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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md
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@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ The subaward rows listed under the NOVASTAR orders total $107.3 million; under M
General Services Administration purchase order GS05T13BMC0003, awarded January 9, 2013 by the GSA Federal Acquisition Service Assisted Acquisition Services Region 5 to [[HII Mission Technologies]] (recipient name as now displayed), carries the description "IGF::CL::IGF FOREIGN MATERIEL EXPLOITATION ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE SUPPORT." The funding office is "F4FTAU NASIC GX"; the period of performance runs February 1, 2013 to July 31, 2018; the place of performance is Dayton, [[Ohio]]. USAspending shows $53,916,532.23 obligated and $61,599,045.26 including options, one offer received, "FULL AND OPEN COMPETITION" with "NO SET ASIDE USED," solicitation identifier ID05120091, product code AD23 and NAICS 541990. The record lists 373 subaward rows with a reported total of $73,640,597.06. Of the rows, 271 are described "MATERIALS," 23 "MATERIAL" and 28 "TECHNICAL SERVICES." The laboratory vendors named include Synopsys, Inc. (72 rows), Bruker Optics Inc. (50), OneSpin Solutions GmbH (32), Siemens Industry Software Inc. (28), Leica Geosystems Inc. (27), Mentor Graphics Corporation (15), Spirent Federal Systems Inc (13), North Star Imaging Incorporated (10), Oxford Instruments America, Inc. (5), MTS Systems Corporation (3) and 3D Systems, Inc. (1). Rows described "TECHNICAL SERVICES" name [[Lockheed Martin]] Services, LLC (ten rows dated February 12, 2014), Radiance Technologies (eleven rows dated September 14, 2017) and Modern Technology Solutions (seven rows dated February 15, 2018).[^16]
Other records name the facility. An Air Force order of September 30, 2009 to Edge & Tinney Architects Inc ($104,312.32) is described "CCD FOR PLANNED NASIC FME MILCON"; an Army order of September 28, 2013 to HDR Engineering Inc. ($3,273,287.53) "A/E SERVICES - ADD/ALTER FME LAB"; an order of December 12, 2013 to APTIM Federal Services, LLC ($66,129.20) "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - FOREIGN MATERIEL EXPLOITATION LAB"; and an order signed November 21, 2021 to the [[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]] ($4,812,298, coded not competed, place of performance Laurel, Maryland) the description "NASIC FME." See [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation]] for the Department of Defense program and its contractor roster.[^17]
Other records name the facility. An Air Force order of September 30, 2009 to Edge & Tinney Architects Inc ($104,312.32) is described "CCD FOR PLANNED NASIC FME MILCON"; an Army order of September 28, 2013 to HDR Engineering Inc. ($3,273,287.53) "A/E SERVICES - ADD/ALTER FME LAB"; an order of December 12, 2013 to APTIM Federal Services, LLC ($66,129.20) "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - FOREIGN MATERIEL EXPLOITATION LAB"; and an order signed November 21, 2021 to the [[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]] ($4,812,298, coded not competed, place of performance Laurel, Maryland, with a period of performance from November 25, 2022 to April 30, 2026) the description "NASIC FME." See [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation]] for the Department of Defense program and its contractor roster.[^17]
### Foreign materiel exploitation and the reverse engineering allegations

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.md
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@ -10,14 +10,35 @@ category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center that serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense, NASA, and other government agencies."
start: 1942
location: "Laurel, Maryland"
relations:
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[U.S. Navy]]"
role: "university affiliated research center, primary sponsor"
fn: 2
---
# Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center that serves as a technical resource for the [[Department of Defense]], [[NASA]], and other government agencies. In the context of the [[Cold War]], APL scientists were assigned to oversee [[Project Pandora]], a classified program initiated by [[DARPA]] to duplicate the effects of the [[Moscow Signal]][^1].
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center that serves as a technical resource for the [[Department of Defense]], [[NASA]], and other government agencies. The laboratory was founded on March 10, 1942, three months after the United States entered the Second World War, and was assigned the task of finding a more effective way for ships to defend themselves against enemy air attacks. It designed, built and tested the radar proximity fuze known as the VT fuze.[^1] Its 2025 description states that "APL's UARC sponsor is the U.S. Navy," and that each university affiliated research center has a primary sponsor and a primary contract that define the limits of competition; the same document says APL performs sponsored work for "the Intelligence Community," along with the DOW, NASA and other agencies.[^2] In the context of the [[Cold War]], APL scientists were assigned to oversee [[Project Pandora]], a classified program initiated by [[DARPA]] to duplicate the effects of the [[Moscow Signal]][^3].
Under the direction of [[Richard S. Cesaro]], APL scientists constructed an elaborate facility inside the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]]. Here, primates were irradiated with microwave beams with a power density similar to that of the Moscow Signal. Cesaro became convinced of the harmful nature of these beams, concluding they adversely affected the internal organs, including the brain, of primates, and could lead to conditions like [[Alzheimer's Disease]][^1].
Under the direction of [[Richard S. Cesaro]], APL scientists constructed an elaborate facility inside the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]]. Here, primates were irradiated with microwave beams with a power density similar to that of the Moscow Signal. Cesaro became convinced of the harmful nature of these beams, concluding they adversely affected the internal organs, including the brain, of primates, and could lead to conditions like [[Alzheimer's Disease]][^3].
