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62
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md Normal file
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---
category: "Political Figure"
aliases:
- "Richard Cheney"
- "Richard B. Cheney"
tags:
- Person
- WhiteHouse
- RockefellerCommission
- IranContra
- Halliburton
summary: "Ford's chief of staff who edited the Rockefeller Commission report in 1975, co-author of the Iran-Contra minority report, Secretary of Defense, Halliburton chief executive and Vice President from 2001 to 2009."
born: 1941-01-30
location: "Casper, Wyoming"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[White House]]"
role: "deputy assistant to the president, then chief of staff"
start: 1974
end: 1977
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "Secretary of Defense"
start: 1989
end: 1993
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Halliburton]]"
role: "chief executive"
end: 2000
fn: 4
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Richard Bruce Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, on January 30, 1941, and grew up in Casper, Wyoming. He was a congressional fellow in 1968, worked at the Office of Economic Opportunity and the Cost of Living Council, was deputy assistant to President [[Gerald R. Ford]] in 1974 and 1975 and his chief of staff from 1975 to 1977, represented Wyoming in the House from 1979 until March 17, 1989, was Secretary of Defense from 1989 to 1993, and was Vice President under [[George W. Bush]] from 2001 to 2009.[^1]
### The Rockefeller Commission Report
In June 1975, as deputy to the chief of staff, [[Donald Rumsfeld]], Cheney led the editing of the draft report of the [[Rockefeller Commission 1975|Rockefeller Commission]] on [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] activities in the [[United States]]. His handwritten comments survive. The section "Alleged Plans to Assassinate Certain Foreign Leaders," 86 pages long, was removed and replaced with a note that the commission had lacked time to finish the subject; language calling CIA activities "unlawful" was softened to "improper," except for the drug experiments, which were labeled "illegal"; and a recommendation that CIA employees be able to report improper activities was narrowed to orders "outside of established channels."[^2]
### Iran-Contra
As a House Republican on the Iran-Contra investigating committees, Cheney signed the minority report of November 1987, drafted principally by the committee staffer Michael Malbin. It held that "energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good government" and that "to whatever extent the [[Boland Amendment|Boland Amendments]] tried to prohibit such activity they were clearly unconstitutional."[^3]
### Halliburton
Cheney was chief executive of [[Halliburton]] in the late 1990s. [[Ray Hunt]] of [[Hunt Oil Company|Hunt Oil]] joined its board in 1998 and went at once onto its compensation committee, which that year gave Cheney a bonus of 1.1 million dollars and restricted stock worth 1.5 million on a salary of 1.18 million.[^4] As Vice President, he said on August 26, 2002, that the case of the Iraqi defector [[Hussein Kamel]] "should serve as a reminder to all that we often learned more as the result of defections than we learned from the inspection regime itself"; Kamel had told UN inspectors in August 1995 that Iraq's chemical, biological and missile stocks had been destroyed.[^5]
### Allegations
[[Cathy O'Brien]], who describes herself as a survivor of [[Project Monarch]] mind control, named Cheney among officials she said abused her, in *Trance Formation of America* (1995, with Mark Phillips). Her claims about named officials are uncorroborated.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and Archives, "CHENEY, Richard Bruce." https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/10884
[^2]: Prados, John, and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi, eds. "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots." National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, February 29, 2016, document 15. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report
[^3]: *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair,* H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216, November 1987, minority report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18221
[^4]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission.
[^5]: Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003, quoting the UNSCOM and IAEA note of the meeting of August 22, 1995; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
[^6]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995. Sole source for the passage so cited.

19
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md
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@ -9,22 +9,17 @@ relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Music Corporation of America]]"
role: "president, Home Entertainment division"
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Richard Stavin]]"
reverse: true
role: "strike force labor racketeering investigation"
fn: 2
fn: 1
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Eugene F. Giaquinto was the president of the home entertainment division of [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]]. He was a subject of a two-year investigation by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s [[Los Angeles]] Organized Crime Strike Force into suspected labor racketeering in the film industry, overseen by the strike force attorney [[Richard Stavin]]. In September 1987 MCA security officers discovered an attempt by agents to tap Giaquinto's office telephone and wrongly blamed it on the prosecutor [[Marvin Rudnick]]. The investigators did tap the telephone of Giaquinto's confidant Marty Bacow, a labor negotiator with ties to the Teamsters president Jackie Presser, and Giaquinto was one of the people Bacow talked to most.[^2]
Eugene F. Giaquinto was the president of the home entertainment division of [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]]. He was a subject of a two-year investigation by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s [[Los Angeles]] Organized Crime Strike Force into suspected labor racketeering in the film industry, overseen by the strike force attorney [[Richard Stavin]]. In September 1987 MCA security officers discovered an attempt by agents to tap Giaquinto's office telephone and wrongly blamed it on the prosecutor [[Marvin Rudnick]]. The investigators did tap the telephone of Giaquinto's confidant Marty Bacow, a labor negotiator with ties to the Teamsters president Jackie Presser, and Giaquinto was one of the people Bacow talked to most.[^1]
A newspaper report said the FBI believed Giaquinto had passed MCA funds annually to [[Edward Sciandra]], underboss of the [[Bufalino Crime Family]], and had a longstanding relationship with [[John Gotti]] of the [[Gambino Crime Family]]. Stavin resigned from the strike force in May 1989 with the case unresolved. Giaquinto was never prosecuted, and as of 1993 the wiretaps of his conversations with Bacow remained sealed; he then ran a video production and duplication firm in the San Fernando Valley.[^2]
A newspaper report said the FBI believed Giaquinto had passed MCA funds annually to [[Edward Sciandra]], underboss of the [[Bufalino Crime Family]], and had a longstanding relationship with [[John Gotti]] of the [[Gambino Crime Family]]. Stavin resigned from the strike force in May 1989 with the case unresolved. Giaquinto was never prosecuted, and as of 1993 the wiretaps of his conversations with Bacow remained sealed; he then ran a video production and duplication firm in the San Fernando Valley.[^1]
According to [[Cheri Seymour]], Giaquinto sat on the board of [[Robert Booth Nichols]]'s holding company, [[Meridian International Logistics]], which was under investigation as a source of funding for narcotics trafficking; FBI wiretaps recorded communications between the two men, and both were described in the intercepts as having a close working relationship with the Justice Department.[^1]
According to [[Cheri Seymour]], Giaquinto sat on the board of [[Robert Booth Nichols]]'s holding company, [[Meridian International Logistics]], which was under investigation as a source of funding for narcotics trafficking; FBI wiretaps recorded communications between the two men, and both were described in the intercepts as having a close working relationship with the Justice Department.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Meridian board seat, the narcotics-funding investigation, the Nichols intercepts and the Justice Department relationship.
[^2]: Knoedelseder, William. *Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia.* HarperCollins, 1993, pp. xvii, 434-448, 464. Read through the archive.org BookReader search, item stiffedtruestory00knoe.
[^1]: Knoedelseder, William. *Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia.* HarperCollins, 1993, pp. xvii, 434-448, 464. Read through the archive.org BookReader search, item stiffedtruestory00knoe.
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Meridian board seat, the narcotics-funding investigation, the Nichols intercepts and the Justice Department relationship.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jorge Alessandri.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
---
category: "Political Figure"
tags:
- Person
- Chile
- ColdWar
- CIA
- ITT
summary: "Conservative president of Chile from 1958 and runner-up to Salvador Allende in 1970, whose campaign took 350,000 dollars of ITT money and whose post-election resignation pledge the U.S. ambassador helped draft."
location: "Santiago, Chile"
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[ITT Corporation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1970
role: "250,000 dollars to the campaign and 100,000 to the National Party"
fn: 1
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Project FUBELT]]"
role: "the Frei re-election gambit"
start: 1970-09
end: 1970-10
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Jorge Alessandri, a conservative, won the Chilean presidential election of 1958, finishing less than three percentage points ahead of [[Salvador Allende]]; neither had a majority, and the Congress chose Alessandri. Had Allende received the 3.3 percent that went to a leftist priest, he would have won. Alessandri's government lost popularity during its term.[^1]
### The 1970 Election
Alessandri ran again in 1970 against Allende and the Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic. On March 25, 1970, the [[40 Committee]] approved a joint embassy and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] "spoiling" operation against Allende; "direct support was not furnished to either of his opponents." In July a CIA representative in [[Santiago]] told representatives of [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] that Alessandri could use financial assistance and suggested an individual who could serve as a secure channel. ITT's chairman, [[Harold Geneen]], offered to make 1 million dollars available to the agency; the CIA refused to transmit ITT money but advised the company on how to pass it. Some 350,000 dollars of ITT money reached Alessandri during the campaign, 250,000 to the campaign and 100,000 to the National Party, and other American businesses gave about 350,000 more. In the CIA's propaganda campaign, sign-painting teams were instructed to paint "su paredón," your wall, on 2,000 walls, evoking communist firing squads.[^1] At the election of September 4, Allende took 36.3 percent to Alessandri's 35.3, a margin of about 39,000 votes in three million.[^1]
### The Frei Gambit
With no majority, the Congress was to choose between the two leaders. The plan pursued by the ambassador, [[Edward Korry]], and the CIA's "Track I" was that the Congress would elect Alessandri, who would resign at once, allowing a new election in which the outgoing president, [[Eduardo Frei Montalva|Eduardo Frei]], could stand. On September 9, 1970, Alessandri announced that he would resign if elected. Korry cabled the [[State Department]] the next day that "Alessandri's statement on which I have worked since before the elections" had "set off a political storm," that it "was cleared with Frei beforehand," and that it carried the support of Senators Bulnes of the National Party and Durán of the Democratic Radicals; he called the scheme "a Rube Goldberg contraption," and reported that Deputy Silvia Alessandri had come to him that night to beg for visas for her family.[^2] On September 14 the 40 Committee authorized a contingency fund of 250,000 dollars, to be handled by Korry, to swing congressional votes to Alessandri; the only proposal discussed, bribery of congressmen, was judged unworkable and the money was never spent. Frei refused to interfere, and on September 29 the committee agreed the gambit was dead.[^1] The Congress confirmed Allende on October 24, 1970.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. *Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973,* staff report, 94th Congress, 1st session, 1975.
[^2]: Korry to Department of State, telegram, September 10, 1970, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* vol. XXI, *Chile, 1969-1973,* document 75. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d75

