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00 - META/CHANGELOG.md
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- 2026-10-09T1435 · [[Office of Strategic Services]]
- 2026-10-09T1435 · [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Gilbert Roller]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Institute of World Affairs]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Hans Simons]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[John R. Everett]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Office of War Information]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Goodwin Watson]]
- 2026-10-09T1338 · [[Alvin Johnson]]
- 2026-10-09T1337 · [[Council on Foreign Relations]]
- 2026-10-09T1335 · [[Nelson Rockefeller]]
@ -11,12 +19,10 @@
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Atomic Energy Commission]]
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Project Blue Book]]
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Office of Strategic Services]]
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Allen Dulles]]
- 2026-10-09T1331 · [[Kim Philby]]
- 2026-10-09T1330 · [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
- 2026-10-09T1330 · [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]
- 2026-10-09T1329 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T1328 · [[Bob Kerrey]]
- 2026-10-09T1327 · [[New School for Social Research]]
@ -92,9 +98,3 @@
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Ariel Sharon]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Anastasio Somoza]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Robert S. McNamara]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[William J. Casey]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Robert Gates]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Michael Aquino]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Henry B. Gonzalez]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Arif Durrani]]

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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- Academia
- Philosophy
- HigherEducation
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- HollinsCollege
- CityUniversityOfNewYork
- EncyclopaediaBritannica
- MKULTRA
- CIA
aliases:
- John R. Everett
- John Rutherford Everett
- John Everett
- Jack Everett
- John R. Everett (1918-1992)
- John Everett (1918-1992)
summary: "John R. Everett (1918-1992) led Hollins College, the New York Municipal College System and the New School, whose archive holds his 1977 CIA file on two MKULTRA subprojects funded there in 1961."
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hollins College]]"
start: 1950
end: 1960
role: "president"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[City University of New York]]"
start: 1960
end: 1962
role: "first chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
start: 1964
end: 1982
role: "president"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]"
start: 1960
end: 1964
role: "educational consultant to Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc. (1960); vice president of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago (1962 to 1964)"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Columbia University]]"
start: 1943
end: 1950
role: "instructor in philosophy; chair of the philosophy department from 1948"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Wesleyan University]]"
start: 1945
end: 1948
role: "assistant professor of philosophy"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Union Theological Seminary]]"
start: 1968
end: 1978
role: "board service, folder 1968 to 1978"
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[Park College]]"
role: "board of trustees service"
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[New Lincoln School]]"
role: "board service; his daughter attended"
fn: 4
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Eunice Elizabeth Sloan]]"
start: 1942
end: 1963
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Elsie Leivesley Howard]]"
start: 1964
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Monroe Green Everett]]"
role: "son"
fn: 1
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
---
John Rutherford Everett (1918-1992) was an American philosopher and college administrator. He presided over [[Hollins College]] in Virginia from 1950 to 1960, served as the first chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York from 1960 to 1962, and was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from 1964 to 1982. The New School Archives hold his presidential records, including a file of 1977 and 1978 correspondence with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] about two subprojects, 134 and 137, funded through [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] in 1961 for work at the school that the file dates to 1962.
### Early Life and Education
Everett was born on December 27, 1918, in [[Portland, Oregon]], to [[Margaret Myrtle Johnson Everett]] and [[Monroe Green Everett]], a Presbyterian minister who later served as president of [[Trinity University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas]].[^1] He received an AB from [[Park College]] in [[Parkville, Missouri]] in 1942, an MA in economics from [[Columbia University]] in 1943, a Bachelor of Divinity from [[Union Theological Seminary]] in [[New York City]] in 1944, and a PhD in philosophy from Columbia in 1945.[^1] He married [[Eunice Elizabeth Sloan]], a fellow Park College student, on June 13, 1942, in [[Connecticut]]. They had one daughter. They divorced in June 1963, and on January 21, 1964 he married [[Elsie Leivesley Howard]], who had a son from a previous marriage.[^1]
### Philosophy Career, 1943 to 1950
Everett taught philosophy at Columbia from 1943 to 1945 while also serving as an assistant in the philosophy of religion at Union Theological Seminary during the 1944 to 1945 academic year.[^1] He joined the faculty of [[Wesleyan University]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]] in 1945 as an assistant professor of philosophy and remained three years.[^1] He returned to Columbia in 1948 as chair of the philosophy department.[^1] His books were *Religion in Economics: A Study of [[John Bates Clark]], [[Richard T. Ely]] [and] [[Simon N. Patten]]* (1946) and *Religion in Human Experience: An Introduction* (1950).[^1]
### Hollins College, 1950 to 1960
In April 1950 the board of trustees of Hollins College elected Everett its president. He took up the post in July, at age thirty-one, and was the youngest college president in the United States at the time.[^1] The [[United States Junior Chamber of Commerce]] named him one of its ten outstanding young men of 1950 the following year.[^1] During the decade the college built four major buildings, among them a new library, adopted a new curriculum and opened a study-abroad program. Enrollment almost doubled, the faculty rose from thirty-nine to sixty-three, most of them holding doctorates, and Everett worked to lift the endowment above $3 million by 1960.[^1][^2] The graduate programs were coeducational and covered psychology, writing, French and Spanish, and Everett created a travel and research fund for faculty.[^1] The Hollins archives list the Paris study-abroad program, a literary festival and the first Parents' Day among the changes, and the buildings as Faculty Row, Turner Hall, Randolph Hall, the Fishburn Library, the Hill Building and the duPont Chapel; from 1957 to 1960 he sat on the Advisory Council for the Virginia Economy.[^2]
Everett helped establish the [[Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges]] in 1952 and represented the United States on the committee of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] that met in [[Paris]] to study the article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on participation in cultural and educational life.[^1] In 1956 he chaired the educational advisory committee of the [[Council for Financial Aid to Education]]. [[Roanoke College]] awarded him an honorary doctorate of laws in 1960.[^1] His papers from the Hollins years include memos about founding a college in [[Aspen, Colorado]], his "President's Column" for the Hollins Bulletin, a 1951 typescript titled "Why Educate Women," and reflections on the 1952 UNESCO meeting.[^3]
On race, the New School's finding aid records that in a 1958 memo, written while he was president of Hollins, Everett called the desegregation movement "propaganda."[^4] [[Anna Robinson-Sweet]], an associate archivist at the New School, wrote in [[Public Seminar]] that South Carolina governor [[James Byrnes]] commended the same stance.[^5] A 1968 article in [[The Atlantic]] opposed the decentralization of New York City public schools and described forced desegregation as "unfair competition" for African-American students who had been disadvantaged in their education.[^4]
### Chancellor of the Municipal College System, 1960 to 1962
In January 1960 Everett submitted his resignation from Hollins, effective on the appointment of a successor, to become an educational consultant to [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Films, Inc. The company had contracted with Hollins to develop teaching-machine programs in mathematics and foreign languages for public schools.[^1] In June 1960 he became the first chancellor of the [[Municipal College System of the City of New York]], over which he presided for 80,000 students at four senior colleges and three community colleges. The system was renamed the [[City University of New York]] in 1961.[^1]
His papers at the New School hold correspondence with [[Gustave G. Rosenberg]], chairman of the [[Board of Higher Education]], and Mayor [[Robert Wagner]] on administrative, budgeting and development matters, along with two statements about a "communist speaker ban."[^3] The series also holds correspondence with Harold W. Stokes, president of [[Queens College]], about a court trial arising from accusations of religious discrimination at CUNY.[^3] Series 1 of the presidential records carries a file for the University and a consultancy to the [[United States Department of State]], and the Mayor's Task Force on City Personnel.[^6] [[Encyclopedia Virginia]] states that he resigned after two years "for personal reasons."[^1]
### Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1962 to 1964
Everett left the chancellorship in 1962 and joined Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., in [[Chicago]]. Encyclopedia Virginia gives the post as senior vice president,[^1] and the New School's finding aid for his papers gives it as vice president, with the Britannica period dated 1962 to 1964.[^3] The Britannica series of the papers holds correspondence with [[Maurice B. Mitchell]], president of the company, a memo on the role of television in education titled "Teaching Machines," and a memo to Sidney Tickton, vice president of the [[Academy for Educational Development]], and [[Herman B Wells]] about cooperation between private and public universities.[^3]
### President of the New School, 1964 to 1982
Everett became president of the New School in October 1964.[^4] The school's presidential records list [[Hans Simons]] (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963) and [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) as his predecessors.[^4] Public Seminar describes his tenure as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to that of the founder [[Alvin Johnson]].[^5] Enrollment grew from 8,000 to 30,000 during his presidency.[^1]
In the summer and fall of 1965 Everett urged the board of trustees to fund an expansion that would make the school the premier institution of adult education in New York City.[^5] In a 1965 memo to the board he wrote that "the original purpose [offering refuge to European scholars fleeing fascism] of the Graduate Faculty has disappeared," and that without the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science|Graduate Faculty]] the school "would cease to be a university for adults because it would cease to be a university."[^5]
### Expansion, Parsons and the Graduate Faculty
The [[Center for New York City Affairs]] was founded in 1965 and was developed into a full-scale graduate school of management and urban professions, now known as the [[Milano School of Policy, Management and the Environment]].[^4][^5] An undergraduate program started in 1966 and later became [[Eugene Lang College]].[^4][^5] In 1970 the school merged with [[Parsons School of Design]], which Encyclopedia Virginia describes as a new division brought in during his presidency.[^1][^5] The campus also grew through the acquisition of the buildings now known as the [[Sheila Johnson Design Center]] and the space where the [[University Center]] stands.[^5]
In May 1970 students, with the administration's permission, occupied the Graduate Faculty building at [[65 Fifth Avenue]] to organize anti-war study groups and discussions. High school students later joined the occupation. A negotiation of about two weeks followed, and a court injunction process led to resistance from the strikers. [[New York City Police Department|New York City police]] emptied the building on May 25, 1970, and the finding aid records that no violence occurred during the voluntary arrest of several students.[^3]
In 1979 Everett recommended eliminating the Graduate Faculty's doctoral programs and, if necessary, its master's programs in sociology and political science.[^3] The finding aid states that after intense negotiations and several years of restructuring, every doctoral program was reapproved by the [[New York State Board of Regents]].[^3] Public Seminar describes the end of his tenure as finding the school "in a precarious academic and financial position," marked by a de-accreditation crisis, faculty departures and a financial crisis.[^5]
### Writings on Higher Education
Everett wrote articles and speeches on higher education during the 1960s and 1970s. In a 1965 article titled "Revolution in Higher Education," he warned that universities were becoming "trade schools for those who wish to learn the techniques of the knowledge business."[^5] His 1969 article for *The Atlantic*, "Sex and Politics in the Underground Press," concluded that "Sex will sell very well by itself while pretentious factless political theorizing will not."[^5] Public Seminar reports that in October 1968 Everett wrote that the Columbia strike of the previous spring had been caused by the president's decision to call in the police, and that it was not really about the war or the university's expansion into [[Morningside Heights]].[^5]
### The 1977 Disclosures and the New School
The file in the Everett records titled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978" is at Box 7, Folder 29.[^7] Its digitized description states that the correspondence "concerns the discovery of documents by the Church Committee," a Senate committee formed in 1975, and that the documents detailed that the Central Intelligence Agency "had funded professors at The New School in the early 1960s as part of MK-Ultra." The attached documents "detail two faculty research projects funded at the university."[^8]
A document in the file, signed by Director [[Stansfield Turner]] and addressed to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]], chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]], is dated August 2, 1977. It describes the agency's recovered material. The agency's notice to Everett describes a statement the Director presented at a joint public hearing on August 2; the printed record of that hearing is dated August 3. Turner wrote that "We are now in possession of the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants" in the recovered material, and that the names of 80 institutions "are also mentioned." He listed the institutions as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or pharmaceutical and chemical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. He wrote that "I am providing your Committee with all of the names on a classified basis," and that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^9]
The printed record of the joint hearing, held before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, contains the exchange that followed. Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]] said he hoped Turner would "notify the universities and then also indicate to the public." Turner replied that he was "only interested in doing it in a way that when identifying a university it will not lead to the public disclosure of the individuals," and that "Many of them were witting, and therefore they can take all those precautionary steps on their own." He said he would "phone several university presidents today who are my friends and who are not involved in this, and ask them what they think the equities would be."[^10] Earlier in the same exchange Turner said: "I have already notified one institution because the involvement was so extensive that I thought they really needed to protect themselves."[^10]
A letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]], which Everett's reply dates to August 12, 1977, told him that the agency had "located several thousand hitherto undiscovered documents relating to activities funded by the CIA as a part of Project MKULTRA." It stated that "Your institution is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated." Lapham wrote that the agency was consulting the [[United States Department of Justice]] and that "Our present understanding is that we are not at liberty to disclose this information" about the individuals involved.[^11] The letter cites the [[Church Committee]] report, Book I, pages 385 to 422.[^11]
Everett replied on August 16, 1977: "Your letter of August 12th came as quite a shock to me." He wrote that "I have talked with the relevant people here who should have known about any such activity in this institution and they know nothing about the matter." He added: "Of course, over the years there have been different people in these positions and some have left and others have died."[^12] On August 23 the agency's Office of General Counsel acknowledged a letter of August 18 and said the materials were being processed for release.[^13]
The agency's copies of the subproject files reached the school on September 7, 1977, with a letter signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel. It enclosed "copies of all available documents which relate to Subprojects 134 and 137 of Project MKULTRA and involve the School in these activities," and stated that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The names of all other institutions, all individuals and CIA employees remained deleted.[^14]
The school's own statement on the matter survives in the folder as an undated typed draft with typewriter strikeovers; it opens by saying the school was notified of being one of "more than 80 American universities" with CIA-sponsored research. It states that the school "was notified ... by the Central Intelligence Agency in August, 1977," that it "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA," and that it "demands that the CIA immediately release to the public all information in its files on these covert projects."[^15] The draft says that the documents received on September 7 describe two subprojects at the school "in the year 1962," one completing "a lexicon of terms dealing with handwriting psychology and psychopathology of handwriting" and the other "the possible relationship between an individual's physique (or body type) and personality," and that "an effort was made by the CIA to hide its sponsorship from this university, and in at least one case, from a researcher working on one of the projects."[^15] It adds that the school was "now in the process of searching our records in an effort to uncover such facts."[^15]
On November 7, 1977, Lapham wrote again. He noted that "many institutions chose to take advantage of" the offer of documents and "chose further to make public" them, and asked whether the school had disclosed the correspondence and whether it believed its identity should continue to be protected. He wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^16] On March 17, 1978, Assistant General Counsel A. R. Cinquegrana wrote, referring to the General Counsel's November 7 letter, that "to date we have received no response from your institution," and that if the school had not responded by April 15, 1978, "we shall presume that you do not wish the identity of your institution to be disclosed and will continue to protect it insofar as possible."[^17] The letter is stamped received by the Office of the President on March 22, 1978.[^17]
The [[New York Times]] reported on October 9, 1977, that the Senate Health Subcommittee had invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21. Only one accepted, and that president was not scheduled to testify because the others had declined.[^18] The same article reports that "each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A.," and that the list of the 80 institutions given to Senate investigators remained classified.[^18]
### Subprojects 134 and 137
The CIA release of the two subproject files names no investigator. The copy the agency sent to the school carries a red insertion of the school's name on two memoranda. On the draft memorandum dated May 29, 1961, for Subproject 134 (page image 134-12), the red insertion "New School for Social Research" stands in the first paragraph, which names the researcher only as "Mr." with the name blacked out.[^19] The memorandum states that the purpose is "to support the research studies of Mr." and that the study's relevance lies "in its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment, i.e., without the subject's awareness." It records that earlier work by a redacted doctor "and his associates" had "developed some promising but inexact relationships between body type and temperament," that a second redacted doctor "has agreed to consult with Mr." on "design and statistical analysis," that a by-product of the research "will provide Dr." [redacted] "additional data which will be useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)," and that the estimated cost is $22,000 for one year. Paragraph 5 reads "Mr." [redacted] "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor." The status page for the subproject lists the contractor, a redacted name, "as a grantee of the" redacted body.[^19][^20]
The June 9, 1961 recommendation for funding Subproject 134 at $22,000 states that funding "is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research," and that three redacted doctors "can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance." It adds: "We would like to get someone of better stature working in the area, but this appears to be the best we can accomplish at the moment," and that the work "fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr." [redacted] "is engaging."[^21]
The proposal letter in the same release, covering September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, describes a study in "constitutional psychology" relating anthropometric dimensions to temperament, perception and intelligence. Its pilot project used fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers who had been photographed and somatotyped by [[William H. Sheldon]] or his assistants. The author writes that he looks forward to devoting his full attention to the project "as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June" and that a redacted doctor has agreed to act as his consultant; the letter proposes to use factor analyses of the Wechsler scales by [[David R. Saunders]], and the reviewer's comments on the pilot report recommend that a redacted person with "considerable work in somatotypy" be consulted.[^20]
On the memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961, for Subproject 137 (page image 137-10), the red insertions "New School for Social Research" and "New York City" stand in the blacked-out line that gives the institution of the investigator, a woman described as "Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." The memorandum states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," that her manuscript was "now eighty percent complete," and that she was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The cost is put at not more than $2,000.[^22]
The release's accounting pages for Subproject 137 record a February 1963 memorandum stating that the investigator "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." A certification form, unsigned and undated in the release, states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting by individual for the $2,000 advance of September 11, 1961 carries the approving signature "Sidney Gottlieb, DC/TSD" and the date March 10, 1964.[^23]
The Subproject 137 investigator is [[Klara G. Roman]]. The New School insertion, the graphology lexicon, the death in 1962 and the failing health in 1961 correspond to her record, as do the entries in the curriculum vitae attached to the proposal: a 1928 diploma, the 1930 construction of the "Graphodyne," an instrument "to measure writing speed and pressure," and a 1948 research appointment to an Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training "in conjunction with" an Institute for Psychoanalysis, which corresponds to the Chicago work that her 1954 preface credits to [[Michael Reese Hospital]] and [[Franz Alexander]]. The Human Ecology Fund's 1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G." for "Book: The Psychology of Writing." The release redacts her name.[^24][^25]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] The release redacts the investigator's name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. No record found places Haronian at the New School. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
### The Everett Records
The John R. Everett records at the New School cover 17.3 cubic feet in 15 boxes, dated 1918 to 1979, with most of the material from 1941 to 1979.[^6] Series 1 contains files on activities outside the school, including board service at Park College, the New Lincoln School, [[National Training Laboratories Institute]], and Union Theological Seminary (1968 to 1978), as well as a consultancy to the United States Department of State on administrative matters and a [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] panel.[^6] Series 2 holds the records of the school's centers and schools, including the Center for New York City Affairs (1965 to 1979), the Graduate Faculty (1941 to 1979), the New School Art Center, New School College and Parsons School of Design (1967 to 1980).[^6] Series 3, the subject files, contains folders on the [[Board of Trustees]], fund raising, the faculty, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], several accounting firms, and the CIA folder.[^6]
The finding aid notes that some files are restricted and that the collection includes records of the presidents before Everett, Hans Simons, Henry David and Robert MacIver.[^4] A second collection of Everett's papers, documenting his work at Hollins, City University, Britannica and the New School, was donated to Columbia University in 2002 by his second wife, Elsie Leivesley Howard, and transferred to the New School in 2018.[^3]
### Death
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 1992, at age 73.[^1][^2] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Harris, Beth S. and the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, "John R. Everett (1918-1992)," Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, last updated December 22, 2021. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Everett_John_R_1918-1992
[^2]: Hollins University Archives, "President John Rutherford Everett Collection," C-5, collection description. https://hollinsarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/resources/47
[^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note, scope and contents, and organization, including the Britannica, City University, Hollins and New School series, the 1970 Graduate Faculty occupation folder and the 1979 Graduate Faculty recommendations. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," NS-01-01-02, collection overview, biographical note, scope and contents, and Series 3 subject files. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289
[^5]: Robinson-Sweet, Anna, "The New School's Forgotten President: The controversial tenure of John Everett," Public Seminar, February 18, 2020. https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/
[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," NS-01-01-02, collection inventory and folder titles in Series 1 (archival objects 34092 to 34117), Series 2 (34118 to 34192) and Series 3 (34193 to 34432). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289
[^7]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," archival object 34220, Box 7, Folder 29, scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
[^8]: New School Archives and Special Collections, digital object NS010102_000027, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) File," textual record, description and PDF of 103 pages. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^9]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in NS010102_000027, pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act passage at p. 102). The breakdown is printed as "44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics ... and 3 penal institutions."
[^10]: Joint hearing, "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, printed record, p. 37 (PDF p. 41). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
[^11]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, stamped received August 15, 1977 and described in Everett's reply as dated August 12, in NS010102_000027, pp. 94-95. The Church Committee citation is Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, pp. 385-422, as cited in the letter.
[^12]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, in NS010102_000027, pp. 92-93.
[^13]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 23, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 88.
[^14]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 7.
[^15]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers. The CIA letter of March 17, 1978 states that no response had been received from the institution.
[^16]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 3.
[^17]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978 (stamped received March 22, 1978), in NS010102_000027, p. 1.
[^18]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room clipping, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393, MKULTRA Subproject 134, memorandum draft dated May 29, 1961 (page image 134-12; New School copy p. 27 of NS010102_000027, with the red insertion). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393
[^20]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, status page (New School copy p. 10), proposal letter (New School copy pp. 22 to 26; "present contract expires" at p. 26) with pilot report and "Comments on Report." https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393
[^21]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, recommendation for funding, June 9, 1961 (page image 134-11; New School copy p. 21 of NS010102_000027). Release DOC_0000017393, as in note 17.
[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396, MKULTRA Subproject 137, memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961 (page image 137-10; New School copy p. 78 of NS010102_000027, with the red insertion). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396
[^23]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, accounting memorandum (February 1963), invoice certifications and accounting by individual for the advance of September 11, 1961, approved March 10, 1964 (release DOC_0000017396; New School copy pp. 72-85 of NS010102_000027). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
[^25]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^27]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, memorandum draft of May 29, 1961, paragraph 2; MKULTRA Subproject 77, CIA reading room item 00017478 (56 documents, July 1957 to January 1962), reports on factor analyses of the Wechsler scales, investigator redacted. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017478
[^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett Memorial, 1992 April 6," New School Office of the President Laserfiche files, NS-01-01-06, archival object 50524. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/50524

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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Parapsychology
- Psi
- Paramechanics
- Poltergeist
- BindelofCircle
- Seances
- TedSerios
- PsychicWarfare
- ColdWar
- NewSchool
- Filmmaking
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
aliases:
- Gilbert Roller
- Gil Roller
- Roller, Gilbert
summary: "Gilbert Roller, a New York television and film producer, was a founding sitter of the teenage Bindelof séance circle and taught a paramechanics course at the New School in 1975."
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Bindelof séance circle]]"
role: "Founding sitter of the teenage séance group, 1929-1933"
start: 1929
end: 1933
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "Instructor, course 2755-3 Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena"
start: 1975
end: 1975
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hepworth Films]]"
role: "President"
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[IFE Corp.]]"
role: "President"
fn: 8
- type: director_of
with: "[[Opti-Sound Corp.]]"
