The_Info_Web/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/The Nautilus (Telepathy Project).md

created	updated	title	aliases	tags	description	category	summary	date	relations
2025-07-22	2026-10-08	The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)	The Nautilus (Telepathy Project) The Secret of the Nautilus Du Nautilus Une étrange expérience à bord du Nautilus La transmission de pensée, arme de guerre The Great Nautilus ESP Hoax Nautilus telepathy story Nautilus Story	project Telepathy Disinformation ColdWar Submarine Psi	The Nautilus (Telepathy Project) is the name for French accounts of 1959 and 1960 describing telepathy tests with the USS Nautilus, which the U.S. Navy denied and which Soviet researchers cited.	Psi Research Program	French accounts of 1959 and 1960 described telepathy tests between a shore laboratory and the submarine USS Nautilus; the U.S. Navy denied them, and Soviet parapsychologists cited them to obtain support.	1960	type with reverse start role fn participant_in Jacques Bergier true 1959 author of the Constellation article of December 1959 and co-author of Le Matin des magiciens 2 type with reverse start role fn participant_in Louis Pauwels true 1960 co-author of Le Matin des magiciens, which printed the account; interviewed by This Week in 1963 2 type with reverse start role fn participant_in Gerard Messadie true 1960 author of the Science et Vie article of February 1960 6 type with reverse start role fn participant_in Leonid Vasiliev true 1960 cited the accounts in a 1960 lecture and, per Tsykunov (2023), in a March 1960 report to the Soviet defense minister 10 type with reverse start role fn participant_in William H. Bowers true 1959 named in the account as the colonel overseeing the tests; stated in 1963 that the experiment never took place 9 type with reverse start role fn participant_in William R. Anderson true 1959 named in the account as the captain of the Nautilus; stated in 1963 that the ship was in dock on the date given 9 type with reverse start role fn participant_in Pavel Naumov true 1956 named in the 1975 DIA study as conducting a submarine rabbit experiment around 1956 12

The Nautilus (Telepathy Project) is the name given to accounts of telepathy between a shore laboratory and the The Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, which appeared in the French press and in the book The Morning of the Magicians in 1959 and 1960. The accounts described telepathic messages received aboard the submarine while it was submerged. The U.S. Navy denied them. Leonid Vasiliev, a Soviet Union physiologist, cited them in 1960 when he argued for renewed research into Parapsychology in Leningrad.¹

The Rand report and the press of 1957 and 1958

Jacques Bergier and Louis Pauwels wrote that the Rand Corporation laid a report before Dwight D. Eisenhower at the beginning of 1957 proposing telepathy as a means of communicating with submarines, which could not use radio while submerged, particularly under the polar ice. They wrote that the report produced no effect for a year, until the signals of Sputnik I, after which leading American scientists decided to pursue directions the Russians had neglected. In the same passage they attribute to the Atomic Energy Commission a 1958 proposal to use clairvoyants to find where Russian bombs would fall in a war; a footnote to that sentence cites a "Rapport de la Rand Corporation, 31 août 1958." They quote a Ansel E. Talbert article in the Sunday supplement of the New York Herald Tribune of July 13, 1958, as saying it was indispensable for the United States armed forces to know whether energy emitted by one human brain could influence another brain thousands of kilometers away.²

The same pages list laboratories that they say were studying parapsychology: at the Rand Corporation, at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Friendship, Maryland, at General Electric in Schenectady, at Bell Labs in Boston, and at the army research center at Redstone Arsenal in Alabama, where the thought-transmission laboratory is said to have stood less than 500 meters from the office of Wernher von Braun.²

Martin Ebon, then on the staff of the Parapsychology Foundation, recorded that the New York Herald Tribune reported on November 3, 1958 that Westinghouse Electric Corporation had begun to study extrasensory perception with specially designed apparatus. Peter A. Castruccio, director of the company's newly organized Astronautic Institute, called such studies "very promising" and added that "a lot more work must be done before we can come up with anything practical." W. D. Crawford of the Air Arm Division of Westinghouse told Ebon that "while these studies have scientific value, any conclusions at this time would be premature and inconclusive." The Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation published these statements in January-February 1959, together with a report that Bell Telephone Laboratories had considered an ESP research project and abandoned it.³

