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--- a/META/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/META/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
- 2026-10-05T1543 · [[Robert Lucky]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[Robert Lucky]]
- 2026-10-05T1542 · [[George Lawrence]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[George Lawrence]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[Bill Ray]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[J. B. Rhine]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[Murray Watt]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[Gertrude Schmeidler]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[Garrison Rapmund]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[Edwin May]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[Tom McNear]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[Hella Hammid]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
+- 2026-10-05T1550 · [[Pat Price]]
- 2026-10-05T1541 · [[_NOTES_P4]]
+- 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
- 2026-10-05T1540 · [[Edwin May]]
+- 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Murray Watt]]
- 2026-10-05T1540 · [[Hella Hammid]]
+- 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Garrison Rapmund]]
- 2026-10-05T1540 · [[Pat Price]]
+- 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Bill Ray]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Tom McNear]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[David Morehouse]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Lyn Buchanan]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Murray Watt]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[David Morehouse]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[Garrison Rapmund]]
 - 2026-10-05T1547 · [[_NOTES_P4]]
 - 2026-10-05T1546 · [[Lyn Buchanan]]
 - 2026-10-05T1546 · [[Tom McNear]]
 - 2026-10-05T1546 · [[Bill Ray]]
 - 2026-10-05T1537 · [[Qian Xuesen]]
 - 2026-10-05T1537 · [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
 - 2026-10-05T1537 · [[GALCIT Rocket Research Project]]
@ -40,8 +51,6 @@
 - 2026-10-05T1534 · [[_DELTA_Qian Xuesen_P7]]
 - 2026-10-05T1533 · [[_FOIA_P1]]
 - 2026-10-05T1533 · [[_NOTES_P1]]
 - 2026-10-05T1532 · [[Lyn Buchanan]]
 - 2026-10-05T1532 · [[David Morehouse]]
 - 2026-10-05T1532 · [[Yuri Kobzarev]]
 - 2026-10-05T1530 · [[Psychoenergetics]]
 - 2026-10-05T1530 · [[Pavel Naumov]]
@ -89,12 +98,3 @@
 - 2026-10-05T1524 · [[Foreign Technology Division]]
 - 2026-10-05T1524 · [[David Stern (business adviser)]]
 - 2026-10-05T1524 · [[Bud Cramer]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Jean-Luc Brunel]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Robert Garder Terrell]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Richard Thornburgh]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Rhonda Louise Williams]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Regina Zokosky]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Raymond Woodall]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Rafael Trujillo]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen]]
 - 2026-10-05T1523 · [[Philip Zimbardo]]
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lyn
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lyn
@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 title: Lyn Buchanan
 aliases:
  - Lyn Buchanan
  - Leonard "Lyn" Buchanan
  - Leonard Buchanan
  - Sergeant Lyn Buchanan
 category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
 tags:
  - Person
@ -12,33 +14,102 @@ tags:
  - Military
  - PSI
  - Stargate
  - SunStreak
  - CRV
-  - 1980s
+  - ProblemsSolutionsInnovations
-  - 1990s
+  - Author
-summary: "Lyn Buchanan was a U.S. Army sergeant assigned to the Fort Meade remote viewing unit under the Center Lane and Sun Streak programs beginning in the early 1980s, trained by Ingo Swann in Coordinate Remote Viewing, and after retirement founded Problems Solutions Innovations (PSI) and wrote The Seventh Sense (2003)."
+summary: "Army sergeant brought into the Fort Meade remote viewing unit in 1984 on General Stubblebine's order, who served until 1992 as viewer, database manager and trainer, then founded the CRV training firm Problems Solutions Innovations."
 born: 1939-07-28
-location: "Waco, Texas"
+location: "Alamogordo, New Mexico"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
    start: 1974
    end: 1992
    role: "Army linguist and computer systems specialist; sergeant first class, remote viewer, database manager, property book officer and trainer at Fort Meade from 1984"
    fn: 2
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Sun Streak]]"
    start: 1984
    end: 1992
    role: "viewer and session monitor of the Fort Meade unit under INSCOM and then DIA control"
    fn: 8
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]"
    start: 1992
    role: "computer systems analyst after retirement from the Army"
    fn: 14
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Albert Stubblebine]]"
    start: 1992
    role: "gave remote viewing workshops at UFO and New Age conferences for the retired general until a falling-out"
    fn: 13
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Psi Tech]]"
    start: 1990
    role: "supplier of raw viewing data to Ed Dames's private psychic investigation firm, with Morehouse, Paul Smith and Mel Riley"
    fn: 11
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Problems Solutions Innovations]]"
    start: 1992
    role: "executive director; data analysis firm that became a Coordinate Remote Viewing training firm after 1995"
    fn: 2
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Assigned Witness Program]]"
    role: "pro bono remote viewing for police and public agencies, begun after the 1995 declassification"
    fn: 14
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[International Remote Viewing Association]]"
    role: "member of the board of directors"
    fn: 15
 ---
-Lyn Buchanan was a [[U.S. Army]] sergeant who served as a remote viewer in the classified Army program at [[Fort Meade]] that operated under the successive designations [[Stargate Project|Center Lane]], [[Sun Streak]], and STAR GATE during the 1980s and early 1990s. He was trained in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV) by [[Ingo Swann]] after Swann returned to the program to train Army viewers beginning in 1984, and became one of the unit's more consistently producing operational viewers.[^1]
+Leonard "Lyn" Buchanan was a [[U.S. Army]] linguist and computer specialist who was transferred to the remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]] in 1984 and served there until 1992. His own biography calls him a sergeant first class; [[Jim Schnabel]]'s list of sources calls him a first sergeant. In the unit he was a viewer, a session monitor, the keeper of the database of session data, the property book officer and a trainer.[^1]
-### Military Remote Viewing Career
+### Before the unit
-Buchanan joined the Fort Meade remote viewing unit after the initial group of six viewers recruited by [[Frederick Atwater]] in 1977. He received formal CRV training in Swann's six-stage protocol, which was designed to provide a structured methodology for acquiring and reporting remote viewing impressions in a way that minimized contamination from imagination or prior knowledge.
+According to the biography published by his firm, Buchanan began as a military computer specialist on the [[Nike Ajax]] and [[Nike Hercules]] missile systems, left the service for twelve years, during which he took two bachelor's degrees, in psychology and in linguistics, and a master's in linguistic psychology, and taught foreign languages in East Texas. He re-entered the Army in 1974 as a linguist in German, Russian and Spanish, served four years in [[Japan]], where he also learned Japanese and Mongolian and, he says, became the only Mongolian linguist in the services, returned to the [[Defense Language Institute]] for a higher-level Russian course, and was posted for four years to the US Intelligence Field Station at [[Augsburg]], [[Germany]], where he also worked as a systems designer and programmer.[^2] The reference work *Contemporary Authors* gives his degrees as a bachelor's in psychology and linguistics and an M.A. in linguistic psychology, and a home in [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]], [[New Mexico]].[^3]
-Within the unit, Buchanan served in both operational tasking and as a trainer for newer viewers as the program expanded. He also served as the unit's data manager, responsible for maintaining the operational records of remote viewing sessions. He had a reputation for methodological discipline and was among the viewers who completed full training through all stages of Swann's CRV protocol.
+### Recruitment
-Buchanan remained with the program through multiple command transitions and participated in the program during the period when the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] was the primary government sponsor. He witnessed the various organizational pressures that affected the unit in its final years, including the controversy surrounding [[David Morehouse]], a later viewer whose claims of operational misconduct and visionary experiences eventually led to a court-martial proceeding that damaged the unit's internal cohesion and congressional support.[^1]
+Schnabel wrote that in early 1984, at Augsburg, Buchanan was asked to demonstrate a piece of software that integrated Army intelligence computers across his sector of NATO, that the program crashed, that the colleague who had been tampering with it said he had made one small change, and that hundreds of other computers on the network crashed at the same moment, as Buchanan's anger rose. When Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], commander of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM), came to Augsburg for a change of command, he took Buchanan into the base commander's new office and asked, "Did you crash my computers?" Buchanan answered, "Yes, sir, I did"; Stubblebine said "Far fucking out!" Schnabel wrote that an aide had heard officers discuss the crash and that Stubblebine, who believed the program should be augmented with psychokinesis, offered him a place in "a special project." Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] and [[Joe McMoneagle]] came to Augsburg a month later to speak with Buchanan and, over dinner, with his wife, Linda, about how exposure to psychic phenomena might change him and his marriage.[^4]
-### Post-Military Career
+Buchanan's own account places the event in 1982. *Contemporary Authors* records that "an incident occurred in 1982 that brought his psychic abilities to the attention of General Albert N. Stubblebine"; his firm's biography says that after a psychokinetic event "parts of which are still classified" in Augsburg, the INSCOM commander decided to transfer him to Fort Meade "where he planned to have Lyn affect and/or destroy enemy computer systems," a plan "aborted for funding reasons," after which Buchanan became one of the unit's controlled remote viewers.[^2][^3] Schnabel wrote that the Army's personnel command briefly rescinded Buchanan's orders as unjustified and potentially harmful to his career, and that Stubblebine telephoned and demanded they be restored.[^5]
-After retiring from the Army, Buchanan founded Problems - Solutions - Innovations (PSI), a civilian remote viewing consultancy and training organization. Unlike some former viewers who focused primarily on teaching the experiential aspects of remote viewing, Buchanan emphasized the structured CRV methodology and the data management protocols he had developed at Fort Meade.
+### The Fort Meade unit
-In 2003, Buchanan published *The Seventh Sense: The Secrets of Remote Viewing as Told by a "Psychic Spy" for the U.S. Military* (Hampton Roads Publishing), an account of his Army remote viewing experience and his understanding of the CRV process. The book drew on his experience as both viewer and unit data manager and provided one of the more technically detailed accounts of operational military remote viewing from the Fort Meade period.[^1]
+Schnabel described Buchanan as one of Stubblebine's handpicked recruits of early 1984, with [[Dawn Lutz]] and, later, [[Angela Dellafiora]], chosen for supposed psychokinetic ability rather than remote viewing talent: "Whether or not Buchanan had any real PK abilities, there was just no use for them in the program." He wrote that Buchanan "didn't perform badly," and was "respected as a good monitor and a teacher of RV techniques," and that, because the budget did not allow Stubblebine's recruits to be sent to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], they were expected to learn [[Ingo Swann]]'s technique from others at Fort Meade who had been taught it.[^6] In the spring of 1984 Buchanan took the [[Hemi-Sync]] course at the [[Monroe Institute]] with Lutz, Colonel [[John B. Alexander]] and Stubblebine's secretary; Schnabel recounted that during a tape he felt his arm glow and become translucent, his first out-of-body experience.[^7]
-[[Edwin May]] wrote from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory on September 21, 1995, that he had obtained a tape of "an hour program that aired a few weeks ago in England," Channel 4's version of [[Jim Schnabel]]'s Independent article, which "features [[Mel Riley]] and [[Ed Dames]] but includes interviews with MG (ret) [[Edmund Thompson|Ed Thompson]] (former ARMY ACSI), Adm. [[Stansfield Turner|Turner]], Dr. [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]], Lyn Buchanan, and [[John B. Alexander|John Alexander]]"; "in my opinion, the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction. By implication it attempts (and perhaps accomplishes) to raise the credibility of Dames, Riley, and Alexander by association with generals, admirals and the Intelligence community."[^2]
+Buchanan and [[Ed Dames]] ran practice sessions in Coordinate Remote Viewing for Dellafiora and others while [[Paul H. Smith]] lectured. During the unit's years under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], when operational taskings dwindled, Schnabel wrote, Buchanan set up a computer database of remote viewing session data. He monitored Smith in a demonstration for officials of the Pentagon's anti-drug [[Joint Task Force Four]] in [[Key West, Florida]], which Schnabel said both men judged was undermined by Dellafiora's being coached by the officials' answers. When the unit was asked in 1989 and 1990 to help find [[Manuel Noriega]] in [[Panama]], Buchanan wrote on his session paper "Ask [[Kristy McNichol]]," a note that, Schnabel wrote, no one acted on. Schnabel also placed him, with Smith, [[Mel Riley]] and [[Gabrielle Peters]], among the viewers Dames ran against a "possible event" target in 1987.[^8]
 When the [[Gulf War]] began in early 1991, Schnabel wrote, only four remote viewers were left at Fort Meade: Buchanan, a DIA civilian named [[Greg Sloan]], Dellafiora and [[Robin Dahlgren]]; they received occasional taskings, including the hunt for mobile SCUD launchers in western Iraq. Buchanan later told Schnabel of the unit's last years under [[Fernand Gauvin]]: "we didn't have any customers left."[^9]
 ### David Morehouse and Psi Tech
 Schnabel recorded that Captain [[David Morehouse]], after arriving at the unit in the summer of 1988, trained with Smith, Dames and Buchanan. Schnabel listed Buchanan among his sources for the passage on Morehouse, and credited Buchanan, who he wrote was told by Morehouse, with the report that Morehouse was working on a Saturday-morning children's cartoon show for [[Hanna-Barbera]] about a team of superheroes who use psi and other non-lethal powers.[^10] Buchanan was among the viewers Dames said would supply raw data to [[Psi Tech]], the private psychic investigation firm formed by Dames and Morehouse in 1990 with Stubblebine as chairman.[^11]
 On September 21, 1995, [[Edwin May]] of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] wrote, in a memorandum whose addressee is redacted, that he had obtained a tape of "an hour program that aired a few weeks ago in England," [[Channel 4]]'s version of Schnabel's article in *[[The Independent]]*, which "features Mel Riley and Ed Dames but includes interviews with MG (ret) [[Edmund Thompson|Ed Thompson]] (former ARMY ACSI), Adm. [[Stansfield Turner|Turner]], Dr. [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]], Lyn Buchanan, and John Alexander"; "in my opinion, the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction. By implication it attempts (and perhaps accomplishes) to raise the credibility of Dames, Riley, and Alexander by association with generals, admirals and the Intelligence community." May added that "Some of the mentioned individuals are seeking private council with regard to legal action, given that the appropriate DIA authorities are seemingly unwilling to act," and that the ABC program *20/20* was preparing a piece involving Morehouse.[^12]
 ### After the Army
 In 1992, with twenty years of service, Buchanan retired and, Schnabel wrote, joined Stubblebine, who had moved in with a psychiatrist in New York who specialized in "UFO abductions"; he held remote viewing workshops at UFO enthusiast and New Age conferences for the general, and after a falling-out returned with his wife to [[Maryland]], did computer work for the government and set up his own company, [[Problems Solutions Innovations]] (PSI).[^13] The firm's biography says he settled in [[Mechanicsville, Maryland]], worked for a Washington-area computer consulting company while building PSI as a data analysis business, and continued to train people within the intelligence community; that after the declassification of the program in late 1995, PSI "moved into the remote viewing field full time"; and that it holds a database of its trained viewers' work.[^2] [[Coast to Coast AM]]'s guest biography says he worked as a computer systems analyst at the Defense Intelligence Agency after his retirement, and that when the existence of the unit became public in 1994 he "was quickly overwhelmed with applications for training," which led him to start the [[Assigned Witness Program]], in which trained viewers do pro bono work for police and other public service organizations, originally to help police find missing children.[^14]
 *The Seventh Sense: The Secrets of Remote Viewing as Told by a "Psychic Spy" for the U.S. Military*, with a foreword by [[Jim Marrs]], was published by [[Paraview Pocket Books]] in 2003. In it Buchanan wrote that remote viewing was used during the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iran hostage situation]], the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl]] disaster and the Gulf War. *Booklist*'s reviewer wrote "The more you read, the more you wonder if this exposé is really a put-on. But ... the author, at least, seems to believe what he is saying," and *Publishers Weekly* wrote "Skeptics will vigorously debate Buchanan's claims for the efficacy of remote viewing, but true believers in search of government certification for their views will be greatly reassured by this odd and interesting book."[^3] Buchanan was a member of the board of directors of the [[International Remote Viewing Association]], and his firm describes its work with police and other agencies, with corporate clients and in training.[^15] Coast to Coast AM has hosted him repeatedly, most recently on February 4, 2026, when he discussed his involvement in Project Stargate, and in 2023 he described a "Remote View Ranch" as a haven for remote viewers.[^14]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
+[^1]: Problems>Solutions>Innovations, "Lyn Buchanan," https://www.crviewer.com/lyn.php; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, "Characters" list ("First Sergeant Leonard 'Lyn' Buchanan, USA (Ret.). Remote viewer, Fort Meade unit, 1984-92").
-[^2]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Problems>Solutions>Innovations, "Lyn Buchanan," https://www.crviewer.com/lyn.php.
 [^3]: "Buchanan, Leonard (Lyn Buchanan)," *Contemporary Authors*, Gale, reproduced at Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/buchanan-leonard-lyn-buchanan, quoting Ilene Cooper, *Booklist*, February 15, 2003, p. 1020, and *Publishers Weekly*.
 [^4]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Stubblebine's recruits.
 [^5]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, footnote to the chapter on Stubblebine's recruits.
 [^6]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Stubblebine's recruits and the decline of the unit.
 [^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the Monroe Institute and Stubblebine.
 [^8]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the Sun Streak unit, its demonstrations and its operations of the late 1980s.
 [^9]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the Gulf War and the unit's last years.
 [^10]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Morehouse, with source notes.
 [^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Dames's activities after leaving the unit.
 [^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
 [^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program.
 [^14]: Coast to Coast AM, "Lyn Buchanan," guest biography and appearances, https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/buchanan-lyn-6275/.
 [^15]: "Buchanan, Leonard (Lyn Buchanan)," Encyclopedia.com (member of the board of directors, International Remote Viewers Association); Problems>Solutions>Innovations, https://www.crviewer.com/crv/.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/David
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/David
@ -1,44 +1,125 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 title: David Morehouse
 aliases:
  - David Morehouse
  - David A. Morehouse
-category: "Military"
+  - Dave Morehouse
  - Major David Morehouse
  - Dr. David Morehouse
 category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
 tags:
  - Person
  - RemoteViewer
  - Military
-  - PSI
+  - Author
  - Stargate
-  - CRV
+  - SunStreak
-  - 1980s
+  - PsiTech
-  - 1990s
+  - CourtMartial
-summary: "David Morehouse was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel who joined the Fort Meade remote viewing unit after a 1987 head wound in Jordan, faced a court-martial, and published Psychic Warrior (1996)."
