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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- Academia
- Philosophy
- HigherEducation
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- HollinsCollege
- CityUniversityOfNewYork
- EncyclopaediaBritannica
- MKULTRA
- CIA
aliases:
- John R. Everett
- John Rutherford Everett
- John Everett
- Jack Everett
- John R. Everett (1918-1992)
- John Everett (1918-1992)
summary: "John R. Everett (1918-1992) led Hollins College, the New York Municipal College System and the New School, whose archive holds his 1977 CIA file on two MKULTRA subprojects funded there in 1961."
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hollins College]]"
start: 1950
end: 1960
role: "president"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[City University of New York]]"
start: 1960
end: 1962
role: "first chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
start: 1964
end: 1982
role: "president"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]"
start: 1960
end: 1964
role: "educational consultant to Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc. (1960); vice president of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago (1962 to 1964)"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Columbia University]]"
start: 1943
end: 1950
role: "instructor in philosophy; chair of the philosophy department from 1948"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Wesleyan University]]"
start: 1945
end: 1948
role: "assistant professor of philosophy"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Union Theological Seminary]]"
start: 1968
end: 1978
role: "board service, folder 1968 to 1978"
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[Park College]]"
role: "board of trustees service"
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[New Lincoln School]]"
role: "board service; his daughter attended"
fn: 4
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Eunice Elizabeth Sloan]]"
start: 1942
end: 1963
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Elsie Leivesley Howard]]"
start: 1964
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Monroe Green Everett]]"
role: "son"
fn: 1
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
---
John Rutherford Everett (1918-1992) was an American philosopher and college administrator. He presided over [[Hollins College]] in Virginia from 1950 to 1960, served as the first chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York from 1960 to 1962, and was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from 1964 to 1982. The New School Archives hold his presidential records, including a file of 1977 and 1978 correspondence with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] about two subprojects, 134 and 137, funded through [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] in 1961 for work at the school that the file dates to 1962.
### Early Life and Education
Everett was born on December 27, 1918, in [[Portland, Oregon]], to [[Margaret Myrtle Johnson Everett]] and [[Monroe Green Everett]], a Presbyterian minister who later served as president of [[Trinity University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas]].[^1] He received an AB from [[Park College]] in [[Parkville, Missouri]] in 1942, an MA in economics from [[Columbia University]] in 1943, a Bachelor of Divinity from [[Union Theological Seminary]] in [[New York City]] in 1944, and a PhD in philosophy from Columbia in 1945.[^1] He married [[Eunice Elizabeth Sloan]], a fellow Park College student, on June 13, 1942, in [[Connecticut]]. They had one daughter. They divorced in June 1963, and on January 21, 1964 he married [[Elsie Leivesley Howard]], who had a son from a previous marriage.[^1]
### Philosophy Career, 1943 to 1950
Everett taught philosophy at Columbia from 1943 to 1945 while also serving as an assistant in the philosophy of religion at Union Theological Seminary during the 1944 to 1945 academic year.[^1] He joined the faculty of [[Wesleyan University]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]] in 1945 as an assistant professor of philosophy and remained three years.[^1] He returned to Columbia in 1948 as chair of the philosophy department.[^1] His books were *Religion in Economics: A Study of [[John Bates Clark]], [[Richard T. Ely]] [and] [[Simon N. Patten]]* (1946) and *Religion in Human Experience: An Introduction* (1950).[^1]
### Hollins College, 1950 to 1960
In April 1950 the board of trustees of Hollins College elected Everett its president. He took up the post in July, at age thirty-one, and was the youngest college president in the United States at the time.[^1] The [[United States Junior Chamber of Commerce]] named him one of its ten outstanding young men of 1950 the following year.[^1] During the decade the college built four major buildings, among them a new library, adopted a new curriculum and opened a study-abroad program. Enrollment almost doubled, the faculty rose from thirty-nine to sixty-three, most of them holding doctorates, and Everett worked to lift the endowment above $3 million by 1960.[^1][^2] The graduate programs were coeducational and covered psychology, writing, French and Spanish, and Everett created a travel and research fund for faculty.[^1] The Hollins archives list the Paris study-abroad program, a literary festival and the first Parents' Day among the changes, and the buildings as Faculty Row, Turner Hall, Randolph Hall, the Fishburn Library, the Hill Building and the duPont Chapel; from 1957 to 1960 he sat on the Advisory Council for the Virginia Economy.[^2]
Everett helped establish the [[Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges]] in 1952 and represented the United States on the committee of the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] that met in [[Paris]] to study the article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on participation in cultural and educational life.[^1] In 1956 he chaired the educational advisory committee of the [[Council for Financial Aid to Education]]. [[Roanoke College]] awarded him an honorary doctorate of laws in 1960.[^1] His papers from the Hollins years include memos about founding a college in [[Aspen, Colorado]], his "President's Column" for the Hollins Bulletin, a 1951 typescript titled "Why Educate Women," and reflections on the 1952 UNESCO meeting.[^3]
On race, the New School's finding aid records that in a 1958 memo, written while he was president of Hollins, Everett called the desegregation movement "propaganda."[^4] [[Anna Robinson-Sweet]], an associate archivist at the New School, wrote in [[Public Seminar]] that South Carolina governor [[James Byrnes]] commended the same stance.[^5] A 1968 article in [[The Atlantic]] opposed the decentralization of New York City public schools and described forced desegregation as "unfair competition" for African-American students who had been disadvantaged in their education.[^4]
### Chancellor of the Municipal College System, 1960 to 1962
In January 1960 Everett submitted his resignation from Hollins, effective on the appointment of a successor, to become an educational consultant to [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Films, Inc. The company had contracted with Hollins to develop teaching-machine programs in mathematics and foreign languages for public schools.[^1] In June 1960 he became the first chancellor of the [[Municipal College System of the City of New York]], over which he presided for 80,000 students at four senior colleges and three community colleges. The system was renamed the [[City University of New York]] in 1961.[^1]
His papers at the New School hold correspondence with [[Gustave G. Rosenberg]], chairman of the [[Board of Higher Education]], and Mayor [[Robert Wagner]] on administrative, budgeting and development matters, along with two statements about a "communist speaker ban."[^3] The series also holds correspondence with Harold W. Stokes, president of [[Queens College]], about a court trial arising from accusations of religious discrimination at CUNY.[^3] Series 1 of the presidential records carries a file for the University and a consultancy to the [[United States Department of State]], and the Mayor's Task Force on City Personnel.[^6] [[Encyclopedia Virginia]] states that he resigned after two years "for personal reasons."[^1]
### Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1962 to 1964
Everett left the chancellorship in 1962 and joined Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., in [[Chicago]]. Encyclopedia Virginia gives the post as senior vice president,[^1] and the New School's finding aid for his papers gives it as vice president, with the Britannica period dated 1962 to 1964.[^3] The Britannica series of the papers holds correspondence with [[Maurice B. Mitchell]], president of the company, a memo on the role of television in education titled "Teaching Machines," and a memo to Sidney Tickton, vice president of the [[Academy for Educational Development]], and [[Herman B Wells]] about cooperation between private and public universities.[^3]
### President of the New School, 1964 to 1982
Everett became president of the New School in October 1964.[^4] The school's presidential records list [[Hans Simons]] (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963) and [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) as his predecessors.[^4] Public Seminar describes his tenure as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to that of the founder [[Alvin Johnson]].[^5] Enrollment grew from 8,000 to 30,000 during his presidency.[^1]
In the summer and fall of 1965 Everett urged the board of trustees to fund an expansion that would make the school the premier institution of adult education in New York City.[^5] In a 1965 memo to the board he wrote that "the original purpose [offering refuge to European scholars fleeing fascism] of the Graduate Faculty has disappeared," and that without the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science|Graduate Faculty]] the school "would cease to be a university for adults because it would cease to be a university."[^5]
### Expansion, Parsons and the Graduate Faculty
The [[Center for New York City Affairs]] was founded in 1965 and was developed into a full-scale graduate school of management and urban professions, now known as the [[Milano School of Policy, Management and the Environment]].[^4][^5] An undergraduate program started in 1966 and later became [[Eugene Lang College]].[^4][^5] In 1970 the school merged with [[Parsons School of Design]], which Encyclopedia Virginia describes as a new division brought in during his presidency.[^1][^5] The campus also grew through the acquisition of the buildings now known as the [[Sheila Johnson Design Center]] and the space where the [[University Center]] stands.[^5]
In May 1970 students, with the administration's permission, occupied the Graduate Faculty building at [[65 Fifth Avenue]] to organize anti-war study groups and discussions. High school students later joined the occupation. A negotiation of about two weeks followed, and a court injunction process led to resistance from the strikers. [[New York City Police Department|New York City police]] emptied the building on May 25, 1970, and the finding aid records that no violence occurred during the voluntary arrest of several students.[^3]
In 1979 Everett recommended eliminating the Graduate Faculty's doctoral programs and, if necessary, its master's programs in sociology and political science.[^3] The finding aid states that after intense negotiations and several years of restructuring, every doctoral program was reapproved by the [[New York State Board of Regents]].[^3] Public Seminar describes the end of his tenure as finding the school "in a precarious academic and financial position," marked by a de-accreditation crisis, faculty departures and a financial crisis.[^5]
### Writings on Higher Education
Everett wrote articles and speeches on higher education during the 1960s and 1970s. In a 1965 article titled "Revolution in Higher Education," he warned that universities were becoming "trade schools for those who wish to learn the techniques of the knowledge business."[^5] His 1969 article for *The Atlantic*, "Sex and Politics in the Underground Press," concluded that "Sex will sell very well by itself while pretentious factless political theorizing will not."[^5] Public Seminar reports that in October 1968 Everett wrote that the Columbia strike of the previous spring had been caused by the president's decision to call in the police, and that it was not really about the war or the university's expansion into [[Morningside Heights]].[^5]
### The 1977 Disclosures and the New School
The file in the Everett records titled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978" is at Box 7, Folder 29.[^7] Its digitized description states that the correspondence "concerns the discovery of documents by the Church Committee," a Senate committee formed in 1975, and that the documents detailed that the Central Intelligence Agency "had funded professors at The New School in the early 1960s as part of MK-Ultra." The attached documents "detail two faculty research projects funded at the university."[^8]
A document in the file, signed by Director [[Stansfield Turner]] and addressed to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]], chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]], is dated August 2, 1977. It describes the agency's recovered material. The agency's notice to Everett describes a statement the Director presented at a joint public hearing on August 2; the printed record of that hearing is dated August 3. Turner wrote that "We are now in possession of the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants" in the recovered material, and that the names of 80 institutions "are also mentioned." He listed the institutions as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or pharmaceutical and chemical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. He wrote that "I am providing your Committee with all of the names on a classified basis," and that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^9]