7
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kaleb Cole.md
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@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ tags:
- RussianImperialMovement
- USA
created: 2026-05-21
updated: 2026-05-22
updated: 2026-09-23
summary: "Kaleb Cole was a Washington state-based Atomwaffen Division leader who received paramilitary training from the Russian Imperial Movement in St. Petersburg in 2018, ran a coordinated intimidation campaign against journalists and activists, and was convicted of civil rights conspiracy and sentenced to 84 months in federal prison."
location: "Washington State"
---
[[Kaleb Cole]] was a Washington state-based [[Atomwaffen Division]] leader who rose to prominence within the organization following [[Brandon Russell]]'s 2018 imprisonment and ran a sustained intimidation campaign targeting journalists, civil rights workers, and others who reported on or monitored AWD's activities. In 2018 he traveled to [[Russia]] for paramilitary training with the [[Russian Imperial Movement]] at their [[Partizan]] camp in [[St. Petersburg]]. He was convicted in federal court of civil rights conspiracy charges and sentenced to 84 months (seven years) in federal prison.[^1]
Kaleb Cole was a Washington state-based [[Atomwaffen Division]] leader who rose to prominence within the organization following [[Brandon Russell]]'s 2018 imprisonment and ran a sustained intimidation campaign targeting journalists, civil rights workers, and others who reported on or monitored AWD's activities. In 2018 he traveled to [[Russia]] for paramilitary training with the [[Russian Imperial Movement]] at their [[Partizan]] camp in [[St. Petersburg]]. He was convicted in federal court of civil rights conspiracy charges and sentenced to 84 months (seven years) in federal prison.[^1]
### Rise Within AWD
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ In 2018, Cole traveled to Europe with fellow AWD member [[Aiden Bruce-Umbaugh]]
After completing Partizan training, Cole and Bruce-Umbaugh traveled back through Ukraine into Poland and documented the trip with a photograph at [[Auschwitz]] concentration camp. The Russia trip is referenced in federal prosecution materials from both Cole's case (2:20-cr-00032, [[Western District of Washington]]) and Bruce-Umbaugh's case (5:19-cr-00130, [[Northern District of Texas]]), and is documented in investigative reporting on AWD's transnational connections.[^3]
The RIM training represents the most documented instance of a senior AWD leader receiving in-person foreign paramilitary training from an organization later designated a terrorist entity by the U.S. government. The [[CTC West Point]] analysis of the skull-mask neo-fascist network notes that RIM also trained additional U.S. nationals affiliated with AWD at Partizan in approximately 2020, beyond the 2018 Cole/Bruce-Umbaugh trip.[^4]
The RIM training represents the most documented instance of a senior AWD leader receiving in-person foreign paramilitary training from an organization later designated a terrorist entity by the U.S. government.
### Intimidation Campaign
@ -45,4 +45,3 @@ Cole was convicted by a federal jury in the Western District of Washington on al
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice, OPA. "Member of Violent Extremist Group Sentenced to 84 Months for Civil Rights Conspiracy." https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/member-violent-extremist-group-sentenced-84-months-civil-rights-conspiracy
[^2]: Malcontent News. "Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement." July 4, 2022. https://malcontentment.com/washingtons-defunct-atomwaffen-division-had-deep-ties-to-the-terrorist-org-russia-imperialist-movement/; Cipher Brief. "Examining Atomwaffen Division's Transnational Linkages." https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/examining-atomwaffen-divisions-transnational-linkages
[^3]: GovInfo. USA v. Bruce-Umbaugh, 5:19-cr-00130 (N.D. Tex.). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-txnd-5_19-cr-00130/USCOURTS-txnd-5_19-cr-00130-0
[^4]: CTC West Point. "The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the 'Skull Mask' Neo-Fascist Network." https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-iron-march-forum-and-the-evolution-of-the-skull-mask-neo-fascist-network/

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Christiano.md Normal file
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---
category: "AI & Effective Altruism"
tags:
- Person
- OpenAI
- Anthropic
- OpenPhilanthropy
- AISafety
- NIST
summary: "OpenAI alignment lead and Open Philanthropy adviser who founded the Alignment Research Center, sat on Anthropic's trust, ran AI safety at NIST's AI Safety Institute and joined the OpenAI Foundation board in 2026."
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[OpenAI]]"
role: "head of alignment research"
start: 2017
end: 2021
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Alignment Research Center]]"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Long-Term Benefit Trust]]"
role: "trustee"
start: 2023-09
end: 2024-04
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]"
role: "head of AI safety, U.S. AI Safety Institute; later senior technical advisor, Center for AI Standards and Innovation"
start: 2024-04
fn: 4
- type: member_of
with: "[[OpenAI Foundation]]"
role: "director and Safety and Security Committee member; non-voting observer on the OpenAI Group PBC board"
start: 2026-09-09
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Paul Christiano led alignment research at [[OpenAI]] from 2017 to 2021 and contributed foundational work on reinforcement learning from human feedback; he then founded the [[Alignment Research Center]].[^1] In March 2017, when [[Open Philanthropy]] recommended 30 million dollars to OpenAI and a seat on its board for [[Holden Karnofsky]], the grant page disclosed that "OpenAI researchers [[Dario Amodei]] and Paul Christiano are both technical advisors to Open Philanthropy and live in the same house as Holden," and that Karnofsky was engaged to Amodei's sister [[Daniela Amodei|Daniela]].[^2]
In September 2023 Christiano became one of the five original trustees of [[Anthropic]]'s [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]], the body empowered to elect a growing share of the board of the company founded by Dario and Daniela Amodei. He left in April 2024 to become head of AI safety at the [[U.S. AI Safety Institute]].[^3] Commerce Secretary [[Gina Raimondo]] announced the appointment on April 16, 2024.[^4] The Action Fund of the [[Center for AI Safety]], an Open Philanthropy grantee, stated that it had led a bipartisan congressional effort that "secured $10 million to establish" the institute.[^5]
### The OpenAI Foundation
On September 9, 2026, the [[OpenAI Foundation]], the nonprofit that controls OpenAI Group PBC, appointed Christiano to its board and its Safety and Security Committee, chaired by [[Zico Kolter]], and made him a non-voting observer on the board of the for-profit company. The announcement described him as a senior technical advisor at the [[Center for AI Standards and Innovation]] within the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]], where he had "worked on evaluating frontier AI models, including capabilities with national security implications," and stated: "As a Senior Technical Advisor, Paul will recuse himself from all OpenAI-related matters as well as all model evaluations." The board chair, [[Bret Taylor]], said his "experience working on frontier AI safety and standards in government" would strengthen the board's oversight.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: OpenAI Foundation, "Paul Christiano joins OpenAI Foundation Board," September 9, 2026. https://openaifoundation.org/news/paul-christiano-joins-openai-foundation-board
[^2]: Open Philanthropy, "OpenAI, General Support," grant of March 2017, archived January 1, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250101012608/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/openai-general-support/
[^3]: Anthropic, "The Long-Term Benefit Trust," September 19, 2023, with later updates. https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-long-term-benefit-trust
[^4]: National Institute of Standards and Technology, "U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo Announces Expansion of U.S. AI Safety Institute Leadership Team," April 16, 2024. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/04/us-commerce-secretary-gina-raimondo-announces-expansion-us-ai-safety
[^5]: Center for AI Safety Action Fund, "2024 Annual Impact Report." https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66438c042d15b14b53b83006/68012dcfec6880aba24f528a_CAIS-ActionFund-ImpactReport_05.pdf

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Salvador Allende.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ summary: "Socialist president of Chile from 1970 to 1973, the object of fourteen
died: 1973-09-11
location: "Santiago, Chile"
created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Salvador Allende Gossens, a physician and Socialist senator, was elected president of [[Chile]] in 1970 on his fourth attempt, at the head of the [[Popular Unity]] coalition of Socialists, Communists, and Radicals. He died in the [[La Moneda]] palace in [[Santiago]] on September 11, 1973, during the coup led by General [[Augusto Pinochet]].[^1]
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] spent three million dollars to influence
### 1970
On September 4, 1970, Allende won 36.3 percent to 35.3 for [[Jorge Alessandri]], a margin of 39,000 votes in three million. CIA polls had predicted that Alessandri would win with 40 percent. Korry said that the fund-raisers of all three candidates approached the embassy, that Allende's asked for a million dollars, and that none was given. [[ITT Corporation|ITT]], whose chairman [[Harold Geneen]] offered the agency a fund for Alessandri in July, passed at least 350,000 dollars to his campaign. On September 15 President [[Richard Nixon]] ordered the agency to prevent Allende's accession, and the attempts that followed, described at [[Project FUBELT]], ended in the killing of General [[Rene Schneider|René Schneider]]. Congress confirmed Allende on October 24.[^1][^3]
On September 4, 1970, Allende won 36.3 percent to 35.3 for [[Jorge Alessandri]], a margin of 39,000 votes in three million. CIA polls had predicted that Alessandri would win with 40 percent. Korry said that the fund-raisers of all three candidates approached the embassy, that Allende's asked for a million dollars, and that none was given. [[ITT Corporation|ITT]], whose chairman [[Harold Geneen]] offered the agency a fund for Alessandri in July, passed some 350,000 dollars to him, 250,000 to his campaign and 100,000 to the National Party, on the agency's advice about how to pass it, and other American businesses gave about 350,000 more. On September 15 President [[Richard Nixon]] ordered the agency to prevent Allende's accession, and the attempts that followed, described at [[Project FUBELT]], ended in the killing of General [[Rene Schneider|René Schneider]]. Congress confirmed Allende on October 24.[^1][^3]
Korry wrote to Senator [[Frank Church]] in 1975 that the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]] had given "very substantial sums for covert political action to the Communist party, to the [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]] and to Allende himself."[^4]

44
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Maland.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
aliases:
- "David Christopher Maland"
- "Chris Maland"
tags:
- Person
- BorderPatrol
- Zizians
- StateDepartment
- Vermont
summary: "Air Force security specialist, State Department K9 handler and Border Patrol agent at Newport, Vermont, killed on January 20, 2025 at a traffic stop of two people linked to the Zizians."
born: 1980-02-19
died: 2025-01-20
location: "Newport, Vermont"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[U.S. Air Force]]"
role: "Security Forces journeyman"
start: 1999-06
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[U.S. Department of State]]"
role: "K9 handler"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[U.S. Border Patrol]]"
role: "agent, Texas, then Newport, Vermont, from 2019"
end: 2025-01-20
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
David Christopher Maland was born in [[Blue Earth]], Minnesota, on February 19, 1980, graduated from [[Fairmont High School]] in 1999 and enlisted in the [[U.S. Air Force]] that June, serving six years as a Security Forces journeyman; his decorations included the Air Force Achievement Medal and the Global War on Terrorism Medal. According to his family's obituary, he was at the [[Pentagon]] "as active security on 9/11." He then worked for the [[U.S. Department of State]] as a K9 handler "serving executives in the U.S. Government," took a B.A. from [[Metropolitan State University]] in 2012, and after the [[Border Patrol Academy]] served two years as an agent in Texas. In 2019 he transferred to [[Newport, Vermont]], as a Border Patrol agent, K9 agent and member of the Mobile Response Team.[^1]
### Death
Maland was killed on January 20, 2025, in a shootout at a traffic stop on [[Interstate 91]] in [[Coventry, Vermont]], of a car driven by [[Teresa Youngblut]] with [[Felix Bauckholt]] as passenger; Bauckholt was killed and Youngblut wounded. Law enforcement linked both to [[The Zizians]]. Youngblut was charged in federal court with his murder, pleaded not guilty and was held without bail, and prosecutors filed notice that they would seek the death penalty. In August 2026 her lawyers argued that the authorities had determined before the stop that Bauckholt held a valid visa, contrary to the stop's stated immigration basis; the prosecutor, [[Matthew Lasher]], wrote that their source "indicated only" that a visa had been issued.[^2] He was buried on February 22, 2025 at [[Fort Snelling National Cemetery]] with military honors.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Morris Nilsen Funeral Chapel, "David Christopher Maland," obituary, February 2025. https://www.morrisnilsen.com/obituary/david-christopher-maland/
[^2]: "Cell phone data fight in federal murder case." *Valley News,* August 4, 2026. https://vnews.com/2026/08/04/border-patrol-agent-murder-trial/