+  - PsychicWarrior
 summary: "Army infantry officer who joined the Fort Meade remote viewing unit as a captain in 1988, resigned a major's commission in 1994 in lieu of court-martial at Fort Bragg, and published Psychic Warrior in 1996."
 born: 1954-01-01
-location: "Virginia"
+location: "Southern California"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
    end: 1995-01
    role: "infantry officer, Ranger company commander, captain then major; resigned in lieu of court-martial with an other than honorable discharge, dated November 1994 by Morehouse's biography and January 1995 by Schnabel"
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Army Intelligence Support Activity]]"
    role: "briefly a member before joining the remote viewing unit, according to Schnabel"
    fn: 1
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Sun Streak]]"
    start: 1988
    end: 1990
    role: "viewer at Fort Meade from the summer of 1988; moved to INSCOM's Team Six in 1990"
    fn: 2
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Psi Tech]]"
    start: 1990
    role: "vice president under president Ed Dames"
    fn: 5
  - type: subject_of
    with: "[[Army Criminal Investigation Command]]"
    start: 1994
    role: "investigated with INSCOM and the Defense Investigative Service after a complaint at Fort Bragg in early 1994"
    fn: 7
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[St. Martin's Press]]"
    start: 1995
    role: "author of Psychic Warrior, published November 1996"
    fn: 13
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Sandra Martin]]"
    start: 1993
    role: "literary agent"
    fn: 5
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Remote Viewing Technologies]]"
    start: 1997
    role: "president; firm that trains police and civilians in remote viewing"
    fn: 9
 ---
-David Morehouse was a [[U.S. Army]] Lieutenant Colonel and Ranger-qualified airborne officer who joined the classified remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]], in the later phase of the program during the late 1980s. Unlike most of the unit's earlier members, who were intelligence specialists or photo-interpreters, Morehouse was a combat arms officer whose path to the program began with an unusual incident: in 1987, while participating in a combined training exercise in [[Jordan]], he was struck in the helmet by a stray round fired by Jordanian soldiers. He survived without serious physical injury but subsequently reported vivid visions and altered states that led him to seek assignment to the remote viewing unit.[^1]
+David A. Morehouse was a [[U.S. Army]] infantry officer, a Ranger company commander and briefly a member of the [[United States Army Intelligence Support Activity]], who joined the remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]] in the summer of 1988 as a captain and left the Army as a major, by resignation in lieu of court-martial, between November 1994 and January 1995. He wrote *Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program: The True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening* ([[St. Martin's Press]], 1996).[^1]
-### Remote Viewing Training and Service
+### Before the unit
-Morehouse underwent [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV) training and served in the unit during the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] and STAR GATE phases. He was one of the viewers working with a more formal administrative structure than the unit's early years, when the program was operating under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] sponsorship through the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] direction of [[Edwin May]].
+[[Jim Schnabel]]'s article "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and *Psychic Warrior*" of November 7, 1996, which he wrote after an *[[Esquire]]* piece commissioned in 1994 was killed, reported that Morehouse grew up in [[Carlsbad, California]], attended [[Brigham Young University]] on an Army ROTC scholarship, converted to [[Mormonism]] to marry and graduated in 1979 as a second lieutenant. As a first lieutenant in [[Panama]] he was aide-de-camp to Brigadier General [[Kenneth Leuer]], commander of the [[193d Infantry Brigade]], whose efficiency report called him "the most outstanding lieutenant I know" and "destined to wear stars." By 1986 Morehouse was a captain commanding a Ranger company, and in late 1987 he joined the Army's Intelligence Support Activity. According to Schnabel he learned of the DIA's remote viewing program, which was labeled DT-S within the agency and code-named [[Sun Streak]], from Colonel [[Dennis Kowal]], an Army psychologist, and applied. [[Paul H. Smith]], who was evaluating applicants and like Morehouse was a Mormon, thought him a good candidate. Kowal testified, in the record of the Fort Bragg court-martial proceedings Schnabel quotes, that Morehouse "demonstrated three factors: A great deal of intelligence, a good ability to imagine, and a very creative mind," which he said "account for 75 percent of the variance in selecting people who are successful."[^2]
-His service in the unit was complicated by personal conduct issues. Fellow viewer [[Lyn Buchanan]] and others in the unit noticed Morehouse operating a construction business on the side while on active duty and observed what they characterized as erratic behavior. A formal military investigation led to a court-martial proceeding. The case attracted some attention because of its connection to the remote viewing program; [[Angela Dellafiora]] served as a witness in the proceeding. Morehouse received a discharge that was later characterized as a general discharge under honorable conditions after plea arrangements.[^1]
+In the book Schnabel published in 1997, Morehouse arrived at Fort Meade in the summer of 1988 at the age of thirty-four, a captain who had never seen combat, "intelligent, a smooth talker," with a career on a fast track; he had no history of psychic experiences but a casual interest in the paranormal, and after arriving he trained with Smith, [[Ed Dames]] and [[Lyn Buchanan]].[^2]
-### Psychic Warrior and Public Career
+In *Psychic Warrior*, Morehouse reported that a stray machine gun round struck his helmet during a training exercise in [[Jordan]] in 1987, after which he had visions and out-of-body experiences; *[[Kirkus Reviews]]* summarized the book as telling that a psychologist he consulted steered him into a "hush-hush project funded by the CIA." Schnabel wrote that his former colleagues in the unit remembered his story about the Jordan incident but said he had told them the bullet impact had only given him a headache, and that he never mentioned any prior paranormal experience to them.[^3] [[John B. Alexander]] wrote in a 1996 review that "in 1988 then-Captain David Morehouse joined the Sun Streak program where he remained for a relatively short period of time," that his assignment "was based on psychic experiences he claimed to have after being struck in the head by a stray bullet in a foreign training exercise," and that in the book Morehouse "states that he encountered an angel that became his personal guide for the years to come."[^4]
-In 1996, Morehouse published *[[Psychic Warrior]]: Inside the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s Stargate Program, the True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening* ([[St. Martin's Press]]), which became the first commercially successful account by a former Fort Meade program participant. The book combined Morehouse's account of his remote viewing training and operational sessions with a spiritual awakening narrative centered on his Jordan head wound experience and its aftereffects.
+### The unit and Psi Tech
-The reception among former unit colleagues was largely negative. [[Joe McMoneagle]], who had participated in the program from its earliest days, was particularly critical, arguing that Morehouse had embellished both his experiences and his role in the program and that the book's sensationalized framing undermined the program's legitimate history. The book was also criticized for exaggerating the CIA connection - the unit was primarily an Army program under DIA sponsorship, not a CIA operation.
+Schnabel wrote that as the unit's operations declined, Morehouse spent his time on a small home-improvement business, House Tech, that he already ran on the side, came in late and left early, and eventually appeared at the office one or two days a week. Lyn Buchanan told Schnabel that Morehouse "was taking a lot of time off to do his own work" and "would get in late, and leave early," and Smith said "I remember many times when Dave would have been useful and he wasn't there." He left the unit in mid-1990. He joined Dames briefly at [[Team Six (INSCOM)|Team Six]], a [[Baltimore]] unit that Dames described to Schnabel as a "strategic deception" unit with an anti-narcotics role coordinating with [[United States Southern Command|Southern Command]] in Panama; Morehouse then worked at the [[United States Army Human Resources Command|Army Personnel Command]], attended the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in 1992 and 1993, and in 1993 became executive officer of an airborne battalion of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] at Fort Bragg. The two formed [[Psi Tech]], a firm meant to use moonlighting remote viewers (Morehouse, Smith, [[Mel Riley]], Buchanan and others) as a private psychic investigation team, with the retired General [[Albert Stubblebine]] as chairman of the board for a time; Schnabel wrote that its clients were scarce and on the New Age fringe, that Dames and Morehouse became preoccupied with extraterrestrial matters, and that they went into the New Mexico desert to look for alien bases that remote viewing had suggested.[^5] An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] Please Stand Up?," records: "Edward A. Dames serves as President of Psi Tech, and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]."[^6]
-Despite these criticisms, *Psychic Warrior* introduced the Fort Meade program to a large popular audience and helped establish the commercial remote viewing training market that emerged after STAR GATE's 1995 declassification. Morehouse subsequently built a civilian career offering remote viewing training seminars.[^1]
+Schnabel wrote that Morehouse had been discussing the unit with the investigative journalist [[Dale Van Atta]] since 1989, and that when Dames, through [[Ingo Swann]]'s literary agent [[Sandra Martin]], planned a book on remote viewing, Morehouse was invited to take part. The book was handed to [[Jim Marrs]], who sold a proposal to [[Harmony Books]] for a $100,000 advance split three ways; Morehouse, still in uniform as a training officer with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, learned of the deal over a field telephone during exercises and, in Schnabel's account, used his share to lease a Mercedes. Through Martin he began negotiating with [[NBC]] for a television movie.[^5]
-An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] Please Stand Up?," records: "[[Ed Dames|Edward A. Dames]] serves as President of [[Psi Tech]], and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]." No other legible mention of him appears in the released collection.[^2]
+### Fort Bragg, 1994
 According to Schnabel, in early 1994 an irate girlfriend filed a complaint, first to a chaplain and then to military prosecutors at Fort Bragg, and Morehouse was charged with adultery, sodomy, communicating a threat, larceny of an Army computer (which Schnabel's article says he had borrowed from Fort Leavenworth and lent to her), and above all conduct unbecoming an officer. Schnabel described the case in 1996 as one that "boiled down to a jilted girlfriend, and an officer who did a good job at work but had a habit of overmanipulating people" and quoted Dames saying so at the time. The woman was the wife of an enlisted man who had been Morehouse's driver and who had sought counseling from Morehouse for his marital problems. In testimony for the court-martial she quoted Morehouse as urging her to "live close to the flame." In her first statements, Schnabel wrote, she said that Morehouse had bragged of his classified work, had claimed he could psychically spy on her, and had told her of the book he was writing with Dames; the mention of the book deal set off investigations of Morehouse by [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]], the [[Army Criminal Investigation Command|Army Criminal Investigation Division]] and the [[Defense Investigative Service]].[^7]
 In April 1994, a few days after Fort Bragg authorities decided to send him to a full court-martial, Schnabel wrote, Morehouse checked into [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]] in Washington; he gave the impression of visions of angels, depression and suicidal thoughts, and his lawyers contended that remote viewing had destabilized him and left him no longer competent to stand trial. Schnabel, who said he visited Morehouse there briefly in May 1994, wrote that Morehouse and Martin began to tell friends that shadowy government operatives were harassing them, that a Pentagon operative had tried to intimidate Martin on the New York subway, and that when Morehouse left the hospital, months later, the defense strategy was that the court-martial would become an investigation of the classified remote viewing program. Schnabel reported that as Morehouse's lawyers requested special clearances and sought to interview former participants, the Army classified the proceedings and tried to keep them from reaching trial, and that "within a few months" Fort Bragg authorities struck a deal: "In lieu of a trial," Morehouse resigned with an "other than honorable" discharge that left him neither pension nor benefits and officially separated in January 1995, after which he went to work for Martin in New York. In the 1996 article Schnabel placed the offer "around Christmas" 1994 and wrote that Morehouse became a vice president of Martin's production company, then called Para View. He named as the source of the courtroom testimony he quoted "the 700-page record of U.S. v. Morehouse, available by FOIA request from the XVIII Airborne Corps at Ft. Bragg, NC."[^7][^8]
 Morehouse's own biography, as quoted in a local newspaper in 2001, gives the sequence differently: in July 1992 he became second in command of a battalion of the 82nd Airborne Division, in August 1993 he was one of three majors responsible for 13,000 paratroopers, "six months into this assignment, court martial charges were filed against him for his plans to write 'Psychic Warrior,'" and in November 1994, "with his career military father by his side, he resigned his commission and was given an 'other than honorable' discharge after 18 years."[^9] Morehouse's own web site, in its present form, states that he was assigned from 1987 to 1991 to special access programs of INSCOM and the Defense Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Science and Technology; that he "resigned his commission in 1995 after his decision to write Psychic Warrior resulted in unfounded charges being filed against him"; and that he "later challenged the allegations made against him in 1993, and was successful in having his discharge upgraded to fully honorable, after proving to the Army discharge review board, a panel of five Colonels, that the allegations against him were baseless, without merit, and devoid of credible evidence." It gives his residence as Southern California.[^10]
 Schnabel listed as his sources for the legal proceedings Morehouse's lawyer [[Barry Steinberg]], Martin, Dames, the seven-hundred-page case file of the investigation and court-martial at Fort Bragg and a heavily redacted set of INSCOM investigation documents, both obtainable under the Freedom of Information Act. Alexander also pointed readers of his review to a Fort Bragg records custodian for a transcript he said ran between 700 and 900 pages.[^11]
 [[Edwin May]], writing from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory on September 21, 1995, described the sequence from the program's side: Marrs "was initially writing a book about Psi-Tech and Ed Dames," encountered "Dave Moorehouse, who claimed that the RV-training he received while a member of the Ft. Meade unit 'caused' him to suffer extreme mental distress. (I know that Al and Angela had to provide testimony with regard to this case.)" He wrote that Marrs "decided to focus his book on Morrehouse" and that Dames "obtained a court injunction against Marrs claiming a violation of some agreement they had"; that a book and media agent was "thought to be romantically involved with Moorhouse" and was pushing the ABC piece; and that the *20/20* producers "could not put a whole piece together about Moorehouse," had seen the Schnabel tape, and wanted to interview Major General [[Edmund Thompson]]. The broadcast, scheduled for September 29, was on hold.[^12] The memorandum gives only first names; the unit's viewers then included [[Angela Dellafiora]], and Schnabel names a DIA specialist, [[Al Garfield]], as branch chief from 1993.
 ### Psychic Warrior
 Schnabel wrote that after two rewrites the Marrs book was ready in the summer of 1995 and [[ABC News|ABC]]'s *[[20/20]]* filmed a segment on Morehouse for September; he wrote that Dames complained, after seeing the Marrs draft, that it was heavily fictionalized and focused too much on Morehouse, and that Harmony cancelled it; Morehouse began his own book and, by the fall of 1995, sold it to St. Martin's Press. Schnabel, citing a *[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]* report of 1995, wrote that in early November 1995 Morehouse and a new agent pitched the story to film studios, that several bid including [[Oliver Stone]], and that [[Interscope Communications]] agreed to pay $300,000 plus another half million or so when a film was made; he also wrote that Morehouse was working on a screenplay and on a Saturday-morning children's cartoon show for [[Hanna-Barbera]].[^13]
 *Psychic Warrior* appeared on November 15, 1996 in the United States, with a London edition from [[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]] the same year. *Kirkus Reviews* called it "the whiny testament of a former US Army officer who, after a stint of inner-space spying for covert agencies, turned on his erstwhile masters in a belated burst of moral outrage and was effectively cashiered." The reviewer for *[[Lobster (magazine)|Lobster]]* magazine wrote that Morehouse "portrays himself as a would-be whistle-blower, appalled by US deception over the [[Lockerbie bombing]] and the [[Gulf War]] (both of which he remote viewed, of course)," and that "its accuracy has been challenged by others connected to the RV unit who have claimed that in writing a 'pop' version, Morehouse has conflated the abilities and experiences of several members of the unit into his own."[^14]
 Alexander's review, published on the Psi Tech web site ([[RemoteViewer.org]] states that Alexander had originally sat on Psi Tech's board of directors), stated that Morehouse, "now Major Morehouse was allowed to resign, with a less than honorable discharge, for the good of the Army in lieu of the court marshal," that he "totally glosses over the nature and seriousness of the allegations that include, assault, communicating a threat, sodomy, adultery (with his enlisted driver's wife among several others), larceny, and multiple conduct unbecoming charges," that "Additional charges were pending at the time of his discharge," and that "In Psychic Warrior Morehouse blames everybody except himself for his problems." Alexander wrote that the book alleged "Government attempts against the lives of him and his family, suppression of information he derived about the nature of [[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]], and use of psychic techniques to influence or kill adversaries," and concluded: "There is abject disregard for truth. Do not buy this book."[^15] Schnabel wrote in 1996, as reproduced by RemoteViewer.org, that "both Mel Riley and Lyn Buchanan remember Morehouse telling them that they were not to worry, the whole thing was going to be a novel anyway," and called "the cynical falsehood that the DIA was using remote viewers to monitor US troops' chemical weapons exposure in the Gulf War" one of the passages reflecting "the Hollywood version of reality." RemoteViewer.org also reproduced a statement of Smith, in 1999, criticizing Morehouse's doctorate from LaSalle as obtainable by mailing in transcripts, a short paper and a fee, and another, in 2000, that "there are very good reasons why he is odd-man-out in the RV community." In a 1997 interview reproduced there, Morehouse said Alexander had met Dames in Santa Fe and "has no friends in the remote-viewing community."[^16]
 ### Later work
 In 1997, according to the same biography, Morehouse formed Remote Viewing Technologies, "a company to train police officers in remote viewing," and by 2001 he was lecturing, as in a Veterans Day seminar at the Veterans Memorial Building in [[Pleasanton, California]], on "Homeland Defense: What You Should Know and Do"; the announcement listed him as author of *Psychic Warrior*, *Nonlethal Weapons: War Without Death* and *The Deceivers*, and described him as a former Army major who had "served with a controversial intelligence collection unit under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]." RemoteViewer.org stated in 2002 that he lived in Sweden and trained students in extended and coordinate remote viewing through the company.[^9][^16]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Morehouse, David. *Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program, the True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening.* St. Martin's Press, 1996.
+[^1]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Morehouse; Morehouse, David, *Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program: The True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening*, St. Martin's Press, 1996; "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html.
-[^2]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html (testimony quoted by Schnabel from the record of U.S. v. Morehouse); Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the unit in the late 1980s.
 [^3]: Kirkus Reviews, review of *Psychic Warrior* by David Morehouse, November 15, 1996, https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-morehouse/psychic-warrior; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, footnote in the chapter on Dames and Morehouse.
 [^4]: Alexander, John B., "Review of Psychic Warrior by David Morehouse, St. Martin's Press," 1996, as published at https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm (mirror of the Psi Tech web site).
 [^5]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the unit's decline, Dames's activities and the Marrs project.
 [^6]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000400300004-7.
 [^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program, with footnote on the woman's testimony.
 [^8]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, and "(Part 2)," originally hosted at psitech.tripod.com, read in the Wayback Machine capture of January 12, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html and https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel2.html.
 [^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site. Sole source for the passages so cited, apart from the dates in Schnabel's account.
 [^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/. Sole source for the passages so cited.
 [^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, acknowledgments and source notes; Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm.
 [^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
 [^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program and source notes (citing Fleming 1995 for the film deal).
 [^14]: Kirkus Reviews, review of *Psychic Warrior*, November 15, 1996; "Remote Viewers, and, Psychic Warrior," *Lobster* magazine, https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/?p=7663.
 [^15]: Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm.
