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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/INTERNATIONAL/Radio Free Europe.md
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@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the gap between RFE's
In February 1967, Ramparts magazine published an exposé of CIA funding of the [[National Student Association]], triggering a broader investigation of CIA-funded front organizations. The CIA's funding of RFE was publicly revealed in subsequent reporting, forcing a political response. In 1971, the [[U.S. Congress]] voted to acknowledge and continue public funding of RFE and Radio Liberty through a new [[Board for International Broadcasting]], ending the fiction of private funding while continuing the operations.
[[Steve Forbes]] (Malcolm Stevenson Forbes Jr., born July 18, 1947) was a member of the Board for International Broadcasting from 1983 and its chairman from 1985. On May 16, 1983, the White House announced the intention to nominate Malcolm Forbes, Jr., then president of [[Forbes]] magazine, to the board for a term expiring April 28, 1986, together with Clair W. Burgener, [[Lane Kirkland]], Arch L. Madsen and [[James A. Michener]].[^6] On September 16, 1985 the President announced the intention to designate him chairman, succeeding [[Frank Shakespeare]].[^7] On January 22, 1987 he was renominated for a term expiring April 28, 1989 and, on confirmation, redesignated chairman,[^8] and on January 4, 1990 the [[George H. W. Bush]] White House announced his renomination for a term expiring April 28, 1992, again with designation as chairman.[^9] A June 19, 1992 announcement of his renomination for a term expiring April 28, 1995 stated: "Since 1985, Mr. Forbes has served as Chairman of the Board for International Broadcasting."[^10]
RFE/RL continued to operate through the remainder of the Cold War and survived into the post-Soviet period. It broadcast into Russia, the former Soviet republics, and Eastern European countries through the transition period and beyond. Its funding came to be provided by the U.S. Agency for Global Media.
### Significance
@ -65,3 +67,8 @@ RFE represented the largest sustained CIA propaganda operation of the Cold War p
[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Radio Free Europe (RFE) and the Hungarian Revolution," Cord Meyer, Jr., Chief, Covert Action Staff (catalogued 1962-03-04). CIA reading room document 0001409017. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001409017
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Re: Radio Free Europe and the 1956 Hungarian Uprising," April 20, 1990 (PAO 90-0152), quoting Cord Meyer, Facing Reality (1980), pp. 125-130. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401630009-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401630009-6
[^5]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Mitrovich, Gregory. *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956.* Cornell University Press, 2000.
[^6]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of Five Members of the Board for International Broadcasting," May 16, 1983, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/262151
[^7]: Ronald Reagan, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," September 16, 1985, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/390622
[^8]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of Malcolm Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 22, 1987, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/252829
[^9]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564
[^10]: George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789