APL was also involved in a $1 million study funded by the [[State Department]] to investigate the health effects on [[U.S. Embassy in Moscow]] personnel exposed to the Moscow Signal. This study, released in November 1978, found "no convincing evidence" that employees suffered "adverse health effects as of the time of this analysis," a finding that was controversial given the concerns raised by scientists like Cesaro and [[Allan H. Frey]][^1].
APL was also involved in a $1 million study funded by the [[State Department]] to investigate the health effects on [[U.S. Embassy in Moscow]] personnel exposed to the Moscow Signal. This study, released in November 1978, found "no convincing evidence" that employees suffered "adverse health effects as of the time of this analysis," a finding that was controversial given the concerns raised by scientists like Cesaro and [[Allan H. Frey]][^3].
### Navy and space programs
In 1957 two APL physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, developed a method of tracking satellites from the Doppler shift in the signals of the Soviet [[Sputnik]], and in 1958 APL invented the Doppler-based [[Transit]] satellite navigation system, which the laboratory states was fully operational in 1964 and improved the ability of U.S. submarines to determine their positions.[^4] In 1974 APL tested an engineering development model of the AN/SPY-1 radar for the [[Aegis combat system|Aegis]] system aboard USS Norton Sound, and in 1981 USS Ticonderoga became the first vessel with the Aegis combat system, with APL as technical advisor.[^5] APL built the NEAR spacecraft (launched February 22, 1996; orbited 433 Eros on February 14, 2000), MESSENGER (launched August 3, 2004), New Horizons (launched January 19, 2006; Pluto flyby July 14, 2015) and the Double Asteroid Redirection Test spacecraft (launched November 24, 2021, for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office).[^6][^7]
### Federal contract totals
USAspending.gov records prime contract awards to the laboratory under the recipient name "The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC" (unique entity identifier C1HBCJ9RMBV3). A spending-by-awarding-agency query for that identifier, contract award types A through D, with action dates from October 1, 2007 through September 30, 2026, run on October 14, 2026, returned $19,446,135,312.75 from the Department of Defense and $4,732,501,683.12 from NASA.[^8] Among the Department of the Air Force awards is delivery order FA868422F7013, described as "NASIC FME," with a total obligation of $4,812,298, a date signed of November 21, 2021 and a period of performance from November 25, 2022 to April 30, 2026.[^9]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^1]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "History." https://www.jhuapl.edu/about/history
[^2]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "About APL," 2025 edition. https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2025-07/aboutAPL-25.pdf
[^3]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^4]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "Innovations and Breakthroughs" timeline, entries for 1957 (Sputnik), 1958 (Transit invented) and 1964 (Transit fully operational). https://www.jhuapl.edu/about/history/innovations-and-breakthroughs
[^5]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "Innovations and Breakthroughs" timeline, entries "Successful Aegis Radar Testing" (1974) and "The First Aegis Ship, USS Ticonderoga, Launches; APL Serves as Technical Advisor" (1981). https://www.jhuapl.edu/about/history/innovations-and-breakthroughs
[^6]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "Innovations and Breakthroughs" timeline, entries for NEAR (1996), MESSENGER (2004) and DART (2021). https://www.jhuapl.edu/about/history/innovations-and-breakthroughs
[^7]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "New Horizons," mission page. https://www.jhuapl.edu/destinations/missions/new-horizons
[^8]: USAspending.gov API, /api/v2/search/spending_by_category/awarding_agency/, recipient_search_text "C1HBCJ9RMBV3", award_type_codes A-D, time_period 2007-10-01 to 2026-09-30, queried October 14, 2026.
[^9]: USAspending.gov, award CONT_AWD_FA868422F7013_9700_FA868420D7000_9700. https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_FA868422F7013_9700_FA868420D7000_9700

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Special Operations Division.md
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@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ SOD continued to manufacture and stockpile bacteriological agents for the CIA un
[^1]: Marks, John D. *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Ch. 5. https://bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/manchurian/marks5.htm
[^2]: Regis, Ed. *The Biology of Doom: The History of America's Secret Germ Warfare Project*. Henry Holt, 1999. https://archive.org/details/biologyofdoomhis00regi
[^3]: Horrock, Nicholas M. "Colby Describes C.I.A. Poison Work," *New York Times,* Sept. 17, 1975. https://merylnass.substack.com/p/colby-describes-cia-poison-work-by
[^3]: Horrock, Nicholas M. "Colby Describes C.I.A. Poison Work," *New York Times,* Sept. 17, 1975. https://merylnass.substack.com/p/colby-describes-cia-poison-work-by Pinpoint: *Unauthorized Storage of Toxic Agents*, Hearings, Vol. 1, September 16, 1975, testimony of Nathan Gordon: pp. 56-57 (he did not receive an order from the Director of Central Intelligence to search out and destroy the CIA's stocks of biological agents) and pp. 57-58 (he read the November 25, 1969 and February 14, 1970 White House announcements as concerning military biological programs and said that he, his project officer and a technical consultant considered the shellfish toxin "a chemical substance, not a biological agent, not a biological toxin," when the offer to store five grams was made in late February 1970). https://archive.org/details/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume1-Toxic-Agents