 [^16]: RemoteViewer.org, "David Morehouse," 2002, reproducing statements of Jim Schnabel (1996), Paul H. Smith (1999 and 2000) and David Morehouse (1997), https://www.geocities.ws/remoteviewerorg/remoteviewing/morehouse.htm. The page is a compilation whose original publication details for each statement are not given.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom
@ -1,34 +1,96 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
 updated: 2026-09-22
 title: Tom McNear
 aliases:
  - Tom McNear
  - Thomas McNear
  - Thomas M. McNear
  - Captain Tom McNear
  - CPT McNear
  - Tom Nance
 category: "Military"
 tags:
  - Person
  - RemoteViewer
  - Military
-  - PSI
+  - ArmyIntelligence
  - Counterintelligence
  - Stargate
-  - 1980s
+  - CenterLane
-summary: "U.S. Army military intelligence captain who became one of the first two soldiers trained by Ingo Swann in Coordinate Remote Viewing in 1981 and authored the 1985 DoD CRV manual declassified in 2000."
+  - CRV
 summary: "Army military intelligence captain trained by Ingo Swann in Coordinate Remote Viewing from 1982, who wrote the February 1985 CRV working paper and later served in counterintelligence until retirement as a lieutenant colonel in 1997."
 location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]]"
    start: 1981
    end: 1985
    role: "captain, military intelligence; project officer in the Grill Flame and Center Lane office at Fort Meade"
    fn: 2
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Coordinate Remote Viewing]]"
    start: 1982-07
    end: 1984-05
    role: "first Army trainee of Ingo Swann's CRV course at SRI, through Stage VI, with a Stage VII phonetics series"
    fn: 4
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Brian Buzby]]"
    start: 1983-08
    end: 1985
    role: "project officer in the Center Lane office under Lieutenant Colonel Buzby"
    fn: 9
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
    end: 1997
    role: "counterintelligence and counterespionage officer; retired in uniform in 1997 as a lieutenant colonel, then a civilian intelligence officer until 2019"
    fn: 1
 created: 2026-05-15
 updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
-Tom McNear was a Captain in military intelligence and one of the two original [[Ingo Swann]] trainees in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing|CRV]], starting in 1981. He immediately showed considerable talent in remote viewing, though his training progressed slowly[^1].
+Thomas M. McNear was a captain of military intelligence who became, with [[Rob Cowart]], one of the first two soldiers trained by [[Ingo Swann]] in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV). The [[Omega Institute]] describes him as a retired lieutenant colonel who served in the Army's remote viewing program from 1981 to 1985, the first member of the program personally trained by Swann in CRV and the only member Swann trained through what the biography calls Stage VII (phonetics).[^1]
-It took McNear two and a half years to reach Stage Six of CRV, the level where viewers learn to remote view a target and then create a three-dimensional model of it out of clay. His clay models were so accurate in both concept and scale that photographs of them, alongside pictures of the target, were used in [[National Security Council]] briefings[^1].
+### Assignment
-By the end of his training, which included all seven stages, McNear had become so proficient at identifying training targets that Ingo Swann confided in colleagues that McNear was "better than me"[^1].
+Army documents give his name as "THOMAS M. McNEAR, CPT, MI, Project Officer." A memorandum of March 16, 1982 on the purchase of maps, signed by him, is addressed within the human intelligence office of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM). On April 5, 1982, when [[Doug Olin]] of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] was briefed on [[Grill Flame]] at Building T-2561 at [[Fort Meade]], the memorandum of the briefing lists, as an item of the agenda, "Presentation of completed but unevaluated projects (CPT's Cowart and McNear)"; Olin was classed in it as "an honest skeptic."[^2] In the writer [[Jim Schnabel]]'s account, Captains Rob Cowart and "Tom Nance," fresh from the advanced intelligence course at [[Fort Huachuca]], joined the unit in early 1982 and began traveling to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] every few weeks for Swann's training; the Omega Institute's biography renders the same passage of Schnabel's book as concerning "Tom (McNear)," and the working paper of 1985 discussed below contains a Stage Six model and a Stage Seven session on [[Tulum]].[^3]
-Despite his proficiency, McNear did not want to remain part of the viewer unit at [[Fort Meade]]. He cited the program's inconsistent funding and the deaths of two members from cancer, as well as the medical retirement of his fellow trainee and friend, [[Rob Cowart]], due to cancer. He also noted that he had become very withdrawn and introverted. McNear requested a transfer, which the [[U.S. Army]] granted, and he went on to build a successful career in Army intelligence[^1].
+### Training, 1982 to 1984
-In 1985, the [[Department of Defense]] published a forty-one-page how-to manual, "Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I–VI and Beyond." The author of this manual, declassified in 2000, was Tom McNear[^1].
+The Army's chronology records that in July 1982 Grill Flame personnel "begin training at SRI-International in the new Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) method." The first of McNear's own reports on that training is cited as a trip report of July 6 to 22, 1982 on Stages One through Three. A memorandum he wrote on March 24, 1983 reports a TDY to SRI from March 7 to 15, 1983 to learn Stage Three, in which the viewer produces aesthetic impact statements, sketches, "trackers" and movement at the site, and a second memorandum dated April 18, 1983 reports the second two-week period, from April 4 to 15, with lectures on refined ideograms and on "bilocation," the viewer's simultaneous perception at the site and in the viewing room, with a "Bilo Break" called when the viewer was too deep in the signal or too analytical. He wrote that a new student had been introduced in that period, "a female civilian employee (GS-9) of NSA," that "there were numerous problems with her selection as a trainee that were overlooked by NSA," and that her presence cut into Swann's time with him. Schnabel names the [[National Security Agency]] trainees as [[Debbie Norfeld]] and her monitor [[Richard Henderson]] and wrote that the agency withdrew when it learned their office had not authorized their participation.[^4]
-The released CIA collection on the program carries no legible mention of McNear.[^2]
+A third trip report records Stage Three training at SRI, [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], from August 21 to September 2, 1983, with a transition to Stage Four planned and a quarrel between [[Hal Puthoff]] and Swann over the end-of-year reports and the renewal of Swann's contract for fiscal 1984. On September 27 and 28, 1983 he traveled by [[Amtrak]] to [[New York City]] to inspect SRI's facilities there for Swann's work, which he found "less than desirable," and on the telephone told Puthoff that SRI's people "who understand the requirements of our contracts" should fly to New York "with check-book in hand to rent suitable space."[^5] During July and August 1983 he was the point of contact, at extension 2656, on the forms changing the contracting officer's representative for SRI contract DAKF27-83-C-0018, first from Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]] to [[Frederick Atwater]] effective July 11 and then from Atwater to Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] effective August 17.[^6] On October 3, 1983 the list of personnel assigned to the Security Systems Planning Division of the [[902d Military Intelligence Group]] named Buzby, Smith, McNear, Atwater and [[Joe McMoneagle]].[^7]
 On April 13, 1984 the INSCOM commander, Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], toured the Center Lane buildings and "spent approximately 10 minutes in a one-to-one session with CPT McNear behind closed doors."[^8] On April 24, 1984 Buzby wrote to Puthoff that "upon completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear" under the contract he had not received the written evaluations of the trainee's progress after each two-week session or the final report within 30 days of each stage, and he asked about the status of research on Stage V and about "the trainee currently in Stage VI with regard to Stage V."[^9]
 In May 1984, Schnabel wrote, near the close of his formal training, Swann put McNear through a valedictory series of sessions that were bound into a red folder and shown to Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] officials. Schnabel listed among the targets [[Grand Coulee Dam]], drawn accurately and modeled in white clay, with an SRI photographer later sent to photograph the dam from the same angle; a site in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] that McNear took by Stage Four for a university and named as [[Oral Roberts University]]; [[Bunker Hill Monument]]; [[Grant's Tomb]]; and a ruin in [[Mexico]] for which, in Stage Seven phonics, he produced "Tuh," "too," "luh," "loo," and the name "Tulum." Schnabel noted that Swann gave constant feedback during such sessions and apparently was not blinded to the targets. He wrote that Swann considered McNear his true protégé, "the formal prototype for the CRV-trained military remote viewer," with training begun in late 1982 that would not end until Swann's contract with INSCOM expired two years later.[^10]
 A DIA memorandum of April 23, 1985, signed by Buzby, states that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor ended in December 1984 "upon completion of the training contract" and that in-house training modeled on Swann's procedure, with its progressive multi-stage acquisition process, took over in January 1985.[^11]
 The Omega Institute biography adds that McNear was a member of Swann's five-person team that on June 15, 1984 remote viewed the planet [[Mars]]. A transcript in the CIA collection headed "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984" records a monitor and a subject, the subject not named, given a sealed envelope reading "The planet Mars. Time of interest approximately 1 million years B.C." and the geographic coordinates "40.89 degrees north, 9.55 degrees west"; the subject reported "a pyramid or pyramid form" and "very large people," "very tall...thin."[^12] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that McNear needed two and a half years to reach Stage Six, the stage in which the viewer builds a three-dimensional clay model of the target; that photographs of his models beside pictures of the targets were used in briefings of the [[National Security Council]]; and that Swann told colleagues McNear was "better than me."[^13]
 ### The 1985 working paper
 "Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I-VI and Beyond," dated February 1985 and marked as a working paper with "Project Officer" and the name withheld, runs to eleven chapters and a glossary. It is written in the first person. Its introduction says it provides "the basics that have been learned in the past three years of training" and that CRV "must be learned by doing." Its sample session, a Stage I to Stage VII sequence, ends with ideograms and phonetic sounds ("tooloo," "the site is the Mayan Temple at Tolum") and a photograph of the Stage VI model, captioned as the Tulum ruins in Mexico. A Stage V example used the site of [[Grant's Farm]] outside [[St. Louis]].[^14]
 Its tenth chapter, headed "Future Stages," is presented as "the personal thoughts of the writer," the product of "the last three and one-half years of training." It proposes Stage VII "Analytics," the ability to make yes/no decisions without analytical overlay, developed by Swann; Stage VIII "Phonetics/Sonics," with the example of "Carribah," produced when tasked against [[Kariba Dam]]; Stage IX "Telepathic Signals," in two phases, receiving and transmitting; Stage X "Remote Action," or psychokinesis, with phases of interaction with objects at the site and teleportation of things from and to it; and Stage XI "Altering the Dimensionality at the Site," in which time at the site "could be frozen, moved forward, or moved back." The writer says: "I realize these concepts are difficult to grasp and impossible to believe, but, they are a natural flow of the signal." The conclusions state: "After four years of training I know the CRV training program is a usable program for instructing personnel to RV."[^14] Jacobsen reported that a forty-one-page [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] how-to manual of 1985 with this title was by McNear and was declassified in 2000.[^13]
 ### Departure and later career
 McNear did not wish to remain at Fort Meade. In Jacobsen's account he cited the program's inconsistent funding, the deaths of two members from cancer, and the medical retirement for cancer of Cowart, his fellow trainee and friend; he said he had become very withdrawn; and the Army granted his transfer. Schnabel wrote that "Nance" was gone by the end of 1985, that he left "to get back to ordinary life," that his marriage and Army career had suffered from the remote viewing work, and that he took a post overseas; Schnabel also recorded that, after Nance's divorce, he and Swann traveled together to the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]], where Nance visited Tulum and experienced "a certain strange thrill that told him he had already been there."[^15] Shortly afterward, Schnabel wrote, a viewer in the unit circulated memoranda about "the loss of their comrade, Tom," in the context of the hostility General [[William Odom|Odom]] directed at the unit.[^15]
 The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and counterespionage and "was the leader of a team that neutralized eight persons committing espionage against the United States," retired from uniformed service in 1997, served as a civilian intelligence officer until 2019, "culminating in 45 years of service," and holds a master's degree in counseling psychology from [[Saint Mary's University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]].[^1]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^1]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," teacher biography, https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear.
-[^2]: The archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, about 13,000 items under the identifiers cia-rdp96-*, searched by title and OCR text.
+[^2]: McNear, Thomas M., "Purchasing of Maps," memorandum for the record, March 16, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060026-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060026-6; "Briefing for Mr. Doug Olin," memorandum for the record, April 12, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100270001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100270001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^3]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the arrival of Nance and Cowart and on Swann's training program; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," quoting Schnabel.
 [^4]: McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," March 24, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220006-0; McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," April 18, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220005-1; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997. The trip report of July 6 to 22, 1982 is cited in both 1983 memoranda.
 [^5]: McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 21 Aug-2 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220002-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220002-4; McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 27-28 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220001-5.
 [^6]: Jachim, Robert J., "Redesignation of COR," July 13, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120013-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120013-0; DIO Contracting Division reply, July 22, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120012-1; McNear, Thomas M., "Redesignation of COR," August 8, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120011-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120011-2; McNear, Thomas M., "Redesignation of COR," August 17, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120010-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120010-3; Buzby, Brian, "CENTER LANE TDY/Leave Schedule 6-16 Sep 83," August 31, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001600520010-8.
 [^7]: INSCOM, "Personnel Assignments," October 3, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700300005-7.
 [^8]: "Visit by CG, INSCOM 13 Apr 84," memorandum for record, April 16, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220008-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220008-3.
 [^9]: Buzby, Brian, letter to Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, "Contract Requirements," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120028-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120028-4.
 [^10]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Swann's training program, including its footnotes on Swann's feedback to Nance.
 [^11]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memorandum for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, with the "Training Report, First Quarter 1985," CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1.
 [^12]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear"; "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984," transcript, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900760001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001900760001-9.
 [^13]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^14]: "Coordinate Remote Viewing: Stages I-VI and Beyond," working paper, February 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000400001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000400001-7.
 [^15]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Swann's training program and on the unit's decline; Jacobsen, *Phenomena*, 2017.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bill
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bill
@ -1,22 +1,104 @@
 ---
 aliases:
- Bill Ray
+  - Bill Ray
-category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
+  - William G. Ray
  - William Ray
  - Captain Bill Ray
  - CPT Ray
  - MAJ Ray
 category: "Military"
 tags:
  - Psi
  - Person
-  - RemoteViewer
+  - Military
-summary: "Bill Ray was one of the five remote viewers from INSCOM who remained in the program when the DIA took over the psychoenergetics program."
+  - ArmyIntelligence
-updated: 2026-09-22
+  - Counterintelligence
  - Stargate
  - CenterLane
  - SunStreak
  - CRV
 summary: "Army counterintelligence officer assigned to INSCOM's Center Lane project in January 1984 as deputy project manager, who trained in CRV under Ingo Swann and led the Fort Meade remote viewing unit under DIA until 1987."
 location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]]"
    start: 1984-01-01
    end: 1985
    role: "captain, military intelligence, assigned to the Center Lane project office at Fort Meade from the 11th Signal Brigade, Fort Huachuca"
    fn: 2
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Brian Buzby]]"
    start: 1984-01-01
    end: 1985-03
    role: "deputy project manager of INSCOM Project Center Lane"
    fn: 7
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Sun Streak]]"
    start: 1985-12
    end: 1987
    role: "chief of the Fort Meade unit, Security Systems Planning Division, under the Defense Intelligence Agency; major"
    fn: 15
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Jack Vorona]]"
    start: 1985
    end: 1987
    role: "branch chief in the Defense Intelligence Agency's Scientific and Technical Intelligence directorate (DT-S)"
    fn: 14
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Monroe Institute]]"
    start: 1983
    role: "attended the six-day RAPT course (Gateway Voyage) with other INSCOM officers in late 1983"
    fn: 4
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Coordinate Remote Viewing]]"
    start: 1984
    role: "trained in Stage I onward by Ingo Swann at SRI's New York offices"
    fn: 5
 created: 2025-08-05
 updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
-Bill Ray was one of the five remote viewers from [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] who remained in the program when the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] took over the [[Psychoenergetics|psychoenergetics]] program. He was sent to New York City to be trained in the six stages of [[Coordinate Remote Viewing|CRV]] with [[Ingo Swann]][^1].