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Dustin Moskovitz.md
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@ -6,40 +6,75 @@ tags:
- Facebook
- EffectiveAltruism
- OpenPhilanthropy
- Anthropic
- DemocraticDonor
summary: "Dustin Moskovitz is a cofounder of Facebook and the software firm Asana who, with his wife Cari Tuna, became the largest sustained funder of effective altruism through Open Philanthropy and one of the largest Democratic political donors, a political mirror image of his fellow Facebook beneficiary Peter Thiel."
summary: "Facebook and Asana cofounder whose Good Ventures foundation funds Open Philanthropy, the chief backer of AI-safety policy, research and journalism; an early Anthropic investor and a leading Democratic donor."
born: 1984-05-22
location: "San Francisco, California"
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Future Forward]]"
start: 2020
role: "46.89 million dollars in 2019-2020, 3.3 million in 2021-2022, 50 million in 2023-2024"
fn: 16
- type: funded
with: "[[LCV Victory Fund]]"
start: 2016
role: "5 million dollars, with Cari Tuna"
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[For Our Future PAC]]"
start: 2016
role: "5 million dollars, with Cari Tuna"
fn: 15
created: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Dustin Moskovitz (born May 22, 1984) is an American technology entrepreneur who cofounded [[Facebook]] with [[Mark Zuckerberg]] in 2004 and later cofounded the workplace-software company [[Asana]]. With his wife [[Cari Tuna]] he became the largest sustained funder of the [[Effective Altruism]] movement through [[Open Philanthropy]] and one of the largest Democratic political donors in the United States. His career traces the same Facebook fortune that made [[Peter Thiel]], the company's first outside investor, a billionaire, and his philanthropy and politics run in the opposite direction from Thiel's.[^1][^2]
Dustin Moskovitz (born May 22, 1984) cofounded [[Facebook]] with [[Mark Zuckerberg]], his roommate at [[Harvard University]], where he studied economics. From February 2004 to November 2008 he held senior roles at Facebook, including chief technology officer and vice president of engineering. He then cofounded [[Asana]] with [[Justin Rosenstein]], and with his wife [[Cari Tuna]] established [[Good Ventures]], the foundation that supplies nearly all of the grant money of [[Open Philanthropy]], renamed Coefficient Giving in 2025.[^1][^2] *[[Semafor]]* wrote that its founders and many early employees "were sympathetic to the utilitarian philosophical movement known as [[Effective Altruism|effective altruism]]."[^3] [[Peter Thiel]] was Facebook's first outside investor.[^4]
### Facebook and Asana
### Asana
Moskovitz was Zuckerberg's roommate at [[Harvard University]] and one of Facebook's founding team, serving as its first chief technology officer and head of engineering. He left in 2008 to cofound Asana with [[Justin Rosenstein]], took the company public in 2020, and built a second fortune; his net worth, derived chiefly from his early Facebook stake, exceeds sixteen billion dollars. He stepped down as Asana chief executive in March 2025 while remaining chairman.[^1][^3]
Moskovitz has been an Asana director since December 2008 and its chairman since December 2019. He was chief executive from October 2010 to July 2025, and also chief financial officer from 2009 to 2017. Asana went public by direct listing on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in September 2020.[^4] In 2026 he held 74.2 percent of the company's voting power through his own shares, the Dustin A. Moskovitz Trust, a Roth IRA and shares held by Good Ventures; he bought 19,273,127 shares in a private placement on September 7, 2022.[^1] In 2016 [[Sam Altman]] led a 50-million-dollar investment in Asana.[^5] [[Adam D'Angelo]], Facebook's chief technology officer from 2006 to 2008 and founder of [[Quora]], sat on Asana's board from December 2008 to 2026 while also a director of [[OpenAI]]; [[Matthew Cohler]] of [[Benchmark Capital]], another Facebook alumnus, was an Asana director from 2009 to 2026. Asana's 2026 proxy statement reported, as related-person transactions, 1.1 million dollars in AI services bought from [[Anthropic]], noting that Moskovitz "has a minority ownership interest in Anthropic," and 300,000 dollars bought from OpenAI, noting D'Angelo's seat on its board.[^1]
Moskovitz retained roughly two percent of Facebook at its 2012 initial public offering, a stake worth several billion dollars that became the foundation of his wealth and his giving. Asana took its name from a yoga term and went public by direct listing on the New York Stock Exchange in September 2020. His March 2025 retirement announcement, in which he said he would transition out of the chief-executive role, was followed by a sharp drop in Asana's share price; he stayed on as board chair and remained the company's largest shareholder.[^1][^3]
### Good Ventures and Open Philanthropy
### Open Philanthropy and Effective Altruism
Good Ventures, whose directors are Moskovitz, Tuna and [[Divesh Makan]], the controlling partner of [[ICONIQ Capital]], held 10.1 billion dollars in assets in mid-2025 and received 1.4 billion dollars in contributions that year.[^2][^6] Open Philanthropy had given away about 7 billion dollars by September 2026, most of it from the couple's fortune.[^3] Its grants include 30 million dollars to OpenAI in 2017, with a board seat for [[Holden Karnofsky]], whose grant page disclosed that the OpenAI researchers [[Dario Amodei]] and [[Paul Christiano]] were Open Philanthropy advisers who lived in Karnofsky's house;[^7] 55 million dollars in 2019 to launch the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]] at [[Georgetown University]] under the former IARPA director [[Jason Matheny]]; 16 million dollars in 2023 to the [[RAND Corporation]] after Matheny became its chief executive, "to be spent at the discretion of" Matheny; 5.16 million dollars in 2022 to the [[Center for AI Safety]]; and 36 million dollars in 2025 to [[Redwood Research]].[^8]
In 2011 Moskovitz and Tuna founded Good Ventures, and they later joined with the charity evaluator [[GiveWell]] to create Open Philanthropy, which became the principal sustained financier of effective altruism, longtermism, and AI-safety work, directing more than four billion dollars in grants. The funding flowed to the same AI-risk research community around the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]] and the [[Future of Humanity Institute]] that [[Eliezer Yudkowsky]] and [[Nick Bostrom]] built, and Open Philanthropy was an early backer of the AI company [[Anthropic]]. Moskovitz signed the Giving Pledge, committing the majority of his wealth.[^2][^4]
### Anthropic
Good Ventures supplies nearly all of Open Philanthropy's grantmaking, making the foundation's reach a direct function of Moskovitz and Tuna's fortune; the organization's own analysis acknowledged that the movement's funding base rests heavily on the couple. Open Philanthropy's 2017 grant of 30 million dollars to [[OpenAI]] came with a board seat for co-chief-executive [[Holden Karnofsky]], an early instance of the foundation embedding itself inside an AI lab, and it later invested in Anthropic. Operating from November 2025 as Coefficient Giving, the organization began pooling money from outside donors so that other philanthropists could fund its cause areas alongside Good Ventures.[^2][^4]
Moskovitz took part in Anthropic's first funding round of 124 million dollars in 2021, and in 2023 told *[[Politico]]* that "my goal in investing [in Anthropic] stems from the exact same place as our non-profit work" and that any returns "will be entirely redirected back into our philanthropic work." The Open Philanthropy grantmaker [[Luke Muehlhauser]] was then one of Anthropic's four directors, and Karnofsky had married Anthropic's president, [[Daniela Amodei]].[^5] Muehlhauser resigned from the board in May 2024, writing that it had become complicated to be both an AI governance grantmaker at Open Philanthropy and a director of a frontier AI company.[^9] In April 2026 the *[[Washington Examiner]]* reported that in 2025 Moskovitz had transferred his Anthropic stake, "which had reportedly grown to roughly $500 million, to his charity to avoid the appearance of conflicts of interests."[^10] Asana's proxy statement of April 20, 2026 described Moskovitz as having "a minority ownership interest in Anthropic."[^1] *Semafor* called Coefficient Giving "a favorite of Anthropic executives"; its chief executive, [[Alexander Berger]], said in 2026: "We're definitely not the Anthropic Foundation."[^3]
### Washington
Open Philanthropy set aside nearly 3 million dollars in 2022 for the first fellows of the [[Horizon Institute for Public Service]], which pays technology fellows placed in congressional offices, federal agencies and think tanks, among them the offices of Senators [[Martin Heinrich]], [[Mike Rounds]] and [[Todd Young]], whom [[Chuck Schumer]] had put in charge of AI legislation; *Politico* wrote that Open Philanthropy had "effectively created" Horizon.[^5] Matheny served in the Biden [[White House]] from March 2021 to June 2022. According to documents the *Washington Examiner* obtained under the [[Freedom of Information Act]], he hired [[Ben Buchanan]], director of CSET's CyberAI project, under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, with Georgetown continuing to pay Buchanan's salary and the government reimbursing it; the paper noted that CSET had received 97 million dollars from Open Philanthropy between 2019 and 2021, and that Buchanan became an architect of the Biden export controls on advanced chips that Anthropic later urged the Trump administration to keep. Buchanan said he "scrupulously complied with all legal and ethics rules." Senator [[Ted Cruz]], who named Moskovitz in a 2024 letter, wrote that "large AI technology companies are influencing the Biden administration's AI policy from the inside."[^10]
The lobbying arm of the Center for AI Safety stated that it secured 10 million dollars from Congress in 2024 to establish the [[U.S. AI Safety Institute]], where Christiano became head of AI safety.[^11] The 501(c)(4) [[Americans for Responsible Innovation]], founded in late 2023 by the former congressman [[Brad Carson]], lists Coefficient Giving among its funders with the [[Omidyar Network]], and reported in-house lobbying expenses of 1.51 million dollars in 2025. The [[Open Philanthropy Action Fund]] has paid outside lobbyists every year since 2021, the [[Kyle House Group]] since 2023.[^12]
### The Press
By 2025 Coefficient Giving supplied most of the funding of the [[Tarbell Center for AI Journalism]], which pays journalists placed at *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]*, [[Bloomberg]], *[[The Verge]]* and other newsrooms and publishes the newsletter *Transformer*; Coefficient's director of communications, [[Naina Bajekal]], was a former executive editor of *Time*.[^13] In September 2026 the publication *Effort*, founded by [[Brian Chau]], wrote that "Coefficient pays the salaries of two dozen journalists at major news outlets," that Open Philanthropy had pursued a "placement" strategy "to put their hand-picked employees in US and UK government offices," and that Moskovitz was the third-largest Democratic donor in 2020 and the second-largest in 2024.[^14]
### Political Giving
Moskovitz became one of the largest individual donors to Democratic causes, an explicit counterweight to right-wing megadonors. He and Tuna pledged roughly twenty million dollars to defeat [[Donald Trump]] and elect [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2016, and in 2020 he gave approximately ninety-two million dollars to the Democratic super PAC [[Future Forward]], among the largest single contributions of the cycle, followed by further giving to the same vehicle in 2024. The pattern is the inverse of Thiel's funding of Trump, [[JD Vance]], and the tech-right: two beneficiaries of the same company financing opposed political projects, while both poured money into the competing wings of the AI-risk debate.[^5][^6]
In the 2024 cycle Moskovitz gave 38 million dollars to Future Forward, the main super PAC backing [[Kamala Harris]], plus 929,600 dollars to the Biden Victory Fund, ranking among Harris's largest billionaire donors. The 2016 effort was bipartisan in intent: Moskovitz wrote that his roughly twenty-million-dollar commitment was meant to counter what he saw as the danger of a Trump presidency, the first time he and Tuna had given at that scale to electoral politics. He has framed his political spending in the same expected-value terms as his philanthropy, treating elections as high-stakes interventions on the same metric of marginal impact that governs Open Philanthropy's grants.[^5][^7]
On September 8, 2016, Moskovitz and Tuna announced 20 million dollars in contributions to defeat [[Donald Trump]] and elect [[Hillary Clinton]], calling Trump's promises to voters who felt left behind "quite possibly a deliberate con." They named 5 million dollars each to the [[LCV Victory Fund]] and [[For Our Future PAC]], and wrote that "we have reservations about anyone using large amounts of money to influence elections."[^15] [[Federal Election Commission]] records itemize contributions from Moskovitz of about 18.0 million dollars in the 2015-2016 cycle, led by 6 million to [[Priorities USA Action]], 4.5 million to the LCV Victory Fund, 2.5 million to For Our Future and 1.65 million to [[Color of Change PAC]]; 5.7 million in 2017-2018, including 3 million to [[MoveOn]] and 2 million to the [[Senate Majority PAC]]; 51.8 million in 2019-2020, including 46.89 million to the Democratic super PAC [[Future Forward]] and 830,600 dollars to the [[Biden Victory Fund]]; 5.9 million in 2021-2022, including 3.3 million to Future Forward and 1.9 million to its affiliate FFPA; and 50.9 million in 2023-2024, of which 50 million went to Future Forward in eight payments between August 28 and October 22, 2024, 30 million of it in October, and 929,600 dollars to the [[Harris Victory Fund]]. None had been itemized for the 2025-2026 cycle by September 2026.[^16] In March 2024 *[[Puck]]*'s [[Theodore Schleifer]] wrote that Moskovitz had spent "up to $100 million to defeat Donald Trump last cycle" and was "leaning into his power... and his checkbook" to beat back "the Andreessens and Musks of the world."[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Facebook Co-Founder Moskovitz Builds a Second Fortune With Asana," *Bloomberg,* October 1, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-01/facebook-co-founder-moskovitz-builds-a-second-fortune-with-asana
[^2]: "How Dependent is the Effective Altruism Movement on Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna?" EA Forum, on Open Philanthropy and Good Ventures funding. https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/4BJSXH9ho4eYNT73P/how-dependent-is-the-effective-altruism-movement-on-dustin
[^3]: "Asana CEO Dustin Moskovitz announces retirement," *CNBC,* March 10, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/10/asana-ceo-dustin-moskovitz-announces-retirement-stock-price-drops-25percent.html
[^4]: "The Making of Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei," Alex Kantrowitz, on Open Philanthropy as an early Anthropic funder. https://kantrowitz.medium.com/the-making-of-anthropic-ceo-dario-amodei-449777529dd6
[^5]: "Clinton campaign and Dems get $20M from Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz," *TechCrunch,* September 8, 2016. https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/08/a-friend-of-hillary
[^6]: "Future Forward PAC," InfluenceWatch, on the approximately ninety-two million dollar 2020 contribution and the 2024 giving. https://www.influencewatch.org/political-party/future-forward-pac/
[^7]: "Trump, Harris' Top Billionaire Donors in 2024 Election," *Bloomberg,* and "Billionaires poured millions of dollars into presidential super PACs," *NBC News,* 2024, on the 38-million-dollar Future Forward gift and the 929,600-dollar Biden Victory Fund contribution. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2024-billionaire-donors-us-election/
[^1]: Asana, Inc. Schedule 14A definitive proxy statement, filed April 20, 2026, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1477720/000162828026025998/asan-20260420.htm
[^2]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Good Ventures Foundation," EIN 46-1008520, Form 990-PF data through fiscal year ending June 2025. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/461008520
[^3]: Smith, Ben. "Coefficient Giving's CEO on Silicon Valley's $40 billion philanthropy boom." *Semafor,* September 3, 2026. https://www.semafor.com/article/09/03/2026/coefficient-givings-ceo-on-silicon-valley-40-billion-philanthropy-boom
[^4]: "Facebook Co-Founder Moskovitz Builds a Second Fortune With Asana," *Bloomberg,* October 1, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-01/facebook-co-founder-moskovitz-builds-a-second-fortune-with-asana
[^5]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^6]: ICONIQ Capital, LLC, and others, Schedule 13G regarding Diameter Credit Co, November 13, 2024. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1916099/000101143824000605/form_sc13g-diameter.htm
[^7]: Open Philanthropy, "OpenAI, General Support," March 2017, archived January 1, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250101012608/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/openai-general-support/
[^8]: Open Philanthropy grant pages, archived 2025: "Georgetown University, Center for Security and Emerging Technology" (January 2019), http://web.archive.org/web/20250102035307/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/georgetown-university-center-for-security-and-emerging-technology/ ; "RAND Corporation, Emerging Technology Initiatives" (October 2023), http://web.archive.org/web/20250122041729/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/rand-corporation-emerging-technology-initiatives/ ; "Center for AI Safety, General Support (2022)," http://web.archive.org/web/20250102035329/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-ai-safety-general-support/ ; Smith, "Coefficient Giving's CEO," on Redwood.
[^9]: Muehlhauser, Luke. "Why I resigned from the Anthropic Board." June 12, 2024. https://lukemuehlhauser.com/why-i-resigned-from-the-anthropic-board/
[^10]: Schmad, Robert. "Documents show how a tech-connected nonprofit shaped Biden-era AI policy." *Washington Examiner,* April 17, 2026. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/investigations/4532389/
[^11]: Center for AI Safety Action Fund, "2024 Annual Impact Report." https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66438c042d15b14b53b83006/68012dcfec6880aba24f528a_CAIS-ActionFund-ImpactReport_05.pdf
[^12]: Americans for Responsible Innovation, "About Us," https://ari.us/about-us/ ; U.S. Senate, Lobbying Disclosure Act database, filings for clients "Americans for Responsible Innovation" and "Open Philanthropy Action Fund," 2021 to 2026, retrieved September 2026. https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Americans+for+Responsible+Innovation
[^13]: Tarbell Center for AI Journalism, "Ethics and Standards policies," February 20, 2026, https://www.tarbellcenter.org/ethics-and-standards ; Tani, Max. "AI critics funded AI coverage at top newsrooms." *Semafor,* December 7, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2025/ai-critics-funded-ai-coverage-at-top-newsrooms
[^14]: Effort. "How Effective Altruism Bought the Media," September 2, 2026, https://www.effort.news/tarbell ; Effort. "Effective Altruism is Buying Political Staff," September 19, 2026. https://www.effort.news/aisi
[^15]: Moskovitz, Dustin, and Cari Tuna. "Compelled to Act." *Medium,* September 8, 2016, archived December 31, 2016. http://web.archive.org/web/20161231130245/https://medium.com/@moskov/compelled-to-act-1413930041ee
[^16]: Federal Election Commission, itemized receipts (Schedule A, memo entries excluded) for contributor "Moskovitz, Dustin," two-year periods 2016 through 2026, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=Moskovitz%2C+Dustin
[^17]: Schleifer, Theodore. "DustinBucks." *Puck,* March 20, 2024, archived January 10, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250110050826/https://puck.news/dustinbucks/