The December 1959 article in Constellation and Le Matin des magiciens

The first account appeared in the French magazine Constellation in December 1959 under the title "La transmission de pensée, arme de guerre" (thought transmission, a weapon of war). Its author was Bergier. I. V. Tsykunov summarized it in 2023 as stating that in 1958 Westinghouse, General Electric, Bell Telephone and a military research center at Redstone began telepathy work for the U.S. Navy.⁴ The account was repeated in Le Matin des magiciens (1960) by Pauwels and Bergier.²

The protocol in that book is specific. A Duke University student, called "Smith," sat in a Westinghouse research center, where a clockwork device shuffled a thousand Zener cards and ejected a card at one-minute intervals. He drew the symbol on a sheet of five entries, sealed it, and passed it to William H. Bowers, a colonel described as director of biological sciences at the research office of the U.S. Air Force, who locked it in a safe.³⁴ A naval lieutenant, called "Jones," sat in a cabin aboard the Nautilus, which the book says embarked on July 25, 1959 and spent sixteen days under way, and recorded five symbols twice a day. He gave the sheets to the captain, William R. Anderson, who added the time and date, sealed them in an envelope marked for destruction in case of capture, and stored them in a safe. When the submarine reached Groton, Connecticut on Monday, August 10, 1959, the envelopes were taken under escort to a military airfield and flown to Friendship, Maryland, where Bowers compared the sheets. The book gives the result as a precision of more than 70 percent and says that seven times out of ten Jones guessed correctly. It quotes Bowers as saying that human thought had for the first time been transmitted through space, under conditions excluding fraud, from one brain to another.²

The 2023 study's summary of the Constellation text gives the result as three quarters of the symbols and attributes the method to J. B. Rhine of the Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory.⁴ Annie Jacobsen places the start of the sixteen-day period on July 25, 1958.⁵

The February 1960 article in Science et Vie

In February 1960 the magazine Science et Vie published an article by Gerard Messadie. It is cited as "Du Nautilus" in the 1972 DIA report and in the bibliography of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, as "The Secret of the Nautilus" by Ebon, by Jim Schnabel and in the Parapsychology Foundation's Newsletter of 1963, and by Tsykunov as "Une étrange expérience à bord du «Nautilus»," issue no. 509, pages 30 to 35.⁶

The 1972 DIA report quotes the French headlines as "US Navy Uses ESP on Atomic Sub!" and says that, according to the French, ship-to-shore telepathy "blipped along nicely even when the Nautilus was far under water."⁷ Schnabel wrote that the article reported tests conducted under the Arctic ice cap with the special attention of President Eisenhower and the involvement of the Navy, the Air Force, Westinghouse, General Electric, Bell Laboratories and the Rand Corporation.⁸

The Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation reported in 1963 that Science et Vie had not received a report on the experiment from its regular New York correspondent or from the Science Service news syndicate to which it subscribed, that its editors had not disclosed their source, and that the author of a French reference work, Histoire de la Magie, had told the Foundation his source was the Science et Vie article.⁹

Soviet statements and the Vasiliev report

A prominent member of the Institut Métapsychique International in Paris, Raphael L. Khérumian, sent clippings of the Science et Vie article and of Bergier's Constellation article to Vasiliev, then professor of physiology at the University of Leningrad, in late 1959 and early 1960.⁹ In his 1962 book on experimental research in thought suggestion, according to the Newsletter, Vasiliev acknowledged receiving the clippings and summarized the experiments, with a footnote stating that such reports must be treated with caution, having been denied in Washington and by other American sources.⁹ Ebon quotes the same book as describing the Nautilus experiment as showing that telepathic information could pass through water and a submarine's metal hull, and as a "totally unexpected foreign confirmation" of tests Vasiliev had conducted twenty-five years earlier.³ Ebon also quotes the Ukrainian engineer Bernard Kazhinsky, whose 1962 book on biological radio communication drew conclusions from the account.³

