BCCI research and Narratives

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abbas Gokal.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+tags: ["Person", "Business", "Shipping", "BCCI"]
+---
+Abbas Gokal was one of the [[Gokal brothers]] who ran the [[Gulf Group]], a London-based shipping company.[^1]
+
+### Role in BCCI Operations
+
+Abbas Gokal was used as a front by [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] in 1975 in an attempt to acquire Chelsea National Bank in [[New York]].[^2] Regulators rejected this bid due to concerns about BCCI's involvement.[^2]
+
+The Gulf Group, run by the Gokal brothers, was believed to be BCCI's largest debtor, with loans topping out at $831 million in 1990 that were never repaid.[^3] The Gokal brothers' shipping empire was built with BCCI money.[^3]
+
+## Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
+[^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 11.
+[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 140.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Adnan Khashoggi.md

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
+---
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - international arms merchant
+  - financier
+---
 [[Adnan Khashoggi]] was an international arms merchant and a factotum for the House of Saud. He was considered the richest man in the world in the 1980s. Khashoggi covered his financial tracks by establishing front companies in [[Switzerland]] and [[Liechtenstein]] to handle his commissions. He also developed contacts with notable figures such as [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officers [[James H. Critchfield]] and [[Kim Roosevelt]], and U.S. businessman [[Bebe Rebozo]], a close associate of former U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]].[^1]
 
 Khashoggi's sister, [[Samira Khashoggi Fayed]], was the mother of [[Dodi Fayed]], who was romantically involved with [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]. Khashoggi's yacht, *Nabila*, was the largest in the world at the time and was featured in the James Bond film *Never Say Never Again*.[^1]
 
 ### Involvement in Iran-Contra Affair and PROMIS Scandal
 
-Khashoggi was implicated in the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] as a key middleman in the arms-for-hostages exchange, working alongside Iranian arms dealer [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]]. He was found to have borrowed money for these arms purchases from the now-bankrupt financial institution, the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]], with Saudi and U.S. backing.[^1]
+Khashoggi was implicated in the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] as a key middleman in the arms-for-hostages exchange, working alongside Iranian arms dealer [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]]. He was found to have borrowed money for these arms purchases from the now-bankrupt financial institution, the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]], with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] and U.S. backing.[^1] BCCI helped Adnan Khashoggi finance the sale of arms to [[Iran]] as a part of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]]'s Iran-Contra effort.[^2] Khashoggi participated in five of the deals for the [[United States]], and BCCI provided the bridge financing through [[Israel]] to [[Iran]].[^3]
 
 He was also involved in brokering the transaction of [[PROMIS]] software to an Arab Sheik for resale and general distribution. He was mentioned in a document dated May 16, 1985, along with [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]] and [[Richard Armitage]], as individuals who would broker this transaction. [[William Bradford Reynolds]] independently remembered Armitage, Khashoggi, and Ghorbanifar working together on [[PROMIS]].[^1]
 
@@ -12,7 +18,14 @@ He was also involved in brokering the transaction of [[PROMIS]] software to an A
 
 In 1988, Khashoggi was arrested in [[Switzerland]], accused of concealing funds. He was held for three months and then extradited to the [[United States]], where he was released on bail and subsequently acquitted. In 1990, a [[United States|U.S.]] federal jury in Manhattan acquitted Khashoggi and [[Imelda Marcos]], widow of the exiled Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]], of racketeering and fraud.[^1]
 
+### Connections
+
+His cousin, [[Hassan Yassin]], was described as a close business associate of [[Kamal Adham]].[^4]
+
 ---
 ## Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
+[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 387.
+[^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 352.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Douglas Mulholland.md