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
aliases:
- "Frederick B. Lacey"
- "Frederick Bernard Lacey"
tags:
- Person
- Judge
- FISACourt
- BNL
- Iraqgate
summary: "New Jersey prosecutor and federal judge, one of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court's first judges, whom William Barr named in 1992 to review the BNL-Iraq case and who cleared the Justice Department."
born: 1920-09-09
died: 2017-04-01
location: "Newark, New Jersey"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]"
role: "judge"
start: 1979
end: 1985
fn: 1
- type: investigated
with: "[[Brent Scowcroft]]"
start: 1992
fn: 3
- type: investigated
with: "[[Lawrence Eagleburger]]"
start: 1992
fn: 3
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Albert Anastasia]]"
start: 1954
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Frederick Bernard Lacey was born in Newark, [[New Jersey]], on September 9, 1920, the son of the city's police chief, and studied at Rutgers and Cornell Law School; he served in the Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946. As an assistant U.S. attorney in New Jersey he led the case that sent [[Albert Anastasia]] to prison for income-tax evasion in 1954. [[Richard Nixon]] made him U.S. attorney for New Jersey in 1969; he prosecuted Newark's mayor, Hugh Addonizio, Jersey City's mayor, Thomas Whalen, the Hudson County boss John V. Kenny and Mafia figures, and with his successor, Herbert Stern, convicted three dozen officials within four years. Nixon appointed him a district judge in 1970; he served until 1986 and sat on the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals from 1978 and on the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] from 1979 to 1985. After retiring he joined LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, served as special master over the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and in 2006 was federal monitor of Bristol-Myers Squibb over the drug Plavix. He died in Naples, Florida, on April 1, 2017.[^1][^2]
### The BNL Investigation
Attorney General [[William Barr]] declined to seek an independent counsel in the [[BNL Scandal|Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]] affair and on October 16, 1992, appointed Lacey special counsel; he reported 54 days later. He wrote: "I find Judge Shoob's specific charges against the USAO to be inaccurate," rejecting the criticisms of Judge [[Marvin Shoob]]. Of [[Brent Scowcroft]] and [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], he wrote: "It is clear that, while at [[Kissinger Associates]], Scowcroft and Eagleburger came into contact with [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro|BNL]] management. I have seen nothing, however, to suggest that they knew of BNL-Atlanta's wrongful loans to Iraq or influenced the prosecution of this matter." The second part of the report was classified.[^3] According to *The Village Voice,* the report dismissed the allegations as "arrogant nonsense," while Lacey acknowledged that he could not determine "who at Justice saw what and when" and was "unable to penetrate with any precision where responsibility lay."[^4] Representative [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], chairman of the [[House Banking Committee]], told the House on January 21, 1993, that "from the start it was apparent that Judge Lacey was nothing more than a lackey," called the report "the Lacey Job," and said that "at best" it was a whitewash.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federal Judicial Center, "Lacey, Frederick Bernard," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/lacey-frederick-bernard
[^2]: Historical Society of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, "Frederick Bernard Lacey." https://www.historynjdc.org/judges/judicial-biographies/frederick-bernard-lacey ; "'French Connection' Judge Dies at 96," Associated Press, via *Governing,* April 2017.
[^3]: Lacey, Frederick B. "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation: Report of the Independent Counsel," reproduced in House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Serial No. 103-95, 1993, pp. 514-15. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
[^4]: "Will We Ever Learn the Truth About Iraqgate?" *The Village Voice,* reprinted November 2, 2020.
[^5]: Gonzalez, Henry B. "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record,* House, January 21, 1993. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm

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---
category: "AI & Effective Altruism"
tags:
- Person
- IntelligenceCommunity
- IARPA
- RAND
- CSET
- OpenPhilanthropy
- EffectiveAltruism
summary: "IARPA director who founded Georgetown's Open Philanthropy-funded CSET, ran technology policy at Biden's National Security Council, became RAND's chief executive in 2022 and was an original Anthropic trustee."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity]]"
role: "director"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]]"
role: "founding director"
start: 2019
end: 2021-03
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence]]"
role: "commissioner, appointed by Congress"
start: 2018
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[National Security Council]]"
role: "coordinator for technology and national security; also deputy director for national security at OSTP"
start: 2021-03
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[RAND Corporation]]"
role: "president and chief executive"
start: 2022-07
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Jason Matheny holds a Ph.D. in applied economics and an M.P.H. from [[Johns Hopkins University]], an M.B.A. from [[Duke University]] and a B.A. in art history from the [[University of Chicago]]. He worked for [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] and the [[World Bank]] before joining the intelligence community, where he became director of the [[Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity]] (IARPA), responsible for developing advanced technologies for the U.S. intelligence community. He received the intelligence community's Award for Individual Achievement in Science and Technology and the [[National Intelligence Superior Service Medal]].[^1] [[Open Philanthropy]]'s 2019 grant page described him as having co-founded [[New Harvest]], the cultured-meat nonprofit, and as someone who "broadly shares our interest in cost-effective ways of doing as much good as possible."[^2]
### CSET and the White House
In January 2019 Open Philanthropy gave 55 million dollars over five years to [[Georgetown University]] to launch the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]] with Matheny as its director; the grant investigator was [[Luke Muehlhauser]]. The grant page cited "multiple conversations with leaders in the defense, intelligence, and policymaking communities" and noted his seat on the [[National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence]], created by Congress in 2018.[^2] In March 2021 he left CSET for the [[White House]] with three titles: deputy assistant to the president for technology and national security, deputy director for national security in the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]], and coordinator for technology and national security at the [[National Security Council]]. The NSCAI report he had helped write had recommended changes to national AI policy that he would now help oversee. [[Dewey Murdick]] took over CSET as interim director.[^3]
### RAND
Matheny became president and chief executive of the [[RAND Corporation]] in July 2022.[^1] Open Philanthropy gave RAND 5.5 million dollars in April 2023 and 10.5 million in October 2023, in each case "to be spent at the discretion of RAND president and CEO Jason Matheny"; he allocated the October gift to a technology policy training program, the [[Pardee RAND Graduate School]], a new China studies center and a research fund on emerging technology and security.[^4] In September 2023 he became one of the five original trustees of [[Anthropic]]'s [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]], and he stepped down in December 2023, according to Anthropic, "to preempt any potential conflicts of interest that might arise with RAND Corporation's policy-related initiatives."[^5]
In October 2023 the *[[Politico]]* reporter [[Brendan Bordelon]] called Matheny "a luminary in the effective altruist community." He reported that Matheny had recommended licensing of advanced AI to the [[House Science Committee]], and that the RAND information scientist [[Jeff Alstott]], who had worked in the White House alongside Matheny, had in an April 19, 2023 email to members of the [[Omidyar Network]] circulated an AI licensing proposal he said he had shared with about "40 Hill staffers of both parties," asking recipients to "keep this document and attribution off the public internet." A RAND spokesperson, Jeffrey Hiday, confirmed the email, said Open Philanthropy's money had no bearing on RAND's recommendations, and called Matheny "a financially disinterested trustee."[^6]
### The AI Executive Order
In December 2023 *Politico* reported that RAND personnel, including Alstott, had helped draft the reporting requirements in Section 4 of President Biden's executive order on AI of October 30, 2023, which set the reporting threshold for advanced models at more than 10^26 operations, the figure Alstott had proposed; all six of the policy recommendations Alstott made at a September Senate hearing appeared in Section 4 "in some fashion." At a RAND all-hands meeting on October 25, 2023, a recording of which *Politico* obtained, Matheny said that the "National Security Council, [the Department of Defense] and [the Department of Homeland Security] have been deeply worried about catastrophic risk from future AI systems and asked RAND to produce several analyses," which "informed new export controls and a key executive action expected from the White House next week." An employee at the meeting asked whether the "push for the effective altruism agenda, with testimony and policy memos under RAND's brand, is appropriate"; Matheny answered that it would be "irresponsible" not to address catastrophic AI risk and that "if anything, [he's] seen Open Philanthropy be more hands-off." On October 30, hours before the order was released, Alstott emailed RAND colleagues what he called "a version [of the order] from a week ago." Hiday confirmed the recording and the email and said funders "have no influence on the results of our work." Two Horizon fellows worked at RAND.[^7]
In April 2026 the *[[Washington Examiner]]* reported, from documents obtained under the [[Freedom of Information Act]], that while at the White House Matheny had hired [[Ben Buchanan]], director of CSET's CyberAI project, under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, with Georgetown continuing to pay Buchanan's salary and the government reimbursing it, and tasked him with helping craft the administration's AI policies; Buchanan became an architect of the Biden export controls on advanced chips. Buchanan said he "scrupulously complied with all legal and ethics rules and answered only to President Biden and the senior White House staff." RAND did not provide comment from Matheny.[^8]
In a letter to Matheny of September 2024, Senator [[Ted Cruz]], ranking member of the [[Senate Commerce Committee]], wrote that "RAND apparently had an outsized role in drafting the AI Executive Order," that the order "captures all six of the policy recommendations a senior RAND official provided in congressional testimony last year," and that "you are one of five members on Anthropic's 'Long-Term Benefit Trust.'" He wrote that [[Tasha McCauley]], "an adjunct senior management scientist at RAND and effective altruism advocate," had left [[OpenAI]]'s board, and that "Last year, Open Philanthropy gave RAND $16 million."[^9]
### Footnotes
[^1]: RAND Corporation, "Jason Matheny," staff biography. https://www.rand.org/about/people/m/matheny_jason.html
[^2]: Open Philanthropy, "Georgetown University, Center for Security and Emerging Technology," grant of January 2019, archived January 2, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250102035307/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/georgetown-university-center-for-security-and-emerging-technology/
[^3]: "Jason Matheny to serve Biden White House in national security and tech roles." *FedScoop,* March 9, 2021. https://fedscoop.com/white-house-announces-top-tech-adviser-jason-matheny-national-security/
[^4]: Open Philanthropy, "RAND Corporation, Emerging Technology Initiatives," gift of October 2023, with the related April 2023 gift, archived January 22, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250122041729/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/rand-corporation-emerging-technology-initiatives/
[^5]: Anthropic, "The Long-Term Benefit Trust," September 19, 2023, with later updates. https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-long-term-benefit-trust
[^6]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^7]: Bordelon, Brendan. "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order." *Politico,* December 15, 2023, archived February 11, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260211112614/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128
[^8]: Schmad, Robert. "Documents show how a tech-connected nonprofit shaped Biden-era AI policy." *Washington Examiner,* April 17, 2026. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/investigations/4532389/
[^9]: U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, "Sen. Cruz Sounds Alarm Over Industry Role in AI Czar Harris's Censorship Agenda," September 16, 2024, quoting Cruz's letter to Matheny. https://www.commerce.senate.gov/press/rep/release/sen-cruz-sounds-alarm-over-industry-role-in-ai-czar-harriss-censorship-agenda/

33
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Luke Muehlhauser.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
---
category: "AI & Effective Altruism"
tags:
- Person
- OpenPhilanthropy
- Anthropic
- AIGovernance
- EffectiveAltruism
summary: "Open Philanthropy's head of AI governance grantmaking, investigator on its grants launching CSET and funding RAND at Jason Matheny's discretion, and an Anthropic director until May 2024."
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
role: "AI governance grantmaker"
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[Anthropic]]"
role: "board of directors"
end: 2024-05-28
fn: 4
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Luke Muehlhauser was the grant investigator for [[Open Philanthropy]]'s 55-million-dollar grant of January 2019 to [[Georgetown University]] that launched the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]] under the former IARPA director [[Jason Matheny]], with [[Helen Toner]], formerly of Open Philanthropy, on its founding team.[^1] After Matheny became chief executive of the [[RAND Corporation]], Muehlhauser, described by Open Philanthropy as the person "who leads our grantmaking on AI governance," recommended its gift of 10.5 million dollars in October 2023, which followed an April 2023 gift, "to be spent at the discretion of RAND president and CEO Jason Matheny."[^2]
In October 2023 *[[Politico]]* reported that Muehlhauser, "Open Philanthropy's senior program officer for AI governance and policy," was one of the four members of the board of [[Anthropic]], in which Open Philanthropy's funder [[Dustin Moskovitz]] had invested.[^3] He resigned from the board on May 28, 2024. In a post of June 12, 2024, he wrote that "it became increasingly complicated over time for me to simultaneously be (a) an AI governance grantmaker at Open Philanthropy (my day job), where we support a wide variety of organizations including some who work on US AI policy, and (b) a Board member at a US-based frontier AI company (though I've never held any Anthropic equity)," and that the resignation was not safety-related.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Open Philanthropy, "Georgetown University, Center for Security and Emerging Technology," grant of January 2019, archived January 2, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250102035307/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/georgetown-university-center-for-security-and-emerging-technology/
[^2]: Open Philanthropy, "RAND Corporation, Emerging Technology Initiatives," gift of October 2023, archived January 22, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250122041729/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/rand-corporation-emerging-technology-initiatives/
[^3]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^4]: Muehlhauser, Luke. "Why I resigned from the Anthropic Board." June 12, 2024. https://lukemuehlhauser.com/why-i-resigned-from-the-anthropic-board/