The journal Znanie-Sila (Knowledge Is Power) published a report by Gleb Anfilov in 1960 (No. 12), which an English translation introduces as an investigation prompted by the Science et Vie article of whether the report had a scientific basis. Anfilov describes a discussion in June 1960 at Leningrad University, with Vasiliev in the chair, and a second meeting on June 15, 1960 at the Leningrad Scientists Club, where Vasiliev gave a lecture titled "Concerning the Electromagnetic Radiation of the Brain." Vasiliev began by mentioning the American attempts at telepathic communication with the Nautilus. He said that even if the articles on the subject were not completely trustworthy, the facts as described did not contradict earlier experiments, and that thought transference through water and a submarine's shell agreed with experiments conducted in the Soviet Union. In the same issue the physiologist E. A. Asratyan called the Nautilus case one of the few exceptions to the lack of sufficient facts to prove telepathy, said it was quite likely that not everything in the reports was accurate, and criticized the conditions the Nautilus experiment's endorsers set out. The translation was recommended by J. B. Rhine.¹⁰

Ostrander and Schroeder describe a speech by Vasiliev at a gathering of influential scientists held to commemorate the discovery of radio, which they date to April 1960. They quote him: "We carried out extensive and, until now, completely unreported investigations on ESP under the Stalin regime!" and "Today the American Navy is testing telepathy on their atomic submarines."¹ Tsykunov suggests the meeting was probably held in May, because Soviet Radio Day fell on May 7 in the new style.⁴

Tsykunov reports a seven-page memorandum of March 21, 1960 drawn up by Vasiliev, P. I. Gulyaev and Igor Poletaev, attached to a report that Poletaev sent to Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky on March 26, 1960. As quoted by Tsykunov, the report says Vasiliev had told Poletaev in March 1960 that the American armed forces had adopted telepathy for communication with submarines at sea, that two French magazines had published brief reports (translations attached), that from the end of 1957 Rand Corporation, Westinghouse, Bell Telephone Company and others had been working intensively, and that a test with the Nautilus submerged under polar ice up to 2,000 kilometers from its base had produced 70 percent correct symbols in a five-symbol alphabet of Zener cards. It says no other channel could have carried such a message because radio could not be used with the boat submerged, and, without discussing the reliability of the reports, that the danger of a new psychological weapon used against the USSR was too great to leave them without attention. It proposed that Vasiliev and Gulyaev continue telepathy research. Poletaev's son Andrei Poletaev later wrote that a decision was taken to organize a laboratory at Leningrad University under Vasiliev.¹¹

Ostrander and Schroeder quote Vasiliev's statement that "The discovery of the energy underlying ESP will be equivalent to the discovery of atomic energy." They write that Vasiliev headed a special parapsychology laboratory at Leningrad University within the year, that the Soviet hierarchy "apparently bought Vasiliev's advice," and that the drive was "said to come from the Soviet Military and the Soviet Secret Police." They put the number of Soviet centers for the study of the paranormal at "some twenty or more," with a budget estimated in 1967 at over 12 million rubles.¹ Schnabel wrote that whether they believed it or not, a number of Soviet researchers eagerly cited the story as confirmation of their own work, hinting that such work needed much greater attention and funding, and names Vasiliev; the passage then describes the telepathy experiments of the electrical engineer I. M. Kogan.⁸

The 1972 DIA report reads the same episode as follows: "Soviet parapsychology research was actually stimulated by the 1960 French story." It adds that "although the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic testing on atomic submarines, the Soviet hierarchy apparently heeded Doctor Vasilev's advice and gave support, both moral and financial."⁷

Ostrander and Schroeder describe Vasiliev as the holder of the Lenin Prize, as does Schnabel; the DIA gives the Order of Lenin.¹⁸¹²

The Navy, Captain Anderson and Colonel Bowers

Ebon wrote that when he sought confirmation, the U.S. Navy denied that such a test had ever taken place or that it was engaged in telepathy experiments.³ Ostrander and Schroeder write that the Navy "denied the Nautilus story in tones of demi-horror," quoting its position as "No one in the Navy has anything to do with telepathy," which they say the Navy had kept saying since 1959.¹ The 1972 DIA report records the same denial.⁷ The Parapsychology Foundation wrote in 1963 that it had addressed inquiries to Westinghouse, General Electric, the Bell System, the Navy, the Air Force and other companies and researchers named in the article and the book.⁹

The Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation prints a statement attributed to the Nautilus's first skipper, Captain Anderson, retired by then, given to This Week: "Although the Nautilus engaged in a very wide variety of activities, certainly these did not include experiments in mental telepathy." It quotes him as calling the report of Pauwels and Bergier "completely false" and as saying that on July 24, 1959, the date the authors alleged the Nautilus put to sea, she was "high and dry in dock at Portsmouth, N. H., undergoing her first major overhaul."⁹ Ebon quotes the same statements.³ A history of the ship published by the Navy's Submarine Force Museum states that in May 1959 the Nautilus entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for her first complete overhaul and that the overhaul was completed in August 1960.¹³ Tsykunov places the dry-dock statement on July 25, 1959, the date it takes from the French account.⁴

Bowers, quoted in the same This Week article, said: "the experiment in which I was alleged to have participated never took place." The Newsletter adds that This Week reported the Talbert "quotation" in the book "turned out not to be his words, but the authors' interpretation."⁹ Tsykunov reports that Bowers added that he did not work at the Westinghouse laboratory and that on July 25, 1959 he was at Air University in Alabama.⁴

The This Week article of September 8, 1963

The Sunday supplement This Week of September 8, 1963 printed excerpts of the Pauwels and Bergier book under the title "The Great Nautilus ESP Hoax" and described the story of a Navy land-to-submarine communication through extrasensory perception as having circulated with wider and wider acceptance at home and abroad. According to the Parapsychology Foundation, the magazine said it had checked with Pauwels and Bergier, who admitted that they "had elaborated on reports they had heard, but not verified," and had "given the submarine a name." The Newsletter quotes Pauwels in the magazine as writing "It couldn't be just an 'atomic submarine,' but the Nautilus, which is best known to the French public."⁹ The magazine called the Nautilus story "unfounded."⁹ Ebon wrote that the Nautilus story was eliminated when the book appeared in the United States, and Tsykunov dates the American reprint to 1963.³⁴ An abridged French-language edition for American students, published by Harper and Row in 1967, prints the Nautilus passage.²

A CIA reading-room copy of an undated article on extrasensory perception gives the This Week date as September 6, 1963, says the Nautilus story was publicized by that supplement, and calls it "quite possible that this false report" caused the Russians to worry that the United States had a breakthrough. The author is identified only as a behavior scientist.¹⁴

Accounts by Messadié, Schnabel and Ebon

Ebon visited Messadié in his Paris office in the summer of 1980. He wrote that Messadié, by then editor-in-chief of the monthly, regarded the whole thing as probably a hoax and regretted having published it, having assumed that his source was beyond question. According to Ebon, Messadié named Bergier, then an editorial adviser to the magazine, as that source, and recalled that when Bergier said "in a most affirmative tone that the U.S. Navy had engaged in telepathic research aboard the Nautilus," he and the editor-in-chief at the time, Daniel Vincendon, "did not resist his authority." Ebon quotes Messadié saying that Bergier "was sometimes prone to elaborations that verged on pranks, not to say hoaxes" and that Bergier had claimed to have extracted the information from intelligence sources. Ebon concluded that Bergier had concocted the story.³

Schnabel wrote that Bergier was a consulting editor of Science et Vie who "apparently had connections to French intelligence services," that Bergier answered skeptical queries by backpedaling, that it soon seemed the whole thing had been fabricated as Bergier's private fraud or as some kind of disinformation ploy designed to stir up valuable data about American psi research or to encourage Russia to undertake wasteful research, and that Messadié would eventually admit he had probably been fooled. Schnabel added that, in his account, an Air Force officer named in the story denied it, the skipper of the Nautilus insisted the ship had been in dry dock, and the stated accuracy rate was far higher than parapsychologists usually reported.⁸ Jacobsen reports that Messadié said his information came from Bergier and other sources who confirmed the story on condition of anonymity, and that the article named J. B. Rhine as the civilian scientist on the project, with about 75 percent of the tries said to have succeeded.⁵