role: "Director"
fn: 8
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Society for Psychical Research]]"
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine]]"
fn: 2
---
Gilbert Roller (also Gil Roller) was a [[New York City]] television and motion-picture producer, artist and writer who lectured on physical psychic phenomena. As a teenager he was a founding sitter of the [[Bindelof séance circle]], whose sittings from 1929 to 1933 produced table levitations and raps. In 1975 he taught a paramechanics course at the [[New School for Social Research]] and published *A Voice From Beyond* with [[Popular Library]].[^1]
### Early life and the Bindelof séance circle
Roller wrote that when he was twelve the family apartment was the scene of a poltergeist that lasted about six months: objects were tossed about, dishes slid from the kitchen shelves, a toy electric engine was demolished inside a closet, and the word "GO" appeared scrawled in large crayon letters on the walls. The family gave up the apartment, and no manifestations occurred in the new quarters or, on checking, among the new tenants of the old one.[^2] The [[Psi Encyclopedia]] account of the group, drawing on [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], places the disturbances when he was about thirteen, with hairpins and knobs thrown, the destruction of a prized toy and crayon messages five feet high.[^3] His mother, in the theatrical profession, had investigated mediumship among show people, and he wrote that [[Dolly Sisters|Rosie and Jennie Dolly]] "turned out to have remarkable powers," with knocks and table levitation achieved in dim light.[^2] Roller was the son of entertainers, and the family library held books on psychical research.[^3]
The author biography in *A Voice From Beyond* puts the poltergeist, the mother's séances, a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years," and the New School course in a single printed text. Pilkington's *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof* (Anomalist Books, 2006) is described by its publisher as "Gilbert Roller's utterly charming and disarming auto-biographical account of a group of teenagers" who contacted an alleged spirit named Dr. Bindelof.[^4] Pilkington wrote in *[[Fortean Times]]* in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and described the first part of her book as "a long overdue account, in a very palatable way, of Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^5]
Roller and his friend [[Leonard Lauer]] began mediumistic sittings from techniques described in psychical research books and journals. On their second attempt the table moved, at first erratically and then on command, and they were able to command it to levitate to shoulder height.[^3] A thirteen-year-old friend, [[Larry Levin]], joined them, and by 1933 the group included [[Leo Kaiser]], [[Montague Ullman]], [[Howard Frisch]], [[George Kaiser]], [[Tom Loeb]] and [[Horace Joseph]], meeting on Saturday evenings in Roller's bedroom.[^3] Ullman later became a psychiatrist and parapsychologist and founded the dream laboratory at [[Maimonides Hospital]] in New York.[^3]
Roller described the group in 1975 as eight "dedicated people who achieved full table levitation without contact, telekinetic writing, extranormal photography, invisible tactile forms and other phenomena," under "rigid test conditions that ruled out fraud."[^2] He gave the duration as about two years; the Psi Encyclopedia gives weekly sittings from 1929 to 1933 and a brief reformation in March 1934.[^3] The photographic plates and the pages on which writing had appeared are now held by the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] in New York, and the foundation's collection transferred to the [[University of Maryland, Baltimore County]] in 2022 lists the Bindelof séance phenomena among its archival holdings.[^3][^6]
### Later reunion and career
According to Levin, several members of the group gathered again in 1946 with little result at first. Roller was persuaded to rejoin them, and with George Kaiser the six surviving alumni produced table movement, levitation and a message spelled out by the table, though the message was not intelligible.[^3] The same account states that Roller alone produced the phenomena in sittings with other groups, and that psychokinetic events continued to follow him in daily life.[^3]
Roller's 1975 book says that despite the group's dispersal under the pressures of college and courtship, "throughout the years all the members have maintained contact," and that the members had recently met to review and collate the material from the sittings.[^2] He followed a career as an artist, writer, filmmaker and television producer.[^3]
A Gilbert Roller is named in the September 1935 issue of *Fleischer's Animated News*, the staff newsletter of [[Fleischer Studios]], as the signer of a comic verse about a studio worker's rise from opaquer to animator and in a gossip item pairing him with a woman named Ellen Jensen. The issue gives no age, address or later career, and the records found do not establish whether he is the Gilbert Roller of the séance circle.[^7]
### A Voice From Beyond (1975)
*A Voice From Beyond* was published by Popular Library in New York in 1975, with the copyright held by "Gil Roller" and an edition by [[Michael Hayes]].[^1] The table of contents lists "Think Psychic," a chapter titled "Creditable Men Who Explored the Incredible," a chapter headed "Experimental Investigation of a New Force," a photographic section, "The Unshakable Facts of the Ted Serios Phenomena" at page 145, and "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?" at page 152.[^1] That chapter concerns the chess match between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Boris Spassky]]. The cover copy advertises "the newly revealed truth about how the famous Fischer-Spassky chess match served as a testing ground for international psychic warfare."[^1]
### New School course, 1975
The book's author biography states that Roller teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography states that his business career is devoted to television and motion-picture production, and that he is a member of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] and the [[Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine]].[^2]
The school's *[[New School Bulletin]]* for the spring 1975 semester lists course 2755-3, "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena," taught by Gilbert Roller on Tuesdays from February 4.[^8] The bulletin's faculty biography for Roller describes investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and lists him as a faculty member of the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]], president of [[Hepworth Films]] and of [[IFE Corp.]], and a director of [[Opti-Sound Corp.]].[^8]
The 1975 *[[New Psychic Frontiers]]* survey by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists a New School for Social Research entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]] and Gilbert Roller, with the address 66 West 12th Street, New York. The same survey lists Brier under the philosophy department of [[C.W. Post College]] on the preceding page.[^9]
### Soviet long-range telepathy and the Fischer-Spassky matches
The chapter "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?" (pp. 152-163) describes the claim as "rumored to have been attempted by the Russians during the Fischer-Spassky chess games." Roller writes that "the information given him concerning these experiments is controversial and, of course, Officially denied, but the alleged facts have been surprisingly confirmed by careful investigation."[^10]
The chapter opens with a 1959 French newspaper report that the [[U.S. Navy|United States Navy]] had run an experiment in which telepathic communication reached a subject in the submerged submarine [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|Nautilus]] from a sender on shore. Roller states that the report was made "despite denials by the U. S. Navy," and cites a February 1960 article in [[Science et Vie]].[^10] He suggests that the report may have started the Soviet long-range experiments.[^10]
Roller names [[Leonid Vasiliev]], [[Edward Naumov]] and [[I. F. Tomashevsky]] as the key figures in Soviet work. He describes a 1966 transmission by [[Karl Nikolaiev]] from [[Moscow]] to [[Siberia]] "over one thousand miles," a March 1967 test at [[Leningrad]] University in which brain-wave and galvanic skin changes were recorded, and a 1968 test from Moscow to [[Tomsk]] over three thousand miles.[^11] He writes that Tomashevsky, confined in a lead isolation chamber, affected similarly shielded subjects to the point of extreme emotional stress and in some cases unconsciousness.[^11] He cites [[Douglas Dean]] of the [[Newark College of Engineering]], whose plethysmograph report on blood-volume changes in a subject receiving a telepathic signal, he writes, was reviewed in a leading Soviet journal and used in Vasiliev's work.[^11] He also cites the [[Apollo 14]] ESP experiment and the later work of [[Edgar Mitchell]] in the field.[^11]
According to Roller, the information "privately given the author" set the schedule of transmissions: adverse telepathic bombardment of Fischer from about July 3 through 17, of Spassky from July 18 through 26, a control period from July 27 through August 5, and renewed transmissions against Fischer from August 6 to the conclusion of the match.[^12] He writes that "the Fischer-Spassky matches presented an ideal testing ground for further confirmation of these techniques," and lists the distance from [[Iceland]] to Leningrad and the two players' temperaments among the factors present.[^12] He sets quotations from [[The New York Times]] accounts of each phase against the schedule, and reports that during the first period Fischer closeted himself in his hotel room, booked flight passage to New York City, and was telephoned by [[Henry Kissinger]] from [[Washington, D.C.]] with a plea to resume the games.[^13]
Roller reports that Spassky's second, [[Efim Geller]], told the Times on August 23 that the Americans were using "non-chess methods" against the champion. He argues that the charge, coming after Spassky's upturn at the start of the final phase, suggests that Geller "was in constant touch with Moscow, and after the initial success of Phase IV, may have been informed of the experiment."[^14]
Roller states that "the information given in confidence more than a month before the matches conforms to the events," and that "official denials must be expected." He quotes an unnamed Soviet investigator as saying, "If we control the mind, we control the man. If we control the man, we control the nation."[^14] He does not name the person who gave him the confidential information. A footnote to the chapter states that he has conducted experiments with volunteers, who were told the nature of the experiments in advance, with only the choice of receiver withheld, and that "the tests were remarkably successful."[^15]
### Strategic arms talks
Roller extends the argument to the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] in Moscow and to [[Richard Nixon]] and Kissinger. He writes that "we cannot safely conclude that he was not subjected to these transmissions," referring to Nixon, and describes a "recovery quotient" that varies with personality, with Fischer's extroversion permitting faster recovery than Spassky's introversion.[^16] He adds that Fischer, at the time of writing, had engineered his own surrender of the world championship to [[Anatoly Karpov]] and was obsessed with the idea that "the Russians are spying on him."[^16]
### Ted Serios
The book devotes pp. 145-151 to [[Ted Serios]], whom Roller calls "perhaps the greatest medium and producer of enigmatic phenomena." He writes that "the man responsible for the superb documentation of the Serios phenomena is Dr. [[Jule Eisenbud]], a psychiatrist."[^17] The [[Time (magazine)]] cover story "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier" (March 4, 1974), which covers Serios and the [[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man]] in [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], is held in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room.[^18]
### Government and defense interest
The government and defense claims in *A Voice From Beyond* are Roller's own, stated in his voice; he does not name his sources. After the March 1967 Leningrad test, Roller writes, the Russian government, which had until then been an interested spectator, was impressed enough that "an appropriation equivalent to $25 million" was allocated to expand the research.[^11] The Navy denial and the expected official denials of the Soviet material appear in the chapter as positions of the Navy and of the governments concerned.[^10][^14]
### Death
The Psi Encyclopedia gives Roller's death as 2004, at age 89.[^3] The [[Parapsychological Association]] administers a Gilbert Roller Fund, established by a donation, which supports field investigation of macroscopic psychokinesis in sitter groups, séances and poltergeist activity; its first listed awards are for 2009, and its 2013 and 2014 grants went to the Felix Experimental Group and a sitter group in Argentina. The association's page does not name the donor, and the records found do not establish whether the fund's Gilbert Roller is the man of this page.[^19]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), cover copy, copyright page and table of contents. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^2]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^3]: K. M. Wehrstein, "Bindelof Phenomena," *Psi Encyclopedia* (Society for Psychical Research, created February 26, 2018, last updated September 3, 2026), drawing on Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (San Antonio: Anomalist Books, 2006), pp. 8-69, as endnoted in sections "First Sittings," "Problems and Dissolution," "Attitudes" and "Later Life." The 1946 reunion is attributed in that article to Larry Levin; the death date and age are stated there without a separate source. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/bindelof-phenomena/
[^4]: Anomalist Books, catalogue page for Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (trade paperback, 248 pages, ISBN 1933665130). https://www.anomalistbooks.com/book.cfm?id=51
[^5]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74, replying to a review of her book in *Fortean Times* 222. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^6]: University of Maryland, Baltimore County, announcement of the Eileen J. Garrett Parapsychology Foundation Collection (October 2022). https://umbc.edu/?p=73101
[^7]: *Fleischer's Animated News*, September 1935 issue (Fleischer Studios staff newsletter): verse "Love Among the Popeyes," signed "Gilbert Roller.," and a gossip item reading "Rumors persist that Gilbert Roller and Ellen Jensen are that way." https://archive.org/details/Fleischers_Animated_News_1935_09
[^8]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), published as *Announcement of Courses of Study*: course 2755-3 and the Roller biography (pp. 88 and 356). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ
[^9]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
[^10]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?", pp. 152-153. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^11]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 153-155, including the book's footnotes citing Winn, *Psychotherapy in the Soviet Union* (1961), and *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (July 1971, vol. 65, no. 3). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Sole source for the schedule of transmissions. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^13]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 157-158 (the book states that the quotations are extracts from New York Times accounts of the matches). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Sole source for the "confidential information" passage and the Soviet investigator's quotation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Sole source for the volunteer experiments. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Sole source for the SALT passages. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^17]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Ted Serios Phenomena," pp. 145-146. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^18]: CIA CREST, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time* cover story (March 4, 1974), reading-room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8
[^19]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page and award notices for 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (Wayback capture of December 29, 2016). https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx. Parra et al., "Laboratory Research on a Presumably PK-Gifted Subject," acknowledgments (2014 grant). https://archive.org/details/LaboratoryResearchOnAPresumablyPKG

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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- HansSimons
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- UniversityInExile
- DeutscheHochschuleFuerPolitik
- WeimarRepublic
- OfficeOfMilitaryGovernment
- BasicLaw
- FordFoundation
- MKUltra
- WalterSimons
aliases:
- Hans Simons
- Simons, Hans
- Hans Simons (1893-1972)
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
summary: "German jurist and Weimar civil servant who directed the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, emigrated in 1935, and served as the third president of the New School for Social Research from 1950."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
start: 1950
end: 1961
role: "president"
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Deutsche Hochschule für Politik]]"
start: 1920
end: 1930
role: "managing director, then director and professor of law"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Reich Ministry of the Interior]]"
start: 1922
end: 1924
role: "Regierungsrat, then Oberregierungsrat"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung]]"
start: 1928
end: 1930
role: "managing director"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz]]"
start: 1931
end: 1932
role: "Regierungspräsident"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government, United States]]"
start: 1947
end: 1949
role: "civilian employee"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
start: 1960
role: "consultant and director"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Walter Simons]]"
role: "father"
fn: 2
---
Hans Simons (July 1, 1893 to March 28, 1972) was a German jurist and Weimar civil servant who directed the [[Deutsche Hochschule für Politik]] in [[Berlin]] and held a Prussian provincial presidency. He was dismissed in 1933, emigrated to New York, served as dean of the [[New School for Social Research]] Graduate Faculty, and became the school's third president.[^1]
### Father and family
Simons was born in [[Velbert]] in the [[Rhine Province]], the son of [[Walter Simons]], a jurist who became president of the [[Reichsgericht]] and foreign minister.[^2][^3] Walter Simons served as foreign minister from June 25, 1920 to May 10, 1921 in the cabinet of [[Konstantin Fehrenbach]] and represented the Reich at the conferences at [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]] and [[London]]. In 1919 he was undersecretary and commissioner-general of the German delegation at the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]] negotiations under [[Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau]]. In 1918 he had advised [[Max von Baden]] on international law.[^2] In 1922 he founded the "SeSiSo-Kreis," a salon that met at the [[Hotel Kaiserhof]] in Berlin with [[Hans von Seeckt]] and [[Wilhelm Solf]]. [[Harry Graf von Kessler]] was among its members.[^2] In the 1920s he chaired the board of trustees of the [[Moltke family]] foundation, which held the [[Kreisau]] estate.[^2]
Hans Simons was one of the three sons of Walter Simons and his wife Erna, née Rühle.[^2] He married twice and had three children.[^4] The son of his first marriage later assembled the family papers on which the 2018 biography of Simons drew, since no personal estate survives.[^5]
### Schooling, the dissertation and the League of Nations
Simons studied law and political science in Berlin, [[Munich]], [[Tübingen]] and [[Bonn]] between 1912 and 1914. He served in the [[World War I|First World War]] until 1917 as an Oberleutnant and was gravely wounded, in the head according to the New School's history.[^5] He then worked as an administrator in the eastern territories occupied by the German Empire.[^1][^4] He resumed his studies at the University of [[Königsberg]] in 1920 and completed a dissertation in 1921 titled "Die Präambel zur Pariser Völkerbundssatzung und das Völkerrecht" (the preamble to the Paris Covenant of the [[League of Nations]] and international law).[^1][^4]
### Hochschule für Politik and the Reich Interior Ministry
Simons was managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik from 1920 to 1922.[^4] The Hochschule drew on American money, notably from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Carnegie Corporation]]. Its American associations built bridges between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics.[^6] From 1922 to 1924 Simons was a Regierungsrat and then an Oberregierungsrat in the [[Reich Ministry of the Interior]] in Berlin.[^4][^7] From 1925 to 1930 he was director of the Hochschule and professor of law. His essay "Lehre und Lehrer" in the Hochschule's 1931 volume [[Politik als Wissenschaft]] covers the institution's structure, which combined permanently associated politicians with lecturers hired case by case.[^8] In 1935 and 1936 he published two articles in [[Social Research]] on European international law and collective security.[^9] From 1928 to 1930 he was managing director of the [[Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung]] in Berlin.[^4]
### Prussian provincial posts and the 1933 dismissal
Simons was acting Regierungspräsident in [[Stettin]] in 1930 and 1931, and Regierungspräsident of the [[Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz]] in [[Silesia]] from 1931 to 1932.[^2][^4] He was a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].[^2] He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the parliament as a Social Democrat.[^1] He was dismissed in 1933 and emigrated with his second wife and her two daughters.[^5] The Nazi Party blacklisted him in 1933.[^1] From 1933 to 1934 he worked as a self-employed sales agent (Handelsvertreter).[^4]
### Exile and the Graduate Faculty
Simons reached [[New York City|New York]] in 1935 on a fellowship of the [[University in Exile]] at the New School.[^1][^2] Alvin Johnson's report to the trustees of February 1935 lists him among the members added to the Graduate Faculty in 1934.[^10] He taught political science and international relations in the Graduate Faculty and gave public lectures on democracy and totalitarianism at the school and at other universities.[^1] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] filed him among its "Non-Grantees" in Series I.B of its records at the [[New York Public Library]].[^11] He became an American citizen in 1940.[^1][^2] In 1942 he studied Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction with [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Arnold Brecht]] and [[Hans Staudinger]], in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the [[Institute of World Affairs]].[^12] He was dean of the Graduate Faculty from 1943 to June 1950.[^1][^4]
### Wartime lists
In May 1943 [[Goodwin Watson]] sent [[Robert D. Leigh]] of the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] a list of recruits for the Analysis Division. Nearly all of the names were German exiles. Simons appears on the list with [[Sigmund Neumann]] and [[Arnold Wolfers]].[^13]
### President of the New School
In June 1950 Simons was selected as the third president of the New School, succeeding [[Bryn Hovde]], who had led the school for five years.[^1] He inherited a school with serious financial problems. Enrollment rose from about 5,000 to about 8,000 students during his tenure, and construction began on the buildings that became the [[Eugene Lang College]] complex.[^1] He defended the right of faculty to take part in political activity, however unpopular that was with other members of the school.[^1]
A file in the New School central administration records holds Simons's "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958. Its scope note relates it to a Publicity Office record in which Simons responds to the "McGrath Report."[^14] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^15]
His resignation is dated to 1960. Correspondence in his Adult Division file is "mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School."[^16] He retired from the presidency in 1960.[^1] The scope note of the John R. Everett records lists his presidency as 1950 to 1961.[^17] Press releases in the school's records announce the appointment of [[Henry David]] as president between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and record his inauguration on October 23, 1961.[^18][^19] David resigned on March 22, 1963.[^20]
### Project MKUltra memoranda, 1961
Two [[Project MKUltra]] subproject files released by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] carry 1961 memoranda from the period of Simons's presidency. A draft memorandum for the record dated May 29, 1961 on Subproject 134 states that the subproject supports the research studies of a person whose name is redacted, and the CIA's September 1977 release to the New School reinserted "New School for Social Research" by hand in red at that point. The draft describes the relevance of the study as "its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment, i. e., without the subject's awareness," names "relationships between body type and temperament (personality characteristics)" as the earlier work on which the investigator would build, sets the cost at $22,000 for one year, and states that the investigator "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor."[^21] A June 9, 1961 memorandum headed "Recommendation for Funding" in the same file recommends funding "despite the superficiality of the proposal" and says "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement." The project summary gives actual work as expected to commence in September 1961, with the contractor field blank.[^22]
A memorandum for the record dated August 24, 1961 on Subproject 137 supports the work of a "Dr." whose name is redacted, "of the" a redacted institution, and the CIA's 1977 release again inserted "New School for Social Research, New York City" in red. The memorandum describes completing "a psycholexicon on handwriting," states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that she is "advanced in years" and her health "failing," and that her manuscript is "eighty percent complete."[^23] The grant was $2,000. A February 1963 accounting memorandum in the file states that the recipient "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," and an obligation-file certification records that a manuscript had been published.[^24]
A 1977 CIA folder in the John R. Everett records of the New School describes "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," and says that the first "attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics."[^25] The investigators' names remain redacted in both subproject files. The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the New School from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962.[^26]
### India and the Ford Foundation
In 1960 Simons retired from the presidency to work as a consultant and director for the [[Ford Foundation]].[^1] He was an adviser and interlocutor for the Ford Foundation and other organizations.[^5]
### Occupation Germany and the Basic Law
Simons served as an American liaison officer in [[Frankfurt]] am Main from 1947 to 1949.[^4] He took part in the making of the Basic Law as an American liaison officer to the [[Parlamentarischer Rat]] in 1947 and 1949.[^2] He was a civilian employee of the [[Office of Military Government, United States]] (OMGUS).[^3] He was called into the deliberations on the Basic Law.[^5] He received the [[Großes Verdienstkreuz]] of the Federal Republic in 1959.[^4] A high order from [[Theodor Heuss]] was conferred on him together with Arnold Brecht and Hans Staudinger.[^5]
### Death
After a long illness, Simons died on March 28, 1972 at his home in [[Yonkers]], New York.[^1][^3][^4][^27]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers). Sole source for the presidency narrative, the enrollment figures, the Ford Foundation post, the 1933 blacklisting, the head injury, the eastern-territories post and the unsuccessful parliamentary candidacy.
[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau). Sole source for the Basic Law participation and the SeSiSo membership.
[^3]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html (lifespan 1893-1972; birthplace Velbert; death place Yonkers, NY; occupations listed as Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz, President of the New School for Social Research, Zivilangestellter der OMGUS, Politologe, Jurist, Beamter).
[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers). Sole source for the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung post and the 1933 to 1934 sales-agent entry.
[^5]: Thomas Meyer, review of Philipp Heß, "Ein deutscher Amerikaner: Der kosmopolitische Demokrat Hans Simons 1893-1972" (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018), Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 59 (2019), https://library.fes.de/pdf-files//afs/81895.pdf (dismissal in 1933 and emigration with his second wife and her two daughters; Basic Law deliberations; Ford Foundation adviser and interlocutor; Heuss order with Brecht and Staudinger; death described as ill and tired; family papers assembled by the son of the first marriage, no Nachlass).
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 58 (the Hochschule's association with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation and the effect of those associations on contacts between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics).
[^7]: GEPRIS Historisch, "Simons, Hans," Personen-ID 5111597, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (born July 1, 1893 in Velbert; died March 28, 1972 in Yonkers; work location Reichsministerium des Innern; 1928 application for a printing subsidy for the series "Das Werdende Zeitalter" refused).
[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis). Sole source for the description of the Hochschule's structure.
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388). Sole source for the two articles.
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska). Sole source for the 1934 addition.
[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid). Sole source for this filing.
[^12]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Arnold Brecht lecture notes (NS-02-13-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/232 (Brecht in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the Institute of World Affairs, studying Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction (1942) with colleagues Adolph Lowe, Hans Simons and Hans Staudinger).
[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt. Sole source for the list.
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272 (scope note on the related Publicity Office record and the "McGrath Report").
[^15]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School"; transcript dated October 9, 1957 of his General Seminar lecture "Higher Adult Education: Its Place and Function").
[^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), scope note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 ("Robert MacIver (1963-1964), Henry David (1961-1963), and Hans Simons (1950-1961)").
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027 (see also Box 1, Folder 19, "Henry David to be inaugurated as New School president Oct 23., 1961 September 29," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38571)
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 27, "Henry David resigns as New School president, 1963 March 22," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38760
[^21]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 134, draft memorandum for the record, "MKULTRA, Subproject 134," May 29, 1961 (red handwritten insertion "New School for Social Research" in paragraph 1), in the CIA's September 1977 release to the New School, John R. Everett records, New School Archives and Special Collections, digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 27 (103 pages), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (investigator and consultant names blacked out).
[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 134 file, CIA reading room document 00017393, OCR text in Internet Archive item DOC_0000017393, https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 (memorandum of June 9, 1961, "Recommendation for Funding," $22,000; "its funding is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal"; "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement"; initiated July 1961; work expected to commence September 1961; contractor field blank).
[^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 137, memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961 (red handwritten insertion "New School for Social Research, New York City"), in the New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78.
[^24]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 137 file, CIA reading room document 00017396, https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 (proposal "TO COMPLETE THE MANUSCRIPT OF A PSYCHOLEXICON ON WRITING AND THE WRITTEN WORD"; certification that the recipient of $2,000 died in 1962 without rendering an accounting and that a manuscript had been published); accounting memorandum of February 1963, New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 76.
[^25]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," File, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note quoted in the body).
[^26]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers (NA-0010-01), biographical note on Klara G. Roman (1881-1962), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284 (Roman taught at the New School from 1948 until shortly before her death).
[^27]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html, and GEPRIS Historisch, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (death March 28, 1972, Yonkers).

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---
category: "Medicine & Psychology"
tags:
- Person
- GoodwinWatson
- SocialPsychology
- ForeignBroadcastIntelligenceService
- MartinDies
- HouseUnAmericanActivitiesCommittee
- Section304
- UnitedStatesVLovett
- TeachersCollege
- SPSSI
- CivilianMorale
- ConsumersUnion
- NewAmerica
- NationalTrainingLaboratories
- UnionGraduateSchool
- PsychologicalWarfare
- ColdWar
aliases:
- Goodwin Watson
- Goodwin B. Watson
- Goodwin Barbour Watson
- Dr. Goodwin Watson
- Dr. Goodwin B. Watson
summary: "Social psychologist at Teachers College, Columbia University, who headed the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service until 1943, when Section 304 barred him from federal pay."