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+---
+tags: ["Person", "Government Official", "Intelligence"]
+---
+Douglas Mulholland was the intelligence liaison at the [[Treasury Department]].[^1]
+
+### Role in BCCI Investigation
+
+In January 1985, a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent delivered an unusual document to Mulholland's office, which contained information about the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]]'s money-laundering activities.[^1] Mulholland stated in Senate testimony that he had never seen an agency report delivered in such a format, indicating its sensitive nature.[^1]
+
+Mulholland was reportedly impressed by the report and hand-carried it to Secretary of the Treasury [[Donald Regan]].[^1] He also sent it to the deputy comptroller of the currency, [[Robert R. Bench]].[^1]
+
+Despite the significance of the information, Mulholland later claimed he could not remember what he did after receiving the memo, and his memory on this point was classified by the CIA.[^1] A subsequent CIA memo described Mulholland's actions, noting that he reported to the CIA that he had carried the report directly to the Secretary for his further disposition.[^1]
+
+## Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 364-365.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Donald Regan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+tags: ["Person", "Government Official", "USA"]
+---
+Donald Regan served as the [[Treasury Department|Treasury Secretary]] during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]].[^1]
+### Role in BCCI Scandal
+
+In January 1985, Regan received a [[CIA]] report on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]]'s secret ownership of [[First American Bank]] through [[Douglas Mulholland]], the intelligence liaison at the Treasury Department.[^2] Despite receiving this information, Regan did not take action.[^3]
+
+Regan later refused to be interviewed by [[Jonathan Beaty]] in early 1992, stating that his memory about the BCCI affair was not good.[^2]
+
+## Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
+[^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 364-366.
+[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 388.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Joseph E. Vaez.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+tags: ["Person", "Bank Examiner", "Government Official"]
+---
+Joseph E. Vaez was an officer in the [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency|Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)]].[^1]
+
+### Role in BCCI Investigation
+
+In February 1978, Vaez submitted a report on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] that characterized it as a bank dangerously out of control.[^1] He was sent with a team of auditors to examine the books of [[Bank of America]], which held 30 percent of BCCI's shares.[^2] His memo provided a detailed summary of BCCI's operations, noting its explosive growth, lack of lending limits, and undocumented loans.[^2]
+
+Vaez's report concluded that BCCI's practices were glaringly obvious as far back as 1978. The report also highlighted that money was disappearing into "unsecured borrowings" in [[ICIC]] in the [[Cayman Islands]], and that bad or questionable loans constituted three and a half times BCCI's capital.[^3]
+
+Despite the significance of his report, the OCC claimed to have "lost" the memo. When Vaez later agreed to provide a copy from his own files, the OCC refused to let investigators have it, only releasing it after a congressional subpoena.[^2]
+
+## Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
+[^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 381-382
+[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 137.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan.md

@@ -9,24 +9,25 @@ Zayed's early life was described by explorer Wilfred Thesiger, who noted his pow
 
 ### Relationship with BCCI and Abedi
 
-[[Agha Hasan Abedi]] cultivated a relationship with Zayed, recognizing the potential of Abu Dhabi's oil wealth.[^3] Abedi's persistence led to Zayed becoming a key supporter and later owner of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]].[^4] Zayed's petrodollars were pumped into Abedi's bank, and BCCI handled the purchase of homes for Zayed in [[Pakistan]] and managed details of his trips.[^4]
+[[Agha Hasan Abedi]] cultivated a relationship with Zayed, recognizing the potential of Abu Dhabi's oil wealth.[^3] Abedi's persistence led to Zayed becoming a key supporter and later owner of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]].[^4] Zayed's petrodollars were pumped into Abedi's bank, and BCCI handled the purchase of homes for Zayed in [[Pakistan]] and managed details of his trips.[^5]
 
-BCCI effectively merged with Zayed's Private Department, which handled and invested the Emirates' wealth.[^5] Zayed was the principal mark in Abedi's con game, having been coddled into pumping $1.5 billion in new capital and another $1.5 billion in deposits into BCCI since mid-1990.[^6]
+BCCI effectively merged with Zayed's Private Department, which handled and invested the Emirates' wealth.[^6] Zayed was the principal mark in Abedi's con game, having been coddled into pumping $1.5 billion in new capital and another $1.5 billion in deposits into BCCI since mid-1990.[^7]
 
 ### Role in BCCI Scandal
 
-Zayed and his chief lieutenant, [[Ghanim Fan's al-Mazrui]], were infuriated by the global seizure of BCCI, as it occurred just ten days before a deal to restructure the bank was to be signed.[^6] Zayed's various state agencies, along with Zayed himself, lost as much as $8 billion in the shutdown of BCCI.[^7]
+Zayed and his chief lieutenant, [[Ghanim Fan's al-Mazrui]], were infuriated by the global seizure of BCCI, as it occurred just ten days before a deal to restructure the bank was to be signed.[^7] Zayed's various state agencies, along with Zayed himself, lost as much as $8 billion in the shutdown of BCCI.[^8]
 
-He ordered audits of BCCI, which revealed billions of dollars missing.[^8] The [[Bank of England]] tried to persuade Zayed to inject more money into BCCI to cover losses.[^9]
+He ordered audits of BCCI, which revealed billions of dollars missing.[^9] The [[Bank of England]] tried to persuade Zayed to inject more money into BCCI to cover losses.[^10]
 
 ## Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 11.
 [^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 155-156.
 [^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 155.
-[^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 162-163.
-[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 176.
+[^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 162.
+[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 163.
 [^6]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 128.
-[^7]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 129.
-[^8]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 55.
-[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 136.
+[^7]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 128.
+[^8]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 129.
+[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 55.
+[^10]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 136.