The printed record of the joint hearing, held before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, contains the exchange that followed. Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]] said he hoped Turner would "notify the universities and then also indicate to the public." Turner replied that he was "only interested in doing it in a way that when identifying a university it will not lead to the public disclosure of the individuals," and that "Many of them were witting, and therefore they can take all those precautionary steps on their own." He said he would "phone several university presidents today who are my friends and who are not involved in this, and ask them what they think the equities would be."[^10] Earlier in the same exchange Turner said: "I have already notified one institution because the involvement was so extensive that I thought they really needed to protect themselves."[^10]
A letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]], which Everett's reply dates to August 12, 1977, told him that the agency had "located several thousand hitherto undiscovered documents relating to activities funded by the CIA as a part of Project MKULTRA." It stated that "Your institution is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated." Lapham wrote that the agency was consulting the [[United States Department of Justice]] and that "Our present understanding is that we are not at liberty to disclose this information" about the individuals involved.[^11] The letter cites the [[Church Committee]] report, Book I, pages 385 to 422.[^11]
Everett replied on August 16, 1977: "Your letter of August 12th came as quite a shock to me." He wrote that "I have talked with the relevant people here who should have known about any such activity in this institution and they know nothing about the matter." He added: "Of course, over the years there have been different people in these positions and some have left and others have died."[^12] On August 23 the agency's Office of General Counsel acknowledged a letter of August 18 and said the materials were being processed for release.[^13]
The agency's copies of the subproject files reached the school on September 7, 1977, with a letter signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel. It enclosed "copies of all available documents which relate to Subprojects 134 and 137 of Project MKULTRA and involve the School in these activities," and stated that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The names of all other institutions, all individuals and CIA employees remained deleted.[^14]
The school's own statement on the matter survives in the folder as an undated typed draft with typewriter strikeovers; it opens by saying the school was notified of being one of "more than 80 American universities" with CIA-sponsored research. It states that the school "was notified ... by the Central Intelligence Agency in August, 1977," that it "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA," and that it "demands that the CIA immediately release to the public all information in its files on these covert projects."[^15] The draft says that the documents received on September 7 describe two subprojects at the school "in the year 1962," one completing "a lexicon of terms dealing with handwriting psychology and psychopathology of handwriting" and the other "the possible relationship between an individual's physique (or body type) and personality," and that "an effort was made by the CIA to hide its sponsorship from this university, and in at least one case, from a researcher working on one of the projects."[^15] It adds that the school was "now in the process of searching our records in an effort to uncover such facts."[^15]
On November 7, 1977, Lapham wrote again. He noted that "many institutions chose to take advantage of" the offer of documents and "chose further to make public" them, and asked whether the school had disclosed the correspondence and whether it believed its identity should continue to be protected. He wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^16] On March 17, 1978, Assistant General Counsel A. R. Cinquegrana wrote, referring to the General Counsel's November 7 letter, that "to date we have received no response from your institution," and that if the school had not responded by April 15, 1978, "we shall presume that you do not wish the identity of your institution to be disclosed and will continue to protect it insofar as possible."[^17] The letter is stamped received by the Office of the President on March 22, 1978.[^17]
The [[New York Times]] reported on October 9, 1977, that the Senate Health Subcommittee had invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21. Only one accepted, and that president was not scheduled to testify because the others had declined.[^18] The same article reports that "each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A.," and that the list of the 80 institutions given to Senate investigators remained classified.[^18]
### Subprojects 134 and 137
The CIA release of the two subproject files names no investigator. The copy the agency sent to the school carries a red insertion of the school's name on two memoranda. On the draft memorandum dated May 29, 1961, for Subproject 134 (page image 134-12), the red insertion "New School for Social Research" stands in the first paragraph, which names the researcher only as "Mr." with the name blacked out.[^19] The memorandum states that the purpose is "to support the research studies of Mr." and that the study's relevance lies "in its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment, i.e., without the subject's awareness." It records that earlier work by a redacted doctor "and his associates" had "developed some promising but inexact relationships between body type and temperament," that a second redacted doctor "has agreed to consult with Mr." on "design and statistical analysis," that a by-product of the research "will provide Dr." [redacted] "additional data which will be useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)," and that the estimated cost is $22,000 for one year. Paragraph 5 reads "Mr." [redacted] "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor." The status page for the subproject lists the contractor, a redacted name, "as a grantee of the" redacted body.[^19][^20]
The June 9, 1961 recommendation for funding Subproject 134 at $22,000 states that funding "is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research," and that three redacted doctors "can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance." It adds: "We would like to get someone of better stature working in the area, but this appears to be the best we can accomplish at the moment," and that the work "fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr." [redacted] "is engaging."[^21]
The proposal letter in the same release, covering September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, describes a study in "constitutional psychology" relating anthropometric dimensions to temperament, perception and intelligence. Its pilot project used fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers who had been photographed and somatotyped by [[William H. Sheldon]] or his assistants. The author writes that he looks forward to devoting his full attention to the project "as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June" and that a redacted doctor has agreed to act as his consultant; the letter proposes to use factor analyses of the Wechsler scales by [[David R. Saunders]], and the reviewer's comments on the pilot report recommend that a redacted person with "considerable work in somatotypy" be consulted.[^20]
On the memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961, for Subproject 137 (page image 137-10), the red insertions "New School for Social Research" and "New York City" stand in the blacked-out line that gives the institution of the investigator, a woman described as "Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." The memorandum states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," that her manuscript was "now eighty percent complete," and that she was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The cost is put at not more than $2,000.[^22]
The release's accounting pages for Subproject 137 record a February 1963 memorandum stating that the investigator "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." A certification form, unsigned and undated in the release, states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting by individual for the $2,000 advance of September 11, 1961 carries the approving signature "Sidney Gottlieb, DC/TSD" and the date March 10, 1964.[^23]
The Subproject 137 investigator is [[Klara G. Roman]]. The New School insertion, the graphology lexicon, the death in 1962 and the failing health in 1961 correspond to her record, as do the entries in the curriculum vitae attached to the proposal: a 1928 diploma, the 1930 construction of the "Graphodyne," an instrument "to measure writing speed and pressure," and a 1948 research appointment to an Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training "in conjunction with" an Institute for Psychoanalysis, which corresponds to the Chicago work that her 1954 preface credits to [[Michael Reese Hospital]] and [[Franz Alexander]]. The Human Ecology Fund's 1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G." for "Book: The Psychology of Writing." The release redacts her name.[^24][^25]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] The release redacts the investigator's name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. No record found places Haronian at the New School. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
### The Everett Records
The John R. Everett records at the New School cover 17.3 cubic feet in 15 boxes, dated 1918 to 1979, with most of the material from 1941 to 1979.[^6] Series 1 contains files on activities outside the school, including board service at Park College, the New Lincoln School, [[National Training Laboratories Institute]], and Union Theological Seminary (1968 to 1978), as well as a consultancy to the United States Department of State on administrative matters and a [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] panel.[^6] Series 2 holds the records of the school's centers and schools, including the Center for New York City Affairs (1965 to 1979), the Graduate Faculty (1941 to 1979), the New School Art Center, New School College and Parsons School of Design (1967 to 1980).[^6] Series 3, the subject files, contains folders on the [[Board of Trustees]], fund raising, the faculty, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], several accounting firms, and the CIA folder.[^6]
The finding aid notes that some files are restricted and that the collection includes records of the presidents before Everett, Hans Simons, Henry David and Robert MacIver.[^4] A second collection of Everett's papers, documenting his work at Hollins, City University, Britannica and the New School, was donated to Columbia University in 2002 by his second wife, Elsie Leivesley Howard, and transferred to the New School in 2018.[^3]
### Death
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 1992, at age 73.[^1][^2] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Harris, Beth S. and the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, "John R. Everett (1918-1992)," Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, last updated December 22, 2021. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Everett_John_R_1918-1992
[^2]: Hollins University Archives, "President John Rutherford Everett Collection," C-5, collection description. https://hollinsarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/resources/47
[^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note, scope and contents, and organization, including the Britannica, City University, Hollins and New School series, the 1970 Graduate Faculty occupation folder and the 1979 Graduate Faculty recommendations. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," NS-01-01-02, collection overview, biographical note, scope and contents, and Series 3 subject files. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289
[^5]: Robinson-Sweet, Anna, "The New School's Forgotten President: The controversial tenure of John Everett," Public Seminar, February 18, 2020. https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/
[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," NS-01-01-02, collection inventory and folder titles in Series 1 (archival objects 34092 to 34117), Series 2 (34118 to 34192) and Series 3 (34193 to 34432). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289
[^7]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," archival object 34220, Box 7, Folder 29, scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
[^8]: New School Archives and Special Collections, digital object NS010102_000027, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) File," textual record, description and PDF of 103 pages. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^9]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in NS010102_000027, pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act passage at p. 102). The breakdown is printed as "44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics ... and 3 penal institutions."
[^10]: Joint hearing, "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, printed record, p. 37 (PDF p. 41). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
[^11]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, stamped received August 15, 1977 and described in Everett's reply as dated August 12, in NS010102_000027, pp. 94-95. The Church Committee citation is Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, pp. 385-422, as cited in the letter.
[^12]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, in NS010102_000027, pp. 92-93.
[^13]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 23, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 88.
[^14]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 7.