born: 1899
died: 1976
location: "New York City; Washington, D.C."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Teachers College]]"
role: "instructor, assistant professor and professor of education and social psychology; on leave from November 1941"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]"
role: "chief of the Analysis Division (Analysis Section until 1942)"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-11
fn: 15
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Federal Communications Commission]]"
role: "described in the Dies speech of February 1, 1943 as Chief Broadcast Analyst of the commission"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-11
fn: 31
- type: member_of
with: "[[Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues]]"
role: "described as the society's first president by Nicholson (1998) and as its founder by TC Today (2011); editor of Civilian Morale, the second yearbook (1942)"
fn: 10
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Council for Pan American Democracy]]"
role: "chairman of the education subcommittee of the 1939 delegation to Mexico"
start: 1939
fn: 5
- type: director_of
with: "[[Consumers Union]]"
role: "board member, by his own sworn testimony of April 1943; Fish's 1943 list dated a directorship to 1938"
fn: 7
- type: founded
with: "[[New America]]"
role: "organizer and policy council member; resigned in the summer of 1938"
start: 1934
end: 1938
fn: 6
- type: investigated
with: "[[House Un-American Activities Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "charges made by chairman Martin Dies from November 1941"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-03
fn: 28
- type: investigated
with: "[[House Appropriations Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "special subcommittee under H. Res. 105 (Kerr, chairman); hearings from April 9, 1943; report of April 21, 1943 finding him unfit"
start: 1943-04
end: 1943-05
fn: 39
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943]]"
role: "named in Section 304, which barred payment after November 15, 1943"
start: 1943-11
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[United States v. Lovett]]"
role: "respondent; the Supreme Court affirmed judgment in his favor on June 3, 1946"
start: 1946-06
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Newark State College]]"
role: "Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences, as listed in April 1967"
start: 1967
fn: 47
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education]]"
role: "part-time Associate Director for Program Development and Research, as listed in April 1967"
start: 1967
fn: 47
---
Goodwin Watson (1899-1976) was a social psychologist and professor at [[Teachers College]], [[Columbia University]], who headed the Analysis Division of the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] (FBIS) from November 1941 until November 1943. In 1943 a special subcommittee of the [[House Appropriations Committee]] found him unfit for federal employment, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] later held the rider that cut off his pay to be a bill of attainder in [[United States v. Lovett]].[^1]
### Education and early writing
Watson was born in Whitewater, [[Wisconsin]]. He testified in 1943 that he was educated at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the [[University of Wisconsin]], Denver University, [[Union Theological Seminary]], Columbia University, the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Vienna]], that he had served as a [[Methodist Church|Methodist]] minister and as a director of religious education, that he had taught religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and that he had spent 17 years at Teachers College as instructor, assistant professor and professor.[^2]
His catalogued titles begin with [[The Measurement of Fair-Mindedness]] (1925) and [[Educational Problems for Psychological Study]] (1930), and continue through [[Redirecting Teacher Education]] (1938).[^3] His own list of ten books adds [[Case Studies for Teachers of Religion]], [[Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education]] (1927), [[Tests of Personality and Character]] (1932) and [[Human Resources]] (1936, prepared for the [[American Council on Education]]). His 1927 study of American attitudes toward Oriental peoples, [[Orient and Occident]], was a research project for the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]].[^4]
In 1939 the [[Council for Pan American Democracy]] sent a delegation to [[Mexico]]. Watson chaired its education subcommittee, and his report was issued by the council as [[Education and Social Welfare in Mexico]], which identifies him as a professor of education at Teachers College.[^5]
### New America and Consumers Union
Watson testified that he returned from a visit to [[Germany]] in 1933, after Hitler had come to power, and that [[New America]] was his attempt to give young Americans an alternative to both the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] and the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], with one goal, the introduction of "scientific planning of our economic life under democratic political controls." His first step was a speech to the students of New College at Teachers College. The group that formed around him, Forward America, merged with Young America, headed by a young man named Elliston and led in activity by Richard Storrs Childs, to form New America. Its policy council included [[Harry F. Ward]], a professor of Christian ethics, and Thomas Wright, a New Jersey pastor. Watson described the membership as idealistic young people and "tired radicals," and said a cleavage between Ward and Wright on one side and himself on the other over method led him to drop out late in 1937 and to resign in the summer of 1938.[^6]
He testified that he was on the board of [[Consumers Union]], that Edward Adams had approached him about standing for it, and that its directors were elected by mail by the membership. He sponsored the American Investors Union, which he described as a development of Consumers Union, and said he had no further connection with it.[^7]
In August 1934 [[Common Sense (magazine)|Common Sense]] published his article "The Great Choice: Reformation or Transformation?"[^8]
### Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
In September 1940 the [[Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues]] (SPSSI) appointed a Committee on Morale under [[Gardner Murphy]]. In September 1941 the society postponed other yearbooks to concentrate on civilian morale and named Watson editor. The volume was planned with [[Kurt Lewin]], then the society's president, and [[Theodore Newcomb]], its secretary. The resulting [[Civilian Morale]], the society's second yearbook, drew on a round table held in 1941 whose participants included [[Rensis Likert]], [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]] and Lewin. Watson wrote the round table's summary, in which he was identified as "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service."[^9] By his own account he also wrote the volume's chapters on the factors in morale, on morale and labor unions, and on morale among the unemployed of 1934.[^4]
The historian Ian Nicholson calls Watson "SPSSI's first president" in a 1998 article in the Journal of Social Issues.[^10] A 2011 TC Today photograph caption describes him as the "founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues."[^11] The 1942 volume names Lewin as the society's president when the book was planned.[^9]
### Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, 1941 to 1943
[[Lloyd Free]] and [[Harold Graves]] recruited Watson for the service. Graves announced in October 1941 that the "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University" would accept a P-6 grade and head the Analysis Section.[^12] Watson accepted in a letter dated October 22, 1941, which read in part that "the urgency of the world crisis and the importance of the analysis of broadcasts have grown in my thinking to outweigh my doubts and reservations."[^13]
Watson testified in April 1943 that he had been connected with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] "Since November 15, 1941," that he was responsible for about 40 people, and that the division's weekly and special reports went to the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the [[Lend-Lease Administration]]. He gave the division's output as 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, written for agencies that included the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] and the [[Board of Economic Warfare]].[^14]
A records description of the service gives November 15, 1941 as the start of his directorship of the Analysis Division and November 15, 1943 as the day Newcomb succeeded him.[^15] A CIA history states that on November 17, 1941 he "became the first chief of the analysis section."[^16] Newcomb was second only to Watson in the division by February 1943.[^17] [[Daniel Bessner]]'s dissertation on [[Hans Speier]] states that after Watson left under pressure Speier became the service's Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people, citing a Newcomb letter of December 4, 1943.[^18]
In September 1942 Watson and [[Nathan Leites]] went to [[London]] to set up an analysis operation working with the [[Office of War Information]]. Watson remained there only a short time, and a two-man staff stayed through the war.[^19] From London he called the [[BBC]] monitoring system inadequate, because British and American interests were often at variance, and recommended FBIS posts in [[Cairo]], [[New Delhi]], [[Melbourne]], [[Chungking]], [[Vladivostok]], [[Stockholm]], [[Gibraltar]] and [[Istanbul]]. A November 1942 memorandum by Graves called the recommendation "not feasible."[^20] Earlier in 1942 he told the Portland office that its Chinese and Russian copy fell far short of what the analysts needed (March 23) and told Free that the BBC was not covering the required programs and that the only solution was monitoring in England for about 20 hours of broadcasts daily (April 4).[^21]
On December 30, 1942 Watson proposed distributing FBIS analysts among other offices, to bring them "closer to the people who use our findings."[^22] In April 1943 an agreement moved the Analysis Division into the [[Social Security Building]], where OWI was housed.[^22] On January 19, 1943 he wrote that the division was already working an average of 50 hours a week, so that a staff cut was the only answer to a pay-raise limit.[^23] As late as November 5, 1943 he wrote to the San Francisco bureau's Bradford Coolidge that analysis would be developed there, after conferences involving [[Owen Lattimore]], then newly named head of the West Coast OWI, [[Robert D. Leigh]] and [[Audrey Menefee]].[^24]
Watson's correspondence reached other agencies. On July 7, 1942 he wrote to [[Nelson Rockefeller]] about an offer that the [[CIAA]] had made to the FBIS analyst [[John W. Gardner]]. He wrote that the service was reluctant to let Gardner go, and that the two offices should decide where he could do the most good. On February 8, 1943 he answered an OSS request that would have required two more analysts, and suggested a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds.[^25] Watson was one of the two creators of [[Central European Radio Analysis]], and [[Frederick L. Schuman]] left [[Williams College]] in October 1942 to join the division's German Section.[^26]
[[Frank B. Keefe]] later told the House that Watson's division analyzed the broadcasts from foreign countries and interpreted them "for our Army and Navy."[^27]
### Charges before the House, 1941 to 1943
[[Martin Dies]], chairman of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC), wrote to [[James L. Fly]] of the Federal Communications Commission on November 18, 1941, expressing "deep concern" over the selection of a man who had "been a propagandist for communism and for the [[Soviet Union]] for many years." Dies named thirteen organizations he called communist fronts and said Watson belonged to all of them. Fly replied that Watson belonged to one of them, Consumers Union, which he described as "a respected research organ." Fly also said that of some 200 published articles by Watson, only two or three concerned the Soviet Union, and those were objective studies.[^28]
The House attached a rider barring Watson's salary to an appropriation bill, and the [[Senate Appropriations Committee]] deleted it. Watson testified before that committee on February 4, 1942. Afterward he wrote that no senator had charged him with being a communist, though there was "considerable hostility" to his "socialistic views," which he called a "new standard" for federal employment.[^29]
On January 19, 1943 [[Hamilton Fish III]] read into the House record a list of Watson's affiliations from 1936 to 1939, describing him as a man who "comes from Warwick in my district." The list included an advisory committee of [[Reconciliation Trips]] to the U.S.S.R.; an advisory board of the [[American Students Union]]; a directorship of Consumers Union, which Fish described as "radical, left-wingers, and Communists"; leadership of the [[Open Road]], which Fish said sponsored trips to the Soviet Union; a 1939 petition against the Dies committee; an endorsement for the [[American League for Peace and Democracy]]; and a 1938 speech to teachers sponsored by Teachers College, as reported by the [[New York Herald Tribune]] on June 29, 1938. Fish also quoted a speech of November 28, 1941 in which Dies told the House that he had informed Fly that Watson had "probably associated himself with a large number of front organizations of the Communist Party." Each entry is Fish's characterization.[^30]
On February 1, 1943 Dies gave a House speech attacking thirty-nine employees, among them Watson, Schuman and [[William E. Dodd Jr.]] Dies called Watson "Chief Broadcast Analyst of the Federal Communications Commission, at a salary of $6,500," said the salary had been raised from $5,600 after the House once refused to pay it, and cited a [[The World Tomorrow|World Tomorrow]] article and a Common Sense article in which, he said, Watson favored "a sudden, complete, and violent, that is, Communist, change from our present form of society to a Socialist society." He said that four folders of exhibits documented "Goodwin Watson's Communist views and affiliations." He also said that Dodd had been refused a State Department visa on the basis of "information furnished the Department by our committee and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|F. B. I.]]" The speech described the men as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats." Dodd, Watson and Schuman headed the list.[^31] The same period brought House attacks on other FBIS employees, [[Peter Rhodes]], Menefee and Speier.[^32]
On February 4, 1943 [[Joe Hendricks]] of [[Florida]] gave notice of an amendment to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill forbidding the use of its funds to pay thirty-nine named employees, including "Goodwin B. Watson," Schuman and Dodd. On February 5 the House, sitting as the Committee of the Whole, rejected the amendment, 130 to 137 on a division and 146 to 153 on tellers, and then agreed, 163 to 111 on tellers, to a separate amendment naming only William Pickens.[^33]
On March 31, 1943, in a House exchange with a [[California]] member over a claim Dies disputed, Dies said that "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman" and that a subcommittee headed by [[Joe Starnes]] of [[Alabama]], whom he called his "distinguished and able colleague," would make a report.[^34]
### The Appropriations subcommittee, 1943
[[House Resolution 105]], adopted February 9, 1943, authorized the Committee on Appropriations, "acting through a special subcommittee," to examine charges that employees were unfit by reason of present or past association with organizations whose aims were subversive to the government. The subcommittee was [[John H. Kerr]] of [[North Carolina]] (chairman), [[Albert Gore Sr.|Albert Gore]] of [[Tennessee]], [[Clinton P. Anderson]] of [[New Mexico]], [[D. Lane Powers]] of [[New Jersey]] and Keefe; its counsel was Major Matt H. Allen of North Carolina. Its first sitting was on Friday, April 9, 1943, and Watson testified over several sittings.[^35] The hearings were held in secret executive session. The accused were permitted to testify, the lawyers of their employing agencies were excluded, and the evidence came "largely" from reports of the Dies Committee and from FBI reports "treated as too confidential to be made public."[^1]
On April 7, 1943 Kerr told the House that the committee had been asking for six weeks for the full evidence and had been able to get it for only "3 of the 38 men who are charged in this resolution." Dies replied, "You have evidence on 10."[^36]
Watson opened with a written statement. It reported letters or telegrams from psychologists including [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Hadley Cantril]], [[Gordon Allport]], [[Henry A. Murray]], Gardner Murphy and [[J. B. Rhine]], a letter from Teachers College's dean, [[William F. Russell]], a petition of 57 signers and a protest signed by 188 students, and a resolution of the [[Eastern Sociological Society]] dated April 25, 1942.[^37] It listed 36 organizations in which he had paid dues, attended conventions, held office or given time, among them the [[Committee for National Morale]], the [[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]], the [[Foreign Policy Association]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], New America and Consumers Union, and stated that he had never been a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control.[^38]
On "The Great Choice," exhibited as charge 18, Watson testified that it was the most radical article he had written, nine years earlier, that it argued for thorough and fundamental change that was peaceful and legal, that it was an academic idea that had appealed to him at the time, and that "I do not now believe it to be true." Keefe asked whether Watson had ever written an article disavowing it, and Watson answered that he had not. Keefe also asked whether a Congress "having the interests and welfare of the American way at heart" would be justified in calling a person to account for writings advocating "the destruction of the profit system," and Watson answered "Yes; I would." Asked whether such writings, standing alone, should put a government on notice and demand some investigation, he answered "I would think so."[^8]
The subcommittee reported on April 21, 1943. It described its work as "in the nature of an inquest of office," adopted a definition of subversive activity as "conduct intentionally destructive of or inimical to the Government of the United States," and listed twelve organizations with which Watson had admitted association: the American League for Peace and Democracy, the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, the American Student Union, the [[American Youth Congress]], the [[Conference on Pan-American Democracy]], Consumers Union, the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo, the Descendants of the American Revolution, the [[International Workers Order]], the [[League of American Writers]], the [[National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights]], and the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. It stated that these organizations had not been adjudged subversive by the courts or by Congress. It found that Watson had associated with men and associations whose aims were subversive, had written articles for magazines "reputedly controlled by subversive interests," and had criticized the profit system and advocated its overthrow, and concluded that his membership and association and his views as expressed in his writings "constitute subversive activity within the definition adopted by your committee," so that he was "unfit for the present to continue in Government employment." The same report found insufficient evidence to recommend that Schuman be held unfit, and found Dodd unfit. The Committee on Appropriations approved the findings and directed the offering of an amendment to the urgent deficiency appropriation bill, H.R. 2714.[^39]
### Section 304 and the November 1943 cutoff
On May 17, 1943 Keefe read excerpts of Watson's testimony to the House. In the course of the reading he quoted Watson's 1934 article and said that when Watson was asked about it, Watson answered "I just do not believe in that any more. That was the effusion of an academic mind written in 1934," and "I disavow myself of that sort of philosophy."[^40]
The text of Section 304 as proposed in the committee's report barred payment of the salaries of Watson, Dodd and [[Robert Morss Lovett]] without a date or a reappointment clause.[^39] The version the House attached to the [[Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943]] barred payment from appropriated funds after November 15, 1943 to Lovett, Watson and Dodd, unless the President had appointed them with the advice and consent of the Senate, and excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for service on a jury or in the armed forces.[^1] On May 18, 1943 Kerr told the House that these employees "have no property rights in their offices" and that "One Congress can take away their rights given them by another."[^41]
The Senate Appropriations Committee eliminated the provision and the Senate sustained that action. After the first conference report the Senate voted 69 to 0 against a report that kept it, the House insisted, and the Senate adopted it after the fifth conference report.[^1] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signed the bill and stated that the Senate had "yielded, as I have been forced to yield, to avoid delaying our conduct of the war," and that the provision was "not only unwise and discriminatory, but unconstitutional."[^1]
Watson and Dodd kept working for a few days after the cutoff "to establish a court case" before they resigned. Schuman had already resigned and returned to Williams College.[^42]
### United States v. Lovett, 1946
Lovett, Watson and Dodd sued in the [[United States Court of Claims]] for pay for work performed after November 15, 1943, while the agencies kept them at work for varying periods. Two judges of that court had read Section 304 as "a mere stoppage of disbursing routine, nothing more."[^1]
The Supreme Court heard argument on May 3 to 6, 1946 and decided the case on June 3, 1946. Justice [[Hugo Black]], writing for the Court, held that Section 304 "falls precisely within the category of Congressional actions which the Constitution barred" as bills of attainder, and that it "operates as a legislative decree of perpetual exclusion" from government service. He wrote that "This permanent proscription from any opportunity to serve the Government is punishment, and of a most severe type." Black concluded that "legislative trials and punishments were too dangerous to liberty to exist in the nation of free men they envisioned. And so they proscribed bills of attainder. Section 304 is one."[^1]
The judgment in favor of Lovett, Watson and Dodd was affirmed. Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], joined by Justice [[Stanley Reed]], concurred on the ground that the Court should avoid the constitutional questions, and Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]] took no part.[^1]
### Later career and publications
Watson's later titles include [[Youth After Conflict]] ([[Association Press]], 1947), [[Action for Unity]] ([[Harper and Brothers]], 1947, with a 1946 edition issued by the [[Office of Jewish Information]]), [[Some Hypotheses Concerning Social Change]] (Teachers College, 1950), [[What Psychology Can We Trust?]] (Teachers College, 1961), [[No Room at the Bottom]] ([[Project on the Educational Implications of Automation]], [[National Education Association]], 1963), and [[Social Psychology: Issues and Insights]] ([[Lippincott]], 1966).[^3][^43][^44]
He edited [[Concepts for Social Change]], published by the [[National Training Laboratories]] in 1967.[^45] The [[Journal of Applied Behavioral Science]] was founded in 1965 under Watson's editorship, according to Teachers College.[^46]
In April 1967 the [[United States Office of Education]] published [[Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities]], produced under a contract with [[Duke University]], with sections by [[Samuel Baskin]], [[Sister Patricia Jean Manion]], Watson and [[James P. Dixon]]. Watson wrote the third section, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research." The volume identified him as Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences at [[Newark State College]] and as serving part-time as Associate Director for Program Development and Research of the [[Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education]], whose president was Baskin.[^47] The Union's published history dates its founding to 1964 by ten college presidents, names Baskin as first president in 1965, and records the 1969 adoption of the name Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities.[^48] The publisher Pearson states that Watson was "the founder of the [[Union Graduate School]]" and "Chief of the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service."[^49]
An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 1979.[^50]
### Footnotes
[^1]: United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3 to 6 and decided June 3, 1946 (Black, J., for the Court; Frankfurter, J., joined by Reed, J., concurring; Jackson, J., took no part). Statement of facts, the special subcommittee, H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., the text of Section 304 (57 Stat. 431, 450), the Senate votes (89 Cong. Rec. 5024), the President's statement (H. Doc. No. 264), the Court of Claims decision (66 F. Supp. 142, 104 Ct. Cl. 557), and the opinion quotations. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303
[^2]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 2 (Watson's sworn account of his birth at Whitewater, Wisconsin, his schooling at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the University of Wisconsin, Denver University, Union Theological Seminary, Columbia, Berlin and Vienna, his service as a Methodist minister, director of religious education and instructor in religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and 17 years at Teachers College). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^3]: Library of Congress name authority heading "Watson, Goodwin, 1899-1976," with catalog records for the titles named on this page (including the 1950 and 1961 Teachers College titles and the 1946 Office of Jewish Information edition of Action for Unity). https://id.loc.gov/search/?q=Watson%2C+Goodwin%2C+1899-1976
[^4]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 6-7 (Watson's statement listing ten books and monographs with dates: The Measurement of Fair Mindedness, 1925; Case Studies for Teachers of Religion; Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education, 1927; Orient and Occident, 1927, a research project for the Institute of Pacific Relations; Educational Problems for Psychological Study, 1930; Tests of Personality and Character, 1932; Human Resources, 1936, prepared for the American Council on Education; Redirecting Teacher Education, 1938; Education and Social Welfare in Mexico, 1939; Psychology of Civilian Morale, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^5]: Goodwin Watson, Education and Social Welfare in Mexico (New York: Council for Pan American Democracy; title page dated 1939, with "A report prepared for the Council for Pan American Democracy, January, 1940"). The front matter describes the 1939 delegation, names Watson as chairman of its education subcommittee, and identifies him as professor of education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://archive.org/details/educationsocialw00wats_0
[^6]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 82-85 (Watson's testimony on New America: his 1933 visit to Germany, the speech to the students of New College, the merger of Forward America and Young America, the policy council with Harry F. Ward and Thomas Wright, the cleavage, his withdrawal late in 1937 and resignation in the summer of 1938; his dates of activity, "From 1934 to 1937-38"). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^7]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 31 and 61 (Watson: "I was on the board of Consumers Union"; the American Investors Union as a development of Consumers Union; Edward Adams's approach to him about the board; election of directors by mail by the membership). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^8]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 100-105 and 118-119 (exhibits 56 to 58, "The Great Choice," Common Sense, August 1934; Watson's answers, including "I do not now believe it to be true"; Keefe's questions and Watson's answers on disavowal and on a Congress calling a person to account). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^9]: Goodwin Watson, ed., Civilian Morale, Second Yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1942): preface (Committee on Morale under Gardner Murphy appointed September 1940; SPSSI decision of September 1941; Watson as editor; planning with Lewin as president and Newcomb as secretary; first yearbook, Industrial Conflict, 1940, edited by George W. Hartmann and Theodore M. Newcomb), the contents and index (Watson's chapters), and the round-table note (participants Likert, Bateson, Lazarsfeld, Lewin, and Watson "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service"). https://archive.org/details/civilianmorale00socirich
[^10]: Ian Nicholson, "'The Approved Bureaucratic Torpor': Goodwin Watson, Critical Psychology, and the Dilemmas of Expertise, 1930-1945," Journal of Social Issues 54, no. 1 (1998): 29-52, abstract ("SPSSI's first president, Goodwin Watson"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01207.x
[^11]: TC Today, Fall/Winter 2011, vol. 36, no. 1 (Teachers College, Columbia University), article on the history of the psychology faculty; photograph caption "Goodwin Watson, founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues." https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/tc-today/2011/volume-36-no-1/280_TCTodayFallWinter2011.pdf
[^12]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement, the P-6 grade, and "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^13]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter to Free of October 22, 1941; entry on duty November 17, 1941; Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^14]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 2-4 (Watson, sworn: connected with the Federal Communications Commission "Since November 15, 1941"; in charge of the Analysis Division, responsible for about 40 people; the weekly reports to the State Department, Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the Lend-Lease Administration; his statement of 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, for agencies including the Office of Strategic Services, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Board of Economic Warfare). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^15]: CIA Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." The same description states that the division was set up as a section in the fall of 1941. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1
[^16]: CIA Reading Room 0000624360, Listening to the World for 50 Years: "On 17 November, Dr. Goodwin Watson, a social psychologist from Columbia University, became the first chief of the analysis section." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000624360
[^17]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 122 (Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). Sole source for Speier's title.
[^19]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942; "Watson remained in London only a short time, but a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^20]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 58 (Watson's memorandum to Graves of April 27, 1942; his London memorandum on the BBC monitoring system and his list of posts; Graves's memorandum to Leigh of November 17, 1942, calling the recommendation "not feasible"; the Bureau of the Budget's disallowance of funds for expansion of the Analysis Division). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^21]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 39 and 45 (Watson to the Portland office, March 23, 1942; Watson to Free, April 4, 1942). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 121-122 (Watson's letter of December 30, 1942 to Ralph Casey; the April 19, 1943 agreement and the move of the Analysis Division to the Social Security Building, where OWI was housed). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^23]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter of January 19, 1943 on overtime pay: the Analysis Division was working an average of 50 hours a week, as the text prints it, so the only solution was to cut the staff). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 128 (Watson to Bradford Coolidge, November 5, 1943, on developing analysis in the San Francisco bureau, after conferences involving Owen Lattimore, Leigh and Audrey Menefee). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^25]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 218-219 (Watson to Nelson Rockefeller, July 7, 1942, on the CIAA offer to John W. Gardner); p. 160 (Watson's February 8, 1943 reply to an OSS request requiring two more analysts, and his suggestion of a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001): the passage on the Dies charges and FBIS; note 32 (Watson as "one of the two creators" of Central European Radio Analysis, citing FBIS, On the Beam, 15 February 1943, p. 8); and the October 1942 move of Schuman to the Analysis Division's German Section. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/fbis-against-the-axis.pdf
[^27]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe in reply to Rep. Woodrum: Watson "analyzes and writes the broadcasts coming from foreign countries and interprets them for our Army and Navy"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^28]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 189-190 (Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941; Fly's reply naming Consumers Union and the count of 200 articles; "a respected research organ" as Roop prints it). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^29]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 190-191 (Senate Appropriations Committee deletion of the rider; Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942; his letter of February 10, 1942, with "considerable hostility," "socialistic views" and "new standard"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^30]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 233-234 (House, January 19, 1943, Rep. Fish: Watson, "Chief, Analysis Division, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, who comes from Warwick in my district"; the list of affiliations for 1936 to 1939 including the New York Herald Tribune item of June 29, 1938; Fish's quotation of Dies's speech of November 28, 1941). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89
[^31]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 478-480 (House, February 1, 1943, Rep. Dies's speech: the Watson passage with the $6,500 salary, the raise from $5,600, the World Tomorrow and Common Sense articles, the four folders of exhibits, and the Dodd visa passage); Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192 (39 "communists"; "at the head of the list were Dodd, Watson, and Schumann"); United States v. Lovett (Dies's description of the 39 as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89
[^32]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 (attacks in the House on Peter Rhodes, Audrey Menefee and Hans Speier). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^33]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 623-624 (House, February 4, 1943, Rep. Hendricks's notice of an amendment naming William Pickens, Frederick L. Schuman, Goodwin B. Watson, William E. Dodd, Jr., Robert Morss Lovett and others to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill); pp. 645, 655 and 656 (House, February 5, 1943: the amendment offered; the division of 130 to 137 and the tellers' count of 146 to 153 rejecting it; the separate amendment concerning William Pickens agreed to on tellers, 163 to 111). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89. Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, states that "a rider immediately was attached" denying payment to any employee on the list.
[^34]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 2788-2789 (House, March 31, 1943; the page 2788 header reads March 31; Dies's remarks following Rep. Rogers of California: "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman, who work for the F. C. C." and "A subcommittee headed by my distinguished and able colleague from Alabama [Mr. Starnes] will make a report"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_march-02-april-05-1943_89
[^35]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. iii-v (H. Res. 105, adopted February 9, 1943, authorizing "the Committee on Appropriations, acting through a special subcommittee"; membership Kerr, Gore, Anderson of New Mexico, Powers and Keefe; counsel Maj. Matt H. Allen; first sitting Friday, April 9, 1943, in room 449 of the Old House Office Building). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett. Roop, Part I, p. 192, states that the subcommittee "was named by the Un-American Activities Committee."
