and what was presented at the back and ensure that the numbers total." Asked whether any part of her job involved "reviewing the character of the people who are the owners of the companies receiving tax benefits," she said no, and said such review "would usually come from the application side."[^2]
@ -82,9 +86,9 @@ In January 2015 the authority's director of compliance requested an assessment o

 ### Litigation and Aftermath

-In its January 2020 civil action against the Epstein estate, the territory alleged that Southern Trust fraudulently induced the commission to grant its benefits. The November 2022 settlement returned "more than $80 million in economic development tax benefits that Epstein and his co-defendants fraudulently obtained." In the territory's 2022 suit against JPMorgan, the bank's consultant [[Carlyn Irwin]] found that "the EDC did not investigate or question" Epstein's claims, including "computer generated solutions for medical problems"; that the territory, expecting 1.30 dollars in economic benefit for each dollar of tax benefit, received a return of pennies on the dollar; and that "giving Mr. Epstein $300 million in benefits made no economic sense." Irwin also found that Epstein "funneled a $15,000 donation from Southern Trust to Ms. Plaskett and a $10,000 donation to the Mapp-Potter Inaugural committee." Plaskett acknowledged in a May 2023 deposition receiving about 30,000 dollars in campaign contributions from Epstein and his employees.[^3][^5][^7]
+In its January 2020 civil action against the Epstein estate, the territory alleged that Southern Trust fraudulently induced the commission to grant its benefits. The November 2022 settlement returned "more than $80 million in economic development tax benefits that Epstein and his co-defendants fraudulently obtained." In the territory's 2022 suit against JPMorgan, the bank's consultant [[Carlyn Irwin]] found that "the EDC did not investigate or question" Epstein's claims, including "computer generated solutions for medical problems"; that the territory, expecting 1.30 dollars in economic benefit for each dollar of tax benefit, received a return of pennies on the dollar; and that "giving Mr. Epstein $300 million in benefits made no economic sense." Irwin also found that Epstein "funneled a $15,000 donation from Southern Trust to Ms. Plaskett and a $10,000 donation to the Mapp-Potter Inaugural committee." Plaskett acknowledged in a May 2023 deposition receiving about 30,000 dollars in campaign contributions from Epstein and his employees.[^3][^5][^10]

-The [[Virgin Islands Department of Justice]] answered JPMorgan's account of the program through its spokesperson Venetia Velazquez, who said that "the USVI identified and addressed deficiencies in Southern Trust's and Financial Trust's compliance with the federal tax incentive program." As of June 2023 the territory had not amended its law to bar registered sex offenders from obtaining incentive certificates. Companies affiliated with the investor [[Stephen Deckoff]], who bought Little St. James and [[Great St. James]] from the Epstein estate in 2023, have held commission benefits since 2012.[^2][^5][^8]
+The [[Virgin Islands Department of Justice]] answered JPMorgan's account of the program through its spokesperson Venetia Velazquez, who said that "the USVI identified and addressed deficiencies in Southern Trust's and Financial Trust's compliance with the federal tax incentive program." As of June 2023 the territory had not amended its law to bar registered sex offenders from obtaining incentive certificates. Companies affiliated with the investor [[Stephen Deckoff]], who bought Little St. James and [[Great St. James]] from the Epstein estate in 2023, have held commission benefits since 2012.[^2][^5][^9]

 ### Footnotes

@ -94,5 +98,7 @@ The [[Virgin Islands Department of Justice]] answered JPMorgan's account of the
 [^4]: "Virgin Islands governor's wife employed by convicted sex-offender billionaire." *The Daily Caller,* April 22, 2012. https://dailycaller.com/2012/04/22/virgin-islands-governors-wife-employed-by-convicted-sex-offender-billionaire/
 [^5]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Court filings show V.I. First Lady's loyalty to Epstein." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* June 21, 2023. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/court-filings-show-v-i-first-ladys-loyalty-to-epstein/article_c2dca0a7-a243-5365-88c0-389c576ad022.html (2012 response exchange; 144.9 million dollars in incentives 2013 to 2019; Plaskett deposition; no amendment of the law).
 [^6]: "Apollo Announces Review of Significant Governance Enhancements as Part of Continued Evolution and Institutionalization of the Firm and Leadership Transition." *Apollo Global Management,* January 25, 2021. https://www.apollo.com/insights-news/pressreleases/2021/01/apollo-announces-review-of-significant-governance-enhancements-as-part-of-continued-evolution-and-institutionalization-of-the-firm-and-leadership-transition-211534651 (Dechert LLP review: about 158 million dollars paid by Black to Epstein, 2012 to 2017).
-[^7]: "U.S. Virgin Islands Attorney General Settles Sex Trafficking Case Against Estate Of Jeffrey Epstein And Co-Defendants For Over $105 Million." *U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Justice,* December 1, 2022. https://usvidoj.com/u-s-virgin-islands-attorney-general-settles-sex-trafficking-case-against-estate-of-jeffrey-epstein-and-co-defendants-for-over-105-million/
-[^8]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Still no resort plans for Epstein's islands purchased by Deckoff." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 6, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/still-no-resort-plans-for-epsteins-islands-purchased-by-deckoff/article_84d776de-8427-4080-a1b5-6cf81418e23d.html (Black Diamond Advisors and Black Diamond Holdings receiving EDC benefits since 2012).
+[^7]: Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority, *FY 2016 Annual Report,* Table 3, Site Visits, p. 30. https://usvieda.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2016_EDA_Annual_Report_FINAL.pdf
+[^8]: Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority, *FY 2023 Annual Report,* Certificate Orientations, pp. 24 to 25. https://usvieda.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-Annual-Report_Revised-Apr-4-2025.pdf
+[^9]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Still no resort plans for Epstein's islands purchased by Deckoff." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 6, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/still-no-resort-plans-for-epsteins-islands-purchased-by-deckoff/article_84d776de-8427-4080-a1b5-6cf81418e23d.html (Black Diamond Advisors and Black Diamond Holdings receiving EDC benefits since 2012).
+[^10]: "U.S. Virgin Islands Attorney General Settles Sex Trafficking Case Against Estate Of Jeffrey Epstein And Co-Defendants For Over $105 Million." *U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Justice,* December 1, 2022. https://usvidoj.com/u-s-virgin-islands-attorney-general-settles-sex-trafficking-case-against-estate-of-jeffrey-epstein-and-co-defendants-for-over-105-million/
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ summary: "United States Navy intelligence office created by a general order of M
 start: 1882-03-23
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 created: 2026-09-24
-updated: 2026-09-24
+updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Theodorus B. M. Mason]]"
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ During [[World War II]] the office employed [[Karl Baarslag]], who afterward "wo