[^15]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers. The CIA letter of March 17, 1978 states that no response had been received from the institution.
[^16]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, p. 3.
[^17]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978 (stamped received March 22, 1978), in NS010102_000027, p. 1.
[^18]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room clipping, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393, MKULTRA Subproject 134, memorandum draft dated May 29, 1961 (page image 134-12; New School copy p. 27 of NS010102_000027, with the red insertion). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393
[^20]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, status page (New School copy p. 10), proposal letter (New School copy pp. 22 to 26; "present contract expires" at p. 26) with pilot report and "Comments on Report." https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393
[^21]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, recommendation for funding, June 9, 1961 (page image 134-11; New School copy p. 21 of NS010102_000027). Release DOC_0000017393, as in note 17.
[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396, MKULTRA Subproject 137, memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961 (page image 137-10; New School copy p. 78 of NS010102_000027, with the red insertion). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396
[^23]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, accounting memorandum (February 1963), invoice certifications and accounting by individual for the advance of September 11, 1961, approved March 10, 1964 (release DOC_0000017396; New School copy pp. 72-85 of NS010102_000027). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
[^25]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^27]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, memorandum draft of May 29, 1961, paragraph 2; MKULTRA Subproject 77, CIA reading room item 00017478 (56 documents, July 1957 to January 1962), reports on factor analyses of the Wechsler scales, investigator redacted. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017478
[^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett Memorial, 1992 April 6," New School Office of the President Laserfiche files, NS-01-01-06, archival object 50524. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/50524

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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Parapsychology
- Psi
- Paramechanics
- Poltergeist
- BindelofCircle
- Seances
- TedSerios
- PsychicWarfare
- ColdWar
- NewSchool
- Filmmaking
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
aliases:
- Gilbert Roller
- Gil Roller
- Roller, Gilbert
summary: "Gilbert Roller, a New York television and film producer, was a founding sitter of the teenage Bindelof séance circle and taught a paramechanics course at the New School in 1975."
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Bindelof séance circle]]"
role: "Founding sitter of the teenage séance group, 1929-1933"
start: 1929
end: 1933
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "Instructor, course 2755-3 Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena"
start: 1975
end: 1975
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hepworth Films]]"
role: "President"
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[IFE Corp.]]"
role: "President"
fn: 8
- type: director_of
with: "[[Opti-Sound Corp.]]"
role: "Director"
fn: 8
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Society for Psychical Research]]"
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine]]"
fn: 2
---
Gilbert Roller (also Gil Roller) was a [[New York City]] television and motion-picture producer, artist and writer who lectured on physical psychic phenomena. As a teenager he was a founding sitter of the [[Bindelof séance circle]], whose sittings from 1929 to 1933 produced table levitations and raps. In 1975 he taught a paramechanics course at the [[New School for Social Research]] and published *A Voice From Beyond* with [[Popular Library]].[^1]
### Early life and the Bindelof séance circle
Roller wrote that when he was twelve the family apartment was the scene of a poltergeist that lasted about six months: objects were tossed about, dishes slid from the kitchen shelves, a toy electric engine was demolished inside a closet, and the word "GO" appeared scrawled in large crayon letters on the walls. The family gave up the apartment, and no manifestations occurred in the new quarters or, on checking, among the new tenants of the old one.[^2] The [[Psi Encyclopedia]] account of the group, drawing on [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], places the disturbances when he was about thirteen, with hairpins and knobs thrown, the destruction of a prized toy and crayon messages five feet high.[^3] His mother, in the theatrical profession, had investigated mediumship among show people, and he wrote that [[Dolly Sisters|Rosie and Jennie Dolly]] "turned out to have remarkable powers," with knocks and table levitation achieved in dim light.[^2] Roller was the son of entertainers, and the family library held books on psychical research.[^3]
The author biography in *A Voice From Beyond* puts the poltergeist, the mother's séances, a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years," and the New School course in a single printed text. Pilkington's *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof* (Anomalist Books, 2006) is described by its publisher as "Gilbert Roller's utterly charming and disarming auto-biographical account of a group of teenagers" who contacted an alleged spirit named Dr. Bindelof.[^4] Pilkington wrote in *[[Fortean Times]]* in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and described the first part of her book as "a long overdue account, in a very palatable way, of Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^5]
Roller and his friend [[Leonard Lauer]] began mediumistic sittings from techniques described in psychical research books and journals. On their second attempt the table moved, at first erratically and then on command, and they were able to command it to levitate to shoulder height.[^3] A thirteen-year-old friend, [[Larry Levin]], joined them, and by 1933 the group included [[Leo Kaiser]], [[Montague Ullman]], [[Howard Frisch]], [[George Kaiser]], [[Tom Loeb]] and [[Horace Joseph]], meeting on Saturday evenings in Roller's bedroom.[^3] Ullman later became a psychiatrist and parapsychologist and founded the dream laboratory at [[Maimonides Hospital]] in New York.[^3]
Roller described the group in 1975 as eight "dedicated people who achieved full table levitation without contact, telekinetic writing, extranormal photography, invisible tactile forms and other phenomena," under "rigid test conditions that ruled out fraud."[^2] He gave the duration as about two years; the Psi Encyclopedia gives weekly sittings from 1929 to 1933 and a brief reformation in March 1934.[^3] The photographic plates and the pages on which writing had appeared are now held by the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] in New York, and the foundation's collection transferred to the [[University of Maryland, Baltimore County]] in 2022 lists the Bindelof séance phenomena among its archival holdings.[^3][^6]
### Later reunion and career
According to Levin, several members of the group gathered again in 1946 with little result at first. Roller was persuaded to rejoin them, and with George Kaiser the six surviving alumni produced table movement, levitation and a message spelled out by the table, though the message was not intelligible.[^3] The same account states that Roller alone produced the phenomena in sittings with other groups, and that psychokinetic events continued to follow him in daily life.[^3]
Roller's 1975 book says that despite the group's dispersal under the pressures of college and courtship, "throughout the years all the members have maintained contact," and that the members had recently met to review and collate the material from the sittings.[^2] He followed a career as an artist, writer, filmmaker and television producer.[^3]
A Gilbert Roller is named in the September 1935 issue of *Fleischer's Animated News*, the staff newsletter of [[Fleischer Studios]], as the signer of a comic verse about a studio worker's rise from opaquer to animator and in a gossip item pairing him with a woman named Ellen Jensen. The issue gives no age, address or later career, and the records found do not establish whether he is the Gilbert Roller of the séance circle.[^7]
### A Voice From Beyond (1975)
*A Voice From Beyond* was published by Popular Library in New York in 1975, with the copyright held by "Gil Roller" and an edition by [[Michael Hayes]].[^1] The table of contents lists "Think Psychic," a chapter titled "Creditable Men Who Explored the Incredible," a chapter headed "Experimental Investigation of a New Force," a photographic section, "The Unshakable Facts of the Ted Serios Phenomena" at page 145, and "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?" at page 152.[^1] That chapter concerns the chess match between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Boris Spassky]]. The cover copy advertises "the newly revealed truth about how the famous Fischer-Spassky chess match served as a testing ground for international psychic warfare."[^1]
### New School course, 1975
The book's author biography states that Roller teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography states that his business career is devoted to television and motion-picture production, and that he is a member of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] and the [[Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine]].[^2]
The school's *[[New School Bulletin]]* for the spring 1975 semester lists course 2755-3, "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena," taught by Gilbert Roller on Tuesdays from February 4.[^8] The bulletin's faculty biography for Roller describes investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and lists him as a faculty member of the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]], president of [[Hepworth Films]] and of [[IFE Corp.]], and a director of [[Opti-Sound Corp.]].[^8]
The 1975 *[[New Psychic Frontiers]]* survey by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists a New School for Social Research entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]] and Gilbert Roller, with the address 66 West 12th Street, New York. The same survey lists Brier under the philosophy department of [[C.W. Post College]] on the preceding page.[^9]
### Soviet long-range telepathy and the Fischer-Spassky matches
The chapter "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?" (pp. 152-163) describes the claim as "rumored to have been attempted by the Russians during the Fischer-Spassky chess games." Roller writes that "the information given him concerning these experiments is controversial and, of course, Officially denied, but the alleged facts have been surprisingly confirmed by careful investigation."[^10]
The chapter opens with a 1959 French newspaper report that the [[U.S. Navy|United States Navy]] had run an experiment in which telepathic communication reached a subject in the submerged submarine [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|Nautilus]] from a sender on shore. Roller states that the report was made "despite denials by the U. S. Navy," and cites a February 1960 article in [[Science et Vie]].[^10] He suggests that the report may have started the Soviet long-range experiments.[^10]
Roller names [[Leonid Vasiliev]], [[Edward Naumov]] and [[I. F. Tomashevsky]] as the key figures in Soviet work. He describes a 1966 transmission by [[Karl Nikolaiev]] from [[Moscow]] to [[Siberia]] "over one thousand miles," a March 1967 test at [[Leningrad]] University in which brain-wave and galvanic skin changes were recorded, and a 1968 test from Moscow to [[Tomsk]] over three thousand miles.[^11] He writes that Tomashevsky, confined in a lead isolation chamber, affected similarly shielded subjects to the point of extreme emotional stress and in some cases unconsciousness.[^11] He cites [[Douglas Dean]] of the [[Newark College of Engineering]], whose plethysmograph report on blood-volume changes in a subject receiving a telepathic signal, he writes, was reviewed in a leading Soviet journal and used in Vasiliev's work.[^11] He also cites the [[Apollo 14]] ESP experiment and the later work of [[Edgar Mitchell]] in the field.[^11]