[^36]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943, Rep. Kerr and Rep. Dies). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89
[^37]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 4-6 (Watson's statement: Dean William F. Russell's letter, the 57 signers, the 188 students, the psychologists who wrote, the educators, and the Eastern Sociological Society resolution of April 25, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^38]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 8-9 (Watson's list of 36 organizations in which he paid dues, attended conventions, held office or gave time; his statement that he was never a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^39]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 14, 1943), pp. 327-334, with the subcommittee report of April 21, 1943 (the "inquest of office"; the definition of subversive activity; the twelve organizations; the findings on Watson, Schuman and Dodd; the proposed text of Section 304). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson in the passage so cited. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^41]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943, Rep. Kerr on Section 304; page as cited in United States v. Lovett). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^42]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 and note (the two men's work after the cutoff and their resignations; Schuman's earlier resignation and return to Williams College; the note prints the effective date as 21 November 1943, against the November 15, 1943 date in the statute as quoted in United States v. Lovett; the Senate approving the rider "4 8 to 32" after four votes against, as the text prints it, against the Senate vote of 69 to 0 on an earlier conference report recorded in Lovett). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^43]: Youth After Conflict (New York: Association Press, 1947), https://archive.org/details/youthafterconfli0000good; Action for Unity (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), https://archive.org/details/actionforunity0000good
[^44]: Social Psychology: Issues and Insights (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966), https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000good; No Room at the Bottom (Project on the Educational Implications of Automation, National Education Association, 1963), https://archive.org/details/noroomatbottomau0000good
[^45]: Concepts for Social Change, ed. Goodwin Watson (National Training Laboratories, National Education Association, 1967), catalog metadata. https://archive.org/details/conceptsforsocia0000edit
[^46]: Teachers College, Columbia University, annual report 2010, "Bringing It All Back Home" (the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, "founded in 1965 under the editorship of TC psychology professor Goodwin Watson"). https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/annual-report/2010/articles/bringing-it-all-back-home/
[^47]: Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Goodwin Watson and James P. Dixon, Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, New Dimensions in Higher Education no. 19, ed. Everett H. Hopkins (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, April 1967; Duke University, contract OEC-2-6-061722-1742), "About the Authors" (p. iii) and Watson's section III, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research" (pp. 66-82). ERIC ED013380. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013380.pdf
[^48]: Union Institute & University, "History" (captured by the Internet Archive in 2023 and 2024): "1964 Founded as the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education (UREHE) by 10 college presidents. Royce (Tim) Pitkin named first chairman. 1965 The UREHE consortium was first headquartered in Yellow Springs, OH., Antioch faculty member Dr. Samuel Baskin became the consortium's first president in 1965. 1969 The name "The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities" is adopted." https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://myunion.edu/who-is-union-institute-university/
[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). Sole source for the passage so cited. https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html
[^50]: Theodore M. Newcomb, "Goodwin Watson (1899-1976)," American Psychologist 34, no. 5 (May 1979): 433-434 (bibliographic record). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078567

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@ -37,81 +37,81 @@ relations:
role: "Director"
start: 1941-06-16
end: 1942-04
fn: 20
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert D. Leigh]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director"
start: 1942-07
end: 1944-07
fn: 22
fn: 23
- type: head_of
with: "[[Charles S. Hyneman]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director"
start: 1944-07-27
end: 1945-08-07
fn: 55
fn: 69
- type: head_of
with: "[[Russell M. Shepherd]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director, fourth director of the service"
start: 1945-08-07
end: 1947-09-29
fn: 76
fn: 90
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Harold N. Graves Jr.]]"
reverse: true
role: "Senior Administrative Officer; acting director in 1942"
start: 1941-03
end: 1943-12
fn: 51
fn: 65
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Goodwin Watson]]"
reverse: true
role: "Head of the Analysis Section, later Analysis Division"
start: 1941-11-17
end: 1943-11
fn: 23
fn: 24
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
role: "Senior Political Analyst and head of the Central European Section; acting chief analyst after Watson's departure"
start: 1942-03
end: 1944-05-22
fn: 28
fn: 33
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Nathan Leites]]"
reverse: true
role: "Analyst; sent to London with Watson in September 1942"
start: 1942-09
fn: 26
fn: 30
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Alexander L. George]]"
reverse: true
role: "Analyst in the Central European Section"
fn: 31
fn: 36
- type: employed_by
with: "[[William E. Dodd Jr.]]"
reverse: true
role: "Editor, hired December 1941"
start: 1941-12
end: 1943-11
fn: 36
fn: 42
- type: investigated
with: "[[House Un-American Activities Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "Named Goodwin Watson, Frederick L. Schuman and William E. Dodd Jr. in 1941 and 1943 attacks"
start: 1941-11-18
end: 1943-04-21
fn: 35
fn: 41
- type: investigated
with: "[[Cox Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "Special House committee to investigate the Federal Communications Commission"
start: 1943-01
end: 1945-01-02
fn: 45
fn: 59
- type: owned
with: "[[Federal Communications Commission]]"
reverse: true
@ -125,13 +125,24 @@ relations:
role: "Sponsoring agency after the War Department"
start: 1946-07-31
end: 1947-09
fn: 66
fn: 80
- type: owned
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
role: "Component of the agency, under the Assistant Director for Operations"
start: 1947
fn: 67
fn: 81
- type: head_of
with: "[[Theodore Newcomb]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of the Analysis Division, succeeding Watson, per the National Archives records description"
start: 1943-11
fn: 27
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Office of War Information]]"
role: "Analysis Division used exclusively for OWI radio reporting under the April 19, 1943 agreement"
start: 1943-04-19
fn: 32
---
The Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS) was the United States government's service for monitoring, translating and analyzing foreign radio broadcasts. It began as the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service inside the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) in 1941, passed to the [[War Department]] at the end of 1945, came under the [[Central Intelligence Group]] in 1946 and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in 1947, and in November 2005 was named as the base of expertise for the [[Open Source Center]].[^1]
@ -154,89 +165,95 @@ The Rockefeller connection was also a public relations problem. A [[Baltimore Su
On July 29, 1942 [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]], wrote to FCC chairman James L. Fly that his office had "been able thus far to make good use of the material provided by teletype from the Kingsville Field Bureau," and asked for a larger volume of verbatim transcripts for hemispheric propaganda work.[^19]
An administrative memorandum to FBIS officers dated January 22, 1943 recorded an exchange of correspondence with Rockefeller, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, under which FBIS would have with his office the same relationship it had with OWI. Under the same memorandum, FBIS material reached non-government users only through one of two OWI officials, one of them [[Leo Rosten]], deputy director in charge of enemy sources, and requests for Latin American material went to officers of the Coordinator's office.[^20]
### Directors and the Analysis Division
Free, editor of the [[Public Opinion Quarterly]] and a Princeton man, assumed office as director on June 16, 1941. He established contacts with the [[BBC]] very soon after taking office, with the idea of attaching a staff to the BBC, and in December 1941 he was still in London when the Pearl Harbor attack came.[^20] Harold Graves and Tom Grandin took over the Washington office on December 7, 1941.[^21] Free resigned in April 1942 to accept an Army commission, and he was military attaché at the United States Embassy in Switzerland for most of the war years.[^22]
Free, editor of the [[Public Opinion Quarterly]] and a Princeton man, assumed office as director on June 16, 1941. He established contacts with the [[BBC]] very soon after taking office, with the idea of attaching a staff to the BBC, and in December 1941 he was still in London when the Pearl Harbor attack came.[^21] Harold Graves and Tom Grandin took over the Washington office on December 7, 1941.[^22] Free resigned in April 1942 to accept an Army commission, and he was military attaché at the United States Embassy in Switzerland for most of the war years.[^23]
Leigh, for fourteen years president of [[Bennington College]], took over on July 15, 1942, with Graves as acting director in the intervening months. He was paid $1,000 more than the $8,000 Free had received, and the appropriation bill had to be amended to legalize the salary.[^22]
Leigh, for fourteen years president of [[Bennington College]], took over on July 15, 1942, with Graves as acting director in the intervening months. He was paid $1,000 more than the $8,000 Free had received, and the appropriation bill had to be amended to legalize the salary.[^23]
The Analysis Division was the service's research core. In November 1941 [[Goodwin Watson]] of [[Columbia University]] entered on duty to head the Analysis Section, which Free and Graves had recruited him to lead.[^23] The section became the Analysis Division in 1942.[^24] In March 1942 the table of organization of the Analysis Division called for 37 analysts, assistants and trainees, with 17 of the positions filled, and the planned table was never reached.[^25] In September 1942 Watson and [[Nathan Leites]] went to London to set up an analysis operation working with the [[Office of War Information]], and a two-man staff remained there through the war.[^26] The division's German Section began the weekly *Central European Radio Analysis* in January 1943, and the *Radio Report on the Far East* first appeared on August 24, 1942.[^27]
The Analysis Division was the service's research core. In November 1941 [[Goodwin Watson]] of [[Columbia University]] entered on duty to head the Analysis Section, which Free and Graves had recruited him to lead.[^24] Watson testified in April 1943 that his connection with the commission dated from November 15, 1941.[^25] The section became the Analysis Division in 1942.[^26] A records description of the service gives November 15, 1941 as the start of Watson's directorship of the division and November 15, 1943 as the day [[Theodore Newcomb]] succeeded him; Newcomb was second only to Watson in the division by February 1943.[^27][^28] In March 1942 the table of organization of the Analysis Division called for 37 analysts, assistants and trainees, with 17 of the positions filled, and the planned table was never reached.[^29] In September 1942 Watson and [[Nathan Leites]] went to London to set up an analysis operation working with the [[Office of War Information]], and a two-man staff remained there through the war.[^30] The division's German Section began the weekly *Central European Radio Analysis* in January 1943, and the *Radio Report on the Far East* first appeared on August 24, 1942.[^31]
On April 19, 1943 Robert D. Leigh announced an agreement under which the Bureau of Research and Analysis of the Overseas Operations Branch of the Office of War Information would use the Analysis Division exclusively for reporting and analyzing radio broadcasts, and the division would move to the Social Security Building. On May 13 Harold N. Graves Jr. said that the division would "function as an integral part of OWI" while continuing its other duties. In a letter to Leigh of June 18, 1943, [[Eugene Katz]], identified as the head of the OWI division, wrote that relations with the Analysis Division were "so friendly" that nothing warranted a formal reappraisal of the agreement.[^32]
### Hans Speier and the Central European Section
Hans Speier reached the service through the research project he ran with [[Ernst Kris]] at the [[New School for Social Research]]. Speier sent the project's first report a week after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and Free and Watson read his work "with the greatest of interest." In February 1942 Watson offered him a post as Senior Political Analyst and head of the Central European Section, and the Analysis Division was the "heart" of the service.[^28] Graves had written to Speier and Kris on December 23, 1941 about their reports and encouraged them to send more, and Free wrote to Speier on January 31, 1942.[^29] The Civil Service Commission informed Speier on May 26, 1942, two months after he entered the division, that he had been rated eligible for the post of Senior Political Analyst.[^30]
Hans Speier reached the service through the research project he ran with [[Ernst Kris]] at the [[New School for Social Research]]. Speier sent the project's first report a week after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and Free and Watson read his work "with the greatest of interest." In February 1942 Watson offered him a post as Senior Political Analyst and head of the Central European Section, and the Analysis Division was the "heart" of the service.[^33] Graves had written to Speier and Kris on December 23, 1941 about their reports and encouraged them to send more, and Free wrote to Speier on January 31, 1942.[^34] The Civil Service Commission informed Speier on May 26, 1942, two months after he entered the division, that he had been rated eligible for the post of Senior Political Analyst.[^35]
Speier brought colleagues into the division, including [[Alexander L. George]], Leites and the psychologist Henry Kellermann.[^31] Watson praised Speier's "extraordinarily good job of analysis," and wrote that he knew "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him."[^31] Watson left under pressure from opponents of the New Deal, after which Speier became acting chief analyst with thirty people under him.[^32] Speier moved from the service to the Office of War Information on May 22, 1944, under [[Wallace Carroll]].[^33]
Speier brought colleagues into the division, including [[Alexander L. George]], Leites and the psychologist Henry Kellermann.[^36] Watson praised Speier's "extraordinarily good job of analysis," and wrote that he knew "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him."[^36] Watson left under pressure from opponents of the New Deal, after which Speier became acting chief analyst with thirty people under him.[^37] Bessner cites a letter from Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell of December 4, 1943 for Speier's replacing Watson as Acting Chief Analyst.[^38] Speier moved from the service to the Office of War Information on May 22, 1944, under [[Wallace Carroll]].[^39]
On October 29, 1943 Speier wrote a memorandum predicting much of Hitler's speech for the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. Seventeen of twenty-five predictions were correct. Speier gave the memo to an OWI contact, [[Mark Abrams]], who brought it to the attention of Representative [[Joseph Martin]] and Senator [[Alexander Wiley]], and they used most of its content in a radio broadcast.[^34]
On October 29, 1943 Speier wrote a memorandum predicting much of Hitler's speech for the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. Seventeen of twenty-five predictions were correct. Speier gave the memo to an OWI contact, [[Mark Abrams]], who brought it to the attention of Representative [[Joseph Martin]] and Senator [[Alexander Wiley]], and they used most of its content in a radio broadcast.[^40]
### The Dies Committee and the 1943 Rider
The first congressional attack came from [[Martin Dies]], chairman of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]. On November 18, 1941, the day after Watson entered on duty, Dies wrote to James L. Fly expressing "deep concern" over the selection of a man who had written in favor of the Soviet Union, and naming thirteen organizations he called communist fronts.[^35] Fly replied that Watson belonged to only one of them, Consumers Union. The House passed an appropriation bill with a rider denying salary to the named employees, including [[Frederick L. Schuman]] and [[William E. Dodd Jr.]], who had been hired as an editor in December 1941. The Senate Appropriations Committee deleted the rider, and Watson testified before that committee on February 4, 1942.[^36]
The first congressional attack came from [[Martin Dies]], chairman of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]. On November 18, 1941, the day after Watson entered on duty, Dies wrote to James L. Fly expressing "deep concern" over the selection of a man who had written in favor of the Soviet Union, and naming thirteen organizations he called communist fronts.[^41] Fly replied that Watson belonged to only one of them, Consumers Union. The House passed an appropriation bill with a rider denying salary to the named employees, including [[Frederick L. Schuman]] and [[William E. Dodd Jr.]], who had been hired as an editor in December 1941. The Senate Appropriations Committee deleted the rider, and Watson testified before that committee on February 4, 1942.[^42]
In a House speech on February 1, 1943, Dies listed 39 "communists" holding government posts, with Dodd, Watson and Schuman at the head of the list. A new rider was attached to a House Post Office and Treasury appropriations bill.[^37] Dies accused the employees of "un-American beliefs."[^38] Mercado writes that Dies may have been provoked by FBIS reports that his statements were being praised in Nazi Germany, and that Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace]] had said Dies's statements "might as well come from Goebbels himself as far as their practical effect is concerned."[^39] A special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee under Congressman [[John H. Kerr]] took testimony in executive session from the three men. Its report of April 21, 1943 found three employees guilty of "subversive activity" and "unfit" for government service: Dodd, Watson and the Interior Department official [[Robert Morss Lovett]].[^40] The subcommittee was later accused of having prepared its final report before the men were called to testify.[^40]
In a House speech on February 1, 1943, Dies listed 39 "communists" holding government posts, with Dodd, Watson and Schuman at the head of the list.[^43] On February 4, 1943 [[Joe Hendricks]] of Florida gave notice of an amendment to the House Post Office and Treasury appropriations bill forbidding payment of the thirty-nine named employees, among them Watson, Schuman and Dodd. On February 5 the House, in the Committee of the Whole, rejected it, 130 to 137 on a division and 146 to 153 on tellers, and then agreed, 163 to 111 on tellers, to a separate amendment naming only [[William Pickens]].[^44] Dies accused the employees of "un-American beliefs."[^45] Mercado writes that Dies may have been provoked by FBIS reports that his statements were being praised in Nazi Germany, and that Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace]] had said Dies's statements "might as well come from Goebbels himself as far as their practical effect is concerned."[^46] [[House Resolution 105]], adopted February 9, 1943, authorized the Committee on Appropriations, "acting through a special subcommittee," to examine charges of unfitness based on association with organizations whose aims were subversive. The subcommittee was Congressman [[John H. Kerr]] (chairman), [[Albert Gore Sr.|Albert Gore]], [[Clinton P. Anderson]], [[D. Lane Powers]] and [[Frank B. Keefe]], with Major Matt H. Allen as counsel, and Watson's testimony opens at its sitting of Friday, April 9, 1943.[^47] On March 31, 1943 Dies told the House that a subcommittee headed by [[Joe Starnes]] of Alabama, whom he called his "distinguished and able colleague," would make a report.[^48] On April 7 Kerr told the House that the committee had been asking for six weeks for the full evidence and had been able to get it for only "3 of the 38 men who are charged in this resolution." Dies replied, "You have evidence on 10."[^49] The subcommittee took testimony in executive session from the three men. Its report of April 21, 1943 found Watson and Dodd unfit for government employment and stated that it "does not find sufficient evidence to support a recommendation of unfitness" as to Schuman; Roop's history names the three men found guilty of "subversive activity" and "unfit" as Dodd, Watson and the Interior Department official [[Robert Morss Lovett]]. H. Rept. No. 448, dated May 14, 1943, is printed in the Hearings.[^50][^51] The subcommittee was later accused of having prepared its final report before the men were called to testify.[^50]
The House approved the rider a second time. The Senate rejected it four times before accepting it, 48 to 32. The President signed the appropriation bill while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional.[^41] The rider became Section 304 of the Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, which halted pay for the three men after November 15, 1943 unless the President reappointed them with the advice and consent of the Senate.[^42]
On May 17, 1943 Frank B. Keefe of Wisconsin read excerpts of Watson's testimony to the House. Keefe quoted Watson's 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation," and said that, asked about it, Watson answered "I just do not believe in that any more. That was the effusion of an academic mind written in 1934," and "I disavow myself of that sort of philosophy."[^52] The printed hearings record Watson's answer on the article as that it was an academic idea that had appealed to him at the time and that "I do not now believe it to be true," and record Keefe's question whether he had ever published an article disavowing it, to which Watson answered "That is true" (that he had not).[^53] Kerr told the House on May 18 that the employees "have no property rights in their offices" and that "One Congress can take away their rights given them by another."[^54]
In [[United States v. Lovett]], decided June 3, 1946, the Supreme Court held Section 304 unconstitutional. Justice Black wrote that "legislative trials and punishments were too dangerous to liberty to exist in the nation of free men they envisioned." He continued: "And so they proscribed bills of attainder. Section 304 is one."[^43] The judgment ran for Lovett, Watson and Dodd.
The House approved the rider a second time. The Senate rejected it four times before accepting it, 48 to 32. The President signed the appropriation bill while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional.[^55] The rider became Section 304 of the Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, which halted pay for the three men after November 15, 1943 unless the President reappointed them with the advice and consent of the Senate.[^56]
Other staff were drawn into the same attacks. [[Peter Rhodes]], [[Audrey Menefee]] and Speier were attacked on the House floor. Fly wrote to [[J. Edgar Hoover]] on April 28, 1942 that one informant had described the New York school where Speier taught as a "refuge for exiled European communists," and a counter-report called it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities."[^44]
In [[United States v. Lovett]], decided June 3, 1946, the Supreme Court held Section 304 unconstitutional. Justice Black wrote that "legislative trials and punishments were too dangerous to liberty to exist in the nation of free men they envisioned." He continued: "And so they proscribed bills of attainder. Section 304 is one."[^57] The judgment ran for Lovett, Watson and Dodd.
Other staff were drawn into the same attacks. [[Peter Rhodes]], [[Audrey Menefee]] and Speier were attacked on the House floor. Fly wrote to [[J. Edgar Hoover]] on April 28, 1942 that one informant had described the New York school where Speier taught as a "refuge for exiled European communists," and a counter-report called it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities."[^58]
### The Cox Committee
The most serious confrontation with Congress came from [[Eugene Cox]], a Georgia congressman who had been an enthusiastic supporter of the FCC. The FCC referred a case about an Atlanta radio station's representation to the Justice Department and urged prosecution of Cox, and Cox retaliated by seeking an investigation of the FCC. In early 1943 the House named him chairman of a special committee, and he appointed [[Eugene Garey]], a New York lawyer, as chief investigator.[^45]
The most serious confrontation with Congress came from [[Eugene Cox]], a Georgia congressman who had been an enthusiastic supporter of the FCC. The FCC referred a case about an Atlanta radio station's representation to the Justice Department and urged prosecution of Cox, and Cox retaliated by seeking an investigation of the FCC. In early 1943 the House named him chairman of a special committee, and he appointed [[Eugene Garey]], a New York lawyer, as chief investigator.[^59]
The committee requisitioned the FBIS personnel files. Leigh reported, in his January 1945 article in [[Harper's Magazine]], that the truck took away "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," which had no duplicates, and held them for more than a year.[^46] Ten FBIS employees were subpoenaed at 8:00 a.m. after working all night, and Leigh called the questioning that followed "Star Chamber testimony."[^46]
The committee requisitioned the FBIS personnel files. Leigh reported, in his January 1945 article in [[Harper's Magazine]], that the truck took away "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," which had no duplicates, and held them for more than a year.[^60] Ten FBIS employees were subpoenaed at 8:00 a.m. after working all night, and Leigh called the questioning that followed "Star Chamber testimony."[^60]
The committee found one actual irregularity at FBIS, a night clerical shift in which a sick employee drew pay while coworkers marked her present. It publicized that case and also charged that FBIS was "masquerading" as a war agency, that it used "intelligence" in its name to misrepresent its operations, and that it was no more than a "glorified news gathering agency."[^47] Counsel for the committee also charged that Leigh changed the name of the service to "dignify its activities."[^48]
The committee found one actual irregularity at FBIS, a night clerical shift in which a sick employee drew pay while coworkers marked her present. It publicized that case and also charged that FBIS was "masquerading" as a war agency, that it used "intelligence" in its name to misrepresent its operations, and that it was no more than a "glorified news gathering agency."[^61] Counsel for the committee also charged that Leigh changed the name of the service to "dignify its activities."[^62]
The Washington Post ran a series of sixteen editorials critical of the committee. An FCC member who usually opposed Fly's views and was sympathetic to Cox agreed to petition the Speaker to dismiss him as chairman, and Cox resigned after an emotional speech. [[Clarence F. Lea]] of California took over the committee, fired Garey, and promised the FCC a fair hearing.[^49]
The Washington Post ran a series of sixteen editorials critical of the committee. An FCC member who usually opposed Fly's views and was sympathetic to Cox agreed to petition the Speaker to dismiss him as chairman, and Cox resigned after an emotional speech. [[Clarence F. Lea]] of California took over the committee, fired Garey, and promised the FCC a fair hearing.[^63]
FBIS officials testified in May 1944. Leigh made the principal statement, [[Stewart Hensley]] described the wire service, [[Ellis G. Porter]] described the publications, and Harold N. Graves Jr., who had left FBIS and was a naval officer by then, described the Analysis Division. The Lea committee's final report of January 2, 1945 cleared FBIS of wrongdoing and stated that it was rendering an efficient and worthwhile service. Two members, [[Louis E. Miller]] of Missouri and [[Richard B. Wigglesworth]] of Massachusetts, filed a dissenting minority report expressing "grave doubt" as to the value of FBIS materials. In his own minority report Wigglesworth, a member of the Appropriations Committee, charged that Fly and Leigh had violated the law by soliciting aid in congressional appropriations for the FCC, and stated that it was "but fair to assume" that the select committee's inquiry was "largely responsible" for a two-million-dollar cut in the FCC's appropriation for fiscal 1945.[^50] The majority report, quoted in *On the Beam* on February 3, 1945, stated that "Obviously the United States could not conduct an intelligent program for counteracting enemy propaganda without a reasonably accurate knowledge of that propaganda."[^51]
FBIS officials testified in May 1944. Leigh made the principal statement, [[Stewart Hensley]] described the wire service, [[Ellis G. Porter]] described the publications, and Harold N. Graves Jr., who had left FBIS and was a naval officer by then, described the Analysis Division. The Lea committee's final report of January 2, 1945 cleared FBIS of wrongdoing and stated that it was rendering an efficient and worthwhile service. Two members, [[Louis E. Miller]] of Missouri and [[Richard B. Wigglesworth]] of Massachusetts, filed a dissenting minority report expressing "grave doubt" as to the value of FBIS materials. In his own minority report Wigglesworth, a member of the Appropriations Committee, charged that Fly and Leigh had violated the law by soliciting aid in congressional appropriations for the FCC, and stated that it was "but fair to assume" that the select committee's inquiry was "largely responsible" for a two-million-dollar cut in the FCC's appropriation for fiscal 1945.[^64] The majority report, quoted in *On the Beam* on February 3, 1945, stated that "Obviously the United States could not conduct an intelligent program for counteracting enemy propaganda without a reasonably accurate knowledge of that propaganda."[^65]
### Budget Cuts and Leigh's Departure
The budget was the next weapon. A newsletter by Leigh on February 15, 1944 reported that the House Appropriations Committee would eliminate 30 percent of the service's budget from July onward, and noted that the committee had given no reason. Leigh wrote that "[t]he obvious conclusion is that the proposed cut relates to the opposition on the part of Representative Cox to FCC for reasons well known and [to] the Dodd-Watson case." Leigh resigned that summer.[^52] The House Appropriations Committee recommended a cut of 25 percent for each FCC department. The Senate Appropriations Committee, under Senator [[Kenneth McKellar]], demanded proof of the service's value, and then recommended a cut of $500,000 that both houses approved.[^53]
The budget was the next weapon. A newsletter by Leigh on February 15, 1944 reported that the House Appropriations Committee would eliminate 30 percent of the service's budget from July onward, and noted that the committee had given no reason. Leigh wrote that "[t]he obvious conclusion is that the proposed cut relates to the opposition on the part of Representative Cox to FCC for reasons well known and [to] the Dodd-Watson case." Leigh resigned that summer.[^66] The House Appropriations Committee recommended a cut of 25 percent for each FCC department. The Senate Appropriations Committee, under Senator [[Kenneth McKellar]], demanded proof of the service's value, and then recommended a cut of $500,000 that both houses approved.[^67]
Leigh wrote in *Harper's* that no congressional statement gave the real reason for the cut, and that Fly was ruled out of order when he tried to state it to the Senate Appropriations Committee. He quoted a member of Congress, speaking privately: "Surely it was a punitive cut. Larry Fly has been defiant of Congress for a long time. He has been openly defiant. Now his chickens have come home to roost." The CIA's history of the service describes the cut as made to punish Fly and the FCC for defiance of Congress and for Fly's request that the Department of Justice prosecute Cox.[^54] Hyneman became director on July 27, 1944 and served until August 7, 1945, when [[Russell M. Shepherd]] became the fourth director.[^55]
Leigh wrote in *Harper's* that no congressional statement gave the real reason for the cut, and that Fly was ruled out of order when he tried to state it to the Senate Appropriations Committee. He quoted a member of Congress, speaking privately: "Surely it was a punitive cut. Larry Fly has been defiant of Congress for a long time. He has been openly defiant. Now his chickens have come home to roost." The CIA's history of the service describes the cut as made to punish Fly and the FCC for defiance of Congress and for Fly's request that the Department of Justice prosecute Cox.[^68] Hyneman became director on July 27, 1944 and served until August 7, 1945, when [[Russell M. Shepherd]] became the fourth director.[^69]
In the second half of 1944 the service abandoned most of its analytical work. A liaison study of April 1944 found that State, War, the Foreign Economic Administration and the [[Office of Strategic Services]] were reluctant to give up the analytical publications but would drop them and keep the Daily Report if they had to choose, and the Special Reports Section of six analysts in the OWI office was abolished on December 31, 1944. Only the Far East Division under Audrey Menefee kept analytical work. Certain quarters protested in November 1944; Hyneman answered that State should set up a Russian analysis team to use the service's materials and recommended that it obtain the retiring Soviet expert Charles Prince. On January 17, 1945 [[Geroid T. Robinson]] of the OSS wrote to Hyneman to express regret that the analytical work had been discontinued, and added that he hoped the Daily Report would carry more Soviet radio material.[^56] The Soviet Embassy in Washington had asked for copies of the Daily Report as early as November 11, 1942, with State Department approval, and in London the service received the daily Soviet communique directly from TASS.[^57]
In the second half of 1944 the service abandoned most of its analytical work. A liaison study of April 1944 found that State, War, the Foreign Economic Administration and the [[Office of Strategic Services]] were reluctant to give up the analytical publications but would drop them and keep the Daily Report if they had to choose, and the Special Reports Section of six analysts in the OWI office was abolished on December 31, 1944. Only the Far East Division under Audrey Menefee kept analytical work. Certain quarters protested in November 1944; Hyneman answered that State should set up a Russian analysis team to use the service's materials and recommended that it obtain the retiring Soviet expert Charles Prince. On January 17, 1945 [[Geroid T. Robinson]] of the OSS wrote to Hyneman to express regret that the analytical work had been discontinued, and added that he hoped the Daily Report would carry more Soviet radio material.[^70] The Soviet Embassy in Washington had asked for copies of the Daily Report as early as November 11, 1942, with State Department approval, and in London the service received the daily Soviet communique directly from TASS.[^71]
### War Department Custody, 1945 to 1946
A draft executive order survives among the service's files, undated and bearing the name of [[Harry S. Truman]], to transfer its functions to the State Department and to the Interim Research and Intelligence Service. The draft was apparently prepared by Shepherd and perhaps by State Department representatives, and it was never approved by the Secretary of State.[^58]
A draft executive order survives among the service's files, undated and bearing the name of [[Harry S. Truman]], to transfer its functions to the State Department and to the Interim Research and Intelligence Service. The draft was apparently prepared by Shepherd and perhaps by State Department representatives, and it was never approved by the Secretary of State.[^72]