 ### Unidentified Aerial Phenomena

-In early 2017, while an unpaid consultant to ONI, [[Christopher Mellon]] was introduced by [[Jim Semivan]] to [[Luis Elizondo]], who was then running the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]]. The [[UAP Task Force]], established in 2020 as the successor to that program under [[Jay Stratton]], was a program within ONI.[^11]
+In early 2017, while an unpaid consultant to ONI, [[Christopher Mellon]] was introduced by [[Jim Semivan]] to [[Luis Elizondo]], who was then running the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]].[^11] The [[UAP Task Force]] was approved by the Deputy Secretary of Defense on August 4, 2020, and the Department of the Navy was assigned to lead it under the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.[^12] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence described it in June 2020 as the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force "at the Office of Naval Intelligence."[^13] The task force charter of September 1, 2020 was issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]], and provides that leadership "will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity."[^14] A July 2020 briefing slide from the task force's director gives the office as the Office of the Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence and the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare.[^15] In Elizondo's account, the task force succeeded AATIP under the leadership of [[Jay Stratton]].[^11]

 ### Footnotes

@ -101,3 +101,7 @@ In early 2017, while an unpaid consultant to ONI, [[Christopher Mellon]] was int
 [^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
 [^10]: Dean, Eddie. "Finders' Keeper." *Washington City Paper,* May 24, 1996. https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/287890/finders-keeper/
 [^11]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent.* William Morrow, 2024.
+[^12]: Department of Defense, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2314065/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/
+[^13]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," S. Rept. 116-233, June 17, 2020, cover and pp. 11 to 12. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-116srpt233/pdf/CRPT-116srpt233.pdf
+[^14]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," Ser NW20S0068, September 1, 2020, in the Department of the Navy final response in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf
+[^15]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Interagency Task Force" briefing slide, July 2020, header block, in the message chain released by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/USSCReferredRedacted.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
  - Pentagon Building
  - Pentagon building
 created: 2026-10-07
-updated: 2026-10-07
+updated: 2026-10-08
 title: Pentagon
 tags:
  - Organization
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ relations:
    with: "[[September 11 attacks]]"
    start: 2001-09-11
    role: "struck by American Airlines Flight 77"
-    fn: 32
+    fn: 35
 ---

 The Pentagon is the headquarters of the [[Department of Defense]] in Arlington, Virginia. Its rooms and offices appear in the record of a remote viewing tasking, a 1979 Army human subjects review of protocols from the [[Stanford Research Institute]], the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force that produced the [[Pentagon Papers]], and the dispute over the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]].[^1]
@ -78,25 +78,27 @@ Elizondo describes absorbing the program's remnants into his own portfolio. He h

 On August 4, 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense David L. Norquist approved the establishment of the [[UAP Task Force]], which the Department of the Navy leads under the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.[^23] AARO's historical record report lists the DoD UAP Task Force, led by the U.S. Navy, among the programs that preceded it,[^24] and describes a 1949 period in which, according to one account, perceived pressure from the Pentagon's leadership led the remaining staff of [[Project Grudge]] who held the interplanetary view to change their minds.[^25]

-The statute now codified at 50 U.S.C. 3373 directs the Secretary of Defense, with the Director of National Intelligence, to establish within 120 days of December 23, 2022 an office, to be known as AARO, to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force as in effect on December 26, 2021. The office's director reports directly to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence.[^26]
+In April 2021 the Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told [[The Debrief]]: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to say whether the objects shown had been identified, and cited operations security.[^26] On November 23, 2021 Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] directed the establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG) as the successor to the Navy's task force, with an executive council to oversee it.[^27] A July 15, 2022 memorandum established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office and directed the Secretary of the Navy to disestablish the task force "no later than the date the AARO is established."[^28]
+
+The statute now codified at 50 U.S.C. 3373 directs the Secretary of Defense, with the Director of National Intelligence, to establish within 120 days of December 23, 2022 an office, to be known as AARO, to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force as in effect on December 26, 2021. The office's director reports directly to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence.[^29]

 ### Contra recruitment

-In [[Dark Alliance]], [[Gary Webb]] wrote that Major General [[Charles E. Boyd]], described as a top U.S. Air Force official, invited [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] to the Pentagon to discuss ideas. There, after sounding out Bermúdez on the idea of running a rebel force to harass the Sandinistas, Boyd told him that he had a friend at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] who was interested in speaking with him. Webb wrote that by mid-1980 Bermúdez had moved to a rented house in [[Miami]] and that, according to one account, he was then on the CIA's payroll.[^27] The [[FDN]] was the Contra group that pursued resistance activities on the Northern Front from bases in Honduras, according to the CIA Inspector General's report on the Northern Front Contras.[^28] Charles Graham Boyd, who was Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division of the Air Staff's Directorate of Plans at the Pentagon in 1979 and 1980, gave an oral history in which that division is described as dealing with all the countries of Latin America and Canada.[^29]
+In [[Dark Alliance]], [[Gary Webb]] wrote that Major General [[Charles E. Boyd]], described as a top U.S. Air Force official, invited [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] to the Pentagon to discuss ideas. There, after sounding out Bermúdez on the idea of running a rebel force to harass the Sandinistas, Boyd told him that he had a friend at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] who was interested in speaking with him. Webb wrote that by mid-1980 Bermúdez had moved to a rented house in [[Miami]] and that, according to one account, he was then on the CIA's payroll.[^30] The [[FDN]] was the Contra group that pursued resistance activities on the Northern Front from bases in Honduras, according to the CIA Inspector General's report on the Northern Front Contras.[^31] Charles Graham Boyd, who was Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division of the Air Staff's Directorate of Plans at the Pentagon in 1979 and 1980, gave an oral history in which that division is described as dealing with all the countries of Latin America and Canada.[^32]