According to Roller, the information "privately given the author" set the schedule of transmissions: adverse telepathic bombardment of Fischer from about July 3 through 17, of Spassky from July 18 through 26, a control period from July 27 through August 5, and renewed transmissions against Fischer from August 6 to the conclusion of the match.[^12] He writes that "the Fischer-Spassky matches presented an ideal testing ground for further confirmation of these techniques," and lists the distance from [[Iceland]] to Leningrad and the two players' temperaments among the factors present.[^12] He sets quotations from [[The New York Times]] accounts of each phase against the schedule, and reports that during the first period Fischer closeted himself in his hotel room, booked flight passage to New York City, and was telephoned by [[Henry Kissinger]] from [[Washington, D.C.]] with a plea to resume the games.[^13]
Roller reports that Spassky's second, [[Efim Geller]], told the Times on August 23 that the Americans were using "non-chess methods" against the champion. He argues that the charge, coming after Spassky's upturn at the start of the final phase, suggests that Geller "was in constant touch with Moscow, and after the initial success of Phase IV, may have been informed of the experiment."[^14]
Roller states that "the information given in confidence more than a month before the matches conforms to the events," and that "official denials must be expected." He quotes an unnamed Soviet investigator as saying, "If we control the mind, we control the man. If we control the man, we control the nation."[^14] He does not name the person who gave him the confidential information. A footnote to the chapter states that he has conducted experiments with volunteers, who were told the nature of the experiments in advance, with only the choice of receiver withheld, and that "the tests were remarkably successful."[^15]
### Strategic arms talks
Roller extends the argument to the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] in Moscow and to [[Richard Nixon]] and Kissinger. He writes that "we cannot safely conclude that he was not subjected to these transmissions," referring to Nixon, and describes a "recovery quotient" that varies with personality, with Fischer's extroversion permitting faster recovery than Spassky's introversion.[^16] He adds that Fischer, at the time of writing, had engineered his own surrender of the world championship to [[Anatoly Karpov]] and was obsessed with the idea that "the Russians are spying on him."[^16]
### Ted Serios
The book devotes pp. 145-151 to [[Ted Serios]], whom Roller calls "perhaps the greatest medium and producer of enigmatic phenomena." He writes that "the man responsible for the superb documentation of the Serios phenomena is Dr. [[Jule Eisenbud]], a psychiatrist."[^17] The [[Time (magazine)]] cover story "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier" (March 4, 1974), which covers Serios and the [[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man]] in [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], is held in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room.[^18]
### Government and defense interest
The government and defense claims in *A Voice From Beyond* are Roller's own, stated in his voice; he does not name his sources. After the March 1967 Leningrad test, Roller writes, the Russian government, which had until then been an interested spectator, was impressed enough that "an appropriation equivalent to $25 million" was allocated to expand the research.[^11] The Navy denial and the expected official denials of the Soviet material appear in the chapter as positions of the Navy and of the governments concerned.[^10][^14]
### Death
The Psi Encyclopedia gives Roller's death as 2004, at age 89.[^3] The [[Parapsychological Association]] administers a Gilbert Roller Fund, established by a donation, which supports field investigation of macroscopic psychokinesis in sitter groups, séances and poltergeist activity; its first listed awards are for 2009, and its 2013 and 2014 grants went to the Felix Experimental Group and a sitter group in Argentina. The association's page does not name the donor, and the records found do not establish whether the fund's Gilbert Roller is the man of this page.[^19]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), cover copy, copyright page and table of contents. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^2]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^3]: K. M. Wehrstein, "Bindelof Phenomena," *Psi Encyclopedia* (Society for Psychical Research, created February 26, 2018, last updated September 3, 2026), drawing on Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (San Antonio: Anomalist Books, 2006), pp. 8-69, as endnoted in sections "First Sittings," "Problems and Dissolution," "Attitudes" and "Later Life." The 1946 reunion is attributed in that article to Larry Levin; the death date and age are stated there without a separate source. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/bindelof-phenomena/
[^4]: Anomalist Books, catalogue page for Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (trade paperback, 248 pages, ISBN 1933665130). https://www.anomalistbooks.com/book.cfm?id=51
[^5]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74, replying to a review of her book in *Fortean Times* 222. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^6]: University of Maryland, Baltimore County, announcement of the Eileen J. Garrett Parapsychology Foundation Collection (October 2022). https://umbc.edu/?p=73101
[^7]: *Fleischer's Animated News*, September 1935 issue (Fleischer Studios staff newsletter): verse "Love Among the Popeyes," signed "Gilbert Roller.," and a gossip item reading "Rumors persist that Gilbert Roller and Ellen Jensen are that way." https://archive.org/details/Fleischers_Animated_News_1935_09
[^8]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), published as *Announcement of Courses of Study*: course 2755-3 and the Roller biography (pp. 88 and 356). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ
[^9]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
[^10]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?", pp. 152-153. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^11]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 153-155, including the book's footnotes citing Winn, *Psychotherapy in the Soviet Union* (1961), and *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (July 1971, vol. 65, no. 3). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Sole source for the schedule of transmissions. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^13]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 157-158 (the book states that the quotations are extracts from New York Times accounts of the matches). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Sole source for the "confidential information" passage and the Soviet investigator's quotation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Sole source for the volunteer experiments. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Sole source for the SALT passages. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^17]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Ted Serios Phenomena," pp. 145-146. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^18]: CIA CREST, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time* cover story (March 4, 1974), reading-room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8
[^19]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page and award notices for 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (Wayback capture of December 29, 2016). https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx. Parra et al., "Laboratory Research on a Presumably PK-Gifted Subject," acknowledgments (2014 grant). https://archive.org/details/LaboratoryResearchOnAPresumablyPKG

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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- HansSimons
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- UniversityInExile
- DeutscheHochschuleFuerPolitik
- WeimarRepublic
- OfficeOfMilitaryGovernment
- BasicLaw
- FordFoundation
- MKUltra
- WalterSimons
aliases:
- Hans Simons
- Simons, Hans
- Hans Simons (1893-1972)
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
summary: "German jurist and Weimar civil servant who directed the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, emigrated in 1935, and served as the third president of the New School for Social Research from 1950."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
start: 1950
end: 1961
role: "president"
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Deutsche Hochschule für Politik]]"
start: 1920
end: 1930
role: "managing director, then director and professor of law"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Reich Ministry of the Interior]]"
start: 1922
end: 1924
role: "Regierungsrat, then Oberregierungsrat"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung]]"
start: 1928
end: 1930
role: "managing director"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz]]"
start: 1931
end: 1932
role: "Regierungspräsident"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government, United States]]"
start: 1947
end: 1949
role: "civilian employee"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
start: 1960
role: "consultant and director"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Walter Simons]]"
role: "father"
fn: 2
---
Hans Simons (July 1, 1893 to March 28, 1972) was a German jurist and Weimar civil servant who directed the [[Deutsche Hochschule für Politik]] in [[Berlin]] and held a Prussian provincial presidency. He was dismissed in 1933, emigrated to New York, served as dean of the [[New School for Social Research]] Graduate Faculty, and became the school's third president.[^1]
### Father and family
Simons was born in [[Velbert]] in the [[Rhine Province]], the son of [[Walter Simons]], a jurist who became president of the [[Reichsgericht]] and foreign minister.[^2][^3] Walter Simons served as foreign minister from June 25, 1920 to May 10, 1921 in the cabinet of [[Konstantin Fehrenbach]] and represented the Reich at the conferences at [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]] and [[London]]. In 1919 he was undersecretary and commissioner-general of the German delegation at the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]] negotiations under [[Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau]]. In 1918 he had advised [[Max von Baden]] on international law.[^2] In 1922 he founded the "SeSiSo-Kreis," a salon that met at the [[Hotel Kaiserhof]] in Berlin with [[Hans von Seeckt]] and [[Wilhelm Solf]]. [[Harry Graf von Kessler]] was among its members.[^2] In the 1920s he chaired the board of trustees of the [[Moltke family]] foundation, which held the [[Kreisau]] estate.[^2]
Hans Simons was one of the three sons of Walter Simons and his wife Erna, née Rühle.[^2] He married twice and had three children.[^4] The son of his first marriage later assembled the family papers on which the 2018 biography of Simons drew, since no personal estate survives.[^5]
### Schooling, the dissertation and the League of Nations
Simons studied law and political science in Berlin, [[Munich]], [[Tübingen]] and [[Bonn]] between 1912 and 1914. He served in the [[World War I|First World War]] until 1917 as an Oberleutnant and was gravely wounded, in the head according to the New School's history.[^5] He then worked as an administrator in the eastern territories occupied by the German Empire.[^1][^4] He resumed his studies at the University of [[Königsberg]] in 1920 and completed a dissertation in 1921 titled "Die Präambel zur Pariser Völkerbundssatzung und das Völkerrecht" (the preamble to the Paris Covenant of the [[League of Nations]] and international law).[^1][^4]
### Hochschule für Politik and the Reich Interior Ministry
Simons was managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik from 1920 to 1922.[^4] The Hochschule drew on American money, notably from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Carnegie Corporation]]. Its American associations built bridges between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics.[^6] From 1922 to 1924 Simons was a Regierungsrat and then an Oberregierungsrat in the [[Reich Ministry of the Interior]] in Berlin.[^4][^7] From 1925 to 1930 he was director of the Hochschule and professor of law. His essay "Lehre und Lehrer" in the Hochschule's 1931 volume [[Politik als Wissenschaft]] covers the institution's structure, which combined permanently associated politicians with lecturers hired case by case.[^8] In 1935 and 1936 he published two articles in [[Social Research]] on European international law and collective security.[^9] From 1928 to 1930 he was managing director of the [[Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung]] in Berlin.[^4]
### Prussian provincial posts and the 1933 dismissal
Simons was acting Regierungspräsident in [[Stettin]] in 1930 and 1931, and Regierungspräsident of the [[Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz]] in [[Silesia]] from 1931 to 1932.[^2][^4] He was a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].[^2] He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the parliament as a Social Democrat.[^1] He was dismissed in 1933 and emigrated with his second wife and her two daughters.[^5] The Nazi Party blacklisted him in 1933.[^1] From 1933 to 1934 he worked as a self-employed sales agent (Handelsvertreter).[^4]