On September 19, 1945 the House Appropriations Committee voted to rescind part of the National Defense Activities appropriation. On 26 September the FCC announced that FBIS would go out of existence within thirty days, and sent thirty-day notices to employees. On 1 December a conference committee reported a compromise rescinding half the remaining money, $465,000, which both houses approved on 3 December. FBIS operations came to a close on December 10, 1945.[^59]
On September 19, 1945 the House Appropriations Committee voted to rescind part of the National Defense Activities appropriation. On 26 September the FCC announced that FBIS would go out of existence within thirty days, and sent thirty-day notices to employees. On 1 December a conference committee reported a compromise rescinding half the remaining money, $465,000, which both houses approved on 3 December. FBIS operations came to a close on December 10, 1945.[^73]
Mercado writes that the last Daily Report appeared on December 4, 1945, and that the FCC terminated the service the following day.[^60] The FCC's annual report for fiscal 1946 says FBIS was "discontinued as a Commission activity on December 30, 1945."[^61]
Mercado writes that the last Daily Report appeared on December 4, 1945, and that the FCC terminated the service the following day.[^74] The FCC's annual report for fiscal 1946 says FBIS was "discontinued as a Commission activity on December 30, 1945."[^75]
The War Department then stepped in. On December 13, 1945 Shepherd told the FCC that the War Department had requested an executive order transferring FBIS to the Military Intelligence Division effective January 1, 1946. On 21 December Secretary of War [[Robert P. Patterson]] wrote to [[Paul Porter]], chairman of the FCC, asking that FBIS personnel transfer on 31 December. Porter accepted on 27 December, and the service resumed on January 2, 1946 under War Department sponsorship. Shepherd asked that operations continue until the transfer, and only token operations followed, with little monitoring and no publications. No document authorizing continued operations has been found, although "permission may have been given orally."[^62]
The War Department then stepped in. On December 13, 1945 Shepherd told the FCC that the War Department had requested an executive order transferring FBIS to the Military Intelligence Division effective January 1, 1946. On 21 December Secretary of War [[Robert P. Patterson]] wrote to [[Paul Porter]], chairman of the FCC, asking that FBIS personnel transfer on 31 December. Porter accepted on 27 December, and the service resumed on January 2, 1946 under War Department sponsorship. Shepherd asked that operations continue until the transfer, and only token operations followed, with little monitoring and no publications. No document authorizing continued operations has been found, although "permission may have been given orally."[^76]
### Central Intelligence Group and the Name
In January 1946 President Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) by executive order. In February [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], then Assistant Chief of Staff for G-2, gave [[Sidney W. Souers]] a memorandum proposing that the CIG choose the agency to direct the service, and a committee of five, drawn from the CIG and the remaining Intelligence Advisory Board members, was formed to study it.[^63][^64]
In January 1946 President Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) by executive order. In February [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], then Assistant Chief of Staff for G-2, gave [[Sidney W. Souers]] a memorandum proposing that the CIG choose the agency to direct the service, and a committee of five, drawn from the CIG and the remaining Intelligence Advisory Board members, was formed to study it.[^77][^78]
The ad hoc committee recommended that FBIS remain with the War Department, but that its operating organization be liquidated and rebuilt, because its publications circulated too widely and its personnel had not been screened for security. The War Department refused, arguing that operating a monitoring service was properly a CIG function, and proposed that the State Department take it over. State declined, and a State memorandum signed by [[William L. Langer]] on May 27, 1946 accepted CIG sponsorship.[^65]
The ad hoc committee recommended that FBIS remain with the War Department, but that its operating organization be liquidated and rebuilt, because its publications circulated too widely and its personnel had not been screened for security. The War Department refused, arguing that operating a monitoring service was properly a CIG function, and proposed that the State Department take it over. State declined, and a State memorandum signed by [[William L. Langer]] on May 27, 1946 accepted CIG sponsorship.[^79]
The Director of Central Intelligence "assumed control" of FBIS on July 31, 1946, and personnel were transferred to the CIG on 3 November.[^66] NARA gives August 5, 1946 as the date of transfer to the CIG, and November 1, 1946 as the date its agency was abolished, with "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIG, November-December, 1946" as the successor.[^67]
The Director of Central Intelligence "assumed control" of FBIS on July 31, 1946, and personnel were transferred to the CIG on 3 November.[^80] NARA gives August 5, 1946 as the date of transfer to the CIG, and November 1, 1946 as the date its agency was abolished, with "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIG, November-December, 1946" as the successor.[^81]
The name shifted during this period. A March 1946 CIG memorandum still uses the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service name.[^68] Shepherd's notice of October 31, 1946 announcing the personnel transfer of 3 November stated that the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service would immediately become the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, with publications and letterheads changed accordingly.[^69] On December 31, 1946 [[Edwin L. Sibert]], in charge of the CIG Office of Operations, informed the staff that the name had been changed to the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, and in a wire of January 2, 1947 designated Shepherd Chief, FBIB.[^70] By May and June 1947 CIG papers refer to the branch by that name. Colonel [[Lawrence K. White]], acting chief of the branch, met with Lloyd Stratton of the Associated Press in May 1947.[^71] A 1970 CIA history places a notice of July 28, 1947 telling field bureaus that they would no longer bear the "confusing name" of the branch, but would retain the name Foreign Broadcast Information Service, and that offices outside Washington were to camouflage their connection with CIG.[^72] A footnote in Mercado's article dates the name Foreign Broadcast Information Service to 1967.[^73]
The name shifted during this period. A March 1946 CIG memorandum still uses the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service name.[^82] Shepherd's notice of October 31, 1946 announcing the personnel transfer of 3 November stated that the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service would immediately become the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, with publications and letterheads changed accordingly.[^83] On December 31, 1946 [[Edwin L. Sibert]], in charge of the CIG Office of Operations, informed the staff that the name had been changed to the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, and in a wire of January 2, 1947 designated Shepherd Chief, FBIB.[^84] By May and June 1947 CIG papers refer to the branch by that name. Colonel [[Lawrence K. White]], acting chief of the branch, met with Lloyd Stratton of the Associated Press in May 1947.[^85] A 1970 CIA history places a notice of July 28, 1947 telling field bureaus that they would no longer bear the "confusing name" of the branch, but would retain the name Foreign Broadcast Information Service, and that offices outside Washington were to camouflage their connection with CIG.[^86] A footnote in Mercado's article dates the name Foreign Broadcast Information Service to 1967.[^87]
### Central Intelligence Agency, 1947 onward
The [[National Security Act of 1947]] transformed the CIG into the CIA, and the successor is recorded as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^67] The service came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^74]
The [[National Security Act of 1947]] transformed the CIG into the CIA, and the successor is recorded as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^81] The service came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^88]
Within the agency the service sat under the Assistant Director for Operations, Sibert. Shepherd proposed in a memorandum of November 5, 1946 that the service take up propaganda analysis, estimating 35 employees at $150,000 a year. The Assistant Director presented a scaled-down project to the PRC on January 6, 1947, approving Shepherd's program but making clear that FBIS would not take over "interpretative analysis." The reduced request was for a staff of twelve at $61,000 a year. White was announced as deputy chief of FBIS on January 9, 1947. A Special Reports Division was approved on February 13, 1947 on an experimental basis, began work on March 28, 1947 and issued its first Survey of Soviet Radio Broadcasts on April 15, 1947. The early years of analysis under the CIA are described as "stormy."[^75] Shepherd resigned on September 29, 1947, and Colonel White became chief.[^76]
Within the agency the service sat under the Assistant Director for Operations, Sibert. Shepherd proposed in a memorandum of November 5, 1946 that the service take up propaganda analysis, estimating 35 employees at $150,000 a year. The Assistant Director presented a scaled-down project to the PRC on January 6, 1947, approving Shepherd's program but making clear that FBIS would not take over "interpretative analysis." The reduced request was for a staff of twelve at $61,000 a year. White was announced as deputy chief of FBIS on January 9, 1947. A Special Reports Division was approved on February 13, 1947 on an experimental basis, began work on March 28, 1947 and issued its first Survey of Soviet Radio Broadcasts on April 15, 1947. The early years of analysis under the CIA are described as "stormy."[^89] Shepherd resigned on September 29, 1947, and Colonel White became chief.[^90]
The service also had a working relationship with the BBC monitoring service. In June 1946 Shepherd spent three weeks in London with BBC officials, and met [[Malcolm Frost]], then chief of the BBC Monitoring Service, who proposed that the American service begin paying its share of the monitoring cost, perhaps $250,000 a year, or supply the BBC with enough material from its own monitoring to balance the books.[^77] The BBC service then employed 385 persons at a cost of $650,000 a year. After further negotiation, Frost informed the service on October 15, 1947 that the BBC had obtained authority and funds to sign an agreement.[^78]
The service also had a working relationship with the BBC monitoring service. In June 1946 Shepherd spent three weeks in London with BBC officials, and met [[Malcolm Frost]], then chief of the BBC Monitoring Service, who proposed that the American service begin paying its share of the monitoring cost, perhaps $250,000 a year, or supply the BBC with enough material from its own monitoring to balance the books.[^91] The BBC service then employed 385 persons at a cost of $650,000 a year. After further negotiation, Frost informed the service on October 15, 1947 that the BBC had obtained authority and funds to sign an agreement.[^92]
After 1957 the service "had come of age as an established CIA unit." On March 23, 1961 the Directorate of Intelligence and the Assistant Director for Operations instructed FBIS to accept responsibility for propaganda indications, and that FBIS and the BBC together monitored broadcasts from 90 countries in 1961, a figure that rose to 115 by the spring of 1963.[^79]
After 1957 the service "had come of age as an established CIA unit." On March 23, 1961 the Directorate of Intelligence and the Assistant Director for Operations instructed FBIS to accept responsibility for propaganda indications, and that FBIS and the BBC together monitored broadcasts from 90 countries in 1961, a figure that rose to 115 by the spring of 1963.[^93]
### Daily Report and Records
The Daily Report, the service's translation series, first appeared on November 18, 1941.[^80] Ellis G. Porter, a former newspaper editor, joined the staff in January 1942 to direct its publication.[^81] A Daily Report of the Far Eastern Section dated January 3, 1946 is in Record Group 262, Entry 25, Box 1, and the first issue of the new Daily Report was published that month.[^82]
The Daily Report, the service's translation series, first appeared on November 18, 1941.[^94] Ellis G. Porter, a former newspaper editor, joined the staff in January 1942 to direct its publication.[^95] A Daily Report of the Far Eastern Section dated January 3, 1946 is in Record Group 262, Entry 25, Box 1, and the first issue of the new Daily Report was published that month.[^96]
The wartime records are held in [[Record Group 262]], including the daily reports of foreign radio broadcasts for 1941 to 1945, daily reports of the Far Eastern, Latin American and European sections for 1941 to 1946, the weekly reviews, the *Radio Reports on the Far East* for 1942 to 1945, and program schedules for 1942 to 1947. The Foreign Broadcast Information Branch records for 1947 and 1948 are in Record Group 263, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency.[^83]
The wartime records are held in [[Record Group 262]], including the daily reports of foreign radio broadcasts for 1941 to 1945, daily reports of the Far Eastern, Latin American and European sections for 1941 to 1946, the weekly reviews, the *Radio Reports on the Far East* for 1942 to 1945, and program schedules for 1942 to 1947. The Foreign Broadcast Information Branch records for 1947 and 1948 are in Record Group 263, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency.[^97]
### Open Source Center, 2005
@ -263,67 +280,81 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc
[^17]: Roop, Part I, p. 10, describing Graves as "the young man who had been acting as director of the Princeton Listening Post since its inception" and naming the Princeton staff; Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article, Graves's memo of July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment," the "dragging in" of the Princeton Listening Post, the "brain child" description, and the Eleanor Ragsdale column of September 8, 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^18]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^19]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," note 24: Nelson A. Rockefeller to James L. Fly, July 29, 1942, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22, quoted as "We have been able thus far to make good use of the material provided by teletype from the Kingsville Field Bureau of the Monitoring Service of your Commission." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^20]: Roop, Part I, p. 10, on Free's editorship of the *Public Opinion Quarterly*, and "Mr. Free assumed office as Director on 16 June 1941" (p. 11); p. 35, on Free's contacts with BBC officials "very soon after he assumed office with the idea of attaching a staff to BBC." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^21]: Roop, Part I, pp. 36-37, quoting "With Lloyd Free still in London, Harold Graves and Tom Grandin took over at 316 F St. on 7 December 1941." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^22]: Roop, Part I, pp. 48-50, on Free's resignation in April 1942 "to accept a commission in the Army," his service as military attache in the United States Embassy in Switzerland, the appointment of Leigh of Bennington College, the $1,000 difference from Free's $8,000 salary and the appropriation bill provision, and Graves as Acting Director until Leigh took over on July 15, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^23]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Free and Graves's recruitment of Goodwin Watson of Columbia University, who "entered upon duty 17 November 1941." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^24]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, on the Analysis Section becoming the Analysis Division. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^25]: Roop, Part I, p. 57, "In March 1942 the table of organization of the Analysis Division called for 37 analysts, assistants, and trainees, but with only 17 of the positions filled," and p. 58, "the planned table of organization was never reached." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^26]: Roop, Part I, p. 46, that Watson and Leites "were sent to London in September 1942" to set up analysis, and that "a two-man analysis staff remained" through the war. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^27]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the Central European Radio Analysis, begun January 1943 by the German Section, and the Radio Report on the Far East, first published August 24, 1942 (RG 262, Entry 34, Box 1). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service. Sole source for the offer and its date.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 132, note 51, citing Harold Graves to Hans Speier and Ernst Kris, December 23, 1941, and Lloyd Free to Hans Speier, January 31, 1942, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 134, which places the letter of May 26, 1942 two months after Speier entered the Analysis Division and quotes it as stating that, "as a result of investigation," he had "been rated eligible on suitability for the position of Senior Political Analyst" (note 59: United States Civil Service Commission to Hans Speier, May 26, 1942, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62). Sole source for these quotations.
[^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138, on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people. Sole source for the sequence.
[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145, on Speier's transfer on "May 22, 1944" from the Analysis Division to the Office of War Information, with Wallace Carroll as his immediate superior.
[^34]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley. Sole source for these claims.
[^35]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Dies's letter to Fly of November 18, 1941, which expressed "deep concern" and named thirteen organizations. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^36]: Roop, Part I, pp. 190-191, on Fly's reply that Watson "belonged to only one of the 13 organizations Dies named," the Senate Appropriations Committee's deletion of the rider, Dodd's hiring as an editor in December 1941, and Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Roop and Mercado spell the analyst's surname "Schumann"; Bessner writes "Schuman."
[^37]: Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, on Dies's House speech of February 1, 1943, listing 39 "communists," and the rider attached to the House Post Office and Treasury appropriations bill. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^38]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Congressman Dies accusing three FBIS employees, among dozens of civil servants, of "un-American beliefs." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^39]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," quoting Vice President Henry Wallace on Dies. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^40]: Roop, Part I, pp. 192-193, on the subcommittee under Congressman Kerr, which started hearings on April 2, 1943 and reported on 21 April, the findings of "subversive activity" and "unfit," the three named men, and the statement that the subcommittee "was later accused of having its final report prepared before the men were called to testify." Roop states that the subcommittee was named by the Un-American Activities Committee; *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), describes a special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, appointed under a House resolution, whose report is H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. The Monthly Catalog lists H. Rept. 448 (May 14, 1943, pursuant to H. Res. 105, "submitted by Mr. Kerr") on Watson, Dodd and Lovett; a February 1943 newspaper report names Kerr, a North Carolina Democrat, as chairman of the subcommittee. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
[^41]: Roop, Part I, p. 193, on the Senate's four rejections, its approval of the rider by 48 to 32, and the President's signature while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional.
[^42]: Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, section 304, 57 Stat. 431, 450, as quoted in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). Roop, Part I, p. 193, note, gives the effective cutoff as November 21, 1943, where the statute as quoted gives 15 November. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
[^43]: *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3-6, 1946, decided June 3, 1946, opinion of Justice Black. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. Mercado's article gives the middle name as "Morse."
[^44]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities." Sole source for the informant reports is Roop's account of the FBIS file.
[^45]: Roop, Part I, p. 196, on Cox, the Atlanta station case, the FCC's referral to the Justice Department, the House's naming of Cox as chairman in early 1943, and the appointment of Eugene Garey as investigator.
[^46]: Roop, Part I, p. 197, on the removal of "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," the subpoena of ten employees at 8:00 a.m., and "Star Chamber testimony," citing Leigh's article "Politicians vs. Bureaucrats" (subtitle "The case of FCC Chairman Fly and Congressman Cox"), *Harper's Magazine*, January 1945. https://harpers.org/archive/1945/01/politicians-vs-bureaucrats. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^47]: Roop, Part I, p. 198, on the single irregularity found at FBIS and the list of charges, including "masquerading," "intelligence" and "glorified news gathering agency." Mercado renders the last phrase as "glorified news agency."
[^48]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, on the Cox counsel's charge that Leigh changed the name of the service to "dignify its activities," make it sound more like a war agency, and influence Congress to grant appropriations."
[^49]: Roop, Part I, pp. 198-199, on the Washington Post's sixteen editorials, the FCC member who "agreed to petition the Speaker of the House to dismiss Cox as chairman," Cox's resignation after an emotional speech, Lea's succession, and Garey's dismissal. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Louis E. Miller (R-Mo.) and Richard B. Wigglesworth (R-Mass.) are the minority members named in *Broadcasting*, January 8, 1945. Full names: Clarence Frederick Lea (D-Calif.), Louis Ebenezer Miller (R-Mo.), Richard Bowditch Wigglesworth (R-Mass.) and Kenneth Douglas McKellar (D-Tenn.), per the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress as reproduced in the unitedstates/congress-legislators dataset.
[^50]: "Lea Probe Demands Sweeping Law Change," *Broadcasting*, January 8, 1945, on the Miller and Wigglesworth minority reports and Wigglesworth's statements. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1945/1945-01-08-BC.pdf.
[^51]: Roop, Part I, pp. 200-201, on the May 1944 testimony of Leigh, Hensley, Porter and Graves; the Lea report of January 2, 1945 ("an efficient and worthwhile service"); the Miller and Wigglesworth minority report ("grave doubt"); and the majority passage quoted in *On the Beam* of February 3, 1945, in the note on p. 201. The hearings are *Hearings of the Special House Committee Investigating the FCC* (GPO, 1944), three volumes, with FBIS testimony beginning in Volume III, page 3439. Roop, Part I, p. 189, records Graves's resignation by the end of 1943.
[^52]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Leigh's newsletter of February 15, 1944: "The obvious conclusion is that the proposed cut relates to the opposition on the part of Representative Cox to FCC," the 30 percent figure, and Leigh's resignation "that summer." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^53]: Roop, Part I, pp. 204-206, on the House Appropriations Committee's recommended cut of 25 percent for each FCC department, Senator McKellar's demand for proof, and the Senate Appropriations Committee's recommended cut of $500,000 that both houses approved. Mercado's figure of 30 percent is given at note 48.
[^54]: Roop, Part I, pp. 206-207, on the absence of any stated congressional reason for the cut, Fly's being ruled out of order, the statement that "it was a punitive cut, made to punish Fly and FCC for defiance of Congress and for Fly's effrontery in asking the Department of Justice to prosecute Eugene Cox, a member of Congress," and, in the note on p. 207, Leigh's quotation of a member of Congress speaking privately, from Leigh's *Harper's Magazine* article, January 1945. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^55]: Roop, Part I, pp. 241-244, "Charles S. Hyneman, who succeeded Leigh as FBIS director on 27 July 1944," and p. 260, "from 27 July 1944 to 7 August 1945," and Shepherd's appointment as the fourth FBIS Director. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^56]: Roop, Part I, pp. 256-257 (note on the liaison study of April 29, 1944; abolition of the Special Reports Section on December 31, 1944), p. 259 (Far East Division retained "the only analytical work done in FBIS"), and pp. 267-268 (the protest of November 1944, Hyneman's response, and Robinson's letter of January 17, 1945). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^57]: Roop, Part I, p. 268, on the Soviet Embassy's request of November 11, 1942 and the TASS arrangement in London in 1943. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^58]: Roop, Part I, p. 275, note, on the undated executive order with the name of President Truman, transferring FBIS functions to the Interim Research and Intelligence Service, "prepared by Shepherd and perhaps some representatives from State," and "never approved by the Secretary of State." Job 54-27, Box 15, CIA Records Center.
[^59]: Roop, Part I, pp. 274-277, on the House Appropriations Committee's action of September 19, 1945, the FCC's news release of 26 September, the conference compromise of 1 December ($465,000) approved on 3 December, and the closing of operations on December 10, 1945.
[^60]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the last Daily Report "on 4 December" and the FCC's termination "the following day." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^61]: Federal Communications Commission, Twelfth Annual Report, fiscal year ended June 30, 1946, which states that FBIS "was discontinued as a Commission activity on December 30, 1945." https://archive.org/details/fcc_DOC-308665A1.
[^62]: Roop, Part I, pp. 278-280, on Shepherd's letter of December 13, 1945 to the FCC, the token operations that followed, Patterson's letter of 21 December, Porter's reply of 27 December, the resumption on January 2, 1946 under War Department sponsorship, and the note on p. 279 that "No documents authorizing continued operations have been found, but permission may have been given orally." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^63]: Roop, Part I, pp. 299-300, on the creation of the CIG by executive order in January 1946, the Vandenberg memorandum to Souers in February 1946, and the five-member committee. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^64]: Central Intelligence Group, "Survey of the Function of Monitoring Press and Propaganda Broadcasts of Foreign Powers," C.I.G. 1, memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence, February 25, 1946, which states that FBIS functions were "taken over by the War Department on an interim basis on 30 December 1945." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110003-4. Ad hoc committee report, March 18, 1946: https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110004-3.
[^65]: Roop, Part I, pp. 301-303, on the ad hoc committee's recommendations (March 18, 1946), the War Department's refusal, the State Department's reply, C.I.G. 1/1 (April 26, 1946), C.I.G. 1/2 (May 8, 1946, signed by James S. Lay), and the State memorandum signed by William L. Langer on May 27, 1946, enclosed with C.I.G. 1/3 (June 4, 1946).
[^66]: Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304, on the notice, signed for the Director of Central Intelligence by Col. John Dabney, that the Director had "assumed control" of FBIS on July 31, 1946, and on the personnel transfer to CIG on November 3, 1946, announced on 31 October. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^67]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, RG 262, administrative history: transfer to the Central Intelligence Group, "August 5, 1946"; "Abolished: November 1, 1946"; successors "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIG, November-December, 1946," "Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, CIG, January-September 1947," and "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^68]: CIG, "Background on Development of Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service," memorandum for the Chief, Information Branch, March 1946. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110001-6.
[^69]: Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304, on the notice of October 31, 1946 that "the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service would immediately become the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), with all publications and letterheads changed accordingly." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^70]: Roop, Part I, p. 305 and note, on Sibert's statement of December 31, 1946 "informing that the name had been changed to the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch (FBIB)" and his wire of January 2, 1947 designating Russell Shepherd Chief, FBIB. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^71]: CIG, "'A' and 'X' Wire Services Furnished by Foreign Broadcast Information Branch," memorandum, June 10, 1947. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110015-1. Also memorandum on the May 6, 1947 interview of Colonel L. K. White, Acting Chief, FBIB, with Lloyd Stratton of the Associated Press. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110022-3.
[^72]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), p. 102, on the notice that field bureaus would no longer bear "the confusing name of Foreign Broadcast Information Branch (FBIB)," and on the camouflage of their connection with CIG. The notice is dated July 28, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^73]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," note 4: "The initial monitoring service was renamed the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service in 1942 and evolved into the Foreign Broadcast Information Service in 1967." Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304 (the notice of October 31, 1946) and the 1947 CIG memoranda already use the later name. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^74]: Roop, Part I, p. 2, "FBIS took form during those six years before its adoption by the Central Intelligence Agency, and came to CIA almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^75]: Roop, Part II, pp. 151-152, on Shepherd's memorandum of November 5, 1946, the Assistant Director for Operations' presentation to the PRC on January 6, 1947, the 35-employee and $150,000 proposal, the reduced request of twelve staff at $61,000, the "stormy" early years, and the Special Reports Division (approved February 13, 1947, begun March 28, 1947, first Survey of Soviet Radio Broadcasts April 15, 1947); p. 2, on the announcement of Col. Lawrence K. White as Deputy Chief on January 9, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^76]: Roop, Part II, p. 56, "Shepherd resigned from FBIS on 29 September 1947," with Colonel White the new FBIS Chief. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690. Appointment of the fourth director: Roop, Part I, p. 260. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^77]: Roop, Part II, p. 51, on Shepherd's visit to London from June 24, 1946, his meeting with "Malcolm Frost, Chief of the BBC Monitoring Service," the $250,000 figure, and the BBC Monitoring Service's 385 employees and $650,000 cost. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^78]: Roop, Part II, pp. 54-56, on the Shepherd-Frost negotiations and the notice of October 15, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^79]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service History, Part III: 1957-1967" (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, May 1972), p. 2, "after 1957 FBIS had come of age as an established CIA unit"; p. 19, on the March 23, 1961 instruction to accept responsibility for propaganda indications; and pp. 4-5, "FBIS and the BBC were monitoring broadcasts from 90 countries in 1961. By the spring of 1963 this number had increased to 115." https://archive.org/details/CIADirectorateOfIntelligenceHistoricalSeriesForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart319571967.
[^80]: Roop, Part I, p. 25, on the mailing list for the Daily Report issued on November 18, 1941; Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," states that the service "published its first Daily Report of translations on 18 November 1941." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^81]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, that Ellis G. Porter, "former editor of newspapers in Baltimore and Philadelphia," joined the staff in January 1942 "to direct publication of the Daily Report."
[^82]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," note 39: "FBIS, Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Far Eastern Section, 3 January 1946, NARA, RG 262, Entry 25, Box 1," and the text that the first issue of the new Daily Report was published in January 1946. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^83]: NARA, Guide to Federal Records, RG 262: "Daily reports of foreign radio broadcasts, 1941-45"; "Daily reports of the Far Eastern, Latin American, and European Sections, 1941-46"; "Weekly reviews of official foreign broadcasts, 1941-44"; "Radio reports on the Far East, 1942-45"; "Program schedules of foreign broadcasts, 1942-47"; and "Related Records: Records of the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, 1947-48, in RG 263." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^20]: FBIS Administrative Memorandum No. 16, "To Officers of the FBIS," January 22, 1943. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP82-00177R000300410017-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00177r000300410017-3
[^21]: Roop, Part I, p. 10, on Free's editorship of the *Public Opinion Quarterly*, and "Mr. Free assumed office as Director on 16 June 1941" (p. 11); p. 35, on Free's contacts with BBC officials "very soon after he assumed office with the idea of attaching a staff to BBC." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^22]: Roop, Part I, pp. 36-37, quoting "With Lloyd Free still in London, Harold Graves and Tom Grandin took over at 316 F St. on 7 December 1941." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^23]: Roop, Part I, pp. 48-50, on Free's resignation in April 1942 "to accept a commission in the Army," his service as military attache in the United States Embassy in Switzerland, the appointment of Leigh of Bennington College, the $1,000 difference from Free's $8,000 salary and the appropriation bill provision, and Graves as Acting Director until Leigh took over on July 15, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^24]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Free and Graves's recruitment of Goodwin Watson of Columbia University, who "entered upon duty 17 November 1941." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^25]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 2. https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^26]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, on the Analysis Section becoming the Analysis Division. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^27]: Central Intelligence Agency Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1
[^28]: Roop, Part I, p. 122, on Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^29]: Roop, Part I, p. 57, "In March 1942 the table of organization of the Analysis Division called for 37 analysts, assistants, and trainees, but with only 17 of the positions filled," and p. 58, "the planned table of organization was never reached." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 46, that Watson and Leites "were sent to London in September 1942" to set up analysis, and that "a two-man analysis staff remained" through the war. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^31]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the Central European Radio Analysis, begun January 1943 by the German Section, and the Radio Report on the Far East, first published August 24, 1942 (RG 262, Entry 34, Box 1). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^32]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121-122 (Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943; Graves on May 13, 1943; Eugene Katz's letter of June 18, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service. Sole source for the offer and its date.