 ### The 1967 march, the Pentagon Papers and the 1972 bombing

-On October 21, 1967, a [[March on the Pentagon]] was held against the Vietnam War. The National Archives estimates a crowd of 100,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial and gives two arrest figures: "nearly 700 protesters had been jailed" and, on a release sheet, "more than six-hundred persons arrested." NARA holds a Universal Newsreel reel covering the march.[^30]
+On October 21, 1967, a [[March on the Pentagon]] was held against the Vietnam War. The National Archives estimates a crowd of 100,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial and gives two arrest figures: "nearly 700 protesters had been jailed" and, on a release sheet, "more than six-hundred persons arrested." NARA holds a Universal Newsreel reel covering the march.[^33]

 The Pentagon Papers, officially titled the "Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force," were commissioned by Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] in 1967. Portions were leaked to the press in June 1971.[^1] The National Archives page links a 1973 interview with [[Daniel Ellsberg]] titled "Why I Did It."[^1] On the fortieth anniversary of the leak, the National Archives, with the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon presidential libraries, released the complete report: 48 boxes and approximately 7,000 declassified pages, about 34 percent of it available for the first time.[^1]

-The [[Weather Underground]] claimed responsibility for a number of bombings from 1970 onward. An FBI appendix on the Weathermen, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files, lists the U.S. Capitol Building in March 1971 and "the Pentagon Building in May, 1972" among them.[^31]
+The [[Weather Underground]] claimed responsibility for a number of bombings from 1970 onward. An FBI appendix on the Weathermen, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files, lists the U.S. Capitol Building in March 1971 and "the Pentagon Building in May, 1972" among them.[^34]

 ### September 11, 2001

-On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 a.m., traveling at approximately 530 miles per hour. The [[9/11 Commission]] report states that all on board, and many civilian and military personnel in the building, were killed.[^32]
+On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 a.m., traveling at approximately 530 miles per hour. The [[9/11 Commission]] report states that all on board, and many civilian and military personnel in the building, were killed.[^35]

-On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff remarks for DoD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week, titled "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," and said: "Our financial systems are decades old. According to some estimates, we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions."[^33] A Department of Defense Inspector General report issued February 25, 2000 stated that of $6.9 trillion in accounting entries for fiscal year 1999, $2.3 trillion "was not supported by adequate audit trails or sufficient evidence to determine their validity," $2 trillion was not reviewed because of time constraints, and $2.6 trillion were supported. A follow-up report dated August 18, 2000 gave a total of $7.6 trillion in department-level entries after an additional $0.7 trillion was identified; $3.5 trillion were supported with proper research, reconciliation and audit trails, and another $1.8 trillion were identified but not reviewed. It described $2.3 trillion of entries as ones that "were made to force financial data to agree with various sources of financial data without adequate research and reconciliation, were made to force buyer and seller data to agree in preparation for eliminating entries, did not contain adequate documentation and audit trails, or did not follow accounting principles."[^34][^35]
+On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff remarks for DoD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week, titled "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," and said: "Our financial systems are decades old. According to some estimates, we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions."[^36] A Department of Defense Inspector General report issued February 25, 2000 stated that of $6.9 trillion in accounting entries for fiscal year 1999, $2.3 trillion "was not supported by adequate audit trails or sufficient evidence to determine their validity," $2 trillion was not reviewed because of time constraints, and $2.6 trillion were supported. A follow-up report dated August 18, 2000 gave a total of $7.6 trillion in department-level entries after an additional $0.7 trillion was identified; $3.5 trillion were supported with proper research, reconciliation and audit trails, and another $1.8 trillion were identified but not reviewed. It described $2.3 trillion of entries as ones that "were made to force financial data to agree with various sources of financial data without adequate research and reconciliation, were made to force buyer and seller data to agree in preparation for eliminating entries, did not contain adequate documentation and audit trails, or did not follow accounting principles."[^37][^38]

 ### Footnotes

@ -125,13 +127,16 @@ On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff
 [^23]: Department of the Navy, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020, archived capture of https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2314280/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/
 [^24]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 13, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
 [^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 15, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
-[^26]: 50 U.S.C. 3373, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373
-[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^28]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html
-[^29]: Boyd, Charles Graham, oral history interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Boyd.Charles.Graham.pdf
-[^30]: "This Week in Universal News: The March on the Pentagon, 1967," National Archives, Unwritten Record blog, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/?p=4211
-[^31]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Weathermen" appendix, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files (FBI Vault, William Kunstler), https://archive.pov.org/disturbingtheuniverse/fbi-files/6/
-[^32]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report*, 2004, p. 10 and note 61, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
-[^33]: Rumsfeld, Donald H., "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," remarks as delivered at the Pentagon, September 10, 2001, Department of Defense Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week kickoff, archived capture of http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html (September 15, 2001)
-[^34]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-179, "Department-Level Accounting Entries for FY 1999," August 18, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Aug/18/2001713967/-1/-1/1/00-179.pdf
-[^35]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-091, "Internal Controls and Compliance With Laws and Regulations for the DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements for FY 1999," February 25, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Feb/25/2001715708/-1/-1/1/00-091.pdf
+[^26]: The Debrief, "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," April 10, 2021, quoting Gough. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/
+[^27]: Department of Defense, "DoD Announces the Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG)," press release, November 23, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-the-establishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/
+[^28]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF
+[^29]: 50 U.S.C. 3373, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373
+[^30]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html
+[^32]: Boyd, Charles Graham, oral history interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Boyd.Charles.Graham.pdf
+[^33]: "This Week in Universal News: The March on the Pentagon, 1967," National Archives, Unwritten Record blog, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/?p=4211
+[^34]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Weathermen" appendix, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files (FBI Vault, William Kunstler), https://archive.pov.org/disturbingtheuniverse/fbi-files/6/
+[^35]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report*, 2004, p. 10 and note 61, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
+[^36]: Rumsfeld, Donald H., "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," remarks as delivered at the Pentagon, September 10, 2001, Department of Defense Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week kickoff, archived capture of http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html (September 15, 2001)
+[^37]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-179, "Department-Level Accounting Entries for FY 1999," August 18, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Aug/18/2001713967/-1/-1/1/00-179.pdf
+[^38]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-091, "Internal Controls and Compliance With Laws and Regulations for the DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements for FY 1999," February 25, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Feb/25/2001715708/-1/-1/1/00-091.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S.
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S.
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
  - "USN"
 title: U.S. Navy
 created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2026-10-07
+updated: 2026-10-08
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Military
@ -128,7 +128,9 @@ Navy money also appears in the record of CIA subproject 54. At the August 3, 197