### Exile and the Graduate Faculty
Simons reached [[New York City|New York]] in 1935 on a fellowship of the [[University in Exile]] at the New School.[^1][^2] Alvin Johnson's report to the trustees of February 1935 lists him among the members added to the Graduate Faculty in 1934.[^10] He taught political science and international relations in the Graduate Faculty and gave public lectures on democracy and totalitarianism at the school and at other universities.[^1] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] filed him among its "Non-Grantees" in Series I.B of its records at the [[New York Public Library]].[^11] He became an American citizen in 1940.[^1][^2] In 1942 he studied Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction with [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Arnold Brecht]] and [[Hans Staudinger]], in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the [[Institute of World Affairs]].[^12] He was dean of the Graduate Faculty from 1943 to June 1950.[^1][^4]
### Wartime lists
In May 1943 [[Goodwin Watson]] sent [[Robert D. Leigh]] of the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] a list of recruits for the Analysis Division. Nearly all of the names were German exiles. Simons appears on the list with [[Sigmund Neumann]] and [[Arnold Wolfers]].[^13]
### President of the New School
In June 1950 Simons was selected as the third president of the New School, succeeding [[Bryn Hovde]], who had led the school for five years.[^1] He inherited a school with serious financial problems. Enrollment rose from about 5,000 to about 8,000 students during his tenure, and construction began on the buildings that became the [[Eugene Lang College]] complex.[^1] He defended the right of faculty to take part in political activity, however unpopular that was with other members of the school.[^1]
A file in the New School central administration records holds Simons's "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958. Its scope note relates it to a Publicity Office record in which Simons responds to the "McGrath Report."[^14] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^15]
His resignation is dated to 1960. Correspondence in his Adult Division file is "mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School."[^16] He retired from the presidency in 1960.[^1] The scope note of the John R. Everett records lists his presidency as 1950 to 1961.[^17] Press releases in the school's records announce the appointment of [[Henry David]] as president between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and record his inauguration on October 23, 1961.[^18][^19] David resigned on March 22, 1963.[^20]
### Project MKUltra memoranda, 1961
Two [[Project MKUltra]] subproject files released by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] carry 1961 memoranda from the period of Simons's presidency. A draft memorandum for the record dated May 29, 1961 on Subproject 134 states that the subproject supports the research studies of a person whose name is redacted, and the CIA's September 1977 release to the New School reinserted "New School for Social Research" by hand in red at that point. The draft describes the relevance of the study as "its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment, i. e., without the subject's awareness," names "relationships between body type and temperament (personality characteristics)" as the earlier work on which the investigator would build, sets the cost at $22,000 for one year, and states that the investigator "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor."[^21] A June 9, 1961 memorandum headed "Recommendation for Funding" in the same file recommends funding "despite the superficiality of the proposal" and says "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement." The project summary gives actual work as expected to commence in September 1961, with the contractor field blank.[^22]
A memorandum for the record dated August 24, 1961 on Subproject 137 supports the work of a "Dr." whose name is redacted, "of the" a redacted institution, and the CIA's 1977 release again inserted "New School for Social Research, New York City" in red. The memorandum describes completing "a psycholexicon on handwriting," states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that she is "advanced in years" and her health "failing," and that her manuscript is "eighty percent complete."[^23] The grant was $2,000. A February 1963 accounting memorandum in the file states that the recipient "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," and an obligation-file certification records that a manuscript had been published.[^24]
A 1977 CIA folder in the John R. Everett records of the New School describes "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," and says that the first "attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics."[^25] The investigators' names remain redacted in both subproject files. The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the New School from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962.[^26]
### India and the Ford Foundation
In 1960 Simons retired from the presidency to work as a consultant and director for the [[Ford Foundation]].[^1] He was an adviser and interlocutor for the Ford Foundation and other organizations.[^5]
### Occupation Germany and the Basic Law
Simons served as an American liaison officer in [[Frankfurt]] am Main from 1947 to 1949.[^4] He took part in the making of the Basic Law as an American liaison officer to the [[Parlamentarischer Rat]] in 1947 and 1949.[^2] He was a civilian employee of the [[Office of Military Government, United States]] (OMGUS).[^3] He was called into the deliberations on the Basic Law.[^5] He received the [[Großes Verdienstkreuz]] of the Federal Republic in 1959.[^4] A high order from [[Theodor Heuss]] was conferred on him together with Arnold Brecht and Hans Staudinger.[^5]
### Death
After a long illness, Simons died on March 28, 1972 at his home in [[Yonkers]], New York.[^1][^3][^4][^27]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers). Sole source for the presidency narrative, the enrollment figures, the Ford Foundation post, the 1933 blacklisting, the head injury, the eastern-territories post and the unsuccessful parliamentary candidacy.
[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau). Sole source for the Basic Law participation and the SeSiSo membership.
[^3]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html (lifespan 1893-1972; birthplace Velbert; death place Yonkers, NY; occupations listed as Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz, President of the New School for Social Research, Zivilangestellter der OMGUS, Politologe, Jurist, Beamter).
[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers). Sole source for the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung post and the 1933 to 1934 sales-agent entry.
[^5]: Thomas Meyer, review of Philipp Heß, "Ein deutscher Amerikaner: Der kosmopolitische Demokrat Hans Simons 1893-1972" (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018), Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 59 (2019), https://library.fes.de/pdf-files//afs/81895.pdf (dismissal in 1933 and emigration with his second wife and her two daughters; Basic Law deliberations; Ford Foundation adviser and interlocutor; Heuss order with Brecht and Staudinger; death described as ill and tired; family papers assembled by the son of the first marriage, no Nachlass).
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 58 (the Hochschule's association with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation and the effect of those associations on contacts between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics).
[^7]: GEPRIS Historisch, "Simons, Hans," Personen-ID 5111597, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (born July 1, 1893 in Velbert; died March 28, 1972 in Yonkers; work location Reichsministerium des Innern; 1928 application for a printing subsidy for the series "Das Werdende Zeitalter" refused).
[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis). Sole source for the description of the Hochschule's structure.
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388). Sole source for the two articles.
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska). Sole source for the 1934 addition.
[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid). Sole source for this filing.
[^12]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Arnold Brecht lecture notes (NS-02-13-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/232 (Brecht in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the Institute of World Affairs, studying Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction (1942) with colleagues Adolph Lowe, Hans Simons and Hans Staudinger).
[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt. Sole source for the list.
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272 (scope note on the related Publicity Office record and the "McGrath Report").
[^15]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School"; transcript dated October 9, 1957 of his General Seminar lecture "Higher Adult Education: Its Place and Function").
[^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), scope note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 ("Robert MacIver (1963-1964), Henry David (1961-1963), and Hans Simons (1950-1961)").
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027 (see also Box 1, Folder 19, "Henry David to be inaugurated as New School president Oct 23., 1961 September 29," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38571)
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 27, "Henry David resigns as New School president, 1963 March 22," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38760
[^21]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 134, draft memorandum for the record, "MKULTRA, Subproject 134," May 29, 1961 (red handwritten insertion "New School for Social Research" in paragraph 1), in the CIA's September 1977 release to the New School, John R. Everett records, New School Archives and Special Collections, digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 27 (103 pages), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (investigator and consultant names blacked out).
[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 134 file, CIA reading room document 00017393, OCR text in Internet Archive item DOC_0000017393, https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 (memorandum of June 9, 1961, "Recommendation for Funding," $22,000; "its funding is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal"; "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement"; initiated July 1961; work expected to commence September 1961; contractor field blank).
[^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 137, memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961 (red handwritten insertion "New School for Social Research, New York City"), in the New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78.
[^24]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKUltra Subproject 137 file, CIA reading room document 00017396, https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 (proposal "TO COMPLETE THE MANUSCRIPT OF A PSYCHOLEXICON ON WRITING AND THE WRITTEN WORD"; certification that the recipient of $2,000 died in 1962 without rendering an accounting and that a manuscript had been published); accounting memorandum of February 1963, New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 76.
[^25]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," File, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note quoted in the body).
[^26]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers (NA-0010-01), biographical note on Klara G. Roman (1881-1962), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284 (Roman taught at the New School from 1948 until shortly before her death).
[^27]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html, and GEPRIS Historisch, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (death March 28, 1972, Yonkers).

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---
category: "Medicine & Psychology"
tags:
- Person
- GoodwinWatson
- SocialPsychology
- ForeignBroadcastIntelligenceService
- MartinDies
- HouseUnAmericanActivitiesCommittee
- Section304
- UnitedStatesVLovett
- TeachersCollege
- SPSSI
- CivilianMorale
- ConsumersUnion
- NewAmerica
- NationalTrainingLaboratories
- UnionGraduateSchool
- PsychologicalWarfare
- ColdWar
aliases:
- Goodwin Watson
- Goodwin B. Watson
- Goodwin Barbour Watson
- Dr. Goodwin Watson
- Dr. Goodwin B. Watson
summary: "Social psychologist at Teachers College, Columbia University, who headed the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service until 1943, when Section 304 barred him from federal pay."