+William G. Ray was an [[U.S. Army]] counterintelligence officer who served as deputy to the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] [[Center Lane]] project manager in 1984 and 1985, trained in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] under [[Ingo Swann]], and was chief of the [[Fort Meade]] remote viewing unit when it came under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). The writer [[Jim Schnabel]] described him as a captain in his late thirties, originally from [[Anaheim, California]], six feet one, with graying dark hair, a mustache, an athletic build and chronic back problems from an old parachuting accident, a staunch Irish Catholic who liked his beer, sang sentimental Irish songs and was always smoking or chewing on a pipe.[^1]
-### The Documents
+### Assignment to Center Lane
-"CPT William G. Ray, presently G-2, 11th Signal Bde, Ft Huachuca, AZ, and currently on orders for assignment to HQ INSCOM, Ft Meade, effective 1 January 1984," was listed for [[Center Lane]]'s personnel spaces on August 2, 1983. On May 17, 1984, the project office recorded that "William G. Ray of this office reported that Congressman [[Charlie Rose|Rose]] had called Ingo Swann at SRI-I New York, 16 May 1984," and that Rose had told Swann that Dale Van Atta, "associate of [[Jack Anderson]]," had said "that although they had recently been under the influence of McRae, that this is no longer the case," and that "there would be a series of articles" in "a favorable vain, i.e., 'Why hasn't more been done?'" By December 10, 1985, he signed a memorandum on a telephone conversation with [[Hal Puthoff]] as "MAJ, MI, Ch, SSPD."[^2]
+INSCOM's memorandum "Center Lane Personnel Spaces," dated August 2, 1983 and sent from the human intelligence office, reported that the Command Staff Psychologist had helped identify two volunteers for duty with the special access program that had replaced [[Grill Flame]]: Captain [[Paul H. Smith]] of the operations group at Fort Meade, available September 1, 1983, and "CPT William G. Ray, presently G-2, 11th Signal Bde, [[Fort Huachuca|Ft Huachuca]], AZ, and currently on orders for assignment to HQ INSCOM, Ft Meade, effective 1 January 1984, per coordination with CWO Kennedy, DCSPER." The memorandum asked that two non-GDIP-funded captain's spaces be identified for the project.[^2]
 Schnabel wrote that [[Ed Dames]], Ray, Smith and a civilian analyst, [[Charlene Cavanaugh Shufelt|Charlene Cavanaugh]], were the four trainees whose instruction by Swann the unit's budget for 1984 would pay for, and that [[Albert Stubblebine]] signed off on Dames's inclusion.[^3] They drove to the [[Monroe Institute]] in the Blue Ridge Mountains late in 1983 for six days, with a dozen other officers from INSCOM headquarters, in a course the Army called RAPT, "Rapid Advanced Personal Training." None of the four had an out-of-body experience there.[^4] The Army's chronology records that "RAPT Training" was established in October 1983, that a "second group" began CRV training at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI-International]] on January 15 to 27, 1984, and that on March 1, 1984 Lieutenant General Brown, the Director of the Army Staff, directed the cancellation of RAPT as a personnel screening vehicle.[^5] Swann moved much of the training to SRI's New York office from January 1, 1984; a letter of April 24, 1984 from Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] to [[Hal Puthoff]] notes that four trainees "have recently completed Stage I, Phase I" without any evaluation having been received. [[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote that Ray was one of five INSCOM remote viewers who remained when the DIA took over the program and that he was sent to New York City to be trained in the six stages of CRV with Swann.[^6]
 ### The Center Lane office, 1984
 In an early 1984 briefing script, Buzby told a visitor: "I would like to introduce you to my deputy, Bill Ray, and my operations officer, [[Frederick Atwater|Fred Atwater]]." On April 13, 1984 Stubblebine, the INSCOM commander, visited the project office at Fort Meade; "LTC Buzby, CPT Ray and" one officer whose name is withheld were its principal participants, and Stubblebine toured the buildings and spent ten minutes alone with Captain [[Tom McNear]]. Stubblebine was briefed on finances and on a high-level project called Buckley, an effort to find "new ways and technologies in dealing with the 'search problem,'" and on the cancellation of RAPT.[^7]
 On May 16, 1984, at 1535 hours, "William G. Ray of this office reported that Congressman Rose had called Ingo Swann at SRI-I New York." According to Swann, Representative [[Charlie Rose]] had said that [[Dale Van Atta]], "associate of [[Jack Anderson]]," had told him "that although they had recently been under the influence of [[Ron McRae|McRae]], that this is no longer the case," and that "there would be a series of articles" in "a favorable vain, i.e., 'Why hasn't more been done?'"[^8]
 The decision of July 13, 1984 by the INSCOM commander, Brigadier General [[Harry Soyster|Soyster]], to discontinue Center Lane as an INSCOM project is recorded in the Army's chronology, as is the meeting on July 20, 1984 between [[Marty Hurwitz]] of the GDIP Staff, [[Jack Vorona]] and the Center Lane personnel on transfer to DIA or to the [[United States Army Medical Research and Development Command]].[^9] On August 1, 1984 Ray went with Buzby to [[Fort Detrick]] to tell Major General [[Garrison Rapmund]] of the decision; Rapmund described a five-year research effort. An information paper of October 10, 1984 for the Director of DIA, with Buzby as the point of contact, counted 106 projects from September 1, 1979 to September 28, 1984, of which sponsors rated 53 as having intelligence value and 26 as having none, with 12 cancelled and 6 ongoing. A memorandum of October 19, 1984 transmitting the milestones for the transfer lists "LTC Buzby/CPT Bill Ray" as points of contact, with the same extension, 2656, that appears on Captain McNear's signed trip reports of 1983.[^10]
 On February 6, 1985 "LTC Brian Buzby and CPT(P) William Ray, INSCOM CENTER LANE Project (ICLP)" accompanied Lieutenant General [[William Odom]], then the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, to brief the Under Secretary of the Army, [[James Ambrose|James R. Ambrose]], who asked about the number of spaces the DIA wanted. Buzby answered twelve; there had been twelve in the program when the cancellation was decided and nine were transferring. Odom told Ambrose that if DIA did not obtain the resources by September 30, 1985 the program would be "dead."[^11] The memorandum of agreement transferring operational control to DIA was signed on March 7, 1985 by the Director, Lieutenant General [[James A. Williams|Williams]].[^12] Buzby, still heading the project, wrote to Vorona on April 23 and July 1, 1985, under the heading [[Sun Streak]], that the mission of the "SUN STREAK Prototype Operational Group" was operational intelligence applications of remote viewing and the training of personnel; that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor had ended in December 1984 and in-house training modeled on it began in January 1985; and that "I believe that the in-house program is better than the one we purchased from SRI-International" because intelligence techniques could be taught alongside the basic technology. The second report added that lengthening the sessions for Stage Five training had reduced the number of sessions and would be resolved by adding a second interviewer in August or September 1985.[^13]
 ### Chief of the unit under the DIA
 Schnabel wrote that when Army funding ran out at the end of 1985 and the unit moved into Vorona's Scientific and Technical Intelligence directorate, Buzby left for another post and Ray, "now a major, was appointed as the unit's temporary commander," and that he was the "branch chief" under whom Atwater remained operations officer, with assistant operations officers Dames, [[Fernand Gauvin]] and [[Gene Kincaid]]. During the period of limbo, Schnabel wrote, the unit had no operations, only training.[^14] His rank and title at that point are confirmed by a memorandum of December 10, 1985 signed "WILLIAM G. RAY, MAJ, MI, Ch, SSPD," the Security Systems Planning Division, the office symbol under which the Army had organized Center Lane on March 1, 1983.[^15]
 That memorandum records a telephone conversation of the same day with Puthoff about an inquiry on December 9 to [[Russell Targ|Targ]] from [[Carol Murphy]] of the [[Washington Post]], who was working for an investigative reporter, Babcock, affiliated with the paper for ten years. Murphy knew that Grill Flame had been in effect for fifteen years at SRI and said she was interested in the Fort Meade program that Stubblebine had overseen, which had "taken over after [[Murray Watt|Watt]] had left and [[Robert Jachim|Jachim]] took over," in cooperation with [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], and which trained people at the Monroe Institute; she asked whether the program was classified because "they" were "afraid of the Golden Fleece" and asked about the viewer involved in the "Backfire bomber incident" and a "Peanuts" briefing. Puthoff suspected that the information "could only have been obtained from some East Coast source, as some of the new information was not known by anyone on the West Coast." Murphy said Babcock's article was intended for release around December 15 to 21.[^15]
 Schnabel wrote that Ray and Atwater "effectively restricted remote viewers to two basic styles, ERV and CRV," a restriction lifted when Gauvin took over the unit, and that Dames regarded Ray, like Kincaid, as a devout Irishman afraid of ghosts. In Schnabel's account, Ray, though trained in CRV by Swann, preferred extended remote viewing because he could lie down and spare his back; one morning near the transition to DIA control, during a solo session, he "suddenly felt a hand grab him," saw no one in the room, and afterward tended to stay away from the operations building and, if he remote-viewed, did so at home with his wife nearby.[^16] Ray left the unit early in 1987; Lieutenant Colonel [[William Xenakis]] succeeded him as branch chief and ran it until Gauvin took over in 1988.[^17]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^1]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapter introducing the four INSCOM trainees of 1983.
-[^2]: "Center Lane Personnel Spaces," August 2, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300001-1; "Recent Jack Anderson 'Grill Flame' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6; "Conversation via Telephone with Puthoff," December 10, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030002-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: INSCOM, "Center Lane Personnel Spaces," August 2, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300001-1, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700300001-1.
 [^3]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter introducing the four INSCOM trainees of 1983.
 [^4]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the Monroe Institute course.
 [^5]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; Swann, Ingo, memorandum to Dr. H. E. Puthoff, "Work report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140033-6; Buzby, Brian, letter to Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, "Contract Requirements," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120028-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120028-4.
 [^6]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^7]: Buzby, Brian, "I am LTC Buzby, Project Manager for INSCOM Project Center Lane," briefing script, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700330002-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700330002-7; "Visit by CG, INSCOM 13 Apr 84," memorandum for record, April 16, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220008-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220008-3.
 [^8]: INSCOM, "Recent Jack Anderson 'Grill Flame' Articles," memorandum for record, May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200030001-6.
 [^9]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
 [^10]: Buzby, Brian, "CENTER LANE Meeting with MG Rapmund 1 August 1984," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500100006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500100006-0; "CENTER LANE Operational Accomplishments," information paper for the Director, DIA, October 10, 1984, enclosed in "Center Lane Information Papers for Director, Defense Intelligence Agency," CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r000400060001-2; Buzby, Brian, "Milestones Document for CENTER LANE Transfer," October 19, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090032-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500090032-3; McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 27-28 Sep 83," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220001-5.
 [^11]: Buzby, Brian, "Briefing to the Under Secretary of the Army, 6 February 1985," February 11, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500020021-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500020021-2.
 [^12]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
 [^13]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memoranda for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1, and July 1, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000370002-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000370002-0.
 [^14]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the transfer to the DIA and on the Sun Streak unit.
 [^15]: "Conversation via Telephone with Puthoff," memorandum for record, December 10, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030002-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030002-0; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, entry for March 1, 1983.
 [^16]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the Gauvin era and on the unit's strange experiences.
 [^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the Sun Streak unit's operations of 1987.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garrison
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garrison
@ -2,22 +2,126 @@
 aliases:
  - Garrison Rapmund
  - Major General Garrison Rapmund
  - Garrison "Gary" Rapmund
  - Gary Rapmund
  - G. Rapmund
  - MG Rapmund
  - BG Rapmund
 category: "Military"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Stargate
  - Military
-  - RemoteViewer
+  - ArmyMedicalCorps
-summary: "Garrison Rapmund was a Major General and the Assistant Surgeon General of the U.S."
+  - Stargate
-updated: 2026-09-22
+  - GrillFlame
  - SunStreak
  - HumanUse
  - Physician
 summary: "Army physician who directed the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, advised on Grill Flame human use, and as Army Medical Research and Development Command commander funded remote viewing research from 1985."
 location: "Bethesda, Maryland"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
    end: 1986
    role: "Army Medical Corps physician; retired in 1986 as a major general, Assistant Surgeon General (Research and Development)"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]]"
    start: 1979
    end: 1979
    role: "director (colonel) as of March 1979; the Surgeon General's designated representative for Grill Flame"
    fn: 6
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[United States Army Medical Research and Development Command]]"
    start: 1981
    end: 1986
    role: "commander at Fort Detrick, brigadier general by August 1981 and major general by October 1983; Assistant Surgeon General for Research and Development"
    fn: 13
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Grill Flame]]"
    start: 1979
    role: "impartial member of the Defense Department Grill Flame working group and its subcommittee on human testing, as the Surgeon General's designee"
    fn: 6
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
    start: 1985
    role: "initiated a multi-year research and applications program through a memorandum of agreement with Jack Vorona, described in 1995 as half of $20 million contracted by the government"
    fn: 28
 created: 2025-08-05
 updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
 Garrison Rapmund was a Major General and the Assistant Surgeon General of the [[U.S. Army]]. In July 1984, after [[Albert Stubblebine]] was forced into early retirement and the [[Remote Viewing]] program was up for grabs, Rapmund engaged in discussions to move the program under his command within the [[Army Medical Research and Development Command]] at [[Fort Detrick]], Maryland[^1].
-His intention was to emphasize testing the physiology of the viewers. However, after several rounds of negotiations, the Office of the Surgeon General ultimately declined to take over the program[^1].
+Garrison "Gary" Rapmund took his M.D. at the [[Columbia University]] College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1953 and trained in pediatrics at [[Babies Hospital]] before entering the [[U.S. Army]], where he rose to major general. He became an assistant surgeon general for research and development, was a scientific adviser to the [[National Institutes of Health]], the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and the [[Department of Energy]], and received the Legion of Merit and a named medal of the [[Infectious Diseases Society of America|Infectious Diseases Society]] for work on rickettsial diseases. Rapmund, of [[Bethesda, Maryland]], died on April 22, 2018, at the age of 90.[^1]
-On August 27, 1981, "at DIA, Pomponio Plaza," Rapmund, then "BG(P), CDR, USAMRDC, Ft Detrick," met [[Jack Vorona]] "to discuss the issue of human use and the need for a DoD research and development effort in the GRILL FLAME area"; he "stated that as long as the Perry letter... remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology. However, in his opinion there was a need to begin a serious effort in this field." Vorona told the Center Lane office on August 31, 1984, that he and "MG Rapmund of the Army Medical R&D Command" had signed a memorandum of understanding under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87."[^2]
+### The human use question, 1979 to 1981
 On March 6, 1979 the invitee list for the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) briefing on [[Grill Flame]] listed "COL Rapmund (Dir, Army Med Research Inst)" under the Surgeon General, with Major General Mendez, among representatives of the Army Staff, the Air Force, the Navy and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]; [[Murray Watt]] and Major General [[Edmund Thompson]] appeared on the same list.[^2] The Army General Counsel had advised on February 15, 1979 that Grill Flame could be classified as testing on human subjects and had advised contact with the Surgeon General to establish a review committee. A protocol for the work sponsored by the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] was developed, in the Army's later account, with the assistance of Colonel Rapmund, "MC, Director, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research."[^3]
 On March 8, 9 and 12, 1979, AMSAA's [[John Kramar]] hosted a three-day work conference at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground|Aberdeen]] to work out the consequences of the General Counsel's decision that all Army Grill Flame activity must comply with Department of Health, Education and Welfare guidelines and Army Regulation 70-25, and Rapmund, "Director, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research," attended with Major Watt, Major [[William Stoner|Stoner]], [[Lynne Taylor]], [[Scott Phillips]] and, on Monday, Lieutenant [[Frederick Atwater|Atwater]]. Watt's record states that the bulk of the time went to developing a remote viewing protocol for the Surgeon General and the General Counsel, which, at his request, depicted only AMSAA's involvement because "leaving INSCOM out of the protocol eliminates one more security problem." When Watt asked why INSCOM's part of the project, being "task oriented" and "in the applications business," should come under those guidelines, "all agreed that this was a reasonable position and COL Rapmund stated that he would raise the issue with the OSG." Rapmund supplied his outline of INSCOM's role: aimed at real world targets, involving only INSCOM personnel, all professional intelligence personnel, and summed up as "TASK - assigned. It has been proven it can be done. We found people to do the job. Want to send them for training. Carry out the MISSION!"[^4] The group agreed that if the protocol were accepted as "no risk," the sponsors would check with the Surgeon General's office before making "any significant changes to the physical environment" of their protocols, as, in the memorandum's example, using submarines as the remote viewing room.[^4]
 On March 26, 1979 an ad hoc subcommittee of the Surgeon General's Human Subjects Research Review Board met in the Pentagon, with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] presenting the SRI protocol and John Kramar the AMSAA protocol. Rapmund was present. The subcommittee concluded unanimously that the SRI protocol was "technology transfer rather than research or testing," that the AMSAA protocol was "phenomenological validation of the technology to be transferred by SRI," and that federal guidelines and Army regulations on human subjects did not apply; it added that follow-on research might involve human subjects and that the Army sponsors were "presently unprepared to address all anticipated problems."[^5] An Army message to its Grill Flame addressees stated that the Surgeon General's office "subsequently designated Colonel Garrison Rapmund, Director of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research" as its permanent point of contact, who "will sit as an impartial member of both the DOD Working Group and SHUT," the working group's subcommittee on human testing.[^6] On November 15, 1979 Colonel [[Norman Wells]] of the Army staff wrote to Representative [[Charlie Rose]] that the Army had asked him to serve as a lay member of the Surgeon General's Grill Flame Human Use Committee, that the committee chairman had since said a non-Defense lay person was not required, and that a copy of the letter went to Brigadier General Rapmund in the Office of the Surgeon General.[^7]
 The [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] report of December 1979 was followed on February 6, 1980 by a memorandum from Thompson, as assistant chief of staff for intelligence, to Dr. [[Walter LaBerge]] at the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. Thompson recommended convening the steering committee and adding "an individual thoroughly versed" in the legal and medical aspects of human subjects: "Brigadier General Garrison Rapmund, whom I believe you know, has such a background and has been involved with GRILL FLAME for over a year." He proposed to discuss the matter with Rapmund and Lieutenant General [[Charles C. Pixley|Pixley]], the Army Surgeon General.[^8]
 By 1981 Rapmund was a brigadier general. INSCOM's letters of that year addressed him at [[Fort Detrick]] as "BG Garrison Rapmund, Chairman, Human Use Committee, MIIA" (the Army's Medical Intelligence and Information Agency), and a record of August 27, 1981 describes him as commander of the Army Medical Research and Development Command. On June 1, 1981, Colonel [[Chad White]] of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) sent him the INSCOM Grill Flame protocol for approval, noting that INSCOM had become "the only active operational Grill Flame element in the US Army" effective January 14, 1981 and that the project was "not research oriented."[^9] On June 26, 1981 INSCOM asked Rapmund for an administrative review of the protocol "from the point of view of human risk" in applying the relaxation and concentration methods of the [[Monroe Institute]], which the letter described as a frequency following response and hemispheric synchronization delivered through recorded tapes, and requested approval to add physiological monitoring of viewers by electroencephalograph, electromyograph, psychogalvanometer and plethysmograph.[^10]