 ### Navy psi contracts: Stanford Research Institute, Naval Ocean Systems Center and the Star Gate review

-In February 1960 the French magazine *Science et Vie* published "The Secret of the Nautilus" ([[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)]]), reporting that the U.S. government had used telepathy to communicate with the crew of the [[The Nautilus|USS Nautilus]] under the Arctic ice cap, in a project involving the Navy, the Air Force, [[Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]], [[Bell Laboratories]] and the [[RAND Corporation]]. Jim Schnabel writes that an Air Force officer named in the story denied it, that the skipper of the Nautilus insisted the submarine had been in dry dock during the period, that the article's author [[Gerard Messadie]] had been fed the story by [[Jacques Bergier]], and that Soviet researchers cited the story as justification for psi research.[^11]
+In February 1960 the French magazine *Science et Vie* published "The Secret of the Nautilus" ([[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)]]), reporting that the U.S. government had used telepathy to communicate with the crew of the [[The Nautilus|USS Nautilus]] under the Arctic ice cap, in a project involving the Navy, the Air Force, [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]], [[Bell Laboratories]] and the [[RAND Corporation]]. Jim Schnabel writes that an Air Force officer named in the story denied it, that the skipper of the Nautilus insisted the submarine had been in dry dock during the period, that the article's author [[Gerard Messadie]] had been fed the story by [[Jacques Bergier]], and that Soviet researchers cited the story as justification for psi research.[^11]
+
+The 1972 DIA report records that "the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic testing on atomic submarines."[^40] [[Sheila Ostrander]] and [[Lynn Schroeder]] write that the Navy denied the story "in tones of demi-horror" and quote its position as "No one in the Navy has anything to do with telepathy."[^41] [[Martin Ebon]] wrote that when he sought confirmation the Navy denied that such a test had taken place.[^42] The Nautilus's first captain, [[William R. Anderson]], told This Week in 1963 that on the date the French account gave the ship was "high and dry in dock at Portsmouth, N. H., undergoing her first major overhaul," and the Navy's own history of the ship records that she entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in May 1959 for her first complete overhaul.[^43][^44] In 1982 [[Roger A. Beaumont]] wrote that the reports were "denied forthwith by the Navy."[^45]

 In 1973 [[Ingo Swann]] and, to a far greater extent, [[Pat Price]] described details of a secret facility near Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], ostensibly a U.S. Navy communications base staffed by [[NSA]] cryptographers. Schnabel writes that the data was accurate enough to prompt a hostile security investigation of Richard Kennett, that [[Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] were interrogated, and that agents of the [[Defense Investigative Service]] questioned their neighbors.[^12]

@ -221,3 +223,9 @@ The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collecto
 [^37]: U.S. Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 8 June 1967, with endorsements, as released by the Judge Advocate General: summary of events (PDF pp. 8 to 10), CINCUSNAVEUR first endorsement of June 18, 1967 (PDF pp. 34 to 38, paragraphs 2 and 15), and Naval Communications Command sixth endorsement (PDF p. 3). https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf (the original is held by the U.S. Government; a photocopy is held as Liberty (Ship) Court of Inquiry records, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, collection 86041, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4p30341f).
 [^38]: Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, "USS Liberty Incident," June 1967, introduction and roster of persons visited. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/liberty/173.pdf
 [^39]: National Security Agency, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," U.S. Cryptologic History, Special Series, Crisis Collection, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 34 to 35 (declassified November 8, 2006, MDR 51712), copy at the National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa10.pdf; release summary at https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-s-liberty-attack/
+[^40]: LaMothe, John D. *Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR*, ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972, Section II, para. 3, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2. Its ref. 77 is Messadie, G., "Du Nautilus," Science et Vie, Number 509, February 1960.
+[^41]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 7.
+[^42]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 22-25.
+[^43]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2.
+[^44]: "History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)," Submarine Force Library and Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/subforce/about-us/history.html
+[^45]: Beaumont, Roger A. "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," *Signal*, January 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP
@ -6,26 +6,123 @@ tags:
  - Pentagon
  - USGovernment
 category: "U.S. Government"
-summary: "The UAP Task Force (UAPTF) was a program within the United States Office of Naval Intelligence that was established to standardize the collection and reporting of sightings of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP)."
+aliases:
+  - UAP Task Force
+  - UAPTF
+  - UAP TF
+  - Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force
+  - Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force
+  - Interagency Task Force
+  - ITF
+summary: "The UAP Task Force was a Navy-led interagency unit approved by Deputy Secretary of Defense David L. Norquist on August 4, 2020 and succeeded by AOIMSG and AARO."
 start: 2020
 end: 2022
 location: "Washington, D.C."
+relations:
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Jay Stratton]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "first director, per Luis Elizondo and a Radiance Technologies release of May 12, 2022"
+    fn: 18
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[David Grusch]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 2019
+    end: 2021
+    role: "member as National Reconnaissance Office reservist, per his statement of July 26, 2023"
+    fn: 20
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
-The [[UAP Task Force]] (UAPTF) was a program within the United States Office of Naval Intelligence that was established to standardize the collection and reporting of sightings of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP). It was the official successor to the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) and was responsible for continuing the investigation into the UAP issue within the U.S. government.[^1]
+The UAP Task Force (UAPTF) was a Navy-led interagency unit for the collection and analysis of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) reports. Its establishment was approved by [[David L. Norquist]], Deputy Secretary of Defense, on August 4, 2020, and announced by the [[Department of Defense]] on August 14, 2020.[^1] Its charter, issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]] on September 1, 2020, calls it a "Congressionally mandated, Deputy Secretary of Defense directed" entity.[^2] The unit was succeeded by the [[Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group]] (AOIMSG) in November 2021 and by the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) under a memorandum dated July 15, 2022.[^3][^4]