born: 1899
died: 1976
location: "New York City; Washington, D.C."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Teachers College]]"
role: "instructor, assistant professor and professor of education and social psychology; on leave from November 1941"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]"
role: "chief of the Analysis Division (Analysis Section until 1942)"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-11
fn: 15
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Federal Communications Commission]]"
role: "described in the Dies speech of February 1, 1943 as Chief Broadcast Analyst of the commission"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-11
fn: 31
- type: member_of
with: "[[Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues]]"
role: "described as the society's first president by Nicholson (1998) and as its founder by TC Today (2011); editor of Civilian Morale, the second yearbook (1942)"
fn: 10
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Council for Pan American Democracy]]"
role: "chairman of the education subcommittee of the 1939 delegation to Mexico"
start: 1939
fn: 5
- type: director_of
with: "[[Consumers Union]]"
role: "board member, by his own sworn testimony of April 1943; Fish's 1943 list dated a directorship to 1938"
fn: 7
- type: founded
with: "[[New America]]"
role: "organizer and policy council member; resigned in the summer of 1938"
start: 1934
end: 1938
fn: 6
- type: investigated
with: "[[House Un-American Activities Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "charges made by chairman Martin Dies from November 1941"
start: 1941-11
end: 1943-03
fn: 28
- type: investigated
with: "[[House Appropriations Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "special subcommittee under H. Res. 105 (Kerr, chairman); hearings from April 9, 1943; report of April 21, 1943 finding him unfit"
start: 1943-04
end: 1943-05
fn: 39
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943]]"
role: "named in Section 304, which barred payment after November 15, 1943"
start: 1943-11
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[United States v. Lovett]]"
role: "respondent; the Supreme Court affirmed judgment in his favor on June 3, 1946"
start: 1946-06
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Newark State College]]"
role: "Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences, as listed in April 1967"
start: 1967
fn: 47
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education]]"
role: "part-time Associate Director for Program Development and Research, as listed in April 1967"
start: 1967
fn: 47
---
Goodwin Watson (1899-1976) was a social psychologist and professor at [[Teachers College]], [[Columbia University]], who headed the Analysis Division of the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] (FBIS) from November 1941 until November 1943. In 1943 a special subcommittee of the [[House Appropriations Committee]] found him unfit for federal employment, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] later held the rider that cut off his pay to be a bill of attainder in [[United States v. Lovett]].[^1]
### Education and early writing
Watson was born in Whitewater, [[Wisconsin]]. He testified in 1943 that he was educated at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the [[University of Wisconsin]], Denver University, [[Union Theological Seminary]], Columbia University, the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Vienna]], that he had served as a [[Methodist Church|Methodist]] minister and as a director of religious education, that he had taught religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and that he had spent 17 years at Teachers College as instructor, assistant professor and professor.[^2]
His catalogued titles begin with [[The Measurement of Fair-Mindedness]] (1925) and [[Educational Problems for Psychological Study]] (1930), and continue through [[Redirecting Teacher Education]] (1938).[^3] His own list of ten books adds [[Case Studies for Teachers of Religion]], [[Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education]] (1927), [[Tests of Personality and Character]] (1932) and [[Human Resources]] (1936, prepared for the [[American Council on Education]]). His 1927 study of American attitudes toward Oriental peoples, [[Orient and Occident]], was a research project for the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]].[^4]
In 1939 the [[Council for Pan American Democracy]] sent a delegation to [[Mexico]]. Watson chaired its education subcommittee, and his report was issued by the council as [[Education and Social Welfare in Mexico]], which identifies him as a professor of education at Teachers College.[^5]
### New America and Consumers Union
Watson testified that he returned from a visit to [[Germany]] in 1933, after Hitler had come to power, and that [[New America]] was his attempt to give young Americans an alternative to both the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] and the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], with one goal, the introduction of "scientific planning of our economic life under democratic political controls." His first step was a speech to the students of New College at Teachers College. The group that formed around him, Forward America, merged with Young America, headed by a young man named Elliston and led in activity by Richard Storrs Childs, to form New America. Its policy council included [[Harry F. Ward]], a professor of Christian ethics, and Thomas Wright, a New Jersey pastor. Watson described the membership as idealistic young people and "tired radicals," and said a cleavage between Ward and Wright on one side and himself on the other over method led him to drop out late in 1937 and to resign in the summer of 1938.[^6]
He testified that he was on the board of [[Consumers Union]], that Edward Adams had approached him about standing for it, and that its directors were elected by mail by the membership. He sponsored the American Investors Union, which he described as a development of Consumers Union, and said he had no further connection with it.[^7]
In August 1934 [[Common Sense (magazine)|Common Sense]] published his article "The Great Choice: Reformation or Transformation?"[^8]
### Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
In September 1940 the [[Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues]] (SPSSI) appointed a Committee on Morale under [[Gardner Murphy]]. In September 1941 the society postponed other yearbooks to concentrate on civilian morale and named Watson editor. The volume was planned with [[Kurt Lewin]], then the society's president, and [[Theodore Newcomb]], its secretary. The resulting [[Civilian Morale]], the society's second yearbook, drew on a round table held in 1941 whose participants included [[Rensis Likert]], [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]] and Lewin. Watson wrote the round table's summary, in which he was identified as "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service."[^9] By his own account he also wrote the volume's chapters on the factors in morale, on morale and labor unions, and on morale among the unemployed of 1934.[^4]
The historian Ian Nicholson calls Watson "SPSSI's first president" in a 1998 article in the Journal of Social Issues.[^10] A 2011 TC Today photograph caption describes him as the "founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues."[^11] The 1942 volume names Lewin as the society's president when the book was planned.[^9]
### Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, 1941 to 1943
[[Lloyd Free]] and [[Harold Graves]] recruited Watson for the service. Graves announced in October 1941 that the "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University" would accept a P-6 grade and head the Analysis Section.[^12] Watson accepted in a letter dated October 22, 1941, which read in part that "the urgency of the world crisis and the importance of the analysis of broadcasts have grown in my thinking to outweigh my doubts and reservations."[^13]
Watson testified in April 1943 that he had been connected with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] "Since November 15, 1941," that he was responsible for about 40 people, and that the division's weekly and special reports went to the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the [[Lend-Lease Administration]]. He gave the division's output as 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, written for agencies that included the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] and the [[Board of Economic Warfare]].[^14]
A records description of the service gives November 15, 1941 as the start of his directorship of the Analysis Division and November 15, 1943 as the day Newcomb succeeded him.[^15] A CIA history states that on November 17, 1941 he "became the first chief of the analysis section."[^16] Newcomb was second only to Watson in the division by February 1943.[^17] [[Daniel Bessner]]'s dissertation on [[Hans Speier]] states that after Watson left under pressure Speier became the service's Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people, citing a Newcomb letter of December 4, 1943.[^18]
In September 1942 Watson and [[Nathan Leites]] went to [[London]] to set up an analysis operation working with the [[Office of War Information]]. Watson remained there only a short time, and a two-man staff stayed through the war.[^19] From London he called the [[BBC]] monitoring system inadequate, because British and American interests were often at variance, and recommended FBIS posts in [[Cairo]], [[New Delhi]], [[Melbourne]], [[Chungking]], [[Vladivostok]], [[Stockholm]], [[Gibraltar]] and [[Istanbul]]. A November 1942 memorandum by Graves called the recommendation "not feasible."[^20] Earlier in 1942 he told the Portland office that its Chinese and Russian copy fell far short of what the analysts needed (March 23) and told Free that the BBC was not covering the required programs and that the only solution was monitoring in England for about 20 hours of broadcasts daily (April 4).[^21]
On December 30, 1942 Watson proposed distributing FBIS analysts among other offices, to bring them "closer to the people who use our findings."[^22] In April 1943 an agreement moved the Analysis Division into the [[Social Security Building]], where OWI was housed.[^22] On January 19, 1943 he wrote that the division was already working an average of 50 hours a week, so that a staff cut was the only answer to a pay-raise limit.[^23] As late as November 5, 1943 he wrote to the San Francisco bureau's Bradford Coolidge that analysis would be developed there, after conferences involving [[Owen Lattimore]], then newly named head of the West Coast OWI, [[Robert D. Leigh]] and [[Audrey Menefee]].[^24]
Watson's correspondence reached other agencies. On July 7, 1942 he wrote to [[Nelson Rockefeller]] about an offer that the [[CIAA]] had made to the FBIS analyst [[John W. Gardner]]. He wrote that the service was reluctant to let Gardner go, and that the two offices should decide where he could do the most good. On February 8, 1943 he answered an OSS request that would have required two more analysts, and suggested a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds.[^25] Watson was one of the two creators of [[Central European Radio Analysis]], and [[Frederick L. Schuman]] left [[Williams College]] in October 1942 to join the division's German Section.[^26]
[[Frank B. Keefe]] later told the House that Watson's division analyzed the broadcasts from foreign countries and interpreted them "for our Army and Navy."[^27]
### Charges before the House, 1941 to 1943
[[Martin Dies]], chairman of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC), wrote to [[James L. Fly]] of the Federal Communications Commission on November 18, 1941, expressing "deep concern" over the selection of a man who had "been a propagandist for communism and for the [[Soviet Union]] for many years." Dies named thirteen organizations he called communist fronts and said Watson belonged to all of them. Fly replied that Watson belonged to one of them, Consumers Union, which he described as "a respected research organ." Fly also said that of some 200 published articles by Watson, only two or three concerned the Soviet Union, and those were objective studies.[^28]
The House attached a rider barring Watson's salary to an appropriation bill, and the [[Senate Appropriations Committee]] deleted it. Watson testified before that committee on February 4, 1942. Afterward he wrote that no senator had charged him with being a communist, though there was "considerable hostility" to his "socialistic views," which he called a "new standard" for federal employment.[^29]
On January 19, 1943 [[Hamilton Fish III]] read into the House record a list of Watson's affiliations from 1936 to 1939, describing him as a man who "comes from Warwick in my district." The list included an advisory committee of [[Reconciliation Trips]] to the U.S.S.R.; an advisory board of the [[American Students Union]]; a directorship of Consumers Union, which Fish described as "radical, left-wingers, and Communists"; leadership of the [[Open Road]], which Fish said sponsored trips to the Soviet Union; a 1939 petition against the Dies committee; an endorsement for the [[American League for Peace and Democracy]]; and a 1938 speech to teachers sponsored by Teachers College, as reported by the [[New York Herald Tribune]] on June 29, 1938. Fish also quoted a speech of November 28, 1941 in which Dies told the House that he had informed Fly that Watson had "probably associated himself with a large number of front organizations of the Communist Party." Each entry is Fish's characterization.[^30]