[^34]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 132, note 51, citing Harold Graves to Hans Speier and Ernst Kris, December 23, 1941, and Lloyd Free to Hans Speier, January 31, 1942, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 134, which places the letter of May 26, 1942 two months after Speier entered the Analysis Division and quotes it as stating that, "as a result of investigation," he had "been rated eligible on suitability for the position of Senior Political Analyst" (note 59: United States Civil Service Commission to Hans Speier, May 26, 1942, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62). Sole source for these quotations.
[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138 and p. 143 (note 90), on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people. Sole source for the sequence.
[^38]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 143 and note 90 (Theodore Newcomb to Col. S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943; Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5): "Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst."
[^39]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145, on Speier's transfer on "May 22, 1944" from the Analysis Division to the Office of War Information, with Wallace Carroll as his immediate superior.
[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley. Sole source for these claims.
[^41]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Dies's letter to Fly of November 18, 1941, which expressed "deep concern" and named thirteen organizations. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^42]: Roop, Part I, pp. 190-191, on Fly's reply that Watson "belonged to only one of the 13 organizations Dies named," the Senate Appropriations Committee's deletion of the rider, Dodd's hiring as an editor in December 1941, and Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Roop and Mercado spell the analyst's surname "Schumann"; Bessner writes "Schuman."
[^43]: Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, on Dies's House speech of February 1, 1943, listing 39 "communists," with Dodd, Watson and Schumann at the head of the list. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^44]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 623-624 (House, February 4, 1943, notice of the amendment naming thirty-nine employees), and pp. 645, 655 and 656 (House, February 5, 1943). Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, states that a rider "immediately was attached" to the appropriation bill after Dies's speech. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89
[^45]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Congressman Dies accusing three FBIS employees, among dozens of civil servants, of "un-American beliefs." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^46]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," quoting Vice President Henry Wallace on Dies. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^47]: Hearings (as above), pp. iii-v and 1 (the text of H. Res. 105 and the membership; first sitting April 9, 1943, "pursuant to adjournment on Wednesday, April 7, 1943"). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^48]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 2788-2789 (House, March 31, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_march-02-april-05-1943_89
[^49]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89
[^50]: Roop, Part I, pp. 192-193, on the subcommittee under Congressman Kerr, which started hearings on April 2, 1943 and reported on 21 April, the findings of "subversive activity" and "unfit," the three named men, and the statement that the subcommittee "was later accused of having its final report prepared before the men were called to testify." Roop states that the subcommittee was named by the Un-American Activities Committee. The printed hearings give the authority as House Resolution 105, adopted February 9, 1943, directed to the Committee on Appropriations (Hearings, pp. iii-v), and give the sitting at which Watson's testimony begins as April 9, 1943, against Roop's April 2. *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), likewise describes a special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, appointed under a House resolution, whose report is H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. The Monthly Catalog lists H. Rept. 448 (May 14, 1943, pursuant to H. Res. 105, "submitted by Mr. Kerr") on Watson, Dodd and Lovett; a February 1943 newspaper report names Kerr, a North Carolina Democrat, as chairman of the subcommittee. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
[^51]: Hearings (as above), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 327-334, including the finding that Schuman's case did not support a recommendation of unfitness and the findings on Watson and Dodd.
[^52]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^53]: Hearings (as above), pp. 100-105 and 118-119.
[^54]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943), the page cited in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946).
[^55]: Roop, Part I, p. 193, on the Senate's four rejections, its approval of the rider by 48 to 32, and the President's signature while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional.
[^56]: Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, section 304, 57 Stat. 431, 450, as quoted in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). Roop, Part I, p. 193, note, gives the effective cutoff as November 21, 1943, where the statute as quoted gives 15 November. The enacted text also excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for jury or armed-forces service; the text proposed in the subcommittee's report (Hearings, p. 328) omitted the November 15 date and the reappointment clause. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
[^57]: *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3-6, 1946, decided June 3, 1946, opinion of Justice Black. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. Mercado's article gives the middle name as "Morse."
[^58]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities." Sole source for the informant reports is Roop's account of the FBIS file.
[^59]: Roop, Part I, p. 196, on Cox, the Atlanta station case, the FCC's referral to the Justice Department, the House's naming of Cox as chairman in early 1943, and the appointment of Eugene Garey as investigator.
[^60]: Roop, Part I, p. 197, on the removal of "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," the subpoena of ten employees at 8:00 a.m., and "Star Chamber testimony," citing Leigh's article "Politicians vs. Bureaucrats" (subtitle "The case of FCC Chairman Fly and Congressman Cox"), *Harper's Magazine*, January 1945. https://harpers.org/archive/1945/01/politicians-vs-bureaucrats. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^61]: Roop, Part I, p. 198, on the single irregularity found at FBIS and the list of charges, including "masquerading," "intelligence" and "glorified news gathering agency." Mercado renders the last phrase as "glorified news agency."
[^62]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, on the Cox counsel's charge that Leigh changed the name of the service to "dignify its activities," make it sound more like a war agency, and influence Congress to grant appropriations."
[^63]: Roop, Part I, pp. 198-199, on the Washington Post's sixteen editorials, the FCC member who "agreed to petition the Speaker of the House to dismiss Cox as chairman," Cox's resignation after an emotional speech, Lea's succession, and Garey's dismissal. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Louis E. Miller (R-Mo.) and Richard B. Wigglesworth (R-Mass.) are the minority members named in *Broadcasting*, January 8, 1945. Full names: Clarence Frederick Lea (D-Calif.), Louis Ebenezer Miller (R-Mo.), Richard Bowditch Wigglesworth (R-Mass.) and Kenneth Douglas McKellar (D-Tenn.), per the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress as reproduced in the unitedstates/congress-legislators dataset.
[^64]: "Lea Probe Demands Sweeping Law Change," *Broadcasting*, January 8, 1945, on the Miller and Wigglesworth minority reports and Wigglesworth's statements. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1945/1945-01-08-BC.pdf.
[^65]: Roop, Part I, pp. 200-201, on the May 1944 testimony of Leigh, Hensley, Porter and Graves; the Lea report of January 2, 1945 ("an efficient and worthwhile service"); the Miller and Wigglesworth minority report ("grave doubt"); and the majority passage quoted in *On the Beam* of February 3, 1945, in the note on p. 201. The hearings are *Hearings of the Special House Committee Investigating the FCC* (GPO, 1944), three volumes, with FBIS testimony beginning in Volume III, page 3439. Roop, Part I, p. 189, records Graves's resignation by the end of 1943.
[^66]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Leigh's newsletter of February 15, 1944: "The obvious conclusion is that the proposed cut relates to the opposition on the part of Representative Cox to FCC," the 30 percent figure, and Leigh's resignation "that summer." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^67]: Roop, Part I, pp. 204-206, on the House Appropriations Committee's recommended cut of 25 percent for each FCC department, Senator McKellar's demand for proof, and the Senate Appropriations Committee's recommended cut of $500,000 that both houses approved. Mercado's figure of 30 percent is given at note 48.
[^68]: Roop, Part I, pp. 206-207, on the absence of any stated congressional reason for the cut, Fly's being ruled out of order, the statement that "it was a punitive cut, made to punish Fly and FCC for defiance of Congress and for Fly's effrontery in asking the Department of Justice to prosecute Eugene Cox, a member of Congress," and, in the note on p. 207, Leigh's quotation of a member of Congress speaking privately, from Leigh's *Harper's Magazine* article, January 1945. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^69]: Roop, Part I, pp. 241-244, "Charles S. Hyneman, who succeeded Leigh as FBIS director on 27 July 1944," and p. 260, "from 27 July 1944 to 7 August 1945," and Shepherd's appointment as the fourth FBIS Director. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^70]: Roop, Part I, pp. 256-257 (note on the liaison study of April 29, 1944; abolition of the Special Reports Section on December 31, 1944), p. 259 (Far East Division retained "the only analytical work done in FBIS"), and pp. 267-268 (the protest of November 1944, Hyneman's response, and Robinson's letter of January 17, 1945). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^71]: Roop, Part I, p. 268, on the Soviet Embassy's request of November 11, 1942 and the TASS arrangement in London in 1943. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^72]: Roop, Part I, p. 275, note, on the undated executive order with the name of President Truman, transferring FBIS functions to the Interim Research and Intelligence Service, "prepared by Shepherd and perhaps some representatives from State," and "never approved by the Secretary of State." Job 54-27, Box 15, CIA Records Center.
[^73]: Roop, Part I, pp. 274-277, on the House Appropriations Committee's action of September 19, 1945, the FCC's news release of 26 September, the conference compromise of 1 December ($465,000) approved on 3 December, and the closing of operations on December 10, 1945.
[^74]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the last Daily Report "on 4 December" and the FCC's termination "the following day." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^75]: Federal Communications Commission, Twelfth Annual Report, fiscal year ended June 30, 1946, which states that FBIS "was discontinued as a Commission activity on December 30, 1945." https://archive.org/details/fcc_DOC-308665A1.
[^76]: Roop, Part I, pp. 278-280, on Shepherd's letter of December 13, 1945 to the FCC, the token operations that followed, Patterson's letter of 21 December, Porter's reply of 27 December, the resumption on January 2, 1946 under War Department sponsorship, and the note on p. 279 that "No documents authorizing continued operations have been found, but permission may have been given orally." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^77]: Roop, Part I, pp. 299-300, on the creation of the CIG by executive order in January 1946, the Vandenberg memorandum to Souers in February 1946, and the five-member committee. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^78]: Central Intelligence Group, "Survey of the Function of Monitoring Press and Propaganda Broadcasts of Foreign Powers," C.I.G. 1, memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence, February 25, 1946, which states that FBIS functions were "taken over by the War Department on an interim basis on 30 December 1945." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110003-4. Ad hoc committee report, March 18, 1946: https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110004-3.
[^79]: Roop, Part I, pp. 301-303, on the ad hoc committee's recommendations (March 18, 1946), the War Department's refusal, the State Department's reply, C.I.G. 1/1 (April 26, 1946), C.I.G. 1/2 (May 8, 1946, signed by James S. Lay), and the State memorandum signed by William L. Langer on May 27, 1946, enclosed with C.I.G. 1/3 (June 4, 1946).
[^80]: Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304, on the notice, signed for the Director of Central Intelligence by Col. John Dabney, that the Director had "assumed control" of FBIS on July 31, 1946, and on the personnel transfer to CIG on November 3, 1946, announced on 31 October. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^81]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, RG 262, administrative history: transfer to the Central Intelligence Group, "August 5, 1946"; "Abolished: November 1, 1946"; successors "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIG, November-December, 1946," "Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, CIG, January-September 1947," and "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^82]: CIG, "Background on Development of Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service," memorandum for the Chief, Information Branch, March 1946. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110001-6.
[^83]: Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304, on the notice of October 31, 1946 that "the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service would immediately become the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), with all publications and letterheads changed accordingly." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^84]: Roop, Part I, p. 305 and note, on Sibert's statement of December 31, 1946 "informing that the name had been changed to the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch (FBIB)" and his wire of January 2, 1947 designating Russell Shepherd Chief, FBIB. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^85]: CIG, "'A' and 'X' Wire Services Furnished by Foreign Broadcast Information Branch," memorandum, June 10, 1947. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110015-1. Also memorandum on the May 6, 1947 interview of Colonel L. K. White, Acting Chief, FBIB, with Lloyd Stratton of the Associated Press. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003400110022-3.
[^86]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), p. 102, on the notice that field bureaus would no longer bear "the confusing name of Foreign Broadcast Information Branch (FBIB)," and on the camouflage of their connection with CIG. The notice is dated July 28, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^87]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," note 4: "The initial monitoring service was renamed the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service in 1942 and evolved into the Foreign Broadcast Information Service in 1967." Roop, Part I, pp. 303-304 (the notice of October 31, 1946) and the 1947 CIG memoranda already use the later name. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^88]: Roop, Part I, p. 2, "FBIS took form during those six years before its adoption by the Central Intelligence Agency, and came to CIA almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^89]: Roop, Part II, pp. 151-152, on Shepherd's memorandum of November 5, 1946, the Assistant Director for Operations' presentation to the PRC on January 6, 1947, the 35-employee and $150,000 proposal, the reduced request of twelve staff at $61,000, the "stormy" early years, and the Special Reports Division (approved February 13, 1947, begun March 28, 1947, first Survey of Soviet Radio Broadcasts April 15, 1947); p. 2, on the announcement of Col. Lawrence K. White as Deputy Chief on January 9, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^90]: Roop, Part II, p. 56, "Shepherd resigned from FBIS on 29 September 1947," with Colonel White the new FBIS Chief. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690. Appointment of the fourth director: Roop, Part I, p. 260. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^91]: Roop, Part II, p. 51, on Shepherd's visit to London from June 24, 1946, his meeting with "Malcolm Frost, Chief of the BBC Monitoring Service," the $250,000 figure, and the BBC Monitoring Service's 385 employees and $650,000 cost. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^92]: Roop, Part II, pp. 54-56, on the Shepherd-Frost negotiations and the notice of October 15, 1947. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^93]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service History, Part III: 1957-1967" (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, May 1972), p. 2, "after 1957 FBIS had come of age as an established CIA unit"; p. 19, on the March 23, 1961 instruction to accept responsibility for propaganda indications; and pp. 4-5, "FBIS and the BBC were monitoring broadcasts from 90 countries in 1961. By the spring of 1963 this number had increased to 115." https://archive.org/details/CIADirectorateOfIntelligenceHistoricalSeriesForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart319571967.
[^94]: Roop, Part I, p. 25, on the mailing list for the Daily Report issued on November 18, 1941; Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," states that the service "published its first Daily Report of translations on 18 November 1941." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^95]: Roop, Part I, p. 50, that Ellis G. Porter, "former editor of newspapers in Baltimore and Philadelphia," joined the staff in January 1942 "to direct publication of the Daily Report."
[^96]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," note 39: "FBIS, Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Far Eastern Section, 3 January 1946, NARA, RG 262, Entry 25, Box 1," and the text that the first issue of the new Daily Report was published in January 1946. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
[^97]: NARA, Guide to Federal Records, RG 262: "Daily reports of foreign radio broadcasts, 1941-45"; "Daily reports of the Far Eastern, Latin American, and European Sections, 1941-46"; "Weekly reviews of official foreign broadcasts, 1941-44"; "Radio reports on the Far East, 1942-45"; "Program schedules of foreign broadcasts, 1942-47"; and "Related Records: Records of the Foreign Broadcast Information Branch, 1947-48, in RG 263." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.

47
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Strategic Services.md
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@ -20,49 +20,60 @@ summary: "The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the U.S. wartime intelligen
start: 1942-06-13
end: 1945-10-01
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Office of War Information]]"
role: "Divided the foreign information field under Executive Order 9182 and the June 13, 1942 military order"
start: 1942-06-13
fn: 1
---
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the United States wartime intelligence and covert operations agency established by Executive Order 9621 on June 13, 1942, under the direction of General William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan. It replaced the earlier Coordinator of Information (COI) office established July 11, 1941. The OSS coordinated intelligence gathering, ran covert operations behind enemy lines, conducted psychological warfare, and analyzed foreign intelligence. President Truman dissolved it by Executive Order 9621 on September 20, 1945, effective October 1, 1945. Much of its personnel, methodology, and organizational culture transferred directly into the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], created by the [[National Security Act of 1947]].[^1]
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the United States wartime intelligence and covert operations agency established by a Military Order of June 13, 1942 that redesignated the Coordinator of Information's office and placed it under the Joint Chiefs of Staff, under the direction of General William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan, whom the order appointed Director of Strategic Services. It replaced the earlier Coordinator of Information (COI) office established July 11, 1941, and the order revoked the order of July 11, 1941.[^1] The OSS coordinated intelligence gathering, ran covert operations behind enemy lines, conducted psychological warfare, and analyzed foreign intelligence. President Truman dissolved it by Executive Order 9621 on September 20, 1945, effective October 1, 1945.[^2] Much of its personnel, methodology, and organizational culture transferred directly into the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], created by the [[National Security Act of 1947]].[^3]
Figures like [[Oliver J. Caldwell]] were former OSS officers who later became involved in intelligence activities related to psychic research, illustrating the continuity of personnel and interests across successive intelligence organizations.[^2]
Figures like [[Oliver J. Caldwell]] were former OSS officers who later became involved in intelligence activities related to psychic research, illustrating the continuity of personnel and interests across successive intelligence organizations.[^4]
### Creation and British Influence
The OSS was created substantially at the initiative of [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC) director [[William Stephenson]], who persuaded President Roosevelt to task Donovan with drafting the organizational blueprint. Donovan's July 1941 report to Roosevelt, which directly led to the COI and then the OSS, was shaped by his meetings with Stephenson and British Special Operations Executive (SOE) representatives. BSC trained the first OSS agents at Camp X in Ontario, Canada, and provided organizational templates drawn from SOE methodology. Donovan described BSC as "the greatest integrated secret intelligence and operations organization that has ever existed anywhere" and explicitly modeled OSS's structure on British precedents. [[Roald Dahl]] was among those who served simultaneously in BSC's Washington influence network and later compiled the official BSC history (1945).[^1]
The OSS was created substantially at the initiative of [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC) director [[William Stephenson]], who persuaded President Roosevelt to task Donovan with drafting the organizational blueprint. Donovan's July 1941 report to Roosevelt, which directly led to the COI and then the OSS, was shaped by his meetings with Stephenson and British Special Operations Executive (SOE) representatives. BSC trained the first OSS agents at Camp X in Ontario, Canada, and provided organizational templates drawn from SOE methodology. Donovan described BSC as "the greatest integrated secret intelligence and operations organization that has ever existed anywhere" and explicitly modeled OSS's structure on British precedents. [[Roald Dahl]] was among those who served simultaneously in BSC's Washington influence network and later compiled the official BSC history (1945).[^3]
Charles Howard "Dick" Ellis (1895-1975), BSC's deputy director under Stephenson, headed BSC's Washington office from 1941 and was central to OSS training and structural development. Ellis's post-war career became controversial when allegations emerged that he had made admissions during MI5/MI6 internal interrogations in the 1960s about pre-war links to German intelligence; historians remain divided on whether these admissions were accurate or coerced. He died in 1975, before the public allegations surfaced.[^1]
The foreign information activities of the Coordinator of Information were moved to the [[Office of War Information]] by Executive Order 9182 of June 13, 1942, and the military order excluded them from the new agency. The military order also refers to the order of July 11, 1941 that had established the Coordinator's office.[^1] The Morale Operations Field Manual of January 26, 1943 listed OWI, with the State Department, the Foreign Economic Administration, the Treasury Department and the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, among the agencies that might give Morale Operations "considerable support in the execution of plans," particularly in neutral countries.[^5]
Charles Howard "Dick" Ellis (1895-1975), BSC's deputy director under Stephenson, headed BSC's Washington office from 1941 and was central to OSS training and structural development. Ellis's post-war career became controversial when allegations emerged that he had made admissions during MI5/MI6 internal interrogations in the 1960s about pre-war links to German intelligence; historians remain divided on whether these admissions were accurate or coerced. He died in 1975, before the public allegations surfaced.[^3]
### Operations
OSS operations ran through several branches: Research and Analysis (intelligence analysis, drawing on academics recruited from major universities), Secret Intelligence (HUMINT collection), Special Operations (sabotage and partisan warfare support), Morale Operations (psychological warfare), and X-2 (counterintelligence). OSS deployed operatives throughout occupied Europe, the [[Middle East]], and Asia. Notable operations included support for resistance movements in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Norway.
Allen Dulles directed OSS operations in Switzerland from November 1942 through the war's end, developing a European intelligence network that became the foundation for the CIA's clandestine service. He subsequently became CIA Director from 1953 to 1961.[^1]
Allen Dulles directed OSS operations in Switzerland from November 1942 through the war's end, developing a European intelligence network that became the foundation for the CIA's clandestine service. He subsequently became CIA Director from 1953 to 1961.[^3]
The agency drew heavily on the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] for monitored Japanese broadcasts. In September 1941 [[Breckinridge Long]] wrote to FCC chairman [[James L. Fly]] that the service "has a counterpart in the organization of which Mr. Donovan is the head," and assumed that the information was "made instantly available to some of his people" in the [[William J. Donovan]] organization.[^3] On August 13, 1942 Dr. Charles B. Fah, acting chief of the Far Eastern Section, wrote to FBIS director [[Robert D. Leigh]] that the section "has found the various reports of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service of the Federal Communications Commission indispensable in our work."[^3] On November 16, 1942 [[William L. Langer]], director of the Research and Analysis Branch, wrote to Leigh that "Without the monitoring service of the Federal Communications Commission, our knowledge of current events in Japan would be meager."[^4] After the 1944 budget cut, Langer wrote on April 22, 1944 that recent developments had "led to a curtailment of the output of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service."[^5] On January 17, 1945 [[Geroid T. Robinson]] of the agency wrote to [[Charles S. Hyneman]] to express regret that the service's analytical work had been discontinued, and added that he hoped the Daily Report would carry more Soviet radio material.[^6]
The agency drew heavily on the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] for monitored Japanese broadcasts. In September 1941 [[Breckinridge Long]] wrote to FCC chairman [[James L. Fly]] that the service "has a counterpart in the organization of which Mr. Donovan is the head," and assumed that the information was "made instantly available to some of his people" in the [[William J. Donovan]] organization.[^6] On August 13, 1942 Dr. Charles B. Fah, acting chief of the Far Eastern Section, wrote to FBIS director [[Robert D. Leigh]] that the section "has found the various reports of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service of the Federal Communications Commission indispensable in our work."[^6] On November 16, 1942 [[William L. Langer]], director of the Research and Analysis Branch, wrote to Leigh that "Without the monitoring service of the Federal Communications Commission, our knowledge of current events in Japan would be meager."[^7] After the 1944 budget cut, Langer wrote on April 22, 1944 that recent developments had "led to a curtailment of the output of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service."[^8] On January 17, 1945 [[Geroid T. Robinson]] of the agency wrote to [[Charles S. Hyneman]] to express regret that the service's analytical work had been discontinued, and added that he hoped the Daily Report would carry more Soviet radio material.[^9]
### The Truth Drug Program
The OSS established a "truth drug" committee under Dr. [[Winfred Overholser]], head of [[St. Elizabeth's Hospital]] in Washington, which tried and rejected [[mescaline]], several barbiturates, and scopolamine before settling in spring 1943 on [[marijuana|cannabis indica]] as the most promising substance. Testing ran in cooperation with the [[Manhattan Project]], which supplied the first dozen subjects; oral delivery failed and the committee found cigarettes the most effective vehicle. [[George Hunter White|George White]], an Army captain who had come to OSS from the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]], conducted the first field test on New York gangster [[August Del Gracio]] on May 27, 1943, then tested the technique on suspected Communist soldiers at camps outside [[Atlanta]], [[Memphis]], and [[New Orleans]]. The program seeded the CIA's postwar [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|ARTICHOKE]] and [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] work, which began by getting the old OSS files out and approaching the same George White.[^7]
The OSS established a "truth drug" committee under Dr. [[Winfred Overholser]], head of [[St. Elizabeth's Hospital]] in Washington, which tried and rejected [[mescaline]], several barbiturates, and scopolamine before settling in spring 1943 on [[marijuana|cannabis indica]] as the most promising substance. Testing ran in cooperation with the [[Manhattan Project]], which supplied the first dozen subjects; oral delivery failed and the committee found cigarettes the most effective vehicle. [[George Hunter White|George White]], an Army captain who had come to OSS from the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]], conducted the first field test on New York gangster [[August Del Gracio]] on May 27, 1943, then tested the technique on suspected Communist soldiers at camps outside [[Atlanta]], [[Memphis]], and [[New Orleans]]. The program seeded the CIA's postwar [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|ARTICHOKE]] and [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] work, which began by getting the old OSS files out and approaching the same George White.[^10]
### Weapons and Behavioral Science
[[Stanley Lovell]], a Boston industrialist and self-described "saucepan chemist," headed OSS Research and Development through Division 19 of [[James Conant]]'s National Defense Research Committee, producing devices such as the "Aunt Jemima" explosive disguised as pancake mix and the "Who? Me?" harassment substance, and pursuing several schemes to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]]. Donovan also commissioned a psychoanalytic study of Hitler from psychoanalyst [[Walter Langer]], who predicted his suicide, and brought in [[Harvard University|Harvard]] psychologist [[Henry Murray]] to build an OSS recruit-assessment system in only fifteen days, a milestone as the first systematic American effort to evaluate personality to predict future behavior.[^7]
[[Stanley Lovell]], a Boston industrialist and self-described "saucepan chemist," headed OSS Research and Development through Division 19 of [[James Conant]]'s National Defense Research Committee, producing devices such as the "Aunt Jemima" explosive disguised as pancake mix and the "Who? Me?" harassment substance, and pursuing several schemes to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]]. Donovan also commissioned a psychoanalytic study of Hitler from psychoanalyst [[Walter Langer]], who predicted his suicide, and brought in [[Harvard University|Harvard]] psychologist [[Henry Murray]] to build an OSS recruit-assessment system in only fifteen days, a milestone as the first systematic American effort to evaluate personality to predict future behavior.[^10]
### Dissolution and CIA Transition
Truman dissolved the OSS on October 1, 1945, distributing its functions to the State Department (Research and Analysis) and the War Department (Strategic Services Unit, which preserved the clandestine service infrastructure). The Central Intelligence Agency was created by the National Security Act of 1947, signed July 26, 1947, and formally established September 18, 1947. The institutional culture Donovan developed - including the use of academic, journalistic, and cultural figures as intelligence assets; the cultivation of foreign service networks; and the use of proprietary companies as operational covers - became standard CIA practice after the transition.[^1]
Truman dissolved the OSS on October 1, 1945, distributing its functions to the State Department (Research and Analysis) and the War Department (Strategic Services Unit, which preserved the clandestine service infrastructure). Executive Order 9621 transferred the Research and Analysis Branch and the Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the Department of State, which was abolished at the close of business on December 31, 1945.[^2] The Central Intelligence Agency was created by the National Security Act of 1947, signed July 26, 1947, and formally established September 18, 1947. The institutional culture Donovan developed - including the use of academic, journalistic, and cultural figures as intelligence assets; the cultivation of foreign service networks; and the use of proprietary companies as operational covers - became standard CIA practice after the transition.[^3]
### Emigre Scholars
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^8]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^11]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Smith, Bradley F. *The Shadow Warriors: O.S.S. and the Origins of the C.I.A.* Basic Books, 1983. Troy, Thomas F. *Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency*. CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1981. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^3]: Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on Long's letter of September 1941 and Fah's letter of August 13, 1942. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^4]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of November 16, 1942, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^5]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of April 22, 1944, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^6]: Roop, Part I, pp. 267-268. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^7]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 1.