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Webster Hubbell.md
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ summary: "Rose Law Firm partner and associate attorney general who resigned in 1
location: "Little Rock, Arkansas"
born: 1948-01-18
created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Webster L. Hubbell was a partner of [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] and [[Vince Foster]] in the [[Rose Law Firm]] of [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] and became associate attorney general of the [[United States]] in the [[Department of Justice]] in January 1993.[^1]
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ He resigned that March. What resulted from the Casolaro investigation, or even w
McLarty and his staff director, William Burton, "telephoned Hubbell about once a week, telling him he still had friends in the White House." McLarty, [[Erskine Bowles]] of the [[Small Business Administration]], [[Truman Arnold]], and [[Vernon Jordan]] "made calls on Hubbell's behalf." "As a result, seventeen people and companies who were supporters of the President hired Hubbell to do consulting work, paying him in excess of $500,000 over a period of less than a year." He reported 376,075 dollars of it on his tax return for 1994 and paid no tax on it.[^1]
One of the seventeen was the [[Lippo Group]]. On June 23, 1994, [[James Riady]] had breakfast with Hubbell at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]], met President [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] at ten with [[John Huang]], and had lunch with Hubbell. On June 27 Hubbell wrote to a director of [[Hong Kong China Limited]], a Lippo company, offering his services for 100,000 dollars a year, and the money was in his account by that day. "Both Riady and Hubbell refuse to describe what services, if any, Hubbell performed," a House committee reported. Lippo also paid for a trip to [[Jakarta]] and [[Bali]] for Hubbell and his wife. Before the committee Hubbell invoked the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]]. He wrote in his memoir: "it wasn't hush money."[^3]
One of the seventeen was the [[Lippo Group]]. On June 23, 1994, [[James Riady]] had breakfast with Hubbell at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]], met President [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] at ten with [[John Huang]], and had lunch with Hubbell. On June 27 Hubbell wrote to a director of [[Hong Kong China Limited]], a Lippo company, offering his services for 100,000 dollars a year, and the money was in his account by that day. "Both Riady and Hubbell refuse to describe what services, if any, Hubbell performed," a House committee reported. Lippo also paid for a trip to [[Jakarta]] and [[Bali]] for Hubbell and his wife. Before the committee Hubbell invoked the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]]. He wrote in his memoir: "it wasn't hush money."[^3] In September 1994, after meetings in a Hong Kong office building bearing the Lippo name, Hubbell traveled to Jakarta, where he met the family's patriarch, [[Mochtar Riady]], and the U.S. ambassador to Indonesia; James Riady introduced him there as a close friend of the president and told him to get Clinton to play golf in Bali during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting.[^1]
### Plea

55
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/James R. Schlesinger.md
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@ -1,17 +1,62 @@
---
category: "Nuclear Scientists & Programs"
category: "Intelligence & Government"
aliases:
- "James Schlesinger"
tags:
- Person
- CIA
- Nuclear
- Israel
summary: "Secretary of Defense under Nixon and Ford who observed Kissinger's strategy during the 1973 Yom Kippur War of wanting Israel to succeed but bleed."
- DepartmentOfDefense
- FamilyJewels
summary: "Economist who chaired the Atomic Energy Commission, directed the CIA in 1973 and ordered the Family Jewels compilation, and served as Secretary of Defense and the first Secretary of Energy."
born: 1929-02-15
died: 2014-03-27
location: "New York City, New York"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Atomic Energy Commission]]"
role: "chairman"
start: 1971
end: 1973
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence"
start: 1973-02-02
end: 1973-07-02
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "Secretary of Defense"
start: 1973-07
end: 1975-11
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of Energy]]"
role: "first Secretary of Energy"
start: 1977-08-06
end: 1979-08-23
fn: 1
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-09-22
---
James R. Schlesinger served as the Secretary of Defense under President [[Richard Nixon]] and later President [[Gerald R. Ford]]. During the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[Henry A. Kissinger]] told Schlesinger that his goal was to "let [[Israel]] come out ahead, but bleed." Schlesinger noted that [[Israel]]'s ammunition consumption rate was gauged for a seven-day war, reflecting [[Washington, D.C.]]'s confidence in the Israeli military. However, Kissinger's sudden and massive push for resupply led Schlesinger to conclude that Israeli use of a nuclear weapon was not out of the question, and that there was an assumption that [[Israel]] had a few nukes and might use them if there was a collapse.[^1]
James R. Schlesinger was born in New York City on February 15, 1929, and took a doctorate at Harvard in 1956. He chaired the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] from 1971 to 1973, directed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in 1973, was Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975, and after serving as an assistant to President [[Jimmy Carter]] was confirmed on August 4, 1977, as the first Secretary of Energy, holding the office from August 6, 1977, to August 23, 1979.[^1]
### Director of Central Intelligence
Schlesinger was Director of Central Intelligence from February 2 to July 2, 1973. On May 9, 1973, he signed a memorandum, drafted by [[William Colby]], ordering senior officers to report any current or past activities "which might be construed to be outside the legislative charter of this Agency"; the replies became the 693-page compilation known as the [[CIA Family Jewels|Family Jewels]], which passed to Colby when he succeeded Schlesinger.[^2][^3] In the same weeks the question of the agency's parapsychology research at [[SRI International|SRI]] reached him; [[Kenneth A. Kress]] wrote that he "was soon told not to increase the scope of the project. The project was too sensitive and potentially embarrassing. It should be tabled."[^4] Testifying about [[Watergate]], [[James McCord]] said his lawyer, Gerald Alch, had proposed a defense under which the agency would supply a recall-to-duty record and that "the new Director, Dr. Schlesinger, 'would go along with it'"; Alch denied it.[^5]
### Secretary of Defense
During the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973, [[Henry A. Kissinger]] told Schlesinger that his goal was to "let [[Israel]] come out ahead, but bleed." Schlesinger noted that Israel's ammunition consumption had been gauged for a seven-day war, and concluded from Kissinger's sudden push for resupply that Israeli use of a nuclear weapon was not out of the question.[^6] After the *[[Glomar Explorer]]* operation leaked in March 1975, Schlesinger recommended at the [[White House]] acknowledging the "bare facts"; President [[Gerald R. Ford]] took Colby's advice instead.[^7] In November 1975 Ford removed both Colby and Schlesinger in the same announcement.[^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
[^1]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management, "Secretaries of Energy." https://www.energy.gov/lm/secretaries-energy
[^2]: Blanton, Thomas, ed. "The CIA's Family Jewels," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 222, June 21, 2007, with Schlesinger's memorandum of May 9, 1973 (scanned image, text not examined). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/index.htm
[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels," CIA FOIA Reading Room, released 2007; Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.* Doubleday, 2007, pp. 316-327.
[^4]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions." *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified.
[^5]: House Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, report on the inquiry into the alleged involvement of the CIA in the Watergate and Ellsberg matters, October 23, 1973.
[^6]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, ch. 17.
[^7]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer." National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, February 12, 2010.

49
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mochtar Riady.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
---
category: "Business & Finance"
aliases:
- "Li Mo Tie"
tags:
- Person
- Indonesia
- LippoGroup
- Arkansas
- ClintonFundraising
summary: "Indonesian founder of the Lippo Group, partner of the Stephens family of Little Rock from 1976, whom a 1998 Senate report said, with his son James, had a long-term relationship with a Chinese intelligence agency."
location: "Jakarta, Indonesia"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Lippo Group]]"
role: "founder and patriarch"
fn: 1
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Jackson Stephens]]"
start: 1976
role: "Stephens Finance Ltd. (1978); Worthen Bank"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[James Riady]]"
role: "father"
fn: 1
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs]]"
start: 1998
fn: 4
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Mochtar Riady is an Indonesian of Chinese descent who built the [[Lippo Group]]; according to the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, citing *Forbes,* he found it necessary to "Indonesianize" his name, which had been Li Mo Tie. He first met [[Jackson Stephens]] and [[Witt Stephens]] of [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] in 1976, when he was looking into buying [[Bert Lance]]'s share of the [[National Bank of Georgia]]; that purchase fell through, and in 1978 the two families formed Stephens Finance Ltd. in [[Hong Kong]].[^1] The Riady and Stephens families later controlled [[Worthen Bank]] in Little Rock together.[^1][^2]
### Clinton
The Riadys gave more than 450,000 dollars to the [[Democratic National Committee]] and state Democratic parties in the 1992 election cycle.[^3] Shortly after [[Bill Clinton]] took office, Mochtar Riady wrote to him advocating, among other things, most-favored-nation trade status for China, and thanked him "for the personal time he spent with the Riady family on Inauguration day 1993." He and [[John Huang]] asked Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] to meet Shen Jueren, chairman of China Resources.[^1] In June 1994 [[Hong Kong China Limited]], a Lippo company, engaged the former associate attorney general [[Webster Hubbell]] as a consultant "for a fee of $100,000.00 per year," and in September 1994, after meetings in a Hong Kong office building bearing the Lippo name, Hubbell traveled to Jakarta, where he "met Mochtar Riady, head of the Riady family business, and the [[United States]] Ambassador to Indonesia." James Riady introduced Hubbell there as a close friend of the president and told him to get Clinton to play golf in Bali during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting.[^3]
In 1998 the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, in its report on the 1996 campaign-finance investigation, stated: "James and Mochtar Riady have had a long-term relationship with a Chinese intelligence agency." It also noted that they had known Clinton since the mid-1980s, when they held a controlling interest in Worthen Bank.[^4] His son [[James Riady]] pleaded guilty in January 2001 to violating federal election law.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight. *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law,* H. Rept. 105-829, vol. 2, 1998. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt829/html/CRPT-105hrpt829-vol2.htm
[^2]: Rankin, Robert A. "Cash Scandal May Haunt President." Knight-Ridder, *The Spokesman-Review,* October 30, 1996.
[^3]: Office of the Independent Counsel. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel In Re: Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan Association,* vol. 3, part C, on Webster Hubbell. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-ICREPORT-MADISON/pdf/GPO-ICREPORT-MADISON-3-2.pdf
[^4]: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. *Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns,* S. Rept. 105-167, 1998, "The China Connection." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1998_rpt/sgo-sir/2-18.htm
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. "James Riady Pleads Guilty, Will Pay Largest Fine in Campaign Finance History for Violating Federal Election Law." Press release 01-17, January 11, 2001.