-### Origins and Leadership
+### Predecessor reporting and the 2020 direction

-The UAP Task Force was established in 2020, following the public disclosure of AATIP and the growing pressure from Congress for greater transparency on the UAP issue. The task force was built from the ground up by [[Jay Stratton]], who had been a key member of the AATIP team. Stratton was named the first director of the UAP Task Force and was responsible for creating a whole-of-government interagency effort to investigate UAP.[^1]
+The report of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] accompanying the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 was submitted on June 17, 2020 by [[Marco Rubio]]. Its section on advanced aerial threats states that the committee "supports the efforts of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force at the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] to standardize collection and reporting on unidentified aerial phenomenon." The committee directed the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] to report on UAP within 180 days.[^5] On December 21, 2020 Rubio had the joint explanatory statement for the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 printed in the Congressional Record. The statement provides that it "incorporates by reference, and the Executive Branch shall comply with, all direction contained in" the Senate committee's report, S. Rept. 116-233.[^6]

-### Role and Function
+A briefing titled "Task Force Overview," dated February 27, 2020 and prepared by the Office of Naval Intelligence for its deputy director, quotes committee language that the USD(I) should "establish a joint task force under ONI leadership to work across the Department of Defense, and with the intelligence community, and with the interagency develop and execute plans to collect, exploit, and analyze operational and scientific and technical data."[^7] A March 2020 briefing for the [[House Armed Services Committee]] repeats the same language.[^8] A slide attached to a July 2020 message chain gives the origin as "2020 NDAA directed that Naval Intelligence lead an Interagency Task Force (ITF)".[^9]

-The primary mission of the UAP Task Force was to detect, analyze, and catalog UAP that could potentially pose a threat to U.S. national security. The task force was responsible for briefing members of Congress and the White House National Security Council on its findings. It was also responsible for producing the landmark June 2021 "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," the first official U.S. government report on UAP to be released to the public in decades.[^1]
+A message chain of July 22 to 24, 2020, among the office of the [[United States Strategic Command]] J2, the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and an official signing as Director of the "ITF" for the Naval Intelligence Activity, carries the subject line "Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) Interagency Task Force" and plans a brief to STRATCOM senior leaders. One message of July 24, 2020 reads "The existence/ mission of UAP TF appears to be in the New York Times this morning."[^9]

-### Challenges and Successor
+### Approval, charter and structure

-Like its predecessor, the UAP Task Force faced significant challenges from within the [[Pentagon]]. The "Legacy Program," a deeply hidden effort within the military-industrial complex that allegedly controlled recovered UAP materials, actively worked to obstruct the task force's efforts. Despite these challenges, the UAP Task Force was successful in raising the profile of the UAP issue within the government and laying the groundwork for future legislative action.[^1]
+On August 14, 2020 the Department of Defense announced that David L. Norquist approved the establishment of the task force on August 4. The release states that "The [[Department of the Navy]], under the cognizance of the [[Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security]], will lead the UAPTF." It gives the mission as "to detect, analyze and catalog UAPs that could potentially pose a threat to U.S. national security."[^1]