[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^1]: Military Order, "Office of Strategic Services," June 13, 1942, Federal Register, June 16, 1942, 7 F.R. 4469-4470, paragraphs 1 to 5. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-06-16/pdf/FR-1942-06-16.pdf
[^2]: Executive Order 9621, "Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions," September 20, 1945, Federal Register, September 22, 1945, 10 F.R. 12033-12035. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1945-09-22/pdf/FR-1945-09-22.pdf
[^3]: Smith, Bradley F. *The Shadow Warriors: O.S.S. and the Origins of the C.I.A.* Basic Books, 1983. Troy, Thomas F. *Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency*. CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1981. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^5]: Office of Strategic Services, Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2, January 26, 1943, section on other U.S. agencies, item d.
[^6]: Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on Long's letter of September 1941 and Fah's letter of August 13, 1942. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^7]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of November 16, 1942, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^8]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of April 22, 1944, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^9]: Roop, Part I, pp. 267-268. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 1.
[^11]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content

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---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Organization
- OfficeOfWarInformation
- PsychologicalWarfare
- PropagandaAnalysis
- VoiceOfAmerica
- OfficeOfStrategicServices
- ForeignBroadcastIntelligenceService
- PsychologicalStrategyBoard
- NewSchool
- RandCorporation
- ColdWar
- NationalArchives
aliases:
- Office of War Information
- OWI
- Office of War Information (1942 to 1945)
summary: "The Office of War Information was the federal propaganda and information agency created by Executive Order 9182 in June 1942 and abolished in December 1945, its foreign functions passing to the State Department."
start: 1942-06-13
end: 1945-12-31
location: "Washington, D.C.; London; New York; San Francisco"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Elmer Davis]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director"
start: 1942-06-13
fn: 4
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]"
role: "Director acted under the direction and supervision of the President"
start: 1942-06-13
fn: 1
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Office for Emergency Management]]"
role: "Established within the Office for Emergency Management in the Executive Office of the President"
start: 1942-06-13
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert E. Sherwood]]"
reverse: true
role: "Head of the Overseas Branch"
start: 1942-07-10
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Gardiner Cowles Jr.]]"
reverse: true
role: "Assistant director in charge of the Domestic Branch"
start: 1942-07-10
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Palmer Hoyt]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of the Domestic Branch after Cowles's resignation"
start: 1943
fn: 12
- type: head_of
with: "[[Archibald MacLeish]]"
reverse: true
role: "Head of the Policy Department Branch"
start: 1942-07-10
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Milton Eisenhower]]"
reverse: true
role: "Associate director and administrative officer"
start: 1942-07-10
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Edward W. Barrett]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of Overseas Operations"
fn: 11
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Wallace Carroll]]"
reverse: true
role: "Deputy Director, Area I (Europe and Turkey), Overseas Operations Branch; Speier's immediate superior"
start: 1944-05-22
fn: 26
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
role: "Head of the German Committee, Area One; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944"
start: 1944-05-22
fn: 26
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Leo Rosten]]"
reverse: true
role: "Deputy director in charge of enemy sources"
start: 1943-01-22
fn: 28
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Eugene Katz]]"
reverse: true
role: "Head of the OWI analysis division that used the FBIS Analysis Division, per letter of June 18, 1943"
start: 1943-04-19
fn: 23
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Leonard W. Doob]]"
reverse: true
role: "Policy Coordinator, Overseas Operations Branch"
fn: 11
- type: employed_by
with: "[[C. D. Jackson]]"
reverse: true
role: "Representing OWI as Deputy Chief, Psychological Warfare Branch, AFHQ (1943) and Deputy Chief, Psychological Warfare Division, SHAEF (1944 to 1945)"
start: 1943
end: 1945
fn: 32
- type: owned
with: "[[Voice of America]]"
role: "Operated the Voice of America after the Foreign Information Service was transferred to OWI"
start: 1942-06-13
end: 1945-12-31
fn: 34
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
role: "Foreign information activities divided between the two agencies by Executive Order 9182 and the military order of June 13, 1942"
start: 1942-06-13
fn: 6
---
The Office of War Information (OWI) was the federal agency for war propaganda and public information, established on June 13, 1942 by Executive Order 9182 and abolished on December 31, 1945 under Executive Order 9608.[^1][^2] A Domestic Branch handled home-front information and an Overseas Branch handled American propaganda abroad, with its radio arm the [[Voice of America]]. Its analysts included staff of the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] and exiles from the [[New School for Social Research]], and its foreign functions passed to the [[U.S. Department of State]] in 1945, with the [[United States Information Agency]] listed as successor from 1953.[^2][^3]
### Creation under Executive Order 9182
Executive Order 9182 of June 13, 1942 established the agency within the [[Office for Emergency Management]] in the Executive Office of the President.[^1] The order consolidated the [[Office of Facts and Figures]], the [[Office of Government Reports]], the public information powers of the Division of Information of the Office for Emergency Management, and the powers of the [[Coordinator of Information]] over gathering public information and disseminating it abroad, including those of the Foreign Information Service, Outpost, Publications and Pictorial Branches of that office. The director, appointed by the President, was to act under the direction and supervision of the President. The order created a Committee on War Information Policy with the director as chairman and representatives of the Secretaries of State, War and the Navy, the [[Joint Psychological Warfare Committee]] and the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]. It excluded the Western Hemisphere outside the United States and Canada from the director's authority, and it required the director to work with the [[Defense Communications Board]] on broadcasts to peoples abroad.[^1]
The director was [[Elmer Davis]], the former [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] news analyst. On Friday, July 10, 1942 he announced the structure of the agency: a Domestic Branch under [[Gardiner Cowles Jr.]], president of the Iowa Broadcasting Company and publisher of the Des Moines Register and Tribune, the Minneapolis Star Journal and Look, with the title of assistant director in charge of all domestic operations; an Overseas Branch under the playwright [[Robert E. Sherwood]]; and a Policy Department Branch under [[Archibald MacLeish]], the Librarian of Congress and former director of the Office of Facts and Figures. The three branch heads, Davis and [[Milton Eisenhower]], associate director and administrative officer, formed the policy board. The Overseas Branch took over the Division of Foreign Information of the Coordinator of Information, which Sherwood had also headed, and its work centered on short-wave broadcasts to every area outside Latin America. OWI Regulation No. 1, effective July 13, 1942, set the information policy for all federal agencies.[^4]
Under Cowles the Domestic Branch contained the News Bureau under [[Robert Horton]], the Radio Bureau under [[William B. Lewis]], the Bureau of Publications and Graphics under [[John R. Fleming]], the Bureau of Motion Pictures under [[Lowell Mellett]], the Bureau of Public Inquiries under [[Katherine C. Blackburn]] and a Bureau of Special Operations with [[Philip Hamblet]] as acting head. Under Sherwood the Overseas Branch contained the Outpost Bureau under [[Harold Guinzburg]], president of the Viking Press, the International Press and Radio Bureau in New York under [[Joseph Barnes]], the Bureau of Overseas Publications under [[Edward Stanley]] and the Bureau of Communications Facilities under [[Murry Brophy]].[^4]
Elmer Davis wrote on August 15, 1942 that "without the service supplied by FBMS, OWI could not function," and added that "a considerable increase of coverage would be very desirable."[^5]
### Split with the Office of Strategic Services
The same issue of the Federal Register that printed Executive Order 9182 carried a military order of June 13, 1942. It redesignated the office of the Coordinator of Information, "exclusive of the foreign information activities transferred to the Office of War Information," as the [[Office of Strategic Services]], placed it under the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], appointed [[William J. Donovan]] its director and revoked the order of July 11, 1941 that had created the Coordinator's office.[^6]
Executive Order 9312 of March 9, 1943 defined the division further. It gave OWI the task of planning and executing "all phases of the federal program of radio, press, publication, and related foreign propaganda activities," made the program for areas of military operations subject to War and Navy Department planning and to Joint Chiefs approval, placed the parts executed inside a theater of operations under the theater commander, and modified the OSS order "to the extent necessary to make this order effective."[^7]
The OSS Morale Operations Field Manual of January 26, 1943 listed OWI among the agencies that could give Morale Operations "considerable support in the execution of plans," particularly in neutral countries.[^8] A War Department staff summary of May 22, 1946 recorded the Army's view that psychological warfare had been a military function performed in the war by "civilian agencies" and that establishing a Psychological Warfare Division of the Special Staff would obviate "forcing commanders in the field to have civilian agencies thrust upon them."[^9]
The two agencies also drew on the same exile scholars. [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] worked for OWI. [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], Arkadij Gurland, [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] worked for the OSS.[^10]
### Domestic and overseas branches
By the 1945 edition of the United States Government Manual the officials were Elmer Davis as director and [[Edward Klauber]] as associate director. The Domestic Operations Branch was directed by [[Neil Dalton]], with bureaus for books and magazines, foreign news, graphics, motion pictures, news, radio and special services. The Overseas Operations Branch was directed by [[Edward W. Barrett]], with [[Wallace Carroll]] as deputy director for Area I (Europe and Turkey), [[Ferdinand Kuhn]] for Area II (the British Commonwealth, the Middle East and the Soviet Union) and [[George E. Taylor]] for Area III (the Pacific and Far East), [[Leonard W. Doob]] as policy coordinator, [[Louis G. Cowan]] as chief of the New York office and [[James O. Weldon]] as chief of the Communications Facilities Bureau. Its mission in active military zones was to work "with United States and Allied military agencies in the prosecution of psychological warfare," and outposts operated in more than a score of allied and neutral nations.[^11]
The agency's records at the National Archives are arranged under the same branches. The Overseas Operations Branch contained a Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, an Office of Communications Control, a Communications Facilities Bureau and an Outpost Service Bureau. Its New York office held a news and features bureau, a radio program bureau, a bureau of overseas publications and a bureau of overseas motion pictures, and its San Francisco office held an analysis and research bureau among others. The Domestic Operations Branch contained a radio bureau, a news bureau, a bureau of graphics, a bureau of field operations, a bureau of motion pictures, a book and magazine bureau and a foreign news bureau.[^3]
Cowles left the Domestic Branch in 1943. In House remarks of June 29, 1943 [[Palmer Hoyt]], a Pacific coast publisher, was described as having come to Washington as Director of the Domestic Branch following Cowles's resignation.[^12] Earlier in the month, on June 15, Representative Short described the overseas division as under the guiding hand of Sherwood, whom he called "President Roosevelt's personal political servant and ghost writer."[^13] On June 17 [[Emanuel Celler]] said that Cowles, "a Republican," would remain at the agency for a few months and would be succeeded by another Republican, and that Sherwood, whose OWI salary was $9,000 a year, could earn over a hundred thousand dollars a year outside it.[^14]
### The 1943 appropriation cuts
On June 17, 1943 the House took up the appropriation for OWI in the war agencies bill. The budget estimate for fiscal year 1944 was $47,342,000, including a special fund of $10,000,000 contingent on need in connection with military operations, against $35,847,292 available for the current year. The House Appropriations Committee recommended $34,472,504. It allowed $22,500,000 for the Overseas Operations Branch against a request of $27,003,590, eliminating $2,290,000 for 763 added personnel and cutting present funds by $2,213,590, and $5,500,000 for the Domestic Operations Branch against a request of $8,865,906.[^15]
[[Richard B. Wigglesworth]] of Massachusetts said that there had been "very widespread and very severe criticism" of the agency in both its overseas and domestic fields. He said that serious criticism had been leveled at the Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Yugoslav desks and that it had been rumored there was criticism in Army circles of the overseas work.[^16] Celler said the cut to the Overseas Branch was about $3,000,000. On June 18 he said that "one broomstick was put between the legs of the O. W. I. by the pruning done by the committee," when the House was considering a further amendment against domestic propaganda.[^14][^17]
The House then voted to end the domestic operations. A weekly newspaper's Washington column of July 2, 1943 reported the vote as 55 Democrats and 150 Republicans to abolish them against 5 Republicans and 108 Democrats for continuing the work on the home front.[^18] In the Senate on June 30, 1943 Senator [[Joseph O'Mahoney]] said the House committee had recommended $5,500,000 for the Domestic Branch, that a motion had been made on the House floor to cut the Domestic Branch off altogether, that the Senate committee had allowed somewhat over $3,000,000 and $500,000 for liquidation, and that he would offer an amendment to restore $5,500,000.[^19] The National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1944, approved July 12, 1943, appropriated $33,222,504 for OWI, of which not more than $24,000,000 could go to the Overseas Operations Branch and not more than $2,750,000 to the Domestic Operations Branch, with up to $500,000 for liquidating reduced or eliminated units and $5,000,000 withheld unless the director, with the President's approval, found it necessary for activities in conjunction with actual or projected military operations.[^20]
### The analysts: Columbia, the New School and the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service
The research core of the agency came from the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS). In October 1941 [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] announced that [[Goodwin Watson]] of [[Columbia University]] would accept a P-6 post and serve as head of the Analysis Section.[^21] In February 1942 Watson offered [[Hans Speier]], whose research project at the New School, the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], had sent the monitoring service its first report a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the post of senior political analyst and head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section.[^22]
On April 19, 1943 [[Robert D. Leigh]], the FBIS director, announced an agreement under which the Bureau of Research and Analysis of the Overseas Branch of OWI would use the FBIS Analysis Division exclusively for reporting and analyzing radio broadcasts. The division was to move to the Social Security Building. On May 13 Graves said that the division would "function as an integral part of OWI." In a letter of June 18, 1943 [[Eugene Katz]], described as the head of this OWI division, wrote that relations with the FBIS Analysis Division were "so friendly" that nothing warranted a formal reappraisal of the agreement. An FBIS history written in the late 1960s calls Watson head of the Analysis Division in December 1942.[^23] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that in May 1943 the Analysis Division moved to OWI headquarters "retaining Watson as its director," with offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch.[^24]
Goodwin Watson and [[Nathan Leites]] were sent to London in September 1942 to set up an analysis operation that would work closely with OWI there and supply Washington with reports, and a two-man analysis staff remained there throughout the war.[^25] On May 22, 1944 Speier transferred from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll, and became head of its German Committee in Area One. In December 1944 he became Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany).[^26]
The Research Project on Totalitarian Communication had been financed by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] with $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and its roster of named researchers included Paechter. The same Rockefeller communications grants covered the [[Princeton Listening Center]] and the experimental division that [[Harold Lasswell]] ran at the [[Library of Congress]].[^27]
A January 22, 1943 FBIS administrative memorandum states that FBIS material went to non-government users only through one of two OWI officials, one of them [[Leo Rosten]], deputy director in charge of enemy sources. It also records an exchange of correspondence with [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, under which FBIS would have with his office the same relationship it had with OWI.[^28] Bessner writes that Rosten served in the war as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood and was instrumental in persuading officials to use film for propaganda.[^29]
### The Bureau of Overseas Intelligence and the social scientists
The Overseas Operations Branch kept its own analysis organization. Its Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, headed in 1945 by [[Victor M. Hunt]] as acting chief, analyzed incoming intelligence for policy and operations through a Central Intelligence Division, a Regional Analysis Division that "determines its reliability" and prepared reports for the New York and San Francisco bureaus and the outposts, and a Foreign Morale Analysis Division that "prepares special reports."[^11]
Social scientists sat on both sides of the arrangement with FBIS. [[Theodore Newcomb]], second to Watson in the FBIS Analysis Division, wrote on February 15, 1943 that "our relations with them (OWI analysts) are far from the best" and that the one person who would give a friendly ear was [[Otto Klineberg]], who "used to be with us and is now with them."[^30] Bessner records that members of OWI were dissatisfied with the Analysis Division's information and created their own propaganda analysis division, and that Leigh established weekly meetings between the two analysis divisions in the autumn of 1942. In a letter to Leigh of December 1942 Speier wrote that OWI's propaganda lacked "any basic strategy" and that he "cannot imagine that anybody in Germany will risk his neck for listening to such broadcasts"; he also wrote that "hardly anybody reads our Weekly Analysis" and called the OWI output "uninspired and uninspiring, unexciting and producing nothing but sleepiness." He sent his critique of the anthropologist [[Geoffrey Gorer]]'s OWI report "German Popular Psychology" to the OWI Overseas Operations Branch in October 1943.[^31]
### Psychological warfare teams in Europe
[[C. D. Jackson]], representing OWI, served as Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB) at Allied Forces Headquarters in 1943, where he directed OWI propaganda leaflet and newswriting activities at Algiers, and as Deputy Chief of the [[Psychological Warfare Division]] (PWD) at [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force]] in 1944 and 1945. He directed the Allied Information Service that distributed information on the Allies' war effort to France and other liberated areas. His wartime correspondents among psychological warfare personnel included Richard Crossman, Brigadier General Robert McClure, Edward Barrett and Fred Auberjonois.[^32]
The OWI report on its operations in the European theater for 1944, sent to Davis on April 18, 1945 by Philip Hamblet as director of the European Theatre of Operations, states that OWI London in the early part of 1944 devoted its chief attention to pre-D-day propaganda and worked through PWD. SHAEF's PWD drew its personnel from the British Foreign Office Political Intelligence Department and, for the American side, from OWI and the Office of Strategic Services. The report says that 279 from the OWI staff became part of PWD. PWD press teams landing on the Normandy beaches had as their primary function aid to the French press. The European News Room was operated by personnel from OWI, the British Ministry of Information and Political Intelligence Department, the Belgian Information Service and the U.S. Army, and its world news file went by Morse wireless to PWD monitoring teams in the field and to "PWD-AFHQ in Italy." OWI's American Broadcasting Station in Europe (ABSIE) went on the air on April 30, 1944. Late in 1944, when the French had re-established their own press, radio and film operations, PWD-SHAEF moved on and OWI set up its United States Information Service in France, and OWI began work with SHAEF and the Allied Control Commission on the handling of German information services.[^33]
### Voice of America
The first Voice of America broadcast, a fifteen-minute program in German, went out on February 24, 1942 from the Foreign Information Service of the Coordinator of Information, whose functions Executive Order 9182 transferred to OWI, and Sherwood's Overseas Branch took over that service intact.[^1][^3][^4] The service's first broadcasters were led by [[John Houseman]]. Programs were sent from New York by military aircraft to Britain, where relay stations re-transmitted them to the rest of Europe. By the Casablanca conference in 1943 the service had 27 language services and 23 transmitters, and it reached 41 languages before the war ended.[^34]
Speier wrote many of the propaganda directives aimed at Germany, most of which were broadcast over the Voice of America, and Carroll signed them.[^26]
At the end of the war the service was transferred from OWI to the Department of State. A committee of private citizens appointed by the State Department and chaired by [[Arthur McMahon]] reported in late 1945. Congress reluctantly appropriated funds for the service in 1946 and 1947. The [[Smith-Mundt Act]] of 1948 gave it permanent status.[^34]
### Soviet intelligence traffic
A [[Venona]] cable of March 23, 1944 from San Francisco to Moscow, No. 142, addressed to "Viktor" and signed with the cover name Charon, reports that an employee of the "Office of War Information," Wechsler, said that an order had been received that day from "Carthage" to discontinue something and that another was arriving from Japanese captivity. The National Security Agency's annotation identifies Viktor as Lt. Gen. P. M. Fitin and Charon as [[Georgi Kheifets]], Soviet vice-consul in San Francisco, and reads "Possibly Robert WECHSLER, an Information Specialist with the Office of War Information, WASHINGTON, D.C." with a handwritten emendation on the released copy.[^35]
### Dissolution and transfer to the State Department
Executive Order 9608 of August 31, 1945 transferred the foreign functions of OWI, together with the informational functions of the [[Office of Inter-American Affairs]] performed abroad, to an interim International Information Service established in the Department of State. The functions of OWI's Bureau of Special Services and its review of publications of federal agencies went to the [[Bureau of the Budget]]. The order abolished the remaining OWI functions at the close of business on September 15, 1945, and abolished OWI and the interim service at the close of business on December 31, 1945. Residual personnel, records, property and appropriation balances went to the [[Department of the Treasury]] for final liquidation.[^2] Executive Order 9621 of September 20, 1945 divided the OSS in parallel, transferring its Research and Analysis Branch and Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the State Department effective October 1, 1945.[^36]
Foreign dissemination functions stayed in the Department of State from 1945 to 1953, when the United States Information Agency took them over. The domestic functions went to the Bureau of the Budget's Government Information Service, which held them from 1945 to 1946.[^3]
### Personnel after 1945
Edward W. Barrett was Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs from February 1, 1950 to February 20, 1952.[^37] On January 10, 1952 he attended the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] as a State Department participant. The meeting was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], Director of Central Intelligence, and its members included the Deputy Secretary of Defense, [[William C. Foster]], and the Under Secretary of State, [[James E. Webb]].[^38] The board had been authorized by [[Harry S. Truman]] in June 1951, and C. D. Jackson, as Special Assistant to the President from 1953 to 1954, worked closely with it and with its successor, the Operations Coordinating Board.[^39] The FRUS biographical register lists [[George A. Morgan]] as acting director of the board from 1951 to 1952; Bessner lists a George Morgan among the scholars Speier's committee consulted in 1952 and 1953.[^37][^40]
Jackson also served as President of the [[Free Europe Committee]], which directed [[Radio Free Europe]], from 1951 to 1952, and took an active part in Radio Free Europe from its founding in 1949 until his death in 1964.[^32] Robert T. Holt's 1958 study of Radio Free Europe states that its daily guidance "reflects its originators' dissatisfaction with the OWI-type directive, which told writers what they could or could not say."[^41]
The OWI Security Advisory Board was also reorganized. A Central Intelligence Group memorandum of July 22, 1946 closed out the Group's liaison arrangements for the board, which was being replaced by a new board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]]. The liaison officer was charged with recommending whether the new board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]]. The memorandum records that no further action by the Security Branch or the Central Planning Staff was required.[^42] In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare, with the principal member from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, "is not operable."[^43]
Barrett organized a group of experts in April 1950 that included Speier, to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization. Speier was then a State Department consultant for psychological warfare known to James E. Webb and Barrett, and he took part in [[Project TROY]], the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Soviet jamming of American broadcasts.[^44] After the war Speier and Carroll worked together as psychological warfare consultants for the State Department and as consultants for the [[Ford Foundation]]. Between September 1952 and February 1953 the planning committee for the international communication program of MIT's Center for International Studies, headed by Speier and including Carroll, [[Jerome Bruner]], Harold Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Edward Shils]] and [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]], consulted among others Gorer, Leites, [[Daniel Lerner]], Löwenthal and George Morgan.[^40]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^45]
### Records
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^46]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Executive Order 9182, "Consolidating Certain War Information Functions into an Office of War Information," June 13, 1942, Federal Register, June 16, 1942, 7 F.R. 4468 to 4469, paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-06-16/pdf/FR-1942-06-16.pdf
[^2]: Executive Order 9608, "Providing for the Termination of the Office of War Information, and for the Disposition of Its Functions and of Certain Functions of the Office of Inter-American Affairs," August 31, 1945, Federal Register, September 1, 1945, 10 F.R. 11223, paragraphs 1 to 3. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1945-09-01/pdf/FR-1945-09-01.pdf
[^3]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 208, Records of the Office of War Information, 208.1 administrative history (established in the Office for Emergency Management by EO 9182; Foreign Information Service of the Office of the Coordinator of Information, 1941 to 1942, among predecessors; abolished by EO 9608; successor agencies), overview (1926 to 1951, bulk 1941 to 1946, 3,584 cu. ft.), table of contents (subgroups 208.2 to 208.6) and related records. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/208.html
[^4]: "Radio Gets Places in OWI Structure: Cowles Is Named To Key Post; Lewis In," Broadcasting, vol. 23, no. 2, July 13, 1942 (announcement by Davis of the previous Friday; the three branches, the policy board, the Domestic Branch and Overseas Branch bureaus and their heads; OWI Regulation No. 1). https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/broadcasting23unse_0087
[^5]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), p. 40, quoting Davis's letter of August 15, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^6]: Military Order, "Office of Strategic Services," June 13, 1942, Federal Register, June 16, 1942, 7 F.R. 4469 to 4470, paragraphs 1 to 5. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-06-16/pdf/FR-1942-06-16.pdf
[^7]: Executive Order 9312, "Defining the Foreign Information Activities of the Office of War Information," March 9, 1943, Federal Register, March 10, 1943 (F.R. Doc. 43-3806), paragraphs 1 and 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000200100008-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000200100008-4
[^8]: Office of Strategic Services, Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services (Provisional), Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2, January 26, 1943, section on other U.S. agencies, item d (the State Department, OWI, FEA, the Treasury Department and the CIAA).
[^9]: War Department General Staff, G-2, summary sheet "Establishment of Psychological Warfare Division, Special Staff," May 22, 1946, paragraphs 2c, 2f and 2g. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). Sole source for the exile lists. The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^11]: United States Government Manual, 1945 edition (Washington: Division of Public Inquiries, Special Services Bureau, Office of War Information), Emergency War Agencies, Office of War Information, pp. 88 to 95 (officials; Domestic Operations Branch; Overseas Operations Branch, including the Bureau of Overseas Intelligence and its Central Intelligence, Regional Analysis and Foreign Morale Analysis Divisions). https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgove033383mbp
[^12]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 29, 1943, remarks in the debate on the OWI appropriation ("until very recently the Director of the Domestic Branch was Mr. Gardner Cowles ... Following his resignation, Mr. Palmer Hoyt, another prominent Republican ... has left his own newspaper to come here as Director of the Domestic Branch"). Speaker not identified in the available text. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^13]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 15, 1943, p. 5909, remarks of Representative Short. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^14]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 17, 1943, p. 5989, remarks of Representative Celler (Cowles; Sherwood's salary; the cut to the Overseas Branch). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^15]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 17, 1943, statement on the OWI items of the war agencies appropriation bill, including the exchange of Representatives Celler and Cannon of Missouri (budget estimate of $47,342,000 with a $10,000,000 contingent fund; $35,847,292 for the current year; committee recommendation of $34,472,504; Overseas Operations Branch request of $27,003,590 and allowance of $22,500,000; Domestic Operations Branch request of $8,865,906 and allowance of $5,500,000). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^16]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 17, 1943, p. 5993, remarks of Representative Wigglesworth. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^17]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 18, 1943, p. 6133, remarks of Representative Celler in reply to Representative Brooks. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^18]: Hug S. Sias, "Look at Washington," The Perquimans Weekly (Hertford, North Carolina), July 2, 1943, p. 3. https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn97064546/1943-07-02/ed-1/seq-3/
[^19]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, Senate, June 30, 1943, pp. 6803 to 6804, remarks of Senator O'Mahoney on the Domestic Branch of the Office of War Information. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^20]: National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1944, Public Law 139, 78th Congress, chapter 228, approved July 12, 1943, 57 Stat. 531 to 532 (Office of War Information, salaries and expenses). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-57/pdf/STATUTE-57-Pg522.pdf
[^21]: Roop, Part I, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement that Watson would accept a P-6 and serve as head of the Analysis Section). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section). Sole source for the first-report date and the February 1942 offer.