 On July 2, 1981 the Army General Counsel's office told the assistant chief of staff for intelligence that an attorney would meet "BG Rapmund of The Surgeon General's Office and Chairperson of the Human Subjects Research Review Board," adding: "For as long as this office has been involved in Grill Flame, we have been in communication with BG Rapmund and his advice has formed the basis of our decisions regarding human experimentation." Rapmund wished first to review the proposed protocol and "seek more information regarding several other questions."[^11]
 Within the Army, a routing slip of July 15, 1981 records a meeting on the human use issue attended by Rapmund, who "stated that, among other subjects, he did not believe that the Army GRILL FLAME effort constituted human experimentation" and "recommended Army execute its FY 81 contract with SRI as a non-human use contract." On July 17, 1981, Army General Counsel [[Delbert Spurlock]] wrote that, "based upon BG Rapmund's representations," namely that the fiscal 1981 taskings "involve only the theoretical refinement of remote viewing techniques" and that Army personnel would not be involved for the rest of the fiscal year, the money committed to SRI could be released; he recommended that from fiscal 1982 all Army Grill Flame activity be consolidated under the assistant chief of staff for intelligence and "coordinated with BG Rapmund on human use issues."[^12] Representative Rose had asked that the Army and Defense Department general counsels meet him on July 16 over the "impasse caused by the 'human use' issue."[^12]
 On August 26, 1981, signing as Brigadier General, Medical Corps, Assistant Surgeon General (Research and Development), Rapmund wrote to the Army staff: "For the past several years, I have assisted the project GRILL FLAME with respect to the issue of human experimentation." He asked that Dr. [[David Marlowe]], chief of the Department of Military Psychiatry at the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], be cleared, because "I need someone from the professional staff of the command with whom I can dialogue ... to pursue the possibility of a research effort as part of GRILL FLAME."[^13] The next day, August 27, 1981, at the Defense Intelligence Agency's offices at Pomponio Plaza, he met [[Jack Vorona]] at Rapmund's request, with Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]] and Major [[Dennis O'Keefe]] present. In Jachim's record, Rapmund explained that INSCOM's effort was in the "occupational health risk" area, as with air traffic controllers, and not human use; cautioned the intelligence community "not to unwittingly fall into the area of research"; and said that "as long as the [[William Perry|Perry]] letter remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology. However, in his opinion there was a need to begin a serious effort in this field." Vorona agreed and "solicited BG Rapmund's assistance in getting the Perry letter rescinded."[^14]
 On September 8, 1981 an INSCOM officer reported to Colonel [[Billy Miller]] that hypnosis had never been used in the program but had been discussed with Rapmund, "and believe he feels that this is an appropriate area for research."[^15] A briefing slide of 1982 listed "Assistant Surgeon General for Medical R&D - Medical Review" among the program's current players and recorded that in August 1981 the Assistant Surgeon General and the assistant chief of staff for intelligence had "agreed to challenge" the Perry memorandum and that Rapmund was "to assemble scientific notables to validate need for support," with Army intelligence funds for his efforts "up to $75,000."[^16] On February 22, 1982, Jachim recorded that INSCOM's protocols had been under review by Rapmund, then called Deputy Surgeon General in the memorandum, since late summer 1981, and that Thompson had approved $30,000 for the scientific panels, concurred in by Brigadier General [[William Odom]], though "no action had been taken to his knowledge by MG Rapmund to use the money."[^17]
 ### The research program, 1983 to 1986
 By August 25, 1983, a memorandum on the board of advisors of the Monroe Institute stated that questions about "the technology currently in use at M.I.A.S. and/or the medical impact" could best be answered by "MG Garrison Rapmund, Commander, USA Medical Research and Development Command."[^18] The Army's chronology records that in the autumn of 1983 Rapmund was briefed on the INSCOM [[Center Lane]] project, and that on January 19, 1984 Lieutenant Colonel [[Roger Bennett]] of his Human Use Review Office was briefed.[^19] On July 19 and 20, 1984 Rapmund visited SRI.[^20]
 On August 1, 1984, Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]], Captain [[Bill Ray]] and one other officer whose name is withheld met Rapmund at Fort Detrick to tell him that the INSCOM commander had decided to transfer all psychoenergetic activities out of INSCOM, with operations going to a national agency and any research and development to his command. Rapmund said he had visited SRI on July 19 and 20 and that his command and DIA were formulating a memorandum of agreement. He described "an intelligence short fall in foreign chemical warfare technology (a responsibility of the Office of the Surgeon General)" which "would appear" to be soluble "through the use of remote viewing intelligence collection." His plan, in Buzby's record, was a contractual research effort to "validate the remote viewing phenomena and identify its physical, biological, and psychological characteristics"; physiological monitoring "which has never been done in US psychoenergetic research"; a scientific panel whose members "must be of sufficient reputation that their testimony will satisfy the criticism of skeptics"; and a human use review committee. He envisioned "a 5 year, multimillion dollar R&D effort," personally supervised for the first six to eight months, with external contracts "most likely at SRI-I and subcontractors." He "neither wants nor can support military intelligence spaces within USAMRDC."[^21]
 On August 31, 1984 Vorona told the Center Lane office that he and Rapmund had signed a memorandum of understanding under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87."[^22] The writer [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that in July 1984, after [[Albert Stubblebine]] was forced into early retirement and the program was in doubt, Rapmund discussed moving it under his command at Fort Detrick, with an emphasis on testing the physiology of the viewers, and that the Office of the Surgeon General ultimately declined to take over the program.[^23] On February 6, 1985 Lieutenant General Odom told the Under Secretary of the Army, [[James Ambrose]], that Rapmund "was now an active participant in the field and that he planned to award an R&D contract to SRI-International, which would include a subcontract to Dr. [[Robert Jahn|Jahn]]" of [[Princeton University|Princeton]]; Ambrose asked why INSCOM had met Rapmund on August 1, and asked that Rapmund be told that he wanted to discuss psychoenergetics with him.[^24] The Under Secretary's interest had been renewed by an inquiry to the Secretary of the Army, [[John Marsh]], from Senator [[Claiborne Pell]] about Army involvement in psychoenergetics.[^24]
 The contract through which the Army Medical Research and Development Command (contracts bearing the prefix DAMD17) paid for the work with SRI is identified in later records as DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Enhanced Human Performance Investigation," with [[SRI International]] as prime contractor. A DD Form 254 revised June 22, 1988 lists its estimated completion date as September 30, 1990, and an SRI report of 1988 calls the work the Army command's "Enhanced Human Performance Investigation." An SRI research and development plan of April 1988 refers to it as "the original 5-year program," for which the Army headquarters had already established a Scientific Oversight Committee and a Human Use Review Board. A DIA-sponsored SRI contract of the preceding year, DAMD17-83-C-3106, covering October 1983 to October 1984 and a final report titled "QRT Tasking," carries the same prefix.[^25] On March 6, 1987, at the request of Rapmund's successor as commander, Major General [[Philip K. Russell]], a Project Review Group met at the Pentagon to assess the "Enhanced Human Performance Project": [[Amoretta Hoeber]] of [[TRW]], Jack Vorona, [[Michael Wartell]] of [[Humboldt State University]], [[Chris Zarafonetis]] and a consultant, [[Nick Yaru]], as chairman, with Brigadier General [[Richard T. Travis]], Colonel [[Peter J. McNelis]] as project manager and contracting officer's representative, and [[Edwin May]] of SRI present; the group asked whether the science was sound and whether the evidence supported "the existence of an anomaly."[^26]
 Rapmund retired in 1986.[^27]
 ### After the Army
 In 1995 Edwin May of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] at [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC) described Rapmund to Professor [[Jessica Utts]] of the review panel: "Dr. Rapmund is singularly responsible for half of the total of $20 M contracted by the government when he initiated his program in 1985. He signed a memorandum of agreement with Dr. Vorona with regard to the mix of basic and applied research." May wrote that Rapmund "chairs our Institutional Review Board (i.e., human use) and serves as the chief liaison to the Policy and Scientific Oversight Committees," and that he served on the [[Air Force Scientific Advisory Board|Air Force Science Advisory Board]] and was involved in policy matters with the Federal Aviation Administration. In a memorandum of March 26, 1995 to a CIA correspondent whose name is withheld, May wrote that "in 1985 Jack Vorona (DDS&TI) and Gary Rapmund issued a memorandum of agreement (a copy is in our office in McLean) saying that, although all the money was from the Army Med Command, nonetheless 25% of the research could be in support of applications," that "in point of fact, over 50% of the research was applied," that the Army five-year program accounted for "4 years of research (~$6.0M) out of 17 years and a total of $11.6M," and that Rapmund was second on his "must-contact list." In a separate memorandum of February 23, 1995, May wrote that Rapmund "has followed the program since 1978 where he was active on one of the Human Use Review Boards for the Army," that "while commander of the Army Medical Research and Development Command, he initiated a $10 M, 5-year research and applications program," and that he "was the creative force behind our Scientific Review Committees and was the first to meld applications with careful research."[^28]
 On January 22, 1993, in Menlo Park, California, Rapmund, as chairman of the Institutional Review Board of the SAIC Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, presided from 1:05 to 5:15 p.m. over a review of the "Protocols for the Use of Human Subjects" prepared by the laboratory's staff. The board, with [[Byron Brown]], [[Robin Michelson]], Ronald Nakasone, Aloma Park and [[Louis Jolyon West]] present, and Edwin May, [[Stephen LaBerge]], [[Nevin Lantz]], [[Marilyn Schlitz]] and others in attendance, determined that the five proposed experiments "represented Minimal Risk," and required consent forms to state that participation might damage a participant's credibility, that "the risk exists that you may come to believe that you have a skill that you may not possess," and, for a protocol using a "DreamLight," that there was a "very remote risk of photostimulation" possibly causing epileptic seizures.[^29]
 The rosters of the research contractor's committees in the Defense Intelligence Agency's "Project Star Gate Research and Peer Review Plan" of June 1994 list him as a non-voting member of the Scientific Oversight Committee drawn from the Institutional Review Board, with the description "Responsible for facilitating commercialization of [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] technologies to the health care industry and the life sciences research community. Major General, USA retired in 1986 as Assistant Surgeon General (R&D) and Commander, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. M.D., Columbia University, 1953 (Pediatrics)." Another roster lists "Garrison Rapmund, M.D. (Chair)" for the Institutional Review Board, whose members included Louis Jolyon West, [[Robert Livingston]], Byron Brown and Robin Michelson.[^30] The Scientific Oversight Committee itself included [[Steven Hillyard]], [[S. James Press]], [[Melvin Schwartz]], [[Yervant Terzian]] and [[Philip Zimbardo]].[^30]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^1]: Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, *Columbia Medicine*, Fall/Winter 2018, "In Memoriam," Class of 1953, https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/about-us/columbia-medicine-magazine/archives/fall-winter-2018/memoriam/alumni.
-[^2]: "Project Contacts," August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5; "Key Players," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9; "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; bibliography citing Vorona's testimony to the House Appropriations Committee defense subcommittee of April 12, 1983, in "RV Reliability Enhancement and Evaluation," 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800150001-7; "OACSI Meeting About Grill Flame," April 13, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060003-1; "Recent Actions Concerning Project Grill Flame," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2; "Center Lane Briefing 3-7 October 1983," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270013-2; "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8; "Meeting With Dr. Vorona, 11 March 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700290007-7; "Sun Streak Oversight Panel, Minutes of First Meeting," January 1986, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100200001-6; "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," December 22, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600180016-8; "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, NSA," June and July 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230004-6; May, Edwin C., memorandum "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7; Jachim, R. J., "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "SRI Grill Flame Briefing, 6 March 1979," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270001-0, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200270001-0; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R001200310001-5.
 [^3]: "Human Use Review of Project GRILL FLAME," January 24, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440028-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440028-3; "Human Use Chronology," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100430001-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100430001-3.
 [^4]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Three-Day Work Conference - AMSAA (8, 9 and 12 March 1979)," March 15, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240039-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240039-3.
 [^5]: Office of the Surgeon General, "Minutes of Ad Hoc Subcommittee of The Surgeon General's Human Use Review Committee Meeting, 26 March 1979," March 29, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100110002-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100110002-7.
 [^6]: "Army Legal Guidance Re GRILL FLAME," Army staff message, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240004-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200240004-0; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440009-4.
 [^7]: Wells, Norman S., Colonel, GS, Director of Intelligence Systems, letter to the Honorable Charles Rose, November 15, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100400003-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100400003-4.
 [^8]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum for Dr. LaBerge, Principal Deputy, Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, "GRILL FLAME," February 6, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440029-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440029-2.
 [^9]: White, Chad B., "INSCOM Grill Flame Project Protocol," June 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200003-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100200003-6; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440060-7.
 [^10]: INSCOM, "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM GRILL FLAME Protocol," June 26, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100200005-4; INSCOM, "Approval Request for Changes/Additions to Established INSCOM GRILL FLAME Protocol," June 26, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200008-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100200008-1.
 [^11]: Office of the General Counsel, Department of the Army, "Status Report on the Joint Army/DIA Grill Flame Program," July 2, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140019-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140019-2; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R002000260016-6.
 [^12]: O'Keefe, Dennis M., Major, routing slip "Grill Flame," July 15, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440068-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440068-9; Spurlock, Delbert L., Office of the General Counsel, Department of the Army, memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, "Grill Flame," July 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440069-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440069-8. The Army's chronology lists the General Counsel's recommendation of July 17, 1981 that the charter be submitted to the Secretary of the Army, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. The meeting date of July 16 with Rose is read from the slip's first paragraph, in which the call was received on July 15.
 [^13]: Rapmund, Garrison, Brigadier General, MC, Assistant Surgeon General (Research and Development), memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME," August 26, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200340009-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200340009-4.
 [^14]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum for the record, "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440071-5.
 [^15]: INSCOM, memorandum for Colonel Billy F. Miller, "Hypnosis as Possible GRILL FLAME Collection Technique," September 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100400016-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100400016-0.
 [^16]: "Grill Flame Current Players, Upcoming Events, Current Issues" briefing slides, c. early 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100290004-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100290004-6.
 [^17]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum for the record, "Visit to OACSI (COL Kennedy)," February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060035-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060035-6.
 [^18]: Memorandum for record, "Board of Advisors for Monroe Institute of Applied Science (M.I.A.S.)," August 25, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210014-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700210014-7.
 [^19]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; "Center Lane Historical Overview," February 22, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030008-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030008-4. The chronology's date column places the Rapmund briefing between October 8 and November 23, 1983 and the Bennett briefing on January 19, 1984.
 [^20]: "Center Lane Meeting with MG Rapmund 1 August 1984," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500100006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500100006-0.
 [^21]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum for the record, "CENTER LANE Meeting with MG Rapmund 1 August 1984," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500100006-0. Buzby, "Transfer of CENTER LANE to DIA," February 6, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500020022-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500020022-1, and the transfer memorandum CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090026-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500090026-0, record that Rapmund "neither needed nor wanted the transfer of ICLP resources."
 [^22]: INSCOM Center Lane office, "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500090055-8.
 [^23]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^24]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to the Under Secretary of the Army, 6 February 1985," February 11, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500020021-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500020021-2.
 [^25]: "Department of Defense Contract Security Classification Specification" (DD Form 254), SRI International, revised June 22, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500170008-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500170008-1; May, Edwin C., and Virginia V. Trask, "Forced-Choice Remote Viewing," final report, Objective E, Task 4, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00787R000300010001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000300010001-9; SRI International, "Phenomenological Research and Development," April 29, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400004-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r003000400004-1; Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May and Beverly S. Humphrey, "QRT Tasking (U)," final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001800220001-9.
 [^26]: SRI International, "The Enhanced Human Performance Project: An Assessment of the Effort to Date," Project Review Group, April 14, 1987, CIA-RDP96-00789R003300160001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r003300160001-8.
 [^27]: Science Applications International Corporation, "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r003200130001-2.
 [^28]: May, Edwin C., "Project Contacts," memorandum to Jessica M. Utts, August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190048-5; May, Edwin C., memorandum, March 26, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190053-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190053-9; May, Edwin C., "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190073-7.
 [^29]: Science Applications International Corporation, "Institutional Review Board Meeting Minutes," January 22, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100260001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r003100260001-9.
 [^30]: Science Applications International Corporation, "Scientific Oversight Committee" and "Institutional Review Board," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Project Star Gate Research and Peer Review Plan," June 1994, appendices E (Scientific Oversight Committee) and F (Institutional Review Board), CIA-RDP96-00789R002700010001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002700010001-1, and CIA-RDP96-00789R002700020001-0; Cognitive Sciences Laboratory committee list, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440083-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440083-2.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edmund
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edmund
@ -3,44 +3,146 @@ title: Edmund Thompson
 aliases:
  - Edmund Thompson
  - Edmund R. Thompson
  - Edmund Randall Thompson
  - Ed Thompson
  - E. R. Thompson
-created: 2026-05-17
+  - MG Thompson
-updated: 2026-09-22
+  - General Thompson
-category: "Military"
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Stargate
  - Military
  - ArmyIntelligence
-summary: "Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981 who cancelled Gondola Wish in 1978, put the Army's psychic work under the code name Grill Flame, and ordered INSCOM to build a remote-viewing unit."