57
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cari Tuna.md
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@ -6,29 +6,60 @@ tags:
- OpenPhilanthropy
- EffectiveAltruism
- Philanthropy
summary: "Cari Tuna is a former Wall Street Journal reporter who, with her husband Dustin Moskovitz, leads Good Ventures and Open Philanthropy, making her a principal director of the largest sustained funding source for the effective-altruism movement."
- DemocraticDonor
summary: "Former Wall Street Journal reporter, wife of Dustin Moskovitz, president of Good Ventures and chair of Coefficient Giving, formerly Open Philanthropy, and a director or major donor in its web of linked entities."
location: "San Francisco, California"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[GiveWell]]"
role: "board of directors"
start: 2011-04
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Real Justice PAC]]"
start: 2017-03
end: 2019-04
role: "1.9 million dollars"
fn: 12
- type: head_of
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
role: "chair"
fn: 6
created: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Cari Tuna is an American former journalist who, with her husband [[Dustin Moskovitz]], directs the philanthropic apparatus that became the largest sustained funder of the [[Effective Altruism]] movement. She is the president of Good Ventures, the foundation she and Moskovitz established in 2011, and a leader of [[Open Philanthropy]], the grantmaking organization that channels their [[Facebook]]-derived fortune toward global health, longtermism, and AI-safety work.[^1][^2]
Cari Tuna graduated from Yale and reported for *[[The Wall Street Journal]]*, writing, in the words of the *[[Stanford Social Innovation Review]]*, "about the California economy, gay marriage, and Turkish food in [[San Francisco]]." In December 2010, aged 25, she and [[Dustin Moskovitz]], then 26, became the youngest billionaires to sign the [[Giving Pledge]]; their pledge letter, written in Moskovitz's voice, thanked "a partner in Cari who shares my priorities" and promised to "donate and invest with both urgency and mindfulness." With Moskovitz occupied with [[Asana]], it fell to Tuna to manage their giving, and she quit reporting to study philanthropy.[^1][^2]
### From Journalism to Philanthropy
### GiveWell and Good Ventures
Tuna worked as a reporter for the *Wall Street Journal* before leaving to manage the couple's giving full time. She and Moskovitz, among the youngest signatories of the Giving Pledge, committed to donating the majority of their wealth, and they built Good Ventures and Open Philanthropy as the vehicles for doing so according to the evidence-and-reasoning methodology of effective altruism. Tuna became the public face of the operation, articulating its "give where it does the most good" framework.[^1][^3]
Tuna read about [[GiveWell]] in [[Peter Singer]]'s *The Life You Can Save* and met its co-founder [[Holden Karnofsky]] through a mutual friend; she joined its board in April 2011. In December 2011, as president of [[Good Ventures]], "a foundation in the San Francisco Bay Area which she created with her partner Dustin Moskovitz earlier this year," she announced grants of 500,000 dollars to the [[Against Malaria Foundation]] and 250,000 dollars to the [[Schistosomiasis Control Initiative]], and planned grants to [[GiveDirectly]], [[Innovations for Poverty Action]], [[KIPP Houston]], [[Nyaya Health]], [[Pratham]] and the [[Small Enterprise Foundation]].[^3] In 2012 GiveWell moved its office from New York to San Francisco "to be closer to Tuna and other technology-industry donors," and the joint project GiveWell Labs became the Open Philanthropy Project, led by Tuna, Karnofsky and [[Alexander Berger]]. Asked in 2018 whether she identified as an effective altruist, she answered, "Yes. Do you?"[^1]
Tuna and Moskovitz married in 2013 and signed the Giving Pledge in 2014 in their late twenties and early thirties, among the youngest people to do so. Tuna serves as president of Good Ventures and chairs the board of the grantmaking organization, the legal and governance counterpart to the staff research that [[Holden Karnofsky]] and [[Alexander Berger]] ran. She has described the couple's decision to delegate cause selection to a professional staff applying cost-effectiveness analysis rather than directing the money toward causes of personal sentiment, the organizing principle that distinguished their approach from conventional billionaire philanthropy.[^1][^3]
Tuna has been president of the Good Ventures Foundation on every return since 2015, and its board chair by 2025, with Moskovitz as secretary and treasurer and [[Divesh Makan]] of [[ICONIQ Capital]] as director; none is paid. The foundation's assets reached 10.1 billion dollars in 2025.[^4] Open Philanthropy, which draws nearly all of its grant money from Good Ventures, had given away about 7 billion dollars by September 2026.[^5] In 2026 Coefficient Giving, as [[Open Philanthropy]] was renamed in November 2025, listed her as chair, with Berger as chief executive, [[Emily Oehlsen]] as president, [[Naina Bajekal]] as managing director for communications and [[Luke Muehlhauser]] as managing director for AI governance and international policy.[^6]
### Open Philanthropy
### Seven Entities
As a leader of Open Philanthropy, Tuna helped direct more than four billion dollars in grants across global health, scientific research, pandemic preparedness, farm-animal welfare, and the prevention of catastrophic risks from advanced artificial intelligence. The longtermist and AI-risk portion of that giving made Open Philanthropy the principal institutional patron of the AI-safety community around the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]], the [[Future of Humanity Institute]], and the AI company [[Anthropic]], the durable counterpart to the short-lived [[FTX Future Fund]] of [[Sam Bankman-Fried]].[^2][^4]
In 2018 the *Stanford Social Innovation Review* writer [[Marc Gunther]] wrote that Tuna played "a key role in no fewer than seven entities, as a director or major donor": the Open Philanthropy Project LLC; the [[Open Philanthropy Action Fund]], a 501(c)(4); the Open Philanthropy Project fund, a donor-advised fund at the [[Silicon Valley Community Foundation]]; the Good Ventures Foundation; Good Ventures, a supporting organization at the same community foundation; Good Ventures LLC, "a for-profit impact investment firm"; and GiveWell. He wrote that grants through the donor-advised funds "can't be traced back to the original donors." Tuna and Moskovitz were also investors in [[Breakthrough Energy Ventures]].[^1] The Open Philanthropy Action Fund has paid outside lobbyists every year from 2021 through 2026.[^7] Asana's 2026 proxy statement noted that Moskovitz and "his spouse" were directors of Good Ventures, which held Asana shares.[^8]
The grantmaking arm rebranded as Coefficient Giving in November 2025, shifting toward multi-donor funds that other philanthropists could join, while Good Ventures remained the dominant source of its money. Tuna chairs the Good Ventures board that supplies that capital, leaving her with formal control over the largest single pool of effective-altruism funding even as professional staff make the grant decisions. The structure concentrated a substantial share of global AI-safety funding under one foundation, drawing criticism that the field examining the AI labs depended financially on a single donor couple who were also early investors in one of those labs.[^2][^4]
### Causes
Gunther reported that the cause-selection process Tuna led with Karnofsky and Berger settled on criminal justice reform, farm animal welfare, macroeconomic stabilization, immigration policy and land-use reform, and on two catastrophic-risk areas, biosecurity and advanced artificial intelligence, and that Tuna had concluded that "a lot of philanthropy's biggest claimed successes have come from improving policy."[^1] The criminal justice program, led by the former [[American Civil Liberties Union]] advocate [[Chloe Cockburn]], became an independent organization, [[Just Impact]], in November 2021, with a 50-million-dollar grant over three and a half years.[^9] Its AI grantmaking included 30 million dollars to [[OpenAI]] in 2017, with a board seat for Karnofsky, who later married [[Daniela Amodei]], president of [[Anthropic]].[^1][^10]
### Politics
On September 8, 2016, Tuna and Moskovitz jointly announced 20 million dollars in contributions to elect [[Hillary Clinton]], writing that Trump's promises were "quite possibly a deliberate con" and that "we have reservations about anyone using large amounts of money to influence elections."[^11] Federal Election Commission records itemize about 7.04 million dollars in contributions from Tuna in the 2015-2016 cycle, including 2.5 million each to the [[LCV Victory Fund]] and [[For Our Future PAC]], 1.25 million to [[MoveOn]] and 416,119 dollars to the [[Hillary Victory Fund]]. Between March 2017 and April 2019 she gave 1.9 million dollars to [[Real Justice PAC]], in payments of 653,480 dollars, 350,000, 850,000 and 50,000, and 200,000 dollars to [[Color of Change PAC]]. No contributions from her were itemized after April 2019.[^12]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Giving in the Light of Reason," *Stanford Social Innovation Review,* on Cari Tuna, Good Ventures, and the Open Philanthropy methodology. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/giving_in_the_light_of_reason
[^2]: "How Dependent is the Effective Altruism Movement on Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna?" EA Forum. https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/4BJSXH9ho4eYNT73P/how-dependent-is-the-effective-altruism-movement-on-dustin
[^3]: "Cari Tuna," EA Forum topic entry on Good Ventures and the Giving Pledge. https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/topics/cari-tuna
[^4]: "How Effective is Effective Altruism?" *Inside Philanthropy,* March 16, 2023. https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2023-3-16-how-effective-is-effective-altruism-a-deep-dive-into-two-of-open-philanthropys-ea-inspired-programs
[^1]: Gunther, Marc. "Giving in the Light of Reason." *Stanford Social Innovation Review,* Summer 2018. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/giving_in_the_light_of_reason
[^2]: The Giving Pledge, "Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna," pledge letter; Giving Pledge announcement of December 8, 2010. https://www.givingpledge.org/pledger/dustin-moskovitz-and-cari-tuna/
[^3]: Tuna, Cari. "Guest post from Cari Tuna." The GiveWell Blog, December 23, 2011, archived February 7, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260207082111/https://blog.givewell.org/2011/12/23/guest-post-from-cari-tuna/
[^4]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Good Ventures Foundation," EIN 46-1008520, Form 990-PF data through fiscal year ending June 2025. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/461008520
[^5]: Smith, Ben. "Coefficient Giving's CEO on Silicon Valley's $40 billion philanthropy boom." *Semafor,* September 3, 2026. https://www.semafor.com/article/09/03/2026/coefficient-givings-ceo-on-silicon-valley-40-billion-philanthropy-boom
[^6]: Coefficient Giving, "Team," accessed September 2026. https://coefficientgiving.org/about-us/team/
[^7]: U.S. Senate, Lobbying Disclosure Act database, filings for client "Open Philanthropy Action Fund," 2021 to 2026, retrieved September 2026. https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Open+Philanthropy+Action+Fund
[^8]: Asana, Inc. Schedule 14A definitive proxy statement, filed April 20, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1477720/000162828026025998/asan-20260420.htm
[^9]: Open Philanthropy, "Criminal Justice Reform (Closed)," archived November 13, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20251113222726/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/criminal-justice-reform/
[^10]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^11]: Moskovitz, Dustin, and Cari Tuna. "Compelled to Act." *Medium,* September 8, 2016, archived December 31, 2016. http://web.archive.org/web/20161231130245/https://medium.com/@moskov/compelled-to-act-1413930041ee
[^12]: Federal Election Commission, itemized receipts (Schedule A, memo entries excluded) for contributor "Tuna, Cari," two-year periods 2016 through 2026, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=Tuna%2C+Cari