On February 1, 1943 Dies gave a House speech attacking thirty-nine employees, among them Watson, Schuman and [[William E. Dodd Jr.]] Dies called Watson "Chief Broadcast Analyst of the Federal Communications Commission, at a salary of $6,500," said the salary had been raised from $5,600 after the House once refused to pay it, and cited a [[The World Tomorrow|World Tomorrow]] article and a Common Sense article in which, he said, Watson favored "a sudden, complete, and violent, that is, Communist, change from our present form of society to a Socialist society." He said that four folders of exhibits documented "Goodwin Watson's Communist views and affiliations." He also said that Dodd had been refused a State Department visa on the basis of "information furnished the Department by our committee and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|F. B. I.]]" The speech described the men as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats." Dodd, Watson and Schuman headed the list.[^31] The same period brought House attacks on other FBIS employees, [[Peter Rhodes]], Menefee and Speier.[^32]
On February 4, 1943 [[Joe Hendricks]] of [[Florida]] gave notice of an amendment to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill forbidding the use of its funds to pay thirty-nine named employees, including "Goodwin B. Watson," Schuman and Dodd. On February 5 the House, sitting as the Committee of the Whole, rejected the amendment, 130 to 137 on a division and 146 to 153 on tellers, and then agreed, 163 to 111 on tellers, to a separate amendment naming only William Pickens.[^33]
On March 31, 1943, in a House exchange with a [[California]] member over a claim Dies disputed, Dies said that "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman" and that a subcommittee headed by [[Joe Starnes]] of [[Alabama]], whom he called his "distinguished and able colleague," would make a report.[^34]
### The Appropriations subcommittee, 1943
[[House Resolution 105]], adopted February 9, 1943, authorized the Committee on Appropriations, "acting through a special subcommittee," to examine charges that employees were unfit by reason of present or past association with organizations whose aims were subversive to the government. The subcommittee was [[John H. Kerr]] of [[North Carolina]] (chairman), [[Albert Gore Sr.|Albert Gore]] of [[Tennessee]], [[Clinton P. Anderson]] of [[New Mexico]], [[D. Lane Powers]] of [[New Jersey]] and Keefe; its counsel was Major Matt H. Allen of North Carolina. Its first sitting was on Friday, April 9, 1943, and Watson testified over several sittings.[^35] The hearings were held in secret executive session. The accused were permitted to testify, the lawyers of their employing agencies were excluded, and the evidence came "largely" from reports of the Dies Committee and from FBI reports "treated as too confidential to be made public."[^1]
On April 7, 1943 Kerr told the House that the committee had been asking for six weeks for the full evidence and had been able to get it for only "3 of the 38 men who are charged in this resolution." Dies replied, "You have evidence on 10."[^36]
Watson opened with a written statement. It reported letters or telegrams from psychologists including [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Hadley Cantril]], [[Gordon Allport]], [[Henry A. Murray]], Gardner Murphy and [[J. B. Rhine]], a letter from Teachers College's dean, [[William F. Russell]], a petition of 57 signers and a protest signed by 188 students, and a resolution of the [[Eastern Sociological Society]] dated April 25, 1942.[^37] It listed 36 organizations in which he had paid dues, attended conventions, held office or given time, among them the [[Committee for National Morale]], the [[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]], the [[Foreign Policy Association]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], New America and Consumers Union, and stated that he had never been a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control.[^38]
On "The Great Choice," exhibited as charge 18, Watson testified that it was the most radical article he had written, nine years earlier, that it argued for thorough and fundamental change that was peaceful and legal, that it was an academic idea that had appealed to him at the time, and that "I do not now believe it to be true." Keefe asked whether Watson had ever written an article disavowing it, and Watson answered that he had not. Keefe also asked whether a Congress "having the interests and welfare of the American way at heart" would be justified in calling a person to account for writings advocating "the destruction of the profit system," and Watson answered "Yes; I would." Asked whether such writings, standing alone, should put a government on notice and demand some investigation, he answered "I would think so."[^8]
The subcommittee reported on April 21, 1943. It described its work as "in the nature of an inquest of office," adopted a definition of subversive activity as "conduct intentionally destructive of or inimical to the Government of the United States," and listed twelve organizations with which Watson had admitted association: the American League for Peace and Democracy, the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, the American Student Union, the [[American Youth Congress]], the [[Conference on Pan-American Democracy]], Consumers Union, the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo, the Descendants of the American Revolution, the [[International Workers Order]], the [[League of American Writers]], the [[National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights]], and the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. It stated that these organizations had not been adjudged subversive by the courts or by Congress. It found that Watson had associated with men and associations whose aims were subversive, had written articles for magazines "reputedly controlled by subversive interests," and had criticized the profit system and advocated its overthrow, and concluded that his membership and association and his views as expressed in his writings "constitute subversive activity within the definition adopted by your committee," so that he was "unfit for the present to continue in Government employment." The same report found insufficient evidence to recommend that Schuman be held unfit, and found Dodd unfit. The Committee on Appropriations approved the findings and directed the offering of an amendment to the urgent deficiency appropriation bill, H.R. 2714.[^39]
### Section 304 and the November 1943 cutoff
On May 17, 1943 Keefe read excerpts of Watson's testimony to the House. In the course of the reading he quoted Watson's 1934 article and said that when Watson was asked about it, Watson answered "I just do not believe in that any more. That was the effusion of an academic mind written in 1934," and "I disavow myself of that sort of philosophy."[^40]
The text of Section 304 as proposed in the committee's report barred payment of the salaries of Watson, Dodd and [[Robert Morss Lovett]] without a date or a reappointment clause.[^39] The version the House attached to the [[Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943]] barred payment from appropriated funds after November 15, 1943 to Lovett, Watson and Dodd, unless the President had appointed them with the advice and consent of the Senate, and excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for service on a jury or in the armed forces.[^1] On May 18, 1943 Kerr told the House that these employees "have no property rights in their offices" and that "One Congress can take away their rights given them by another."[^41]
The Senate Appropriations Committee eliminated the provision and the Senate sustained that action. After the first conference report the Senate voted 69 to 0 against a report that kept it, the House insisted, and the Senate adopted it after the fifth conference report.[^1] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signed the bill and stated that the Senate had "yielded, as I have been forced to yield, to avoid delaying our conduct of the war," and that the provision was "not only unwise and discriminatory, but unconstitutional."[^1]
Watson and Dodd kept working for a few days after the cutoff "to establish a court case" before they resigned. Schuman had already resigned and returned to Williams College.[^42]
### United States v. Lovett, 1946
Lovett, Watson and Dodd sued in the [[United States Court of Claims]] for pay for work performed after November 15, 1943, while the agencies kept them at work for varying periods. Two judges of that court had read Section 304 as "a mere stoppage of disbursing routine, nothing more."[^1]
The Supreme Court heard argument on May 3 to 6, 1946 and decided the case on June 3, 1946. Justice [[Hugo Black]], writing for the Court, held that Section 304 "falls precisely within the category of Congressional actions which the Constitution barred" as bills of attainder, and that it "operates as a legislative decree of perpetual exclusion" from government service. He wrote that "This permanent proscription from any opportunity to serve the Government is punishment, and of a most severe type." Black concluded that "legislative trials and punishments were too dangerous to liberty to exist in the nation of free men they envisioned. And so they proscribed bills of attainder. Section 304 is one."[^1]
The judgment in favor of Lovett, Watson and Dodd was affirmed. Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], joined by Justice [[Stanley Reed]], concurred on the ground that the Court should avoid the constitutional questions, and Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]] took no part.[^1]
### Later career and publications
Watson's later titles include [[Youth After Conflict]] ([[Association Press]], 1947), [[Action for Unity]] ([[Harper and Brothers]], 1947, with a 1946 edition issued by the [[Office of Jewish Information]]), [[Some Hypotheses Concerning Social Change]] (Teachers College, 1950), [[What Psychology Can We Trust?]] (Teachers College, 1961), [[No Room at the Bottom]] ([[Project on the Educational Implications of Automation]], [[National Education Association]], 1963), and [[Social Psychology: Issues and Insights]] ([[Lippincott]], 1966).[^3][^43][^44]
He edited [[Concepts for Social Change]], published by the [[National Training Laboratories]] in 1967.[^45] The [[Journal of Applied Behavioral Science]] was founded in 1965 under Watson's editorship, according to Teachers College.[^46]
In April 1967 the [[United States Office of Education]] published [[Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities]], produced under a contract with [[Duke University]], with sections by [[Samuel Baskin]], [[Sister Patricia Jean Manion]], Watson and [[James P. Dixon]]. Watson wrote the third section, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research." The volume identified him as Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences at [[Newark State College]] and as serving part-time as Associate Director for Program Development and Research of the [[Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education]], whose president was Baskin.[^47] The Union's published history dates its founding to 1964 by ten college presidents, names Baskin as first president in 1965, and records the 1969 adoption of the name Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities.[^48] The publisher Pearson states that Watson was "the founder of the [[Union Graduate School]]" and "Chief of the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service."[^49]
An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 1979.[^50]
### Footnotes
[^1]: United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3 to 6 and decided June 3, 1946 (Black, J., for the Court; Frankfurter, J., joined by Reed, J., concurring; Jackson, J., took no part). Statement of facts, the special subcommittee, H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., the text of Section 304 (57 Stat. 431, 450), the Senate votes (89 Cong. Rec. 5024), the President's statement (H. Doc. No. 264), the Court of Claims decision (66 F. Supp. 142, 104 Ct. Cl. 557), and the opinion quotations. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303
[^2]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 2 (Watson's sworn account of his birth at Whitewater, Wisconsin, his schooling at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the University of Wisconsin, Denver University, Union Theological Seminary, Columbia, Berlin and Vienna, his service as a Methodist minister, director of religious education and instructor in religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and 17 years at Teachers College). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^3]: Library of Congress name authority heading "Watson, Goodwin, 1899-1976," with catalog records for the titles named on this page (including the 1950 and 1961 Teachers College titles and the 1946 Office of Jewish Information edition of Action for Unity). https://id.loc.gov/search/?q=Watson%2C+Goodwin%2C+1899-1976
[^4]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 6-7 (Watson's statement listing ten books and monographs with dates: The Measurement of Fair Mindedness, 1925; Case Studies for Teachers of Religion; Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education, 1927; Orient and Occident, 1927, a research project for the Institute of Pacific Relations; Educational Problems for Psychological Study, 1930; Tests of Personality and Character, 1932; Human Resources, 1936, prepared for the American Council on Education; Redirecting Teacher Education, 1938; Education and Social Welfare in Mexico, 1939; Psychology of Civilian Morale, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^5]: Goodwin Watson, Education and Social Welfare in Mexico (New York: Council for Pan American Democracy; title page dated 1939, with "A report prepared for the Council for Pan American Democracy, January, 1940"). The front matter describes the 1939 delegation, names Watson as chairman of its education subcommittee, and identifies him as professor of education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://archive.org/details/educationsocialw00wats_0