+  - Stargate
  - GrillFlame
  - GondolaWish
  - DefenseIntelligenceAgency
  - HumanUse
 summary: "Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981 who ended Gondola Wish, put the Army's psychic work under the nickname Grill Flame and had INSCOM build a remote viewing unit."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
    start: 1948
    end: 1984
    role: "West Point cadet from 1948, commissioned in 1952, retired as a major general in 1984"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[United States Army Intelligence Agency]]"
    start: 1975
    end: 1977
    role: "commanding officer at Fort Meade as a brigadier general"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence]]"
    start: 1977
    end: 1981
    role: "Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence (ACSI), Department of the Army"
    fn: 1
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Grill Flame]]"
    start: 1978-11-28
    role: "member of the Defense Department Grill Flame oversight committee for the Army"
    fn: 10
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]"
    start: 1982
    end: 1984
    role: "Assistant Director for Special Cooperation, then Deputy Director for Management and Operations"
    fn: 29
 created: 2026-05-17
 updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
-Major General Edmund R. "Ed" Thompson served as the [[U.S. Army]] Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) from 1977 to 1981. He was a key figure in the establishment and early support of the [[Stargate Project|Stargate Project]], then codenamed Gondola Wish and later Grill Flame, having developed a personal interest in [[Psi|psi]] phenomena after reading [[Arthur Koestler]]'s pro-paranormal book *The Roots of Coincidence*.[^1]
+Edmund Randall Thompson enlisted in the [[U.S. Navy Reserve]] in 1947, entered the [[United States Military Academy]] in 1948 and was commissioned in 1952. After a posting with the 1st Cavalry Division in [[Japan]] he took two master's degrees at [[Syracuse University]], taught in the Department of Social Sciences at West Point, served with the Military Assistance Advisory Group for [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] from 1963 to 1965 and then moved into military intelligence. He was G-2 of the 25th Infantry Division in Vietnam in 1968 and 1969. Promoted to brigadier general in 1975, he commanded the [[United States Army Intelligence Agency]] at [[Fort Meade]] for two years, and in 1977 he became a major general and the Army's assistant chief of staff for intelligence (ACSI), a post he held until 1981.[^1]
-Thompson approved [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]]'s proposal to assemble a remote viewing team at [[Fort Meade]], seeing it as an opportunity to involve the Army in psychic spying without relying too heavily on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] or [[Stanford Research Institute]]. He provided initial funding, assigned Major [[Murray Watt|Scotty Watt]] to lead the unit alongside Atwater, and later augmented the unit's resources by increasing the budget and allocating positions for three full-time remote viewers. His support was crucial in the project's early survival despite the skepticism of many within the military and intelligence communities, including his successor [[William Odom]].[^1]
+### Gondola Wish and the nickname
-Thompson participated in a remote viewing session himself, attempting to remote-view Major [[Major Stone|Stone]]'s location. He initially misidentified the target but later realized he had accurately perceived a nearby Masonic Temple, which he had mistaken for the Lincoln Memorial. He also briefed Congressman [[Charlie Rose]] on the program alongside [[Jack Vorona]], contributing to Rose's staunch public support.[^1]
+At the Army Intelligence Agency, Thompson was the nominal overseer of the Systems Exploitation Team at Fort Meade, a small group of lateral thinkers assigned the strangest intelligence problems. The writer [[Jim Schnabel]] reported that when Lieutenant [[Frederick Atwater]] of the [[902d Military Intelligence Group]] proposed a program to examine the Soviet parapsychology threat, Thompson, who had been nurturing an interest in psi since reading [[Arthur Koestler]]'s *The Roots of Coincidence*, favored it, and that he wanted the Army involved in remote viewing without relying heavily on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] or [[Stanford Research Institute]]. Schnabel recorded that Thompson recalled the unit as originally meant for offensive collection rather than operations security, and noted that Thompson may have known little about it until late 1978.[^2]
-Later in his career Thompson expressed concerns about [[Albert Stubblebine]]'s management of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]].[^1]
+The program, [[Gondola Wish]], was established in September 1977 at the 902d Military Intelligence Group, with Atwater as action officer. Its objective statement of April 1978 set January 1, 1979 for training military intelligence personnel to collect sensitive information by parapsychological techniques, and the training was to be given by [[Robert Monroe]] at the [[Monroe Institute]] in [[Afton, Virginia]], for a fee of $2,000, which Brigadier General [[John A. Smith Jr.]] of INSCOM approved on July 19, 1978. A memorandum of May 1978 described the first training phase as aimed at recovering "word" information, specifically computer access passwords, from unwitting subjects.[^3] A memorandum of September 26, 1978 from the office of the 902d Military Intelligence Group commander to Brigadier General Smith records that on September 20 the 902d's representative met Colonel [[Jack C. Capps|Capps]] of DAMI-ISH after having been told by General Rolya the week before that the group was "to cease any further planning for its concept of training with the Monroe Institute." Capps related that, "after talks among MG Thompson, Dr. [LaBerge], Dr. [Vorona], et al," it had been decided that the whole program had to be coordinated with the Defense Department and a working group formed; that Gondola Wish was cancelled because the Monroe Institute was not cleared for classified work and because its training "could be categorized as experimenting with the human mind," which under recent legislation would have to be cleared through an office at the Department of Health, Education and Welfare; and that "MG Thompson did not want to go that route until the legal ramifications were thoroughly examined." Because the Army Materiel Command already had a contract with SRI "not encumbered by possible legalities," Capps suggested that the Army staff and INSCOM fund Military Intelligence training through it; Rolya approved $50,000 of INSCOM year-end funds, and $65,000 in all ($15,000 from the Army staff) was provided.[^4]
-### The Documents
+The Army's later human use chronology records that on September 26, 1978 (902d Memorandum) the Army staff office DAMI-ISH "cancelled GONDOLA WISH" because the Monroe Institute was not cleared for classified work and because its training "could be categorized as experimenting with human use."[^5]
-Major General Edmund R. Thompson was the [[United States Army|Army]]'s assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981. By the spring of 1978 he "concluded there was sufficient evidence to warrant the development of a comprehensive program" in remote viewing; he "cancelled the Gondola Wish effort, placed a complete security envelope over Army's interest in psychoenergetics, and implemented a new program directed towards intelligence collection using remote viewing," and in October 1978 tasked INSCOM to build it, verbally. He told a British television series: "I had one or more briefings by SRI and was impressed. The decision I made was to set up a small, in-house, low-cost effort in remote viewing." He sat on the Grill Flame oversight committee formed on November 28, 1978, with Jack Vorona of DIA, Rear Admiral S. Shapiro, commander of the Naval Intelligence Command, Major General J. L. Brown of Air Force intelligence, and Lowell Dailey for the under secretary for research, "responsible for insuring that research and experiments fall within the legal guidelines."[^2][^3]
+A message from the Army staff dated July 5, 1978 (051630Z) had by then introduced the unclassified nickname [[Grill Flame]], which was to "replace any open reference to US Army involvement in PY/RV research, experiments, application," and declared the fact of Army interest or work in the subject classified Secret/NOFORN. A follow-on message of mid-July 1978, originated by Major [[William Stoner]], told [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) that [[Walter LaBerge]], the Under Secretary of the Army, was "personally involved," that the Army staff was assembling an information package for him, and that INSCOM should hold in abeyance any planned execution of such projects with outside agencies until the options were developed. The same message commended INSCOM "for the initiative taken."[^6]
-His eyes-only memorandum on the steering committee warned that Representative Charles Rose had an "oft-repeated desire to be kept up to date on a continuing basis" and that "a situation as before in which the last briefing was done at his instigation, forcing us to be reactors rather than action takers, should be avoided." By January 1980 he "has briefed the DDO on the INSCOM program." On April 16, 1981, he sat with Lieutenant Colonel Murray Watt to brief Rose, assuring him that the Army wished to keep working with SRI, and on May 8, 1981, asked the Secretary of the Army to approve work with civilian contractors under Procedure 18 of the Defense Department's rules on human subjects, granted on May 27 on condition that it serve "an important foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purpose." In 1981 his office transferred management of the project to INSCOM.[^4][^5]
+By the spring of 1978, in the Army's later account, Thompson "concluded there was sufficient evidence to warrant the development of a comprehensive program" in remote viewing; he "cancelled the Gondola Wish effort, placed a complete security envelope over Army's interest in psychoenergetics, and implemented a new program directed towards intelligence collection using remote viewing." He told a British television series: "I had one or more briefings by SRI and was impressed. The decision I made was to set up a small, in-house, low-cost effort in remote viewing."[^7]
-Thompson received a copy of [[Ruth Davis]]'s memorandum of November 20, 1978, on the oversight of the remote-viewing project; the report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] records that in the spring of 1978 "the Army ACSI was designated focal point to develop a DA program" of "moderate intensity, low profile," that he sat on the steering committee at its first meeting on February 13, 1979, and that in 1979 "MG Thompson requested the Surgeon General designate, by name, a fully qualified behavioral scientist to act as consultant during protocol development." According to Major [[William Stoner]], [[Ray Hyman]]'s candidacy for the committee ended "because of a protest memo from MG Thompson to Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]]," and at the briefing of January 14, 1980, "when quizzed by MG Thompson on what the word 'proof' in the report findings meant, Gale responded with a flurry of scientific buzzwords and jargon, the bottom line of which is that SCIENTIFIC PROOF has not been demonstrated."[^6]
+### The INSCOM tasking, 1978
-At Watt's briefing of Representative Rose on January 16, 1980, "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Thompson "had no objections to taping the briefing" for the subcommittee. An undated note of his to Lieutenant General [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]] reads: "Reference my 3 October memo discussing the GRILL FLAME Steering Committee, Dr. LaBerge agreed that the principals should meet soon. My office was asked to coordinate."[^7]
+In October 1978 Thompson's office tasked INSCOM to build the program, and the tasking was verbal. On November 1, 1978 the INSCOM project officer, Major [[Murray Watt]], recorded a telephone call with Lieutenant Colonel Kane of the INSCOM operations staff: Thompson and the INSCOM commander, Major General [[William Rolya]], had agreed that the Army staff would give no written instructions on Grill Flame, and Watt, as project officer, would have "a virtual 'blank check' on how to proceed and what type of program to develop."[^8] Schnabel reported that Thompson, as ACSI, increased the unit's effective budget out of his office's funds, gave it three slots for full-time viewers ([[Mel Riley]], [[Ken Bell]] and [[Joe McMoneagle]]), and that no official manpower authorization existed until 1981.[^2]
 Two weeks later [[Ruth Davis]], Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, sent [[Jack Vorona]] of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] a memorandum of November 20, 1978 on the oversight of the "Remote Viewing" project, enclosing an October 25, 1978 letter on the subject from Representative [[Charlie Rose]], chairman of the Subcommittee on Evaluation of the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]; Thompson received a copy. A note dated November 14, 1978 from the executive of the Office of the Under Secretary of the Army carried a handwritten line from LaBerge: "MG Thompson - please tell me what's up."[^9]
 The Defense Department Grill Flame oversight committee met for the first time on November 28, 1978. Thompson sat on it with Vorona, Rear Admiral S. Shapiro of the [[Naval Intelligence Command]], Major General [[James L. Brown|J. L. Brown]] of Air Force intelligence and [[Lowell Dailey]] for the Under Secretary for research, and the committee was "responsible for insuring that research and experiments fall within the legal guidelines."[^10] On March 6, 1979 the invitee list for the SRI Grill Flame briefing placed "MG Thompson" with Colonel [[Norman Wells|Wells]], Mr. Kelly, Lieutenant Colonel [[Carl Jordan]] and Major Stoner under the Army Staff, and Colonel [[Garrison Rapmund]], director of the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], under the Surgeon General.[^11]
 ### Protocols and the Gale committee
 The draft minutes of the Grill Flame Steering Committee give a first meeting at 1400 on February 14, 1979 in the DIA Director's conference room at the Pentagon, attended by Major General James L. Brown of the Air Force, Thompson, Vorona, Bob Dailey and [[William Mehuron|Bill Mehuron]]. Vorona reviewed the SRI briefing that [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] had given the House committee the day before, at which Representative Rose asked what the committee could do to support the program; Thompson suggested that the last goal on the committee's list, "intelligence threat assessment," be moved to the top as the primary goal of all participants.[^12]
 In 1979, according to the report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]], "the Army ACSI was designated focal point to develop a DA program" of "moderate intensity, low profile," Thompson sat on the steering committee at its first meeting on February 13, 1979, and "MG Thompson requested the Surgeon General designate, by name, a fully qualified behavioral scientist to act as consultant during protocol development." The Army's chronology records the Surgeon General's human subjects review and the later finding that the work was research involving human subjects, and notes that in February 1980 DAMI-ISH recommended to the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering that Brigadier General Rapmund join the steering committee on the human use issue; Thompson's own memorandum to Dr. LaBerge of February 6, 1980 makes the proposal, describing Rapmund as having "been involved with GRILL FLAME for over a year."[^13]
 The steering committee met again at 1400 on October 30, 1979 with Dr. LaBerge in the chair and Ruth Davis, Lieutenant General [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]], Thompson, Major General Brown and Rear Admiral Shapiro present. In the notes of the meeting LaBerge said the project had "an R&D flavor, rather than intelligence" and hoped to keep Rose's interest and "keep [[William Proxmire|Proxmire]] off our backs"; Tighe said "the Golden Fleece Award comes from people being less than quiet in their profession"; Davis said the research and development aspects were "primitive and naive," that work to date "has not been dishonest," that [[William Perry|Perry]] "wanted no part of it," and that the best results came from "the Fort Meade area where you have a bunch of military people" doing "exactly what they are told"; and Tighe asked whether Rose had told them he had spoken to the President about it and that the President remained interested. When LaBerge asked where the evaluation committee stood, Thompson said "I don't think we know at the moment," and he remarked that "whether it is intelligence or R&D is primarily pragmatic." The minutes record a recommendation that the steering committee hear from the evaluation group as soon as possible.[^14]
 Major Stoner reported that the candidacy of [[Ray Hyman]] for the evaluation committee ended "because of a protest memo from MG Thompson to Dr LaBerge." At the committee's briefing of January 14, 1980, "when quizzed by MG Thompson on what the word 'proof' in the report findings meant, [[Manfred Gale|Gale]] responded with a flurry of scientific buzzwords and jargon, the bottom line of which is that SCIENTIFIC PROOF has not been demonstrated."[^15] On October 17, 1979, Watt briefed the INSCOM deputy chief of staff for operations, Colonel Wilmot, who relayed that Thompson and he "have both questioned: 'Why not 1980?'" as the date for the unit to become operational; Watt's milestones had projected late 1981.[^16]
 ### Congress
 Thompson's eyes-only memorandum on the steering committee warned that Representative Rose had an "oft-repeated desire to be kept up to date on a continuing basis" and that "a situation as before in which the last briefing was done at his instigation, forcing us to be reactors rather than action takers, should be avoided." By January 1980 he "has briefed the DDO on the INSCOM program." At Watt's briefing of Rose on January 16, 1980, at which Thompson sat with Vorona, Rose's aide [[Dick Giza]] and the [[National Security Council]] staff member [[Jake Stewart]], Rose asked that the session be taped so other members of the subcommittee could review it; Thompson "had no objections to taping the briefing," and "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson." Rose "encouraged us to continue with our program."[^17] Thompson did not attend the briefing of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Operations on February 5, 1980, which he had to cancel for an unforeseen commitment; the CIA officers told Watt they were glad the Army had "chosen to go operational on this subject matter rather than keep it in the lab."[^18]
 On April 16, 1981 he sat with Lieutenant Colonel Watt to brief Rose again, assuring him that the Army still wished to work with SRI; Rose had concluded from a recent briefing by Hal Puthoff that the Army might wish to break off contact. Thompson told Rose that [[Ingo Swann]] had expressed to him a thought similar to Watt's, that sources performed better when they knew they were working real-world problems.[^19] Schnabel also described Thompson accompanying Vorona to Rose's briefing, which he reported contributed to Rose's staunch public support.[^2]
 ### Briefings, 1979 to 1981
 On March 23, 1979 Thompson attended Watt's update for the Under Secretary of the Army, Walter LaBerge, who "approved our actions to date and goals for the future" while cautioning that everyone involved should maintain objectivity.[^20] On April 10, 1980 Watt briefed the Air Force assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Major General James Brown, in a session Brown had requested and Thompson had approved.[^21] On July 7, 1980 Thompson and Brigadier General Wilmot attended Watt's Grill Flame briefing for Lieutenant General Eugene Tighe, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, with Admiral Kelln, Vorona and Puthoff; the briefing turned into Vorona's presentation of a proposed Defense Department centrally managed program with DIA as manager, a three-year joint effort at about $450,000 a year in contracts.[^22] On July 28, 1980 Thompson chaired the ACSI/INSCOM status review with Rolya, Colonel [[Chad White]], Watt, Stoner and others; Rolya observed that the CIA seemed INSCOM's "biggest" tasker and he wanted a more balanced effort, and Swann briefed on signal and noise.[^23] An undated note from Thompson to Tighe reads: "Reference my 3 October memo discussing the GRILL FLAME Steering Committee, Dr. LaBerge agreed that the principals should meet soon. My office was asked to coordinate."[^24]
 On December 22, 1980 Thompson attended Watt's update for the Under Secretary of the Army, Dr. Spiro, with LaBerge, who is listed in the memorandum as Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. Spiro said he was not satisfied that "successes" had been demonstrated; LaBerge said "I support quiet, rational continuation of the program, but don't allow ourselves to get caught in the position of selling the program"; Spiro said that a one in a thousand chance justified the expense. Afterward Thompson told Watt and Major Hay to prepare a recommendation on whether the Army should help finance Swann's new training concept, and told Watt to continue the program.[^25]
 On May 8, 1981, he asked the Secretary of the Army to approve work with civilian contractors under Procedure 18 of the Defense Department's rules on human subjects, granted on May 27 on condition that it serve "an important foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purpose." In 1981 his office transferred management of the project to INSCOM; Schnabel cited a cable from Thompson to Rolya noting that an under secretary of the Army had approved the transfer.[^26] On August 10, 1981, in a telephone call that Watt recorded the same day, Thompson agreed with him that no further contract with SRI on the training and evaluation program would be approved until SRI stated in writing what limitations had been placed on it, SRI and Ingo Swann settled in writing "who owns the right to Mr. Swann's new training program," and INSCOM had written assurance that it would be offered the chance to have selected personnel trained under the new concept; funding for fiscal 1982 was to stay at $195,000.[^27] A memorandum of February 22, 1982 records that Thompson had approved $30,000 for scientific panels to be convened by Rapmund on Grill Flame basic research, concurred in by Brigadier General [[William Odom]], who had succeeded him as ACSI, but that no action had been taken to use the money.[^28]
 ### Defense Intelligence Agency and later
 Thompson's last posts were at the Defense Intelligence Agency, as Assistant Director for Special Cooperation and then Deputy Director for Management and Operations; the Army Distinguished Service Medal with a bronze oak leaf cluster cites his service with DIA in 1982 and 1983.[^29] Schnabel placed him at a party around 1983, hosted by [[Albert Stubblebine]] and [[John B. Alexander]], at which guests concentrated on spoons: Thompson's own spoon curved down in his hands, and [[John McMahon]], then deputy director of the CIA, was present. Schnabel also wrote that Thompson and a colleague later called on Stubblebine to express concern about the management of INSCOM, to no effect.[^30] Schnabel dated the program's loss of its senior protector from Thompson's departure from the ACSI post in 1981, and described Odom as far less optimistic about the military use of the paranormal.[^31]
 In an interview that Jim Schnabel published in *[[The Independent]]* of London on August 27, 1995, Thompson said: "I became convinced that remote-viewing was a real phenomenon, that it wasn't a hoax. We didn't know how to explain it but we weren't so much interested in explaining it as in determining whether there was any practical use to it." Of the program's secrecy he said: "It was so small, and so closely-held that it wasn't a big controversy." The article stated that Thompson "co-managed the Army's spy network," that Albert Stubblebine became head of INSCOM in 1981, "the year that General Thompson ... departed for another posting," and that with Thompson gone Stubblebine was remote viewing's chief supporter in the Army.[^32]
 Thompson took part in a remote viewing session himself. According to Schnabel, Mel Riley guided him as he tried to describe the location of Major Stone, who had gone to a site he chose; Thompson described a bulky building beside a pool of water seen from a height and guessed the [[Lincoln Memorial]], while Stone had gone to the [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] train station, and Thompson later decided he had perceived the nearby [[George Washington Masonic National Memorial|Masonic Temple]]. Schnabel quoted him in 1997 as saying "there's something there."[^33]
 In 1995 Thompson appeared, with Admiral [[Stansfield Turner]], Puthoff, [[Lyn Buchanan]] and Alexander, in the hour-long British television program, based on Schnabel's article for the *Independent*, that [[Edwin May]] described to the CIA on September 21, 1995 as "sensational." May also wrote that the [[ABC News|ABC]] program *[[20/20]]* had put a planned September 29 broadcast on hold because "they want to interview MG. Thompson who they were able to find in the phone directory."[^34]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^1]: Syracuse University Office of Veteran and Military Affairs, "Major General Edmund R. Thompson," February 14, 2010, https://veterans.syracuse.edu/news/major-general-edmund-r-thompson/. Military Times Hall of Valor, "Edmund Thompson," Army Distinguished Service Medal citation for 1977 to 1981 as Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence, and Legion of Merit citation as G-2, 25th Infantry Division, 1968 to 1969 (citing the United States Military Academy Register of Graduates), https://valor.militarytimes.com/?p=326501 and https://valor.militarytimes.com/?p=363135. Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, biographical note (head of the Army Intelligence Agency 1975 to 1977, ACSI 1977 to 1981).
-[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, quoting the Channel 4 series *Equinox*.
+[^2]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the formation of the Fort Meade unit and notes (on Thompson's recollection that the unit was meant for offensive spying and the unauthorized manpower slots).
-[^3]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, "Management by Objective for Gondola Wish," April 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160012-1; Atwater, Frederick H., memorandum "Gondola Wish," May 18, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7; memorandum "Gondola Wish," May 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160003-1; "Gondola Wish Assessment Report," August 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000160001-3 and sibling items.
-[^4]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum "GRILL FLAME Steering Committee" to Dr. La Berge, eyes only, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250013-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Office of the Commander, 902d Military Intelligence Group (TAGPA-CO), memorandum for Brigadier General Smith, "GRILL FLAME Status Report," September 26, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440004-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440004-9.