-The UAP Task Force was eventually succeeded by the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO), a permanent UAP office established by Congress in the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).[^1]
+The charter, dated September 1, 2020, sets the mission as "to detect, analyze, catalog, consolidate and exploit advanced non-traditional aerospace vehicles currently posing an operational threat to U.S. National Security and avoid strategic surprise." It states that "Leadership of the Task Force will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity." The Director must "provide periodic updates, via the chain of command, to the UAP Executive Steering Committee (EXCOM)," and the task force must send a formal written report each month "to the Under Secretary of the Navy in support of the Under Secretary of the Navy's reporting requirement to the Deputy Secretary of Defense." The charter refers to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Navy memorandums that directed its establishment. Two memoranda of September 23, 2020 cite them as dated August 4, 2020 and August 26, 2020.[^2][^10]
+
+The same memoranda, from the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity, ask the Army and the Air Force for participants, "preferably from both the operational and intelligence directorates within your services." They state that the Naval Intelligence Activity "will assess status, and if ready, determine a transition plan for the UAP TF by 1 January 2021."[^10]
+
+A briefing for the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] dated May 17, 2021 carries the title Director of the UAP Task Force, Naval Intelligence Activity, on its title slide, without printing a name. It describes nine participating organizations, eight partner agencies, five full-time employees and "12+ matrixed employees" across the government.[^11]
+
+The charter came out of a Freedom of Information Act request filed with the Department of the Navy under case DON-2021-003140. The Navy's final response, dated April 22, 2025, gives the request date as January 29, 2021. It reports one responsive document, refers other records to the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, and withholds portions under exemptions (b)(1) and (b)(6).[^2][^12]
+
+### The 2021 assessment and the reporting record
+
+The Office of the Director of National Intelligence released "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" on June 25, 2021. The report says that the UAPTF and the ODNI National Intelligence Manager for Aviation drafted it. It states that "The Director, UAPTF, is the accountable official for ensuring the timely collection and consolidation of data on UAP." The dataset is "limited primarily to U.S. Government reporting of incidents occurring from November 2004 to March 2021."[^13]
+
+The assessment states that "144 reports originated from USG sources. Of these, 80 reports involved observation with multiple sensors." It also states that "No standardized reporting mechanism existed until the Navy established one in March 2019." It reports: "We were able to identify one reported UAP with high confidence. In that case, we identified the object as a large, deflating balloon. The others remain unexplained."[^13]
+
+The assessment places unexplained reports in five possible categories: airborne clutter, natural atmospheric phenomena, U.S. Government or industry developmental programs, foreign adversary systems, and an "other" bin. It counts "18 incidents, described in 21 reports" in which observers reported "unusual UAP movement patterns or flight characteristics," and notes "11 reports of documented instances in which pilots reported near misses with a UAP." It states: "We currently lack data to indicate any UAP are part of a foreign collection program or indicative of a major technological advancement by a potential adversary."[^13]
+
+The May 17, 2021 briefing gives the multi-sensor share as 55 percent of the 144 reports.[^11][^14]
+
+### Public claims and Pentagon responses
+
+On April 10, 2021 [[The Debrief]] reported on leaked photographs and video attributed to the task force. The [[Pentagon]] spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told the outlet: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to comment on whether any objects in the images had been identified and cited operations security.[^15] [[Jeremy Corbell]] reported that the night-vision video relates to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^15]
+
+A December 2020 article in The Debrief described a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to Susan Gough that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^16] In a statement to The Black Vault, [[Jay Stratton]] said "I was handling multiple cases" at the time, and "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." He said that no such photograph was received by the task force.[^16] The article's author, [[Tim McMillan]], told the same outlet that its information "came from multiple sources with direct access to early UAPTF intelligence documents."[^16]
+
+### Leadership and testimony
+
+[[Luis Elizondo]]'s account identifies Jay Stratton as the task force's first director.[^17] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 that Stratton had joined as a subject matter expert and described him as the first director of the UAPTF.[^18] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 24, 2022 that in January 2021 Stratton was "surprisingly transferred out of the job."[^19] Elizondo, in his 2024 book, says that Stratton built the task force from the ground up, that Stratton was named its first director after the Secretary of Defense announced it, and that the task force briefed members of Congress and the National Security Council. He also says that the [[Legacy Program]] pushed back against the task force's work.[^17]
+
+The witness record of the July 26, 2023 House Oversight subcommittee hearing lists [[David Grusch]] as "Former National Reconnaissance Office Representative, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, Department of Defense." In his written statement Grusch said that he was "my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis" and was responsible for "reporting to the UAP Task Force." He said that he served as a reservist for the National Reconnaissance Office and "was a member of the UAP Task Force from 2019 to 2021."[^20] He said that "In 2019, the UAP Task Force Director asked me to identify all special access programs and controlled access programs," and that he was "informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access."[^20]
+
+Asked by [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] whether he sat on "the unidentified anomalous phenomenon task force created in the 2020 NDAA," Grusch answered "Yes." He also said that he "did actually help author" the task force's 2019 security classification guide, which he described as written "with the Director."[^20]
+
+At the May 17, 2022 hearing, [[Scott Bray]] said that "Almost 2 years ago, in August of 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense Norquist directed the establishment of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force within the Department of the Navy." The subcommittee chairman, [[André Carson]], called it "the third version of this task force in DOD."[^21] Asked about a reported incident at [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]], [[Ronald Moultrie]] passed the question to Bray. Bray said "That data is not within the holdings of the UAP Task Force," "I have not seen the official data on that," and "We have not looked at that incident."[^21] Asked about any government study between [[Project Blue Book]] and the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]], Moultrie said "I am familiar with Blue Book. I am familiar with AATIP. I haven't seen other documented studies that have been done by DOD in that regard."[^21]
+
+### AATIP and the official account
+
+Elizondo's account, which places him in charge of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), treats the UAPTF as its successor.[^17] An undated information memorandum from [[Garry Reid]], Director for Defense Intelligence in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, refers to events of December 18, 2017 and states: "To the best of my knowledge, he had no job responsibilities related to the AATIP. The AATIP was terminated in 2012." The same memorandum says that Elizondo "has provided three different explanations for his sudden resignation."[^22] Elizondo's resignation letter, dated October 3, 2017, took effect October 4, 2017, and is in the same release.[^22]
+
+The AARO historical record report of March 2024 says that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program," and that "AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables due to DIA and DoD concerns about the project." The report lists the UAPTF separately under the heading "August 2020-November 2021." It says the task force "helped standardize, destigmatize, and increase the volume of UAP reporting," and that its "methods and processes directly led to the identification of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) high altitude balloons that traversed over the continental United States." It attributes that last claim to "AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership."[^23]
+
+### Successor offices and the statute
+
+Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security on November 23, 2021 to establish the AOIMSG "as the successor to the U.S. Navy's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," with an Airborne Object Identification and Management Executive Council (AOIMEXEC) to oversee it.[^3]
+
+Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, enacted December 27, 2021, required the Secretary of Defense, within 180 days, to establish an office "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^24]
+
+A memorandum dated July 15, 2022 established the AARO "to carry out the duties that were to be fulfilled by the AOIMSG." It directed the Secretary of the Navy to "disestablish the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) no later than the date the AARO is established," and to support "the transfer of any data, analysis, or other relevant material, to the AARO."[^4]
+
+Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, required an office, to be established within 120 days, "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on December 26, 2021." The office was to be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^25] Section 1673 of the same act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^25]
+
+The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO."[^23] The July 15, 2022 memorandum states that its amendments were approved "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022."[^4]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
+
+[^1]: Department of Defense, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2314065/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/ (Wayback Machine copy, https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2314065/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/)
+[^2]: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, final response letter in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025, signed for R. Strong, Director, Navy FOIA/PA Program Office, enclosing the Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," September 1, 2020, hosted by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf
+[^3]: Department of Defense, "DoD Announces the Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG)," press release, November 23, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-the-establishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/ The OSD(PA) briefing card "AOIMSG Establishment," dated November 23, 2021, is in the Office of the Secretary of Defense FOIA reading room, file 22-F-0381. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/22-F-0381_PA_AOIMSG_Briefing_Cards_05-22-23.pdf
+[^4]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF
+[^5]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," S. Rept. 116-233, June 17, 2020, pp. 11 to 12, submitted by Mr. Rubio. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-116srpt233/pdf/CRPT-116srpt233.pdf
+[^6]: Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218, December 21, 2020, pp. S7932 to S7934, joint explanatory statement for the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, Part II, introduced by Mr. Rubio. https://irp.fas.org/congress/2020_cr/fy2021-exp.html (text of the Record reproduced by the Federation of American Scientists)
+[^7]: Office of Naval Intelligence, "Office of Naval Intelligence 27 Feb 2020 Task Force Overview," briefing for the Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence, released by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/DDNIBriefRedacted.pdf
+[^8]: Office of Naval Intelligence, "Task Force Overview," briefing for the House Armed Services Committee, March 2020, released by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/HASCBriefRedacted.pdf
+[^9]: Task force briefing slides ("Interagency Task Force," Director, ITF, Naval Intelligence Activity) and the message chain "Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) Interagency Task Force," July 22 to 24, 2020, with STRATCOM J2 and Defense Intelligence Agency correspondents, released by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/USSCReferredRedacted.pdf
+[^10]: Naval Intelligence Activity memoranda Ser NIA/20S0063 and Ser NIA/20S0064, September 23, 2020, in the FOIA release cited at note 2. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf
+[^11]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," briefing by the Director, UAP Task Force, for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, May 17, 2021, released by The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UAPTFHPSCIBriefRedacted.pdf
+[^12]: The Black Vault, "FOIA Release Reveals Secret Charter Behind Creation of Pentagon's UAP Task Force," which publishes the Navy release and gives the filing date as August 14, 2020; the Navy's letter gives January 29, 2021. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-release-reveals-secret-charter-behind-creation-of-pentagons-uap-task-force/
+[^13]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," June 25, 2021, pp. 2 to 9. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf
+[^14]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, transcript, remarks of [[Adam Schiff]], who said the ODNI reported "144 UAPs between 2004 and 2021, 80 percent of which were recorded on multiple instruments"; the ODNI report counts 80 of 144. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
+[^15]: Susan Gough as quoted in Tim McMillan's report "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," The Debrief, April 10, 2021. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/
+[^16]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299, reproducing emails of December 3 and 4, 2020 and a statement from Jay Stratton. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/
+[^17]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024). Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^18]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
+[^19]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519
+[^20]: David Grusch, statement, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, witness list and question period. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
+[^21]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, statements of Ronald S. Moultrie and Scott W. Bray, the chairman's opening remarks, and the question period. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
+[^22]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, information memoranda from Garry Reid, Director for Defense Intelligence, "Response to Your Questions on the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and Actions of Former DoD Employee Luis Elizondo," and "Update on Media Reporting Related to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," both undated, with Elizondo's resignation letter at Tab B. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/18-F-0324_Docs.pdf
+[^23]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 24 and notes 69 to 70. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
+[^24]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm
+[^25]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures" (50 U.S.C. 3373b). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Virgin
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Virgin
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ relations:
    role: "assistant chief executive"
    fn: 2
 created: 2026-09-25
-updated: 2026-09-25
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---