[^23]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121 to 122 (Watson as head of the Analysis Division writing on December 30, 1942; Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943 and the move to the Social Security Building; Graves on May 13, 1943, "function as an integral part of OWI"; Eugene Katz's letter to Leigh of June 18, 1943, "so friendly"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^25]: Roop, Part I, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942 to establish an analysis operation working closely with OWI in London and supplying Washington with reports; "a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them). Sole source for the Speier transfer, the December 1944 post and the directives.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter"). Sole source for the grant figures and the roster.
[^28]: FBIS Administrative Memorandum No. 16, "To Officers of the FBIS," January 22, 1943, on the exchange of correspondence with Nelson A. Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and on the use of FBIS material through OWI officials. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP82-00177R000300410017-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00177r000300410017-3
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda"). Sole source for the Hollywood liaison role.
[^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 122, note (Theodore Newcomb on February 15, 1943: "Unfortunately and off the record our relations with them (OWI analysts) are far from the best. There is only one person from whom I guarantee you would get a friendly ear, Otto Klineberg. He used to be with us and is now with them."). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942). Sole source for the quoted remarks.
[^32]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid for C. D. Jackson: Papers, 1931 to 1967, scope and content note (Jackson "representing the Office of War Information (OWI)" as Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch at AFHQ in 1943 and Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Division at SHAEF in 1944 to 1945; the Allied Information Service; correspondents; President of the Free Europe Committee 1951 to 1952; Radio Free Europe from 1949 to 1964). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf
[^33]: Office of War Information, "OWI in the ETO: A Report on the Activities of the Office of War Information in the European Theatre of Operations, January 1944 to January 1945," transmitted by Philip C. Hamblet to Elmer Davis, April 18, 1945 (OWI London and PWD; 279 OWI staff; Normandy press teams; the European News Room; ABSIE; the United States Information Service in France). https://archive.org/details/owiinetoreporton00unit
[^34]: Voice of America Programming Handbook, third edition (1992), history section (first broadcast February 24, 1942, a fifteen-minute German program, described there as set up within OWI in the Foreign Information Service; John Houseman; relay of programs from New York to Britain by military aircraft; 27 language services and 23 transmitters by the Casablanca conference in 1943; 41 languages; transfer to the Department of State; the McMahon committee in late 1945; appropriations in 1946 and 1947; the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234
[^35]: National Security Agency, Venona translation, San Francisco to Moscow, No. 142, March 23, 1944, "Report from Wechsler of the Office of War Information in Washington," with comments [i] to [iv]. https://archive.org/details/1944_23mar_war
[^36]: Executive Order 9621, "Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions," September 20, 1945, Federal Register, September 22, 1945, 10 F.R. 12033 to 12035, paragraphs 1 and 6. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1945-09-22/pdf/FR-1945-09-22.pdf
[^37]: Office of the Historian, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950 to 1955, The Intelligence Community, list of persons (Barrett, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, February 1, 1950 to February 20, 1952; George Morgan, Acting Director, Psychological Strategy Board, 1951 to 1952). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons
[^38]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^39]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid for C. D. Jackson: Records, 1953 to 1954, scope and content note (Special Assistant to the President, February 16, 1953 to March 31, 1954; the Psychological Strategy Board authorized in June 1951; the Operations Coordinating Board). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-records.pdf
[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 (Speier and Carroll as psychological warfare consultants for the State Department and the Ford Foundation) and pp. 256 to 257 and notes 110 and 111 (planning committee of the Center for International Studies, September 1952 to February 1953, and the scholars consulted).
[^41]: Robert T. Holt, Radio Free Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), pp. 39 to 40. https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Station-Books/Radio-Free-Europe-Holt-1958.pdf
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^43]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage. Sole source for Speier's membership of the group.
[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis"). Sole source for the RAND recruitment.
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108). Sole source for these box and folder references.

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- InstituteOfWorldAffairs
- NewSchool
- UniversityInExile
- DorisDuke
- IndependentAid
- RockefellerFoundation
- PolicyResearch
- PsychologicalWarfare
- PostwarReconstruction
- ColdWar
aliases:
- Institute of World Affairs
- Institute of World Affairs (New School)
- New School Institute of World Affairs
- Institute of World Affairs records
- IWA
summary: "A research unit of the New School for Social Research from 1943 to 1953 that produced government-commissioned postwar studies, funded in part through Doris Duke's Independent Aid."
location: "New York, New York"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "independent unit of the New School, redesignated Research Division in 1953"
start: 1943
end: 1953
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Adolph Lowe]]"
reverse: true
role: "director of research"
start: 1942
end: 1953
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Hans Neisser]]"
reverse: true
role: "acting director"
start: 1950
end: 1951
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Hans Simons]]"
reverse: true
role: "director, per the historical note"
start: 1951
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hans Staudinger]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman of the Council of Research"
start: 1944
end: 1951
fn: 13
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hans Staudinger]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman of the Council for Research 1943 to 1953 and director or chairman of the Institute 1951 to 1953, per the Staudinger papers chronology"
start: 1943
end: 1953
fn: 12
- type: funded
with: "[[Independent Aid]]"
reverse: true
role: "donor listed in the historical note; Doris Duke's first foundation, incorporated 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951"
start: 1943
end: 1951
fn: 5
- type: funded
with: "[[Doris Duke]]"
reverse: true
role: "funding stated by Daniel Bessner, 2013"
start: 1943
end: 1951
fn: 8
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "donor listed in the historical note; funded Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction and Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia"
start: 1943
end: 1951
fn: 17
- type: funded
with: "[[Viking Fund]]"
reverse: true
role: "donor listed in the historical note"
start: 1943
end: 1951
fn: 26
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[U.S. Department of State]]"
role: "studies commissioned by the State Department"
start: 1946
end: 1951
fn: 29
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[United States Information Agency]]"
role: "contracted study of European wireless files"
start: 1953
end: 1953
fn: 31
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
role: "co-organizer of the Totalitarian Communication Project, a predecessor division"
start: 1940
end: 1944
fn: 20
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Ernst Kris]]"
reverse: true
role: "co-organizer of the Totalitarian Communication Project, a predecessor division"
start: 1940
end: 1944
fn: 20
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
reverse: true
role: "initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision"
end: 1942
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Eduard Heimann]]"
reverse: true
role: "member of the Study Group on Germany, a predecessor division"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Alvin Johnson]]"
reverse: true
role: "gave an address at the inaugural meeting"
start: 1943-11
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Jacob Marschak]]"
reverse: true
role: "author of a research file, Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia"
fn: 16
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Leo Strauss]]"
reverse: true
role: "member of the Study Group on Germany, a predecessor division"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Kurt Riezler]]"
reverse: true
role: "member of the Study Group on Germany; researcher associated with the University in Exile"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Lewis Lorwin]]"
reverse: true
role: "research consultant to the New School during the Institute's final years"
fn: 1
---
The Institute of World Affairs was a research unit of the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York, founded in 1943 and redesignated the Research Division in 1953.[^1] During the Second World War it served as an unofficial office of information for various federal war offices, and after the war it continued to produce studies commissioned by the [[U.S. Department of State]].[^1]
### Founding and financing
The Institute was modeled on the [[Kiel Institute for the World Economy]], an international research organization studying the world economy, of which [[Adolph Lowe]] and [[Hans Neisser]] had been former members.[^1] Its mission statement set the goal "to perform research on international problems and to serve as a clearing house for information on foreign regions and international relations."[^1]
At its founding the Institute became an independent unit of the New School and took over the collective research projects of the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]]. It developed from two divisions within the Graduate Faculty: a [[Study Group on Germany]], whose members included [[Eduard Heimann]], [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], [[Albert Salomon]], [[Kurt Riezler]], [[Leo Strauss]], [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] organized by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]].[^1] [[Max Ascoli]], an Italian legal philosopher, was involved in the initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision until Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^1]
The founding year is given as 1942 in one description and as 1943 in others.[^2] A folder titled "History of the Institute of World Affairs, 1943" carries the later date.[^1][^3] The inaugural meeting took place on November 17, 1943, when [[Alvin Johnson]] and Lowe gave addresses that were printed as a pamphlet, Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs (1944).[^4]
Prior funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, coming from [[Independent Aid]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Viking Fund]], the [[Hebrew Technical Institute]], the [[Rosenwald Foundation]] and individual donors.[^1]
### Doris Duke and Independent Aid
The historical note lists Independent Aid first among the Institute's donors for 1943 to 1951.[^1] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]], daughter of [[James B. Duke]]. It was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934, shortly after Duke turned 21, and its officers voted in October 1951 to change its name to the Doris Duke Foundation.[^5][^6] The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation gives the age at which Duke formed her first charitable foundation as 23.[^7]
The [[Duke University]] guide to the Independent Aid records states that Duke "had limited direct involvement" with Independent Aid and that its disbursements reflected her interests in the welfare of women and children, social work and mental health, and early family planning; recipients it names include the Center for Self-Supporting Women and Students of New York City, the Mental Hygiene Association and the Child Adoption and Placement Bureau.[^5] Day-to-day operations were administered by Marian Paschal, secretary until her death in 1946, and by her successor Georgea T. Furst; the Doris Duke Foundation guide records that board member [[Clarence E. Pickett]] served as executive secretary during the same period and that Furst had been his assistant from 1943 to 1946.[^5][^6]
The Doris Duke Foundation records, which continue the Independent Aid files, hold two folders titled for the New School: "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959," described as containing correspondence with Independent Aid and, in the second, clippings.[^6] The folder titles name the New School and do not name the Institute.
[[Daniel Bessner]], in his 2013 Duke University dissertation on Speier, describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^8]
The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation dates "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945" in a photograph caption that names no agency.[^7]
### Directors and staff
Adolph Lowe, born in Stuttgart on March 4, 1893, had been director of research and educational studies at the [[Institute of World Economics]] at Kiel from 1926 to 1930 and founded the Institute for Business Cycle Research there in 1925. He was dismissed from his post in 1933, was a Rockefeller Foundation fellow from 1933 to 1938 while a lecturer at the [[University of Manchester]], became a British subject in September 1939, and moved to the New School afterward.[^9] The historical note has him become director of research in 1942.[^1] He directed the Institute in October 1943, when Salomon asked Speier to join its council.[^10] A resignation letter from Lowe dated 1951 is filed in the correspondence series; the historical note gives 1953 for his departure from the Institute, and the Albany finding aid to his papers records that he remained a professor at the New School until 1978, "leaving only to take a one-year appointment at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1953)."[^1][^9][^11] He edited the posthumous works of [[Karl Mannheim]].[^2] He returned to Germany after 1982 and died in Wolfenbüttel on June 4, 1995.[^9]
[[Hans Staudinger]], born in Worms in 1889, was a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] in the [[Reichstag]] from 1927 to 1933 and Prussian state secretary in the Ministry of Commerce in 1929, was removed from office in 1932, was held in police custody in Hamburg from June 16 to July 22, 1933, and emigrated to Belgium, where he was a consultant to [[SOFINA]] in Brussels. He became professor of economics at the [[University in Exile]] in the fall of 1934 and a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 26, 1940.[^12] The Council of Research that he chaired oversaw the Institute's research operations and is dated 1944 to 1951 in the New School's folder and historical note.[^1][^13] His papers chronology gives 1943 to 1953 for his chairmanship of the Council for Research of the Institute of World Affairs, "Director from 1951-1953," and 1951 to 1953 as chairman of the Institute. The same chronology records his service as dean of the Graduate Faculty in 1941 to 1943, 1950 to 1951 and 1955 to 1960, and an entry of September 29, 1944: "received notification of termination of appointment as 'Expert' from the U. S. War Department" ([[United States Department of War]]).[^12] The historical note states that in 1951 the Institute "fell under the direction of Hans Staudinger" and that he "had a hand in the administration of at least forty-five distinct projects, bringing in $500,000 in funds."[^1] He edited the Journal of Social Research from 1959 to 1964, became professor emeritus in 1960 and died in Manhattan on February 25, 1980.[^12]
Neisser served as acting director from 1950, and [[Hans Simons]] took over the post in 1951.[^1] The Albany finding aid to the Simons papers describes him as a German-born political scholar who came to the United States in 1935 after being blacklisted by the Nazis, joined the University in Exile faculty, became an American citizen in 1940, and "was appointed president of The New School in 1945."[^14] Bessner, writing of October 1946, calls [[Bryn J. Hovde]] "the New School's president."[^15]
Researchers associated with the University in Exile included [[Arnold Brecht]], [[Alfred Kähler]], [[Ernest Hamburger]], Erich Hula, Kurt Riezler and [[Frieda Wunderlich]].[^1] The [[Ibero-American Center]] was an independent division of the Institute headed by [[Frederick Haussmann]].[^1] [[Lewis Lorwin]], a sociologist and economist, was engaged as a research consultant to the New School during the Institute's final years.[^1]
Eduard Heimann was a member of the Study Group on Germany.[^1] A research file titled "Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia" by [[Jacob Marschak]], dated to the 1940s and 1950s, is held in the Institute's research project records.[^16]
### Speier conflict, 1943 to 1944
In October 1943 Salomon asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier told Salomon and Lowe, who directed the Institute, that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and asked about "the functions of the Council." Despite "repeated inquiries," Speier never heard back from either man about his duties.[^10]
From Washington, where he worked for the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], Speier wrote to Lowe in February 1944 that his experiences with the Institute had been "a series of baffling disappointments." Lowe replied that Speier's anger "came to me as a complete shock," and said he had wanted to include Speier on the council because he was "the main representative of collective research in our sociology department."[^10]
On February 25, 1944 Speier wrote to Lowe: "I withdraw my declaration to serve on [the Institute's council] 'in principle' pending further information. ... In the meantime I must ask you not to consider me a member of the Council." He added that if there were "fights" in the faculty "for prestige or influence I don't want to have any part in them as a pawn."[^10] Bessner states that Speier came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics," citing letters to Staudinger of March 3, 1944 and to Salomon of March 5, 1944.[^10] In the letter to Salomon he called the council's members the Geheimräte (secret councilors).[^10] In a letter to Riezler of February 3, 1944 he wrote that the New School's "atmosphere of freedom has been replaced by strangely autocratic ways."[^10]
### Research programs
The early research papers included "International Trade in Raw Materials at Various Levels of Employment," "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction" by Brecht, Lowe, Hans Simons and Staudinger, "Technological Trends and the Flexibility of Labor" by Kähler, "Changes in the Democratic Process" led by [[Paul van Zeeland]], and "Comparative Administration" by Brecht.[^1]
The reconstruction study was "funded by the Rockefeller Foundation in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^17] The Former Jewish Communal Property in Germany survey was compiled and analyzed by the [[American Federation of Jews from Central Europe]].[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941 and financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19]
The Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, led by Speier and Kris for the Graduate Faculty's research center, ran from 1940 to 1944 and was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.[^20] Bessner dates the end of the project to January 1943.[^21] The [[Propaganda Research Center]], 1947 to 1953, had as principal researchers [[Karl Ettinger]] and [[Saul K. Padover]], and much of its research was performed with assistance from the [[Office of Naval Research]].[^22] Its project files for 1951 to 1953 are titled Brazilian Use of INP Press Releases (1952-1953), Communist Deviations (1952), Evaluation of Filmslide Use in a Field Operation (1952), Foreign Propaganda in the United States (1951-1953), Foreign Repercussions of Domestic Race Relations (1951), Graphology in Political Intelligence (1952), Human Carriers of Communist Propaganda (1951-1952), Legal Problems Resulting from Warfare Disasters (1952), Patterns of Panic (1951-1952) and Testing State Department Movies (1952-1953).[^23] The administrative series holds materials for an April 18 and 19, 1952 conference titled Conference on International Implications of Race Relations in the United States.[^24]
The Leisure-Time project ran from 1948 until 1953 and attempted to analyze the role of leisure time activity in the daily lives of workers in industrial society. Faculty and researchers involved included [[Marie Macario Bestul]], [[Phyllis Poses]], [[Gerda Golder]], [[Elizabeth Todd]], Staudinger, [[Paul Heurath]], [[Siegfried Kracauer]], [[Hilda Weiss]], [[Alexander Ringer]] and [[Laura Himovitch]].[^1] Ringer's thesis, Musical Attitudes of Metropolitan College Students, drew on questionnaires issued to students of the [[City College of New York]].[^1]
The Image of America project, begun in 1945 and filed for 1947 to 1957, aimed to assess the conception of the American in a global context. It included a paper by Kracauer, "Analysis of Images," and Lorwin described it as "a total loss."[^25] The Viking Fund corresponded with Staudinger about the project and about the Leisure-Time study.[^26]
The Ibero-American Center roundtable of 1944 to 1948 drew correspondence among [[Fernando de los Rios]], [[Adolfo Dorfman]], Bryn J. Hovde, Alvin Johnson, Lowe, Staudinger and [[Sumner Welles]].[^27] A study of religion in postwar Germany, initiated and led by [[Carl Mayer]], ran from 1954 to 1957 with [[Helmut R. Wagner]], [[Thomas Luckmann]] and [[Salvator Attanasio]] on the project staff.[^28]
### Government contracts and grants
During and after the war, the Institute and its researchers "worked closely with U.S. intelligence and war offices during World War II, a relationship that continued after the war had ended."[^29] Correspondence and conference minutes for 1946 to 1951 document the relationship with the State Department.[^29] The administrative series also holds a file on the 1950 [[Point Four Roundtable Conference]] on United States foreign policy.[^30]
In 1953 the Institute took on a study of the readability of European wireless files prepared for overseas distribution by the [[International Press Service]], a study contracted and funded by the newly created [[United States Information Agency]].[^31] General correspondence for 1942 to 1946 includes the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] alongside the [[Woodrow Wilson Foundation]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]].[^32]
The Rockefeller Foundation granted Speier and Kris $15,960 in March 1941 and an additional $19,000 in 1942 for the Totalitarian Communication project.[^21] The correspondence file for [[Joseph H. Willits]] of the Rockefeller Foundation concerns a Foundation grant for the project of Neisser titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^33] A 1942 study of German academic institutions by Kris drew correspondence about the inability to secure funding for the research from the [[Carnegie Corporation]].[^34]
The Viking Fund, 1940 to 1950, and its successor the [[Wenner-Gren Foundation]], 1946 to 1955, both appear in the correspondence series.[^26] The [[Ford Foundation]] (1950 to 1955), the [[Fels Fund]] (1948) and the [[Twentieth Century Fund]] (1947) have folders of their own.[^35] A folder titled for [[Nelson Rockefeller]] for 1948 to 1949 concerns the rejection of a transportation study by Staudinger and Wohl.[^36]
### Publications
Books published primarily by [[Cornell University Press]] include [[Gregory Bienstock]], [[Solomon M. Schwarz]] and [[Aaron Yugow]], Management in Russian Industry and Agriculture (1944); Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (1944); [[Ernst Fraenkel]], Military Occupation and the Rule of Law (1944); Arnold Brecht, Federalism and Regionalism in Germany: The Division of Prussia (1945); [[Joseph B. Schechtman]], European Population Transfers, 1939-1945 (1946); [[Henry W. Ehrmann]], French Labor from Popular Front to Liberation (1947); Alfred Kähler and Ernest Hamburger, Education for an Industrial Age (1948); [[Wilbert E. Moore]], Industrialization and Labor (1951); Hans Neisser and [[Franco Modigliani]], National Incomes and International Trade (1953); and [[Julius Hirsch]], New Horizons in Business (1955).[^2] Lowe edited the posthumous works of Karl Mannheim.[^2]
The occasional papers were distributed directly by the Research Division. They include Alvin Johnson and Ernest Hamburger, "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946); Hans Neisser, "The Significance of Foreign Trade for Domestic Employment" (1946); Franco Modigliani, "Fluctuations in the Savings Ratio: A Problem in Economic Forecasting" (1947); Wilbert E. Moore, "Primitives and Peasants in Industry" (1948); Arnold Brecht, "The New German Constitution" (1949); [[Henry G. Aubrey]], "Deliberate Industrialization" (1949); Helmut R. Wagner, "A New Generation of German Labor" (1956).[^2]
### End of the Institute
By 1953 the Institute "had been brought into closer relationship with the New School for Social Research, and redesignated as the Research Division." It last appeared in the 1954 to 1955 Graduate Faculty Bulletin. The records came to the New School Archives from the [[Raymond Fogelman Library]] in 2012.[^1][^2]
Lorwin, engaged as a consultant during this period, wrote a 1953 report on the New School's research and related activities that described the Institute as having been "started with too large expectations." The research agenda's ambition and its collaborative method "led to numerous incomplete and under-performing research projects that resulted in few publications or other deliverables."[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^2]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, abstract, dates, IWA Bibliography and immediate source of acquisition. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "History of the Institute of World Affairs, 1943," Box 1, Folder 7. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27141
[^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Box 16, Folder 17, a pamphlet of transcripts of addresses by Alvin Johnson and Adolph Lowe at the inaugural meeting of November 17, 1943. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^5]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid
[^6]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, abstract, scope and content, related material, and subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959" (Boxes 50-51). https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound
[^7]: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, "Our Founder" (the age of 23; the photograph caption "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945"). https://dorisduke.org/who-we-are/our-founder
[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^9]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Adolph Lowe Papers, 1915-1996," abstract, biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger022
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-166 and notes 3-17 (Speier to Lowe, February 13, 1944; Lowe to Speier, February 23, 1944; Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier to Riezler, February 3, 1944; Speier to Staudinger, March 3, 1944; Speier to Salomon, March 5, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Lowe, Adolph, resignation letter, 1951," Box 2, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27144
[^12]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Hans Staudinger Papers, 1928-1980," chronology and biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger087
[^13]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Council of Research, 1944-1951," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27247
[^14]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Hans Simons Papers, 1906-1968," abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger082
[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 151 (William Stone to Bryn Hovde, October 17, 1946). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Marschak, Jacob. 'Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia', 1940s-1950s," Box 12, Folder 11. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27273
[^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Former Jewish Communal Property in Germany: a Questionnaire Survey', late 1940s-early 1950s," Box 5, Folder 31. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27255
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451
[^21]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 (the Rockefeller Foundation grants of March 1941, $15,960, and 1942, $19,000; Speier and Kris, German Radio Propaganda, Oxford University Press, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Propaganda Research Center, 1947-1953," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27434
[^23]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Projects, 1951-1953," Propaganda Research Center, Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3, with folders at https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27440 and the following records 27441 to 27450.
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Conference on International Implications of Race Relations in the United States, 1952 Apr 18-19," Box 1, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27136
[^25]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Image of America, 1947-1957," Box 7, Folders 8-9. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27261
[^26]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Viking Fund, 1940-1950," Box 3, Folder 24, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27216; and "Wenner-Gren Foundation (formerly Viking Fund), 1946-1955," Box 3, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27217
[^27]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Ibero-American Center Roundtable on Latin America, 1944-1948," Box 3, Folders 17-18. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27209
[^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Religion in Germany Today, 1954-1957," Box 12, Folder 38. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27282
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Department of State, 1946-1951," Series 1 scope note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27137
[^30]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Point Four Roundtable Conference on United States Foreign Policy, 1950," Box 1, Folder 4. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27139
[^31]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Readability of the European Wireless Files Prepared for Overseas Distribution, 19 May-19 July 1953, by the International Press Service, USIA, 1953-1955," Box 12, Folder 37. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27281
[^32]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "General, 1942-1946," Box 3, Folders 9-10. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27202
[^33]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
[^34]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Kris, Ernst. 'The German Academic Institutions Under National Socialism', 1942," Box 11, Folder 19. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27469
[^35]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Fels Fund, 1948," Box 3, Folder 15, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27207; "Ford Foundation, 1950-1955," Box 3, Folder 16, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27208; and "Twentieth Century Fund, 1947," Box 3, Folder 23, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27214
[^36]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Rockefeller, Nelson A., 1948-1949," Box 3, Folder 4. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27191

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70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-09 Neither Cleared Nor Witting.md
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[[Klara G. Roman]], a [[Budapest]]-born graphologist and clinical psychologist, taught graphology at the [[New School for Social Research]] in [[New York City]] from 1948. From 1959 she worked on a lexicon of handwriting.[^1][^2]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 24, 1961 opened [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 137 "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "she is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that the manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." The memorandum cites the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and records that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal lists a 1928 diploma, the invention of the Graphodyne for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1948 research appointment in conjunction with an "Institute for Psychoanalysis," and a faculty post from 1949; each entry matches Roman's record.[^3][^1]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 24, 1961 opened [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 137 "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that the manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." The memorandum cites the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and records that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal lists a 1928 diploma, the invention of the Graphodyne for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1948 research appointment in conjunction with an "Institute for Psychoanalysis," and a faculty membership beginning in 1948; each entry matches Roman's record.[^3][^1] The copy of this memorandum that the CIA sent the New School on September 7, 1977 carries a red insertion, "New School for Social Research, New York City," in the redacted line naming the investigator's institution; the covering letter states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The memorandum of May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134, a body-type study, carries the same insertion and the line "Mr." [redacted] "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor."[^8]
A treasurer's check for $2,000 was issued on September 11, 1961. Roman died on August 9, 1962.[^3][^2] An accounting memorandum of February 1963 states that she "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." The closing certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting form was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature of [[Sidney Gottlieb]], "DC/TSD."[^3]
A treasurer's check for $2,000 was issued on September 11, 1961. Roman died on August 9, 1962.[^2][^3] An accounting memorandum of February 1963 states that she "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." An unsigned, undated certification form in the file states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting form was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature of [[Sidney Gottlieb]], "DC/TSD."[^3]
The Encyclopedia of the Written Word was published by [[F. Ungar Publishing Company]] in 1968. Its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund."[^4][^2] Pasternak appears as technical writer in the 1957 annual report of the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], renamed the Human Ecology Fund in 1961.[^5] The Fund's 1963 report, as tabulated by the anthropologist [[David H. Price]], lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G." for "Book: The Psychology of Writing."[^6]
The records of New School president [[John R. Everett]] hold a file labeled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." Its description refers to "two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," the second of which "concerned graphology and psychopathologies."[^7]
The records of New School president [[John R. Everett]] hold a file labeled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." Its description refers to "two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," the second of which "concerned graphology and psychopathologies."[^7] A decade earlier the school's [[Propaganda Research Center]], whose research was performed in large part with assistance from the [[Office of Naval Research]], kept a project file titled "Graphology in Political Intelligence," dated 1952.[^9]
[^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
[^2]: Klara G. Roman, *Encyclopedia of the Written Word*, ed. Rose Wolfson and Maurice Edwards (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1968), acknowledgments and editors' account signed by Rose Wolfson.
@ -34,3 +34,5 @@ The records of New School president [[John R. Everett]] hold a file labeled "Cen
[^5]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, *1957 Annual Report*, officers and staff; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (New York: Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n.
[^6]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4.
[^7]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Box 7, Folder 29, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter of A. R. Cinquegrana to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, with red insertions on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961 and the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961, New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records, NS010102_000027. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^9]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3, Propaganda Research Center, 1947-1953, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27434 ; "Graphology in Political Intelligence, 1952," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27446

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