-[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Grill Flame - Action Memorandum," December 11, 1981, with the memorandum of Major General E. R. Thompson of May 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: "Human Use Chronology," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100430001-3, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100430001-3.
-[^6]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Department of the Army message, "Issuance of Unclassified Nickname, GRILL FLAME," July 1978, and Army staff message to INSCOM, "Grill Flame," mid-July 1978, enclosed with INSCOM, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500040003-0. The first message's date-time group, 051630Z July 1978, appears as the classification authority on later INSCOM Grill Flame documents. The second message carries the date-time group 171717Z July 1978 and the originator line "Stoner/DAMI-ISH."
-[^7]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Thompson, E. R., "Note for: LTG Tighe," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250008-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100180002-8. Puthoff, H. E., "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration*, vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, quoting the Channel 4 series *Equinox*.
 [^8]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Summary Phoncon between LTC Kane, DCSOPS, INSCOM and MAJ Murray B. Watt," November 1, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410020-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200410020-3. INSCOM Project Grill Flame Progress Report #1, February 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100070001-3.
 [^9]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000500240017-5. Gibson, LTC, Office of the Under Secretary of the Army, memorandum for MG E. R. Thompson, November 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010012-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000010012-7.
 [^10]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3; Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000140013-2.
 [^11]: "SRI Grill Flame Briefing, 6 March 1979," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270001-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200270001-0.
 [^12]: "Minutes of the Grill Flame Steering Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," draft memorandum for record, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130004-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000130004-3. The Gale committee's report dates the steering committee's first meeting February 13, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5).
 [^13]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001300120001-5. "Human Use Chronology," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100430001-3. "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8. The February 1980 date of the Rapmund recommendation is read from the chronology's date column and is not stated in the entry's text.
 [^14]: "'GRILL FLAME' Meeting, 30 October 1979, 1400 hrs, Rm 3E 988," notes, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250020-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250020-2; "Minutes of Steering Committee Meeting, 1400-1430 hours, 30 October 1979," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250021-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250021-1.
 [^15]: Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200230017-7.
 [^16]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "GRILL FLAME Update Briefing for COL(P) Wilmot, 17 October 1979," October 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240022-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240022-1.
 [^17]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum "GRILL FLAME Steering Committee" to Dr. La Berge, eyes only, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250013-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250013-0. Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, January 10, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100190001-0.
 [^18]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for DDO, CIA, 5 Feb 1980," February 6, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250053-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250053-6.
 [^19]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100190007-4. The same memorandum is catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190004-7.
 [^20]: Watt, Murray B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefings, 23 Mar 79," March 26, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240034-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240034-8.
 [^21]: Watt, Murray B., "Briefing to Air Force ACSI, 10 April 1980," April 22, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250031-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250031-0.
 [^22]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, DIA (7 July 1980)," July 8, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250039-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250039-2.
 [^23]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "ACSI/INSCOM GRILL FLAME Status Review, 28 July 1980," July 31, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250042-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250042-8.
 [^24]: Thompson, E. R., "Note for: LTG Tighe," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250008-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250008-6.
 [^25]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Update Briefing for Under Secretary of the Army, 22 Dec 80," December 23, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440042-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440042-7.
 [^26]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Grill Flame - Action Memorandum," December 11, 1981, with the memorandum of Major General E. R. Thompson of May 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100240001-4. Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, bibliography entry for the 1981 cable from Thompson to Rolya.
 [^27]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Army/INSCOM Contractual Position as Regards SRI-I, FY 82," August 10, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140005-7.
 [^28]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum for the record, "Visit to OACSI (COL Kennedy)," February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060035-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060035-6.
 [^29]: Syracuse University Office of Veteran and Military Affairs, "Major General Edmund R. Thompson," https://veterans.syracuse.edu/news/major-general-edmund-r-thompson/. Military Times Hall of Valor, "Edmund Thompson," Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster to the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Intelligence Agency, 1982 to 1983, https://valor.militarytimes.com/?p=363135. Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, biographical note (DIA deputy director for management and operations, 1982 to 1984).
 [^30]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Stubblebine's tenure at INSCOM.
 [^31]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the Odom and Stubblebine years.
 [^32]: Schnabel, Jim, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *The Independent* (London), The Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transmitted by the FBIS wire and filed in the CIA STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200090001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200090001-7; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5 under the heading "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported."
 [^33]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the first months of the Fort Meade unit and the author's afterword.
 [^34]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Murray
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Murray
@ -1,39 +1,155 @@
 ---
-category: "Military"
+aliases:
-tags:
+  - Murray Watt
  - Psi
  - Person
  - RemoteViewer
  - Military
  - Stargate
 summary: "Watt, along with Atwater, was responsible for selecting and training the initial remote viewers for the program."
 alias:
  - Murray B. Watt
  - Scotty Watt
-updated: 2026-09-22
+  - Scotty
  - MAJ Watt
  - LTC Watt
 category: "Military"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Military
  - ArmyIntelligence
  - INSCOM
  - Stargate
  - GrillFlame
  - GondolaWish
 summary: "Army military intelligence officer notified on October 27, 1978 that he was INSCOM's Grill Flame project officer, who ran the Fort Meade remote viewing unit and briefed Congress and Army leadership until 1981."
 location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]]"
    start: 1978-10-27
    end: 1981
    role: "Grill Flame project officer and project manager in the human intelligence office of the Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations; major, lieutenant colonel by September 1979"
    fn: 3
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Albert Hamel]]"
    start: 1978-10-27
    end: 1979
    role: "Colonel Hamel, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, who selected him as project manager"
    fn: 3
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Chad White]]"
    start: 1979
    end: 1981
    role: "Colonel White, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, who signed or noted his memoranda"
    fn: 24
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Grill Flame]]"
    start: 1978-11-28
    role: "member of the Defense Department Grill Flame working group and of its objectives and protocol subcommittees"
    fn: 6
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
    start: 1978-11-15
    end: 1981
    role: "INSCOM project officer for SRI's training of Army personnel in remote viewing"
    fn: 4
 created: 2025-08-05
 updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
-Murray B. "Scotty" Watt was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel and the first commander of the [[Stargate Project|Gondola Wish]] (later Grill Flame) remote viewing unit. He was two decades older than [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]], described as a tall and husky man with a bulbous nose and a Boston accent. Watt had a reputation for a volcanic temper, which, according to the writer Jim Schnabel, hindered his career after an incident in Panama where he struck a fellow officer. He was chosen for this obscure and potentially controversial assignment because it was felt he had "little to lose."[^1]
+Murray B. Watt, called Scotty, was a major of military intelligence in the human intelligence office of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) at [[Fort Meade]] when, on October 27, 1978, he was told that he had been selected as INSCOM's project manager for a new program. By September 1979 he was a lieutenant colonel. His signature blocks give his posts as "PPPA, DIRHUM, INSCOM" in 1978, and in 1980 "Chief, Special Activities Division, ADCSOPS-HUMINT" and "Chief, Special Actions."[^1]
-Watt, along with Atwater, was responsible for selecting and training the initial remote viewers for the program. He handled the bureaucratic aspects of the unit, maintaining contact with the network of Grill Flame customers and ensuring the unit's operations adhered to necessary protocols. He was concerned about maintaining the appearance of scientific rigor and avoiding any perception of cheating within the program.[^1]
+### Description and posting
-Watt was present during many key remote viewing sessions, including the initial session with [[Mel Riley]] where he served as the target. He also played a role in the acquisition of a Soviet T-72 tank, signing for the envelope containing the target information. He was a key figure in the unit's operations during the Iran hostage crisis, where he gathered the team at a motel to conduct continuous remote viewing related to the rescue mission.[^1]
+The writer [[Jim Schnabel]] described Watt as two decades older than Lieutenant [[Frederick Atwater]], a tall, husky man with a bulbous nose and a [[Boston]] accent, whose temper was said to have left a cloud over his career: some years earlier, in [[Panama]], he had struck a fellow officer who had insulted his wife. Schnabel wrote that Watt was never convicted of any offense, that he felt he had not been promoted as rapidly as he deserved, and that Atwater was told he had been chosen for an obscure and possibly temporary assignment because he had so little to lose. Schnabel placed the unit in a cramped office in building 4554 at Fort Meade, where Watt was commanding officer, and wrote that he later received his promotion to lieutenant colonel.[^2]
-Despite his initial lack of interest in the paranormal, Watt was instrumental in the establishment and early operations of the Army's psychic spying program. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel during his tenure with the unit. He eventually transferred out of the unit, but not before helping to establish it on a firm footing.[^1]
+### Appointment and orientation, 1978 and 1979
 INSCOM's first progress report, dated February 21, 1979, records that "sometime during the month of October 1978" Colonel [[Albert Hamel]], ADCSOPS-HUMINT, was tasked by the INSCOM deputy chief of staff for operations to provide a project officer for a program "at the direction of the ACSI," that Major Watt was selected and "on 27 October 1978 was so notified," and that "there exists no written tasking between OACSI and HQ, INSCOM." A telephone call of November 1, 1978, which Watt recorded, established that Major General [[Edmund Thompson]] and the INSCOM commander, Major General [[William Rolya]], had agreed that the Army staff would issue no written instructions, and that Lieutenant Colonel Kane of the INSCOM operations staff told him he would have "a virtual 'blank check' on how to proceed and what type of program to develop."[^3]
 His first visit to [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI), on November 15 to 17, 1978, was in the company of [[Scott Phillips]] of the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] (AMSAA). [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] gave the orientation, with [[Charles Tart]] and [[Edwin May]] attending. They agreed that SRI would train Watt as "INSCOM Team Chief," that he would screen INSCOM personnel for nominees to be interviewed by SRI staff, and that formal training of selected personnel would begin in April 1979 at one trainee per month. Puthoff and Targ conducted a remote viewing experiment with Phillips as the subject, which Watt wrote was "somewhat negative, at least to me," though "intriguing enough to warrant further exploration." His report ended: "I was very impressed with the results obtained thus far." He returned to SRI on December 12 to 15, 1978, meeting Puthoff and [[Ingo Swann]].[^4]
-### The Documents
+The report also records the unit-by-unit screening of INSCOM personnel, in which 251 were considered and 117 interviewed (warrant officers, officers and civilians of grade GS-9 and above who had at least 20 months left in service); the visit with Atwater to [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] on January 12, 1979 to see AMSAA's [[Grill Flame]] work; and Atwater's attachment to Watt from the 902d Military Intelligence Group "because of previous research into this area during work on a separate project," which is the earlier program [[Gondola Wish]]. The report names a method for the interviews: they would serve as the "guise" under which project personnel could obtain viewpoints on parapsychology. Of the 251, an unstated number was selected; the Army's later chronology records that six individuals were selected and began training at SRI in April 1979.[^5]
-Murray B. Watt, called Scotty, was a major of military intelligence in the human intelligence office of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] at [[Fort Meade]]. "Sometime during the month of October 1978, Colonel A. W. Hamel, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, INSCOM, was tasked by the DCSOPS, INSCOM, to provide a Project Officer for a new program that INSCOM was becoming involved in at the direction of the ACSI. Major Murray B. Watt was selected to be the INSCOM Project Manager (PM) and on 27 October 1978 was so notified." The tasking was verbal: "There exists no written tasking between OACSI and HQ, INSCOM." His first progress report, of February 21, 1979, records his visits to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] on November 15 to 17, 1978, where he met [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]], the psychologist [[Charles Tart]], and [[Edwin May]], and on December 12 to 15, where he met Puthoff and [[Ingo Swann]]; the first meeting of the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee on November 28, 1978, at which he joined the working groups on objectives and on protocols; the visit with Lieutenant Frederick Atwater to [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] on January 12, 1979; and the screening of INSCOM personnel for viewers, 251 considered and 117 interviewed, unit by unit.[^2]
+### Committees
-Watt briefed the committee on "INSCOM training and operational application of the remote viewing phenomenon" on November 27, 1979, and, as a lieutenant colonel, briefed Representative [[Charlie Rose|Charles Rose]] with General [[Edmund Thompson]] on April 16, 1981, writing the record of it. On June 30, 1981, as "outgoing project manager," he gave the first Grill Flame briefing to the new commander of INSCOM, [[Albert Stubblebine]], alongside his successor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim.[^3]
+Watt wrote INSCOM's record of the first meeting of "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, as "MAJ, MI, GRILL FLAME Project Officer, INSCOM." Present, in his list, were Jack Vorona as chairman, two other officials of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] whose names are withheld, [[Bob Dailey]] of the Under Secretary's office, [[William Mehuron|Bill Mehuron]] of the Navy, Watt, Major [[William Stoner]] of the Army staff, Colonel [[Al DeProspero]] of the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity and [[Dale Graff]] of the Air Force Foreign Technology Division. The committee adopted the name "DoD GRILL FLAME Committee"; Vorona "expressed concern that parapsychology activities within DoD elements were springing up all over" and directed the agencies to develop policy for turning off "exposures" as they came up; and the record notes "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval," with an oversight committee of the service intelligence chiefs, Vorona and [[Ruth Davis]]. Stoner raised the need for legal parameters. Watt was a member of the ad hoc committee on organizational goals and of the one on a protocol for experiments. The minutes of the Defense Intelligence Agency list the others present, including [[John Kramar]] of AMSAA.[^6]
-Watt wrote INSCOM's record of the first meeting of "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, as "MAJ, MI, GRILL FLAME Project Officer, INSCOM," listing himself and Major [[William Stoner]] among thirteen present with [[Jack Vorona]], Dailey of the Under Secretary's office, [[Dale Graff]], [[John Kramar]] and Colonel Al DeProspero of AMSAA, Bill Mehuron of the Navy and a redacted name from NSA, and noting that "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval." On January 16, 1980, "I briefed Congressman Charlie Rose... on the INSCOM GRILL FLAME Project," with Thompson, Vorona, "Jake Stewart, NSC Staff Member" and "Dick Giza, Office of Congressman Rose" present; "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Rose "encouraged us to continue with our program." His comments on the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee|Gale report]] in February 1980 called it "very shallow in nature," noted "after all, we provided the committee with most of the data contained in the Annex," and asked of its handwriting passage, "Did they, in fact, question Targ on this handwriting issue?"; "at the working meeting held 30-31 Jan I outlined most of our major objections."[^4]
+On March 8, 9 and 12, 1979, he attended a three-day work conference at Aberdeen hosted by John Kramar of AMSAA, with Colonel [[Garrison Rapmund]] of the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], Stoner, [[Lynne Taylor]], Scott Phillips and, on one day, Atwater, to resolve the effect of the Army General Counsel's decision that all Army Grill Flame activity must comply with Department of Health, Education and Welfare guidelines and Army Regulation 70-25. His record states that the protocol developed for the Surgeon General depicted "only the involvement of AMSAA and that was done at my request. Leaving INSCOM out of the protocol eliminates one more security problem"; that he asked why INSCOM's part, which was "task oriented" and "in the applications business," had to come under those guidelines; that Rapmund said he would raise the issue with the Surgeon General's office; and that AMSAA and INSCOM personnel agreed to meet monthly to exchange ideas. AMSAA personnel also spent private early-morning sessions with him describing sessions they had run with grid coordinates.[^7]
 On March 23, 1979 he briefed Rolya and then the Under Secretary of the Army, [[Walter LaBerge]], with Thompson, Rolya, Hamel, Colonel Gibson and Stoner present. His memorandum states that LaBerge "approved our actions to date and goals for the future" and cautioned that everyone involved maintain objectivity; the slides stated two working assumptions, that everyone has psychic ability and that INSCOM was not involved in research and development or experimental research.[^8] The Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the Surgeon General's Human Subjects Research Review Board met on March 26, 1979 and concluded that the SRI and AMSAA protocols were technology transfer and phenomenological validation, not research, and that human subjects regulations did not apply; Colonel Garrison Rapmund of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research attended.[^9]
 Between August 1 and September 27, 1979 his rank changed from "Major (P)" to lieutenant colonel in the signature blocks of his memoranda.[^10] On September 27, 1979 he and Atwater, then the project training officer, hosted the Grill Flame Department of Defense Science Evaluation Team at Fort Meade from 0900 to 1530; its chief, [[Manfred Gale]], questioned him closely about the use of personnel, including availability, rotation and over-use of resources.[^11] On November 9, 1979 he presented a progress briefing to the team at the Pentagon, with 195 sessions completed to date, and recorded his opinion that at least two thirds of the members "were very negative," that "my word was no longer valid since they had classified me as a 'believer,'" and that "some members of the team don't want to believe that psychic behavior exists and refuse to really listen to any presentation on the subject matter."[^12] He briefed the committee on "INSCOM training and operational application of the remote viewing phenomenon" on November 27, 1979.[^13]
 His comments of February 1980, written after a telephone call of February 5 and in response to a request that bore on a letter Vorona was drafting to Lieutenant General Tighe, called the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] report "very shallow in nature," with "vague recommendations" and no "concrete constructive means of improving the overall DOD program... unless doing away with the program can be considered as a constructive suggestion." Of its annex on INSCOM's work he wrote "after all, we provided the committee with most of the data contained in the Annex." On the statement that useful data should not be attributed to remote viewing he wrote that the committee "owes us a possible solution. Luck?? Fraud?? Or whatever," and he observed that the minority "is more concerned about the possible loss of their credibility if they endorse the use of operational activities." Of the passage on handwriting, he wrote: "They do everything but call Targ a 'cheat.' Did they, in fact, question Targ on this handwriting issue?" He called the committee's paragraph that "things" had occurred which no one could explain "the key to the whole issue," and added: "at the working meeting held 30-31 Jan I outlined most of our major objections."[^14]
 ### Operations and tasking
 The Army's chronology dates the first operational session to September 4, 1979, when a missing aircraft was located "within a 115-nautical mile radius of its downed location." Watt's November 1979 briefing listed among the operational tasks a project identified only by its initials, a "Cuba situation" and a "Korea situation." On December 5, 1980 he was the control analyst ("Murray B. Watt, LTC, MI, Control Analyst, Project 8035, Session DC-35") for a session on activity at a target given by geographic coordinates, in which the viewer was asked to move forward in time in three-day steps and to describe troops in trucks and vehicles in a valley; a later evaluation of a special analytic report by the [[Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center]] recommended that it go "to LTC Watt, Chief, Special Actions, ADCSOPS, INSCOM," and called the use of the information "an intelligence community 'first.'" A memorandum from the Army staff catalogued May 27, 1981, which recounts a telephone call of May 22, reported that after a helicopter crash on the Ecuador and Peru border in February 1981, the Fort Meade team had held five sessions in March 1981 and, "per guidance from LTC Watt," memory sketches were passed to the J2 staff of [[United States Southern Command|Southern Command]], whose pilots later "identified several correlations between the actual terrain and the sketches."[^15]
