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13
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Army Chemical Corps.md
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@ -41,8 +41,14 @@ relations:
role: "CIA retention of Fort Detrick shellfish toxin"
start: 1975
fn: 13
- type: participant_in
with: "[[MKSEARCH]]"
start: 1967
end: 1973
role: "through Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, three Army programs under the MKCHICKWIT and MKOFTEN labels, including the testing of EA 3167"
fn: 15
created: 2026-09-24
updated: 2026-09-24
updated: 2026-10-03
---
The Army Chemical Corps is the branch of the [[U.S. Army]] responsible for chemical, biological and radiological warfare and defense. During [[World War I]] the German use of chemical weapons led General [[John J. Pershing]] to press for a specialized gas unit for the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]]; the War Department created a Gas Service and, according to the Corps' regimental association, renamed it the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) on June 2, 1918. The [[First Gas Regiment]] fought in the Meuse-Argonne and St. Mihiel campaigns.[^1] The [[National Defense Act of 1920]] made the CWS a permanent branch of the Army.[^1][^2] The regimental association dates its redesignation as the Chemical Corps to 1946.[^1]
@ -71,6 +77,10 @@ On November 25, 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] renounced the offensive biolog
After the [[Vietnam War]] the Corps was partially demobilized and much of its function moved from [[Fort McClellan]], [[Alabama]], to Aberdeen. When Fort McClellan closed under base realignment, the Corps moved to [[Fort Leonard Wood]], [[Missouri]], where it forms part of the Maneuver Support Center with the Engineer and Military Police corps.[^1]
### Edgewood programs in the 1977 Defense Department search
The [[Department of Defense]] General Counsel's memorandum of September 20, 1977 on CIA-sponsored drug experiments lists three Army programs from 1969 to 1973, all through the Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories: a drug-identification project of 1967 to 1973 (CIA payments of 12,084 dollars in 1967 and 5,000 dollars in 1969, passed to a California contractor), computer data bases on pharmacological products (about 1968 to 1971) and, from 1971 to 1973, clinical tests of a glycolate-class compound, EA 3167, which Edgewood had already tested on animals and on human volunteers at Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia and among military personnel at Edgewood. The CIA transferred 37,000 dollars to Edgewood in 1971 for further work, and two military volunteers were "apparently tested" in June 1973. The search covered the files of Edgewood, [[Dugway Proving Ground]], the Defense Investigative Service as to the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the Army Inspector General and the [[Army Intelligence Agency]]; the memorandum describes the Army and Navy programs under [[MKSEARCH]].[^15]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Chemical Corps Regimental Association, "US Army Chemical Corps History." https://ccrassn.org/history/
@ -87,3 +97,4 @@ After the [[Vietnam War]] the Corps was partially demobilized and much of its fu
[^12]: *Los Angeles Times*, May 5, 1987; UPI Archives, May 5, 1987.
[^13]: Horrock, Nicholas M. "Colby Describes C.I.A. Poison Work," *New York Times,* Sept. 17, 1975. https://merylnass.substack.com/p/colby-describes-cia-poison-work-by
[^14]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Human Experimentation: An Overview on Cold War Era Programs,* testimony, GAO/T-NSIAD-94-266, September 28, 1994, abstract. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-T-NSIAD-94-266/html/GAOREPORTS-T-NSIAD-94-266.htm
[^15]: General Counsel of the Department of Defense, memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, September 20, 1977, pp. 3 to 5 and Appendix A, release file 02-A-0846, as described on the MKSEARCH page.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Naval Research.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-07-23
updated: 2026-10-02
updated: 2026-10-03
title: Office of Naval Research
tags:
- organization
@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ relations:
start: 1966-05
role: "ONR project monitor Jim Hughes said ONR would pay for McDonald's Wright-Patterson trip to read the [[Project Blue Book]] files"
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[MKSEARCH]]"
start: 1954
end: 1972-06-23
role: "conduit for CIA funds in Navy programs listed in the Defense Department memorandum of September 20, 1977, among them up to 117,938 dollars from February 26, 1971 to June 23, 1972, at least 282,215 dollars for the Lexington codeine project and 20,000 dollars for a blast-concussion study"
fn: 6
---
The [[Office of Naval Research]] (ONR) is an agency within the [[U.S. Navy]] responsible for the science and technology programs of the [[U.S. Navy]] and Marine Corps. It funds basic and applied research to develop new technologies and capabilities for naval operations.[^1]
@ -37,6 +43,10 @@ The introduction to the Annotated Edition of [[Morris K. Jessup]]'s [[The Case f
[[Paul E. McCarthy]] wrote that [[James E. McDonald]]'s ONR project monitor, [[Jim Hughes (Office of Naval Research)|Jim Hughes]], told him in May 1966 that, because McDonald's work was for ONR, it would pay the trip expenses to read the Blue Book files at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]]; that McDonald wrote Hughes that he wished a briefing on "the rumored Navy studies of UFOs" and asked whether ONR might fund his travel for UFO research; and that this began "a controversy within a controversy" over use of ONR atmospheric research funds for UFO research. McCarthy also wrote that in early 1968 McDonald sent Hughes copies of the [[Condon Committee]] "Low memo" and [[National Academy of Sciences]] correspondence, in light of "the day when he would apply to the ONR for funding to do UFO work."[^4][^5]
### CIA funds in the 1977 Defense Department memorandum
A [[Department of Defense]] General Counsel memorandum of September 20, 1977 states that the Navy searched archival material of the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery and ONR, and that ONR acted as financial intermediary in several programs. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] transferred at least 282,215 dollars to ONR for a project on a nonaddictive substitute for codeine carried out at the [[United States Public Health Service]] hospital at [[Lexington, Kentucky]], with instructions that the CIA's interest "is classified Secret"; 20,000 dollars for a study of blast concussion by a California contractor in 1954 and 1955, which the CIA moved to [[Project MKUltra]] as subproject 54 in 1956; and up to 117,938 dollars between February 26, 1971 and June 23, 1972 for a Massachusetts contractor's work on analogs of central nervous system drugs. The CIA authorization document for the last stated: "This project is funded through the Office of Naval Research. This arrangement protects the Agency's association with this area of research and provides the contractor with credible sponsorship." The Navy list of documents has 42 items, many of them CIA memoranda to ONR dated 1954 to 1961.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
@ -44,3 +54,4 @@ The introduction to the Annotated Edition of [[Morris K. Jessup]]'s [[The Case f
[^3]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), pp. 22 to 23, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956
[^4]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1975, chapter 2, pp. 39 to 40, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html
[^5]: Paul E. McCarthy, same, chapter 3, p. 144, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap03.html
[^6]: General Counsel of the Department of Defense, memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, September 20, 1977, pp. 6 to 11 and Appendix B, release file 02-A-0846; see the [[MKSEARCH]] page for the full description.