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Helen Toner.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
---
category: "AI & Effective Altruism"
tags:
- Person
- OpenAI
- OpenPhilanthropy
- EffectiveAltruism
- CSET
summary: "Open Philanthropy analyst who became director of strategy at the Open Philanthropy-funded Georgetown CSET and, as an OpenAI director, voted in November 2023 to remove Sam Altman."
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
role: "senior research analyst"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]]"
role: "director of strategy and plans; later director of strategy and foundational research grants"
start: 2019
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[OpenAI]]"
role: "director of the nonprofit board"
end: 2023-11
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Helen Toner worked as a senior research analyst at [[Open Philanthropy]], advising policymakers and grantmakers on AI policy and strategy, and then lived in Beijing studying the Chinese AI industry as a research affiliate of the [[Center for the Governance of AI]] at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]. When Open Philanthropy made its grant of 55 million dollars to [[Georgetown University]] in January 2019 to launch the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]] under [[Jason Matheny]], the grant page listed Toner on the founding team as CSET's director of strategy and plans, alongside the former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] China analyst [[William Hannas]]. The grant was investigated by [[Luke Muehlhauser]] of Open Philanthropy.[^1] She later held the title of director of strategy and foundational research grants at CSET.[^2]
### The OpenAI Board
Toner sat on the nonprofit board of [[OpenAI]], the body that on November 17, 2023, removed [[Sam Altman]] as chief executive, saying that he "was not consistently candid in his communications with the board, hindering its ability to exercise its responsibilities." Within a week Altman was reinstated, and Toner and [[Tasha McCauley]], who had voted for his removal, left the board; [[Ilya Sutskever]] gave up his seat, and [[Adam D'Angelo]], who had also voted to remove Altman, stayed. In March 2024 OpenAI announced that a review by the law firm [[WilmerHale]] had concluded "there was a significant breakdown of trust between the prior board and Sam and Greg," in the words of board chair [[Bret Taylor]], and that the board "acted in good faith."[^2]
On *[[The TED AI Show]]* in May 2024, Toner said that "for years, Sam had made it really difficult for the board to actually do that job by withholding information, misrepresenting things that were happening at the company, in some cases outright lying to the board." She said the board learned of the release of [[ChatGPT]] in November 2022 on Twitter, that Altman had not told the board he owned the OpenAI startup fund, and that in October 2023 two executives had given the board screenshots and documentation and "used the phrase 'psychological abuse.'" OpenAI did not respond to CNBC at the time.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Open Philanthropy, "Georgetown University, Center for Security and Emerging Technology," grant of January 2019, archived January 2, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250102035307/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/georgetown-university-center-for-security-and-emerging-technology/
[^2]: "Former OpenAI board member explains why CEO Sam Altman got fired before he was rehired." *CNBC,* May 29, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/29/former-openai-board-member-explains-why-ceo-sam-altman-was-fired.html

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Michelle Zajko.md
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@ -7,33 +7,34 @@ tags:
- Firearms
alias:
- Michelle Jacqueline Zajko
summary: "Michelle Zajko is a member of the Zizian group whose parents were shot to death in their Pennsylvania home on New Year's Eve 2022, who federal prosecutors charged with illegally buying the firearms later used in the Vermont killing of a Border Patrol agent, and who has publicly denied killing her parents."
summary: "Member of the Zizian group charged in June 2026 with the December 2022 murder of her parents in Chester Heights, Pennsylvania, which she denies, and charged federally over firearms used in the Vermont shooting."
location: "Chester Heights, Pennsylvania; Coventry, Vermont"
created: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-06-19
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Michelle Zajko is a member of the [[The Zizians|Zizian]] group whose parents, [[Richard Zajko]] (72) and [[Rita Zajko]] (69), were found shot to death in their home in Chester Heights, [[Pennsylvania]], on the night of December 31, 2022. She was questioned and named a person of interest in their deaths but was not charged in the killings, and she has publicly denied involvement. Federal prosecutors separately charged her over the firearms tied to the January 2025 Zizian killing of a Border Patrol agent in [[Vermont]].[^1][^2]
Michelle Zajko is a member of the [[The Zizians|Zizian]] group whose parents, [[Richard Zajko]] (72) and [[Rita Zajko]] (69), were found shot to death in their home in Chester Heights, [[Pennsylvania]], on the night of December 31, 2022. She was long a person of interest in their deaths. On June 24, 2026, Delaware County District Attorney Tanner Rouse charged her with first-degree murder, alleging that she shot both parents in the head on her 30th birthday; he cited ballistics evidence and data from her phone, said she likely did not act alone, and said the investigation was continuing. Anonymous sources told *The Philadelphia Inquirer* that she may have expected to inherit an estate worth several million dollars. In a handwritten letter from a Maryland jail she wrote: "The papers are lying. … I did not murder my parents."[^1] Federal prosecutors separately charged her over the firearms tied to the January 2025 Zizian killing of a Border Patrol agent in [[Vermont]].[^2][^3]
### The Firearms Charge
Federal authorities in Vermont charged Zajko, a former resident of Coventry, with making false statements to buy firearms. Investigators alleged that in February 2024 she provided a false address to purchase three firearms from a Vermont gun store, and that one of those weapons was used in the January 20, 2025 shootout on Interstate 91 in which Agent [[David Maland]] and the group member [[Felix Bauckholt]] were killed. Authorities have said Zajko provided the gun used in the Vermont shooting.[^2][^3]
Federal authorities in Vermont charged Zajko, a former resident of Coventry, with making false statements to buy firearms. Investigators alleged that in February 2024 she provided a false address to purchase three firearms from a Vermont gun store, and that one of those weapons was used in the January 20, 2025 shootout on Interstate 91 in which Agent [[David Maland]] and the group member [[Felix Bauckholt]] were killed. Authorities have said Zajko provided the gun used in the Vermont shooting.[^3][^4]
Investigators also drew a forensic line back to her parents' deaths. Rita Zajko had been shot in the back of the head and Richard Zajko in the temple by a round that first passed through his hand, with two 9mm shell casings left at the scene and no weapon recovered; a neighbor's doorbell camera captured audio of a voice shouting "Mom!" Pennsylvania authorities determined that the bullet recovered from Richard Zajko's body matched ammunition Michelle Zajko had purchased in Vermont, and she acknowledged owning a 9mm semiautomatic handgun. Prosecutors in the Vermont border case said she had been in frequent contact with [[Teresa Youngblut]] in the period around the shooting.[^4][^6]
Investigators also drew a forensic line back to her parents' deaths. Rita Zajko had been shot in the back of the head and Richard Zajko in the temple by a round that first passed through his hand, with two 9mm shell casings left at the scene and no weapon recovered; a neighbor's doorbell camera captured audio of a voice shouting "Mom!" Pennsylvania authorities determined that the bullet recovered from Richard Zajko's body matched ammunition Michelle Zajko had purchased in Vermont, and she acknowledged owning a 9mm semiautomatic handgun. Prosecutors in the Vermont border case said she had been in frequent contact with [[Teresa Youngblut]] in the period around the shooting.[^5][^6]
### Arrest and the Open Letter
On February 16, 2025, Zajko was arrested in Allegany County, [[Maryland]], alongside [[Jack LaSota]] and [[Daniel Blank]] after a property owner near [[Frostburg]] reported that the three were living in two white box trucks on his land and refused to leave; they were charged with trespassing, obstructing law enforcement, and illegal firearm possession, and all three were ordered held without bail on February 18. The arrest delivered LaSota, a fugitive who had staged her own death in 2022, into custody alongside Zajko in a single stop.[^4][^7]
On February 16, 2025, Zajko was arrested in Allegany County, [[Maryland]], alongside [[Jack LaSota]] and [[Daniel Blank]] after a property owner near [[Frostburg]] reported that the three were living in two white box trucks on his land and refused to leave; they were charged with trespassing, obstructing law enforcement, and illegal firearm possession, and all three were ordered held without bail on February 18. The arrest delivered LaSota, a fugitive who had staged her own death in 2022, into custody alongside Zajko in a single stop.[^5][^7]
Through her attorney she released a twenty-page handwritten "Open Letter to the World," provided to the [[Associated Press]], in which she wrote, "You, the public, are being lied to," and denied killing her parents, stating that "the truth about my friends and I will make a lot more sense than what you've been reading about in the papers." She remained a person of interest in the Pennsylvania killings without being charged in them, while the federal firearms case proceeded separately in Vermont. By early 2026 she was among at least seven people associated with the group facing charges across California, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.[^5][^8]
Through her attorney she released a twenty-page handwritten "Open Letter to the World," provided to the [[Associated Press]], in which she wrote, "You, the public, are being lied to," and denied killing her parents, stating that "the truth about my friends and I will make a lot more sense than what you've been reading about in the papers." Before the 2026 charges she remained a person of interest in the Pennsylvania killings without being charged in them, while the federal firearms case proceeded separately in Vermont. By early 2026 she was among at least seven people associated with the group facing charges across California, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.[^8][^9]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Michelle Zajko sought for questioning in connection with multiple slayings," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* January 31, 2025. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/michelle-zajko-vermont-killings-rita-richard-20250131.html
[^2]: "Former Vermont resident faces federal firearm charge related to killing of border patrol agent," *VTDigger,* February 18, 2025. https://vtdigger.org/2025/02/18/former-vermont-resident-faces-federal-firearm-charge-related-to-killing-of-border-patrol-agent/
[^3]: "A timeline of activities of a cultlike group tied to the killing of a Border Patrol agent," Associated Press via PBS NewsHour, 2025. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/a-timeline-of-cultlike-zizian-group-tied-to-killing-of-a-border-patrol-agent-in-vermont
[^4]: "Member of Zizians, cultlike group of AI-obsessed vegans, says she didn't kill her parents," *NBC News,* 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/member-zizians-cultlike-group-ai-obsessed-vegans-says-didnt-kill-paren-rcna201537
[^5]: "Daughter of Pennsylvania couple who died says in new 'open letter' she didn't kill her parents," CBS News Philadelphia, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/michelle-zajko-zizian-pennsylvania-murder/
[^1]: Vella, Vinny. "A former Delco woman tied to the Zizians extremist group has been charged with her parents' killing." *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 24, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/michelle-zajko-zizians-group-parents-murder-charges-chester-heights-20260624.html
[^2]: "Michelle Zajko sought for questioning in connection with multiple slayings," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* January 31, 2025. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/michelle-zajko-vermont-killings-rita-richard-20250131.html
[^3]: "Former Vermont resident faces federal firearm charge related to killing of border patrol agent," *VTDigger,* February 18, 2025. https://vtdigger.org/2025/02/18/former-vermont-resident-faces-federal-firearm-charge-related-to-killing-of-border-patrol-agent/
[^4]: "A timeline of activities of a cultlike group tied to the killing of a Border Patrol agent," Associated Press via PBS NewsHour, 2025. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/a-timeline-of-cultlike-zizian-group-tied-to-killing-of-a-border-patrol-agent-in-vermont
[^5]: "Member of Zizians, cultlike group of AI-obsessed vegans, says she didn't kill her parents," *NBC News,* 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/member-zizians-cultlike-group-ai-obsessed-vegans-says-didnt-kill-paren-rcna201537
[^6]: "Woman charged in killing of Border Patrol agent was in contact with Pennsylvania homicide suspect: prosecutors," CBS News Philadelphia, 2025, on the contact between Zajko and Youngblut. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/teresa-youngblut-david-maland-pennsylvania-suspect/
[^7]: "A timeline of cultlike 'Zizian' group tied to killing of a Border Patrol agent in Vermont," Associated Press via PBS NewsHour, 2025, on the Frostburg arrest and the February 18 detention order. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/a-timeline-of-cultlike-zizian-group-tied-to-killing-of-a-border-patrol-agent-in-vermont
[^8]: "A year after border agent's killing, 7 Zizians fight charges in 3 states," WHYY, 2026. https://whyy.org/articles/border-agent-killing-zizian-criminal-charges-california-pennsylvania-vermont/
[^8]: "Daughter of Pennsylvania couple who died says in new 'open letter' she didn't kill her parents," CBS News Philadelphia, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/michelle-zajko-zizian-pennsylvania-murder/
[^9]: "A year after border agent's killing, 7 Zizians fight charges in 3 states," WHYY, 2026. https://whyy.org/articles/border-agent-killing-zizian-criminal-charges-california-pennsylvania-vermont/