 A briefing script that Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] wrote in 1984, after Watt's tenure, gives the office's own count of its early output: in 1979, a task force of five (a project manager, an operations and training officer, a secretary and two sources) conducted 79 operational missions, 43 of them on the Iranian hostage crisis; in 1980, after the unit had acquired "operational experience" and its own separate facilities, 386 missions, 154 of them on Iran; and seven collection projects for four sponsor agencies in 1979, 41 projects for six sponsors in 1980 and 20 for five in 1981. The Army's chronology records that the first Grill Flame operative attended the [[Monroe Institute]]'s Gateway training on March 5, 1980.[^16]
 Schnabel wrote that Watt himself was the target in an early session of [[Mel Riley]]: Riley, monitored by Atwater, described the taste of chocolate and a glass jar of coins, and Watt, who drove them to a [[Volkswagen]] dealership a few miles from Fort Meade, sheepishly admitted he had been late to the target and had at the session's start been at a [[7-Eleven]], where he bought a chocolate bar beside a jar of coins for the [[March of Dimes]]. Watt handed Atwater a sealed envelope holding a photograph of an aircraft hangar in which the Army had hidden an experimental [[M1 Abrams|XM-1]] tank, an operations security test. Schnabel wrote that Watt handled the bureaucratic end of the unit and kept in touch with the network of Grill Flame customers while Atwater turned tasking into viewing strategies, that he would lose his temper more than once over what he saw as lax protocols and the need to avoid the appearance of cheating, and that he signed for a large envelope delivered by two men in civilian clothes who arrived in black Defense Department cars, a target that concerned the acquisition of a Soviet [[T-72]] tank. In Schnabel's account Watt later gathered the six full- and part-time members at a motel in [[Laurel, Maryland]], and told them that a covert mission to rescue the Iran hostages was under way and that they would be known as ICLP, "INSCOM Center Lane Project."[^17]
 ### The Iranian hostage tasking, 1979 to 1981
 Watt's memorandum of December 3, 1979, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Involvement in Iran," records how the unit was tasked. On November 21, 1979 Jackie Keith, chief of the INSCOM Intelligence Collection Center, who was representing INSCOM on a Joint Chiefs of Staff task force on the hostage crisis, asked whether the unit's assets could help; Watt "explained that we did not want to get involved unless we were specifically directed to by proper INSCOM authorities." Keith obtained the approval of the INSCOM chief of staff, Colonel Carr, late that evening, because the deputy chief of staff for operations, Colonel Wilmot, was out of town. At 0715 on November 23 Keith gave Watt "a set of coordinates and a copy of TIME magazine (dated 19 Nov 79)" with a picture of two hostages, and the unit held its first two sessions that day. On November 26 Keith said Major General J. B. Vaught of the Army staff and Lieutenant Colonel Roderick Lenahan of the Special Operations Division of the Joint Staff wanted a briefing; Rolya approved it and said he would himself inform Thompson. Watt briefed them on November 28 and "cautioned them very strongly against using the output 'as sole source' when there was no other data available to confirm or deny our input"; they asked that session reports continue.[^18]
 On April 23, 1980 the unit moved into three rooms at the Best Western Motel on Fort Meade Road in Laurel, Maryland, at the request of the Special Operations Division, and ran 20 operational sessions in the following two days, with spot reports telephoned within an hour of each session; Watt ended operations shortly after 0200 on April 25, 1980, "when the news reached us that the attempt to rescue the hostages had been aborted," with the concurrence of Lieutenant Colonel Bob Morrell of the Division. His after-action report of May 2, 1980 listed as drawbacks the loss of sleep, the difficulty of typing reports, the need for one more room, that "the Project Manager carried too much of the administrative and operational burdens on his shoulders" and the project's need for an operations officer, and that the viewers had been "engulfed by the news media." One advantage was that "the commonality of mission importance seemed to achieve a psychological 'high' for group identification." He wrote that the unit had been on the problem for over five months, had completed over 120 sessions and submitted about 90 reports, and had "received very little feedback concerning the value of our efforts"; he strongly believed that someone from INSCOM's decision-making branch should press the Joint Staff "for a written assessment."[^19]
 On March 16, 1981 Watt sent Colonel White the final evaluation by Lenahan, covering November 23, 1979 through January 13, 1981. Of 202 reports, the Joint Staff's categories gave 7 positive, 59 possible or partial, 16 inconclusive, 112 negative and 8 administrative aborts; the INSCOM office's own reading of Lenahan's comments gave 26 positive, 37 possible or partial, 61 inconclusive, 76 negative and 2 aborts. Watt wrote that the Joint Staff rated 37 percent of the reports as having some correlation or use and that his office raised the figure "to only 45%," and that "in several cases our reports clearly stated that hostages were in specific buildings at specific times," which Lenahan, comparing debriefings of the hostages, found in error ("We concur!"), while reports that specific buildings were empty, which Lenahan said were correct, were rated inconclusive or partial ("We disagree!"). Among his lessons were that long projects produce a build-up of "overlay," that lack of feedback has a negative effect, that "for targets about which little is known, remote viewing information must only be used for guiding other intelligence collection efforts," and that data accuracy and analytic usability must be evaluated separately. He concluded that "the data/information provided to the user apparently was information that could not be obtained through normal intelligence collection channels" and that "the degree of success appears to at least equal, if not surpass, other collection methods."[^20]
 ### The joint program dispute, 1980
 A paper of September 12, 1980 from the Army staff's Grill Flame action officer, Major Hay, to the assistant chief of staff for intelligence, whose stated purpose was to "prevent possible embarrassment to the Army," recounts that after Lieutenant General [[Eugene Tighe]]'s letter of August 7, 1980 to Thompson, the Defense Department Grill Flame committee met on August 18 at DIA to approve a joint-service memorandum of understanding, a mission statement and a contract with SRI. Watt was on leave and Lieutenant Atwater attended for INSCOM; on August 27, Watt told Hay that INSCOM "could not concur with the MOU," and he and Hay drafted a substitute. INSCOM's objections, with which Hay agreed, included money: INSCOM had $150,000 for the fiscal 1981 effort and needed $30,000 for operations, leaving $120,000 for outside contracts, and DIA maintained that Army had verbally agreed to more, which Watt and Stoner disputed and Watt could document with a memorandum for record. They objected as well to DIA's decision to move its primary contract monitor to SRI at [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], taken before the memorandum was approved, because it ignored the Gale committee's recommendation that "dependence on the SRI approach should be phased out," because DIA felt "the Gale Report is biased," and because placing a DIA monitor with Puthoff and Targ "makes it difficult to deny DOD interest in PSI." The paper records that DIA appeared to believe Watt and Stoner "have it in" for Vorona's office, and that Hay did not.[^21]
 At the Defense Department committee meeting of November 13, 1980, which Watt recorded, SRI faced administrative leave for Puthoff and others unless funds came soon, and a participant whose name is withheld informed the committee that representatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[National Security Agency]] had indicated their agencies might be interested in putting money into the program, whereupon the committee agreed to invite them as observers. Watt objected to SRI personnel being involved in operational intelligence problems and recommended that requests for "quick reaction reports" go through the committee rather than directly to SRI; he also recommended that the committee prepare a statement for public release "in case it is every needed," and, with Major Phil Partain of the Air Force, that the committee recommend that research and development needed to be carried on.[^22] On April 13, 1981 he and Atwater visited the School of Engineering at Duke University to learn of a computerized system for monitoring the psychological correlates of psi performance, received by Ed Kelly and John Palmer, who said that funding was expected from the McDonnell Douglas Foundation.[^23]
 ### Briefings
 Watt wrote the record of his briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] of January 16, 1980: "I briefed Congressman Charlie Rose... on the INSCOM GRILL FLAME Project," with Thompson, Vorona, "[[Jake Stewart]], NSC Staff Member" and "[[Dick Giza]], Office of Congressman Rose" present; "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Rose "encouraged us to continue with our program."[^24] On February 5, 1980 he presented the briefing for selected officers of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Operations, who said they were "glad to see that you have chosen to go operational on this subject matter rather than keep it in the lab." On April 10, 1980 he briefed the Air Force assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Major General [[James L. Brown|James Brown]], whose view was "it's necessary to continue, but we really need to have a better handle on the phenomenon."[^25]
 On June 2, 1980 Targ asked Watt's permission to provide earlier training sessions to [[McDonnell Douglas]], which had "a new procedure for judging remote viewing sessions"; Watt relayed the request to Stoner, who approved it by phone, on the condition that the material be edited and carry no record of its source.[^26] On July 7, 1980 he briefed Lieutenant General Eugene Tighe, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, with Thompson, Wilmot, Admiral Kelln, Vorona and Puthoff present, and Tighe, in Watt's account, "stressed that we should be attempting to isolate personnel with proven talent(s) in given areas."[^27] At the status review of July 28, 1980, Watt reported that DIA was drafting a memorandum of understanding for a joint Defense Department program, that the unit would move to new space in the first week of August, and that all military members would be subject to rotation by July 1981; Rolya said the CIA appeared to be INSCOM's largest customer and he wanted a more balanced effort.[^28]
 His account of the update briefing of December 22, 1980 for the Under Secretary of the Army, Dr. Spiro, records that Spiro "was not satisfied that we had demonstrated any 'successes'" and that "the subject matter (parapsychology) 'bothers' Dr. Spiro"; LaBerge said "I support quiet, rational continuation of the program, but don't allow ourselves to get caught in the position of selling the program," and Spiro said that a one in a thousand chance justified the spending. On April 3, 1981, in the Dirksen Office Building, he briefed staff members [[Herbert Klein]] and [[Dan Childs]] of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] for almost an hour, telling them that INSCOM had a nine-man task force working "out-of-hide" and that the Army had asked for five spaces in its fiscal 1982 program.[^29] He briefed Rose again on April 16, 1981 with Thompson, writing the record. Rose had concluded from Puthoff's briefing that the Army might wish to break off contact with SRI; Watt and Thompson answered that it did not.[^30]
 ### Relief and later references
 On June 30, 1981, as "outgoing project manager," he gave the first Grill Flame briefing to the new commander of INSCOM, Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], alongside his successor, Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]]; Stubblebine told them to be watchful of mixing operations and maintenance funds with research money, and Watt reported that the transfer of $130,000 to DIA had been held up because the Army and Defense Department general counsels could not agree on the human use issue.[^31] On July 22, 1981 his office initiated a military interdepartmental purchase request transferring $130,000 to the Defense Intelligence Agency for the joint DIA and INSCOM contract with SRI for fiscal 1981, a contract that, he wrote on August 18 and again on August 20 (the second time signing as "Ch, Special Actions Division"), was held on file only in the human intelligence office because of its sensitivity.[^32] On August 10, 1981 he recorded a telephone call with Thompson in which they agreed on the points to be resolved before any further SRI contract on the training and evaluation of remote viewing would be approved: that SRI state in writing what limitations were being placed on it; that SRI and Swann clarify in writing "who owns the right to Mr. Swann's new training program"; that INSCOM funding for fiscal 1982 stay at $195,000 and that INSCOM receive written assurance that it would be "offered the opportunity to have selected personnel trained using the new concept"; and that the selection of INSCOM trainees be a joint process between Swann and Grill Flame management, with Swann visiting afterward "to see that 'all systems are still functioning properly.'" Colonel [[Chad White|White]] and Thompson were shown as concurring.[^33] A letter of August 12, 1981 from the SRI contract monitor, enclosing material on the selection of sponsor trainees in Swann's training program, was addressed to Watt and Jachim jointly.[^34] On August 28, 1981 he presented INSCOM's briefing to the National Security Agency Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by [[Willis Ware]] of the [[RAND Corporation|Rand Corporation]], and wrote on September 1 that "I stressed that our effort was not research and development, but strictly operational in nature."[^35]
 The Army's chronology dates Jachim's assumption of the project manager's duties to October 1981; Schnabel wrote that Watt's tour was over and that Jachim replaced him in 1982.[^36] The Grill Flame master access roster of April 6, 1983 lists "WATT, Murray, LTC, INSCOM DCSOPS" as "Former G.F. Project Mgr." with inactive status.[^37] In December 1985, a [[Washington Post]] reporter described the Fort Meade program to Russell Targ as one that Stubblebine had overseen, "after Watt had left and Jachim took over."[^38]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^1]: INSCOM, "Summary Phoncon between LTC Kane, DCSOPS, INSCOM and MAJ Murray B. Watt; PPPA, DIRHUM, INSCOM," November 1, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410020-3; Watt, Murray, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for DDO, CIA, 5 Feb 1980," February 6, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250053-6; Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, "Special Analytic Report," December 4, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060004-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200410020-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250053-6 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r000400060004-9.
-[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the formation of the Fort Meade unit.
-[^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3; "Summary Phoncon between LTC Kane, DCSOPS, INSCOM and MAJ Murray B. Watt," November 1, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410020-3; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100070001-3 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8.
-[^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., "Comments Concerning 'GRILL FLAME SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION COMMITTEE REPORT,' dated December 1979," catalogued February 13, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130025-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Visit to SRI International, 15-17 November 1978," and "Summary of Visit to SRI International, 12-15 December 1978," enclosed in Progress Report #1, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100070001-3.
 [^5]: Progress Report #1, February 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3 (including "Summary of Visit to AMSAA, 12 Jan 79"); "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
 [^6]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000140013-2 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200240006-8.
 [^7]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Three-Day Work Conference - AMSAA (8, 9 and 12 March 1979)," March 15, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240039-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240039-3.
 [^8]: Watt, Murray B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefings, 23 Mar 79," March 26, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240034-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240034-8.
 [^9]: Office of the Surgeon General, "Minutes of Ad Hoc Subcommittee of The Surgeon General's Human Use Review Committee Meeting, 26 March 1979," March 29, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100110002-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100110002-7.
 [^10]: INSCOM, "Monthly Exchange of Ideas, Technical Advances and Future Plans: AMSAA and INSCOM," catalogued August 1, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240030-2; Watt, Murray B., "GRILL FLAME Update Briefing for COL(P) Wilmot, 17 October 1979," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240022-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240030-2 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240022-1.
 [^11]: Watt, Murray B., "GRILL FLAME DOD Science Evaluation Team Briefing, 27 September 1979," October 5, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240025-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240025-8.
 [^12]: Watt, Murray B., "GRILL FLAME DOD Science Evaluation Team Update Briefing, 9 November 1979," November 15, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240001-4.
 [^13]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 27, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1; July 12, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9; January 10, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^14]: Watt, Murray B., "Comments Concerning 'GRILL FLAME SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION COMMITTEE REPORT,' dated December 1979," catalogued February 13, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130025-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000130025-0.
 [^15]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; Watt, "Update Briefing, 9 November 1979," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240001-4; "Transcript Remote Viewing (RV) Session DC-35," December 5, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R000500350001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r000500350001-9; Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, "Special Analytic Report," December 4, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060004-9; Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, "Memorandum for GRILL FLAME Project Manager, GRILL FLAME Operational Feedback," catalogued May 27, 1981 (the text recounts a call of May 22, 1981), CIA-RDP96-00788R000600300001-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r000600300001-3.
 [^16]: Buzby, Brian, "I am LTC Buzby, Project Manager for INSCOM Project Center Lane," briefing script, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700330002-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700330002-7; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
 [^17]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the first sessions of the Fort Meade unit, the Iran hostage crisis and the sealed envelope target.
 [^18]: Watt, Murray B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Involvement in Iran," memorandum for the record, December 3, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240018-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000240018-6.
 [^19]: Watt, Murray B., "After-Action Report (Iranian Crisis 23-25 Apr 80)," May 2, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000340008-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000340008-7; memorandum for LTC Watt, "Events of 23-25 April 1980," April 29, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250035-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250035-6.
 [^20]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for Colonel Chad B. White, "GRILL FLAME Evaluation in Support of Iranian Hostage Situation," March 16, 1981, with tables, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000340001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000340001-4.
 [^21]: Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, DAMI-ISH, information paper "GRILL FLAME," September 12, 1980 (reissued September 15, 1980), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700280017-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700280017-7; also catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00788R001200020013-4 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001200020014-3.
 [^22]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "DoD GRILL FLAME Meeting, 13 Nov 80," November 14, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000100001-9.
 [^23]: Trip report, "12-14 April 1981, Durham, NC," April 15, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000260001-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000260001-2.
 [^24]: Watt, Murray B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100190001-0.
 [^25]: Watt, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for DDO, CIA, 5 Feb 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250053-6; Watt, "Briefing to Air Force ACSI, 10 April 1980," April 22, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250031-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250031-0.
 [^26]: Watt, Murray B., "Summary of FONECON between Russell TARG, SRI, and LTC WATT, 2 June 1980," June 3, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250037-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250037-4.
 [^27]: Watt, Murray B., "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, DIA (7 July 1980)," July 8, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250039-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250039-2.
 [^28]: Watt, Murray B., "ACSI/INSCOM GRILL FLAME Status Review, 28 July 1980," July 31, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250042-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r002000250042-8.
 [^29]: Watt, Murray B., "Update Briefing for Under Secretary of the Army, 22 Dec 80," December 23, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440042-7; White, Chad B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME (GF) Briefing to Staff Members, Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 3 April 1981," fact sheet, April 7, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220024-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100440042-7 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220024-5.
 [^30]: Watt, Murray B., "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100190007-4.
 [^31]: Watt, Murray B., "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981," July 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220001-0. The same memorandum is catalogued as CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140023-7.
 [^32]: Watt, Murray B., memoranda for the record, "MIPR #81-1001, dtd 22 July 1981," August 18, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140051-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140051-6, and "MIPR 81-1001, dated 22 July 1981," August 20, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140052-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140052-5. The contract is identified as DIA contract DSSW MDA 903-81-C-0292.
 [^33]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "Army/INSCOM Contractual Position as Regards SRI-I, FY 82," August 10, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140005-7.
 [^34]: SRI contract monitor, letter to Lt. Col. Murray B. Watt and Lt. Col. Robert Jachim, August 12, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140009-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000100140009-3.
 [^35]: Watt, Murray B., "GRILL FLAME Briefing for NSA Scientific Advisory Committee, 28 August 1981," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200190001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200190001-9.
 [^36]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Stubblebine's arrival at INSCOM. The chronology's date column places "LTC Robert Jachim assumes project manager duties" between July 17, 1981 and November 20, 1981 and lists it as October 1981.
 [^37]: "Alpha List, Grill Flame Master Access Roster," April 6, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270013-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200270013-7.
 [^38]: Memorandum for record, "Conversation via Telephone with Puthoff," December 10, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030002-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030002-0.