 The Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority is a semi-autonomous public corporation of the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], created under Title 29, section 1101 of the Virgin Islands Code, whose board, the [[Economic Development Commission]], grants tax-incentive certificates to companies that locate in the territory. Through the commission and its predecessor, the [[Industrial Development Commission]], it certified [[Jeffrey Epstein|Jeffrey Epstein's]] [[Financial Trust Company]] from 1999 and his [[Southern Trust Company]] from 2013, and continued the benefits after his 2008 conviction and his 2010 registration as a sex offender in the territory. The future governor [[Albert Bryan]] chaired the authority while serving as Commissioner of Labor, the future congressional delegate [[Stacey Plaskett]] was its general counsel, and the attorney who helped Epstein buy [[Little St. James]], [[Henry Smock]], was long counsel to its board. A consultant retained by [[JPMorgan Chase]] put Epstein's total benefits at about 300 million dollars.[^1][^2][^3]
@ -72,13 +72,15 @@ The authority did not audit Financial Trust until 2008, nearly ten years after t

 On July 10, 2019, four days after Epstein's arrest, the authority's spokeswoman [[Shanell Petersen]] advised its "Business Ambassador," Bryan's wife [[Yolanda Bryan]], about two press inquiries concerning "Jeffrey Epstein being an active EDC Beneficiary," and a notation recommended "contacting Southern Trust and IYG (companies which he has ownership interest) to update them that we have provided public information based on the Sunshine Act," adding that "Informing them will allow them to prepare their PR team." The Business Ambassador post was created after Bryan took office in 2019. Smock took part in the authority's nine-step protocol for press inquiries after the arrest. In October 2019 the managing director, [[Margarita Benjamin]], forwarded a [[The New York Times|New York Times]] reporter's questions to colleagues with the comment, "I personally think the questions are opening us up to public scrutiny."[^3][^5]

+The authority's fiscal 2023 annual report records certificate orientations on February 7, 2023 for Black Diamond Advisors, LLC and Black Diamond Holdings, LLC, affiliates of [[Black Diamond Capital Management]], each for a modification of its certificate on St. Thomas.[^10] The fiscal 2016 annual report lists Black Diamond Advisors, LLLP and Black Diamond Holding, LLLP among its site visits.[^11]
+
 ### Henry Smock

-Smock, who assisted Epstein in the 1998 purchase of Little St. James, served for years as counsel to the authority's board and to the board of the [[University of the Virgin Islands]]. In an October 19, 2011 email to Epstein headed "UVI Park Directors," Cecile de Jongh profiled board candidates for the university's research and technology park, one of the incentive programs on which Kellerhals advised clients, noting of the university's president, "DO NOT KNOW HIM THAT WELL AND HE IS NEW TO THE VI," and of Smock, a former judge of the Territorial Court from 1987 to 1993, former chairman of the Law Revision Commission and former president of the Virgin Islands Bar Association: "FRIEND." According to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] notes of a 2023 interview with the former Attorney General [[Denise George]], Bryan told her to settle the territory's case against the Epstein estate for 80 million dollars and to "select Henry Smock" as mediator; Smock later represented Bryan in his 2023 divorce, the records of which were sealed at his request.[^3][^10]
+Smock, who assisted Epstein in the 1998 purchase of Little St. James, served for years as counsel to the authority's board and to the board of the [[University of the Virgin Islands]]. In an October 19, 2011 email to Epstein headed "UVI Park Directors," Cecile de Jongh profiled board candidates for the university's research and technology park, one of the incentive programs on which Kellerhals advised clients, noting of the university's president, "DO NOT KNOW HIM THAT WELL AND HE IS NEW TO THE VI," and of Smock, a former judge of the Territorial Court from 1987 to 1993, former chairman of the Law Revision Commission and former president of the Virgin Islands Bar Association: "FRIEND." According to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] notes of a 2023 interview with the former Attorney General [[Denise George]], Bryan told her to settle the territory's case against the Epstein estate for 80 million dollars and to "select Henry Smock" as mediator; Smock later represented Bryan in his 2023 divorce, the records of which were sealed at his request.[^3][^12]