[^6]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 82-85 (Watson's testimony on New America: his 1933 visit to Germany, the speech to the students of New College, the merger of Forward America and Young America, the policy council with Harry F. Ward and Thomas Wright, the cleavage, his withdrawal late in 1937 and resignation in the summer of 1938; his dates of activity, "From 1934 to 1937-38"). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^7]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 31 and 61 (Watson: "I was on the board of Consumers Union"; the American Investors Union as a development of Consumers Union; Edward Adams's approach to him about the board; election of directors by mail by the membership). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^8]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 100-105 and 118-119 (exhibits 56 to 58, "The Great Choice," Common Sense, August 1934; Watson's answers, including "I do not now believe it to be true"; Keefe's questions and Watson's answers on disavowal and on a Congress calling a person to account). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^9]: Goodwin Watson, ed., Civilian Morale, Second Yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1942): preface (Committee on Morale under Gardner Murphy appointed September 1940; SPSSI decision of September 1941; Watson as editor; planning with Lewin as president and Newcomb as secretary; first yearbook, Industrial Conflict, 1940, edited by George W. Hartmann and Theodore M. Newcomb), the contents and index (Watson's chapters), and the round-table note (participants Likert, Bateson, Lazarsfeld, Lewin, and Watson "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service"). https://archive.org/details/civilianmorale00socirich
[^10]: Ian Nicholson, "'The Approved Bureaucratic Torpor': Goodwin Watson, Critical Psychology, and the Dilemmas of Expertise, 1930-1945," Journal of Social Issues 54, no. 1 (1998): 29-52, abstract ("SPSSI's first president, Goodwin Watson"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01207.x
[^11]: TC Today, Fall/Winter 2011, vol. 36, no. 1 (Teachers College, Columbia University), article on the history of the psychology faculty; photograph caption "Goodwin Watson, founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues." https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/tc-today/2011/volume-36-no-1/280_TCTodayFallWinter2011.pdf
[^12]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement, the P-6 grade, and "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^13]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter to Free of October 22, 1941; entry on duty November 17, 1941; Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^14]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 2-4 (Watson, sworn: connected with the Federal Communications Commission "Since November 15, 1941"; in charge of the Analysis Division, responsible for about 40 people; the weekly reports to the State Department, Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the Lend-Lease Administration; his statement of 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, for agencies including the Office of Strategic Services, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Board of Economic Warfare). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^15]: CIA Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." The same description states that the division was set up as a section in the fall of 1941. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1
[^16]: CIA Reading Room 0000624360, Listening to the World for 50 Years: "On 17 November, Dr. Goodwin Watson, a social psychologist from Columbia University, became the first chief of the analysis section." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000624360
[^17]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 122 (Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). Sole source for Speier's title.
[^19]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942; "Watson remained in London only a short time, but a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^20]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 58 (Watson's memorandum to Graves of April 27, 1942; his London memorandum on the BBC monitoring system and his list of posts; Graves's memorandum to Leigh of November 17, 1942, calling the recommendation "not feasible"; the Bureau of the Budget's disallowance of funds for expansion of the Analysis Division). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^21]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 39 and 45 (Watson to the Portland office, March 23, 1942; Watson to Free, April 4, 1942). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 121-122 (Watson's letter of December 30, 1942 to Ralph Casey; the April 19, 1943 agreement and the move of the Analysis Division to the Social Security Building, where OWI was housed). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^23]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter of January 19, 1943 on overtime pay: the Analysis Division was working an average of 50 hours a week, as the text prints it, so the only solution was to cut the staff). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 128 (Watson to Bradford Coolidge, November 5, 1943, on developing analysis in the San Francisco bureau, after conferences involving Owen Lattimore, Leigh and Audrey Menefee). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^25]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 218-219 (Watson to Nelson Rockefeller, July 7, 1942, on the CIAA offer to John W. Gardner); p. 160 (Watson's February 8, 1943 reply to an OSS request requiring two more analysts, and his suggestion of a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001): the passage on the Dies charges and FBIS; note 32 (Watson as "one of the two creators" of Central European Radio Analysis, citing FBIS, On the Beam, 15 February 1943, p. 8); and the October 1942 move of Schuman to the Analysis Division's German Section. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/fbis-against-the-axis.pdf
[^27]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe in reply to Rep. Woodrum: Watson "analyzes and writes the broadcasts coming from foreign countries and interprets them for our Army and Navy"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^28]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 189-190 (Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941; Fly's reply naming Consumers Union and the count of 200 articles; "a respected research organ" as Roop prints it). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^29]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 190-191 (Senate Appropriations Committee deletion of the rider; Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942; his letter of February 10, 1942, with "considerable hostility," "socialistic views" and "new standard"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^30]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 233-234 (House, January 19, 1943, Rep. Fish: Watson, "Chief, Analysis Division, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, who comes from Warwick in my district"; the list of affiliations for 1936 to 1939 including the New York Herald Tribune item of June 29, 1938; Fish's quotation of Dies's speech of November 28, 1941). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89
[^31]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 478-480 (House, February 1, 1943, Rep. Dies's speech: the Watson passage with the $6,500 salary, the raise from $5,600, the World Tomorrow and Common Sense articles, the four folders of exhibits, and the Dodd visa passage); Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192 (39 "communists"; "at the head of the list were Dodd, Watson, and Schumann"); United States v. Lovett (Dies's description of the 39 as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89
[^32]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 (attacks in the House on Peter Rhodes, Audrey Menefee and Hans Speier). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^33]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 623-624 (House, February 4, 1943, Rep. Hendricks's notice of an amendment naming William Pickens, Frederick L. Schuman, Goodwin B. Watson, William E. Dodd, Jr., Robert Morss Lovett and others to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill); pp. 645, 655 and 656 (House, February 5, 1943: the amendment offered; the division of 130 to 137 and the tellers' count of 146 to 153 rejecting it; the separate amendment concerning William Pickens agreed to on tellers, 163 to 111). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89. Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, states that "a rider immediately was attached" denying payment to any employee on the list.
[^34]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 2788-2789 (House, March 31, 1943; the page 2788 header reads March 31; Dies's remarks following Rep. Rogers of California: "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman, who work for the F. C. C." and "A subcommittee headed by my distinguished and able colleague from Alabama [Mr. Starnes] will make a report"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_march-02-april-05-1943_89
[^35]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. iii-v (H. Res. 105, adopted February 9, 1943, authorizing "the Committee on Appropriations, acting through a special subcommittee"; membership Kerr, Gore, Anderson of New Mexico, Powers and Keefe; counsel Maj. Matt H. Allen; first sitting Friday, April 9, 1943, in room 449 of the Old House Office Building). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett. Roop, Part I, p. 192, states that the subcommittee "was named by the Un-American Activities Committee."
[^36]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943, Rep. Kerr and Rep. Dies). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89
[^37]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 4-6 (Watson's statement: Dean William F. Russell's letter, the 57 signers, the 188 students, the psychologists who wrote, the educators, and the Eastern Sociological Society resolution of April 25, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^38]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 8-9 (Watson's list of 36 organizations in which he paid dues, attended conventions, held office or gave time; his statement that he was never a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^39]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 14, 1943), pp. 327-334, with the subcommittee report of April 21, 1943 (the "inquest of office"; the definition of subversive activity; the twelve organizations; the findings on Watson, Schuman and Dodd; the proposed text of Section 304). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson in the passage so cited. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^41]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943, Rep. Kerr on Section 304; page as cited in United States v. Lovett). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^42]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 and note (the two men's work after the cutoff and their resignations; Schuman's earlier resignation and return to Williams College; the note prints the effective date as 21 November 1943, against the November 15, 1943 date in the statute as quoted in United States v. Lovett; the Senate approving the rider "4 8 to 32" after four votes against, as the text prints it, against the Senate vote of 69 to 0 on an earlier conference report recorded in Lovett). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^43]: Youth After Conflict (New York: Association Press, 1947), https://archive.org/details/youthafterconfli0000good; Action for Unity (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), https://archive.org/details/actionforunity0000good
[^44]: Social Psychology: Issues and Insights (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966), https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000good; No Room at the Bottom (Project on the Educational Implications of Automation, National Education Association, 1963), https://archive.org/details/noroomatbottomau0000good
[^45]: Concepts for Social Change, ed. Goodwin Watson (National Training Laboratories, National Education Association, 1967), catalog metadata. https://archive.org/details/conceptsforsocia0000edit
[^46]: Teachers College, Columbia University, annual report 2010, "Bringing It All Back Home" (the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, "founded in 1965 under the editorship of TC psychology professor Goodwin Watson"). https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/annual-report/2010/articles/bringing-it-all-back-home/
[^47]: Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Goodwin Watson and James P. Dixon, Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, New Dimensions in Higher Education no. 19, ed. Everett H. Hopkins (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, April 1967; Duke University, contract OEC-2-6-061722-1742), "About the Authors" (p. iii) and Watson's section III, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research" (pp. 66-82). ERIC ED013380. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013380.pdf
[^48]: Union Institute & University, "History" (captured by the Internet Archive in 2023 and 2024): "1964 Founded as the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education (UREHE) by 10 college presidents. Royce (Tim) Pitkin named first chairman. 1965 The UREHE consortium was first headquartered in Yellow Springs, OH., Antioch faculty member Dr. Samuel Baskin became the consortium's first president in 1965. 1969 The name "The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities" is adopted." https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://myunion.edu/who-is-union-institute-university/
[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). Sole source for the passage so cited. https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html
[^50]: Theodore M. Newcomb, "Goodwin Watson (1899-1976)," American Psychologist 34, no. 5 (May 1979): 433-434 (bibliographic record). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078567