Ebon wrote that some Americans have entertained the hypothesis that the story was a "Soviet plant," a piece of "disinformation" launched in France to provide a reason for a start-up of Soviet psychic studies, and that Soviet participants at international conferences repeatedly asked their American counterparts for details of the Nautilus experiments and met American professions of ignorance with a mixture of disappointment and disbelief.³ Ebon quotes a New York Times obituary of Bergier of November 24, 1978 describing him as a part-time consultant for French intelligence after the war.³

Tsykunov reports that American experts doubted a 70 percent hit rate, since standard parapsychology tests produced up to 20 percent, and that the Navy press service categorically denied the experiment.⁴

Official assessments

The DIA study of September 1975, prepared by Louis F. Maire III and John LaMothe for the Defense Intelligence Agency, describes "rumors" that American researchers had disproved the "brain-radio" theory through ship-to-shore experiments with the Nautilus. It says: "The Nautilus 'experiments' probably were mythical, but the claims had one tangible consequence: the Soviet authorities permitted" Vasilev, identified as professor of physiology and holder of the Order of Lenin, to publish his earlier work.¹²

Later references

Roger A. Beaumont wrote in the January 1982 issue of Signal that in the early 1960s there were reports of telepathy between the submarine USS Nautilus and a shore-based command post, which were "denied forthwith by the Navy."¹⁵

In April 1992 the Soviet defense newspaper Trud named Bergier as the author of the December 1959 French article, which it said had caused considerable commotion. It asked whether Corresponding Member Ye. Aleksandrov was right to call the psychotronic weapons work worthless, and cited spending of 23 million rubles on defense-ministry projects.¹⁶

A Soviet video summarized by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service in September 1992 has Igor Mogila, a Trud journalist, talking about a Soviet hypnotist, and shows footage of an incident involving the Nautilus that the summary dates to July 25, 1959.¹⁷

Schnabel describes a later experiment at SRI in which Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ tried to augment telepathy with electroencephalograph devices as "a souped-up version of the Nautilus story," intended to interest the CIA or the Navy in a possible long-distance communication system for submerged submarine crews.⁸

Pavel Naumov and the rabbit account

Ostrander and Schroeder recorded in Moscow in 1968 an account of a submarine test with baby rabbits from a Russian they identify as Naumov, in a passage that follows a reference to "Dr. Pavel Naumov." The baby rabbits were placed aboard a submerged submarine, and their mother, in a shore laboratory with electrodes in her brain, registered each moment of death. He said the test took place about three years previously, that "our instruments clearly registered these moments of ESP," and, asked what the Soviets found, "They are, I'm sorry to say, not public." In the passage he said: "If your Navy didn't do the Nautilus experiment, then Soviet scientists were the first in the world to test ESP from a submarine!"¹⁸

Schnabel wrote that at the Moscow conference of 1968 the Soviet parapsychologist Eduard Naumov announced to Western researchers that the Red Navy had replicated the entire Nautilus experiment successfully with one of its own submarines.⁸

The DIA's 1975 report names "Dr. Pavel Naumov, who bears no relation to the now imprisoned Edward Naumov," as the conductor of the test, and dates it to around 1956, three years before the Nautilus disclosure.¹² Earlier in Ostrander and Schroeder's book, Edward Naumov asked the authors whether the Nautilus story was really untrue, and their reply was "Who knows?"¹

British delegate John Cutten asked the group whether the submarine work implied close cooperation with the government and the military. Naumov answered that Cutten's remark "speaks for itself."¹⁸

Other accounts

An undated CIA paper on Soviet parapsychology cites the 1959 French publication of "supposed american ship-to-shore telepathy attempts with the atomic submarine Nautilus," states that the attempts were officially denied, and cites Ostrander and Schroeder for Vasiliev's April 1960 statement.¹⁹

Footnotes

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1. Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7 (French headlines, Vasiliev's speech, Navy denial, Lenin Prize, Soviet centers and budget, and the question from Edward Naumov), and p. 8 (the conversation that follows). ↩︎

2. Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. Le Matin des magiciens, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141 (Nautilus account, Rand report and footnote on p. 137, Talbert article, laboratories, Bowers quotation); the English synopsis pp. xxx-xxxi also mentions the transmission to the submarine. Ebon, Psychic Warfare (below), p. 23, gives Le Matin de Magicien as the book in which the tests were also reported. ↩︎

3. Ebon, Martin. Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion? McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, "The Great 'Nautilus' Hoax," pp. 22-31 (Navy denial and Westinghouse statements pp. 22-25; Anderson, This Week and Bowers pp. 25-26; Vasiliev and Kazhinsky pp. 26-28; Soviet curiosity, the "Soviet plant" hypothesis and the 1980 Messadié interview pp. 28-31; Bergier's obituary pp. 29-31). Ebon was a staff member of the Parapsychology Foundation in New York. ↩︎

4. Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55, published by the Association of Researchers of Esotericism and Mysticism (e-ISSN 2225-6954). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Cites the Constellation article from a 1988 Soviet compilation, Материалы о прикладном использовании необычных возможностей психики человека (по зарубежным публикациям периода 1947-1988 г.), issue 3, pp. 9-14. Sole source for the passages so cited. ↩︎

5. Jacobsen, Annie. Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. ↩︎

6. Messadié, Gérald. Article in Science et Vie, no. 509, February 1960, pp. 30-35. Title "Du Nautilus": LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR," ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972, ref. 77, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2; Ostrander and Schroeder, bibliography, p. 427. Title "The Secret of the Nautilus": Ebon, Psychic Warfare, p. 23; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 90; "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, November-December 1963. Title "Une étrange expérience à bord du «Nautilus»," pp. 30-35: Tsykunov (Aliter, 2023). ↩︎

7. LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR," ST-CS-01-169-72, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, July 1972, Section II, para. 3, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2. ↩︎

8. Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93 (the Science et Vie article, Messadié and Bergier, the Navy and Air Force denials, Soviet reception, Vasiliev, Kogan, Naumov) and p. 154 (SRI electroencephalograph experiments). Sole source for the passages so cited. ↩︎

9. "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. ↩︎

10. Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" The Soviet Review, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7 (introduction and the meetings of June 1960) and Asratyan, E. A., "More Experiments Called For," same issue, p. 11, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6. ↩︎

11. Tsykunov (Aliter, 2023), quoting the report of March 26, 1960 from the papers of I. A. Poletaev; Vinokurov, I. V., and G. K. Gurtovoy. Психотронная война: от мифов к реалиям [Psychotronic war: from myths to realities], pp. 147-149; Poletaev, A. I. "«Военная кибернетика», или фрагмент истории отечественной «лженауки»," in Очерки истории информатики в России (Novosibirsk, 1998), pp. 515-530. Sole source for the passages so cited. ↩︎

12. Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, DIA Task PT-1810-12-75. CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2. ↩︎

13. "History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)," Submarine Force Library and Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/subforce/about-us/history.html. ↩︎

14. "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated article, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1. ↩︎

15. Beaumont, Roger A. "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," Signal, January 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. Ronald M. McRae and Sue Merrow wrote in The Investigator in October 1981 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3) that the stories were "fabricated out of whole cloth"; Michael E. Zarbo, in a November 1992 Defense Intelligence College thesis (CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6) citing McRae's Mind Wars, called the report "later revealed as untrue." ↩︎

16. Trud, April 10, 1992, no. 61, FBIS translation, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500610010-5, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500610010-5. ↩︎

17. FBIS London summary of Soviet video footage, September 22, 1992, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500680011-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500680011-7. ↩︎

18. Ostrander and Schroeder, Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain, pp. 32-33 (rabbit account and Cutten exchange). Bibliography, p. 427, entry 332: "MESSADIE, G., 'Du Nautilus,' Science et Vie, No. 509, Feb., 1960." ↩︎

19. "Parapsychology in the USSR," undated CIA paper, approved for release 2000/08/15, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9. ↩︎