 ### Aftermath

-The estate settled the territory's case in November 2022 for more than 105 million dollars, returning "more than $80 million in economic development tax benefits that Epstein and his co-defendants fraudulently obtained." In the territory's suit against JPMorgan, the bank's consultant [[Carlyn Irwin]] reported that "the EDC did not investigate or question" Epstein's business claims and that "giving Mr. Epstein $300 million in benefits made no economic sense." As of June 2023 the territory had not amended its law to bar registered sex offenders from receiving certificates. Companies affiliated with [[Stephen Deckoff]], who bought Little St. James and [[Great St. James]] from the estate in 2023, have held commission benefits since 2012.[^3][^5][^11][^12]
+The estate settled the territory's case in November 2022 for more than 105 million dollars, returning "more than $80 million in economic development tax benefits that Epstein and his co-defendants fraudulently obtained." In the territory's suit against JPMorgan, the bank's consultant [[Carlyn Irwin]] reported that "the EDC did not investigate or question" Epstein's business claims and that "giving Mr. Epstein $300 million in benefits made no economic sense." As of June 2023 the territory had not amended its law to bar registered sex offenders from receiving certificates. Companies affiliated with [[Stephen Deckoff]], who bought Little St. James and [[Great St. James]] from the estate in 2023, have held commission benefits since 2012.[^3][^5][^13][^14]

 ### Footnotes

@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ The estate settled the territory's case in November 2022 for more than 105 milli
 [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01580553, DataSet 10, memorandum from Harry Beller to JPMorgan wire desk, September 21, 2012 (JPM-SDNY-00059908). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01580553.pdf ; Kellerhals Ferguson Kroblin PLLC, "Erika Kellerhals," attorney biography, captured August 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190810121434/https://www.kellfer.com/attorneys/erika-kellerhals/
 [^8]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Court filings show V.I. First Lady's loyalty to Epstein." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* June 21, 2023. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/court-filings-show-v-i-first-ladys-loyalty-to-epstein/article_c2dca0a7-a243-5365-88c0-389c576ad022.html (144.9 million dollars in incentives, 2013 to 2019; no amendment of the law).
 [^9]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Files reveal Epstein's efforts to influence V.I. officials; emails with Mapp." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 2, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/files-reveal-epstein-s-efforts-to-influence-v-i-officials-emails-with-mapp/article_2dd4fe69-4daf-4dc2-b3b8-37a929002bb6.html
-[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00720076, DataSet 9, email, Cecile de Jongh to Jeffrey Epstein, cc Jeanne Brennan, "UVI Park Directors," October 19, 2011 (duplicate EFTA02035483, DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00720076.pdf
-[^11]: "U.S. Virgin Islands Attorney General Settles Sex Trafficking Case Against Estate Of Jeffrey Epstein And Co-Defendants For Over $105 Million." *U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Justice,* December 1, 2022. https://usvidoj.com/u-s-virgin-islands-attorney-general-settles-sex-trafficking-case-against-estate-of-jeffrey-epstein-and-co-defendants-for-over-105-million/
-[^12]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Still no resort plans for Epstein's islands purchased by Deckoff." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 6, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/still-no-resort-plans-for-epsteins-islands-purchased-by-deckoff/article_84d776de-8427-4080-a1b5-6cf81418e23d.html (Black Diamond Advisors and Black Diamond Holdings receiving EDC benefits since 2012).
+[^10]: Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority, *FY 2023 Annual Report,* Certificate Orientations, pp. 24 to 25. https://usvieda.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-Annual-Report_Revised-Apr-4-2025.pdf
+[^11]: Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority, *FY 2016 Annual Report,* Table 3, Site Visits, p. 30. https://usvieda.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2016_EDA_Annual_Report_FINAL.pdf
+[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00720076, DataSet 9, email, Cecile de Jongh to Jeffrey Epstein, cc Jeanne Brennan, "UVI Park Directors," October 19, 2011 (duplicate EFTA02035483, DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00720076.pdf
+[^13]: "U.S. Virgin Islands Attorney General Settles Sex Trafficking Case Against Estate Of Jeffrey Epstein And Co-Defendants For Over $105 Million." *U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Justice,* December 1, 2022. https://usvidoj.com/u-s-virgin-islands-attorney-general-settles-sex-trafficking-case-against-estate-of-jeffrey-epstein-and-co-defendants-for-over-105-million/
+[^14]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Still no resort plans for Epstein's islands purchased by Deckoff." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 6, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/still-no-resort-plans-for-epsteins-islands-purchased-by-deckoff/article_84d776de-8427-4080-a1b5-6cf81418e23d.html (Black Diamond Advisors and Black Diamond Holdings receiving EDC benefits since 2012).
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Walter
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Walter
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-10-08
 title: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
 aliases:
  - Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
  - 1950s
  - 1960s
 category: "U.S. Government"
-summary: "The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is the U.S. Army's principal biomedical research laboratory, involved during the Cold War in classified Project Pandora investigations into the biological effects of the Moscow Signal microwave emissions on primates at its Forest Glen Section."
+summary: "The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is the Army's principal biomedical laboratory, where Project Pandora irradiated primates at the Forest Glen Section and to which DARPA transferred Pandora's assets in 1970."
 start: 1893-01-01
 location: "Silver Spring, Maryland"
 ---
@ -28,5 +28,11 @@ An elaborate facility was constructed inside WRAIR, specifically at its Forest G

 Later, in the 1990s, [[David Morehouse]] was transferred to the psychiatric ward at Womack Army Hospital at Fort Bragg, after a period at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington for psychiatric evaluation. The Walter Reed Army Medical Center Sanity Board concluded that Morehouse did not have a severe mental disease or defect, but rather major depression and alcohol abuse[^1].

+### Transfer of Project Pandora, 1970
+
+A DARPA letter of September 15, 1977 to Senator [[Warren G. Magnuson]] states that "Project Pandora was terminated by DARPA in March 1970 and all assets were transferred to Walter Reed Army Institute for Research (WRAIR) for disposition," that "there has been no DARPA interest in the work being carried on at WRAIR" since, and that the agency has no knowledge whether the data collected at Walter Reed were destroyed. The letter gives the total cost of Pandora as $4,615,000 and states that a detailed breakout of the costs of "the Walter Reed facilities" is not available.[^2]
+
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, letter to Senator Warren G. Magnuson, September 15, 1977, National Security Archive. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/14.pdf