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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Major [[Abdul Salam Jalloud]] was the right-hand man of [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. M
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During his visit, [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was questioned by his [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts about the fate of [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr]], a Shi'ite leader from southern [[Lebanon]], who had disappeared on a visit to [[Libya]] in 1978. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that the [[Libya|Libyans]] had killed [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr|Sadr]] for preaching Shi'ite [[Islam]]. [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was not allowed to leave [[Iran]] for three weeks until [[Muammar Qaddafi|Qaddafi]] personally intervened and spoke to [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ After the [[Iranian Revolution]] in February 1979, [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
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[[Ahmad Madani|Madani]] was defeated by [[Abol Hassan Bani-Sadr]] in the election for the first president of [[Iran]] after the revolution.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "After Ben-Menashe's arrest, Magori was contacted by Leon Siff and trav
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After [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] arrest, [[Ann Magori|Magori]] was contacted by [[Leon Siff]] and traveled to [[Los Angeles]] to see [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] in jail. She expressed suspicion about [[Leon Siff|Siff]] and his friends' involvement with the [[United States|American]] government, warning [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to be careful.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ Ann-Marie Murphy was the Irish girlfriend of [[Nezar Hindawi]]. She was unwittin
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The plot was foiled by [[Israel|Israeli]] security. Ann-Marie Murphy was interrogated by British security, where she revealed Hindawi's involvement. She later gave birth to their daughter in [[Ireland]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Business partner tasked by Rafi Eitan to receive the PROMIS software w
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[[Baldur K. Kleine|Kleine]] was tasked by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] to receive the [[PROMIS]] software, complete with its "trap door," from [[Earl Brian]] in Maitland. He then passed the program to [[Manfred Herrmann]] in [[Guatemala]], who, in conjunction with [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] [[Degem]], implemented it for intelligence purposes.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Colonel Baruch Bar Lev was a former Israeli military attaché in Ugand
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Colonel [[Baruch Bar Lev]] was a former [[Israel|Israeli]] military attaché in [[Uganda]]. He planned and led the military coup that installed [[Idi Amin]] as the self-proclaimed president of [[Uganda]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ relations:
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with: "[[Fulbright University Vietnam]]"
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role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
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start: 2016-05-16
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fn: 110
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fn: 114
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[United States Senate]]"
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start: 1989
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@ -93,16 +93,17 @@ relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Carmen Group]]"
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start: 2013-04
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fn: 108
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fn: 112
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
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role: "executive chairman, per a LinkedIn update to Epstein of August 12, 2013"
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start: 2013-08
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fn: 88
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with: "[[The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship]]"
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role: "executive chairman"
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start: 2013-01-14
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fn: 105
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
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role: "advisory board, per an undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files"
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fn: 49
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role: "advisory board"
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start: 2011
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fn: 105
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---
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Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (J. Robert Kerrey, born August 27, 1943[^1]) is a former [[United States Navy]] SEAL officer who served as [[Governor of Nebraska]] and as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from Nebraska, and who was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from January 2001 to December 2010.[^1][^2] He was vice chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and sat on the [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States]] from 2003 to 2004.[^3] He sat on the boards of [[Tenet Healthcare]], [[Genworth Financial]], [[Jones Apparel Group]] and, according to Tenet's 2001 proxy statement, the board of trustees of [[The Aerospace Corporation]].[^4]
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@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named.
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A list of invitees for a September 16 dinner that the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] sent [[Jeffrey Epstein]] on August 10, 2010 under the subject "Sept. 16 dinner" includes Kerrey and his wife.[^46]
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Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
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Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
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On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10.. does bob kerry know bill, how well, would he like to come", and Kosslyn returned an address for Kerrey.[^51] Epstein wrote to Kerrey the same day: "bob, do you know bill gates.? He will be at my house , and i wondered if you would like to stop by?" Kerrey answered the next morning: "I just picked this up. I flew to Dallas yesterday and then on to California. I won't return until next Thursday. Sorry. I do know Bill Gates; not well but we've met a few times. Invite me again! I enjoyed meeting and talking to you. Thanks." Epstein replied: "sorry , you would have made a positve difference in the conversation on education. I will return on the 19 th and 20th if you are free ,".[^52] On March 1 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Better email": "Jeff I respond faster to text. This is a better email." Epstein answered "great.. i will return to ny the 19th, but could speak on the phone before", and Kerrey wrote: "I head to Belize with my family on 3/17 and return on 3/24." He proposed meeting after his return.[^53] On March 12 Groff asked Epstein: "Did you want me to touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera Project and see if he might be free 19th, 20th?", and Epstein replied "ok".[^54] Kerrey wrote to Groff on March 13: "I am sorry (actually I am not sorry!) but I will be in Belize with my family next week. Please, tell Jeffrey thanks for the offer to get together again. I do look forward to continuing our conversations."[^55]
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@ -199,19 +200,25 @@ On September 15 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn, then dean of the Minerva School of Art
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On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey wrote on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^104] The Boris of the exchange is [[Boris Nikolic]], named in full in Epstein's first message.
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### The Minerva Institute
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Kerrey was named executive chairman of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship on January 14, 2013, when the company announced the Institute as a non-profit body to "reinforce Minerva's commitment to offer exceptional educational experiences to deserving students and enable the advancement of faculty research."[^105] The release describes Kerrey as "President Emeritus" of the New School, where he "served as president of the university from 2001 to 2010," and says that in 2011 he joined the Minerva Project's advisory board.[^105] Kerrey is quoted in the release: "I believe the Minerva Project is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^105] The same release names [[Larry Summers]] as "chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board" and states that Minerva "will not rely on the federal government for assistance."[^105]
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The company's release of April 4, 2012 had already listed Kerrey, "Formerly President of the New School, Senator and Governor of Nebraska, and Medal of Honor-winning Navy SEAL," on the advisory board with [[Patrick Harker]] and [[Lee Shulman]] under Summers as chairman, and quotes him: "I believe that it is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^106] On November 11, 2014 the Institute, "led by Executive Chairman Bob Kerrey," announced the appointment of [[Stacey Childress]] and [[Michael Horn]] to its board.[^107] Minerva's Institute page of 2021 lists Kerrey as chairman, and its 2023 Board of Trustees page lists him as chair emeritus; [[Yiming Zhang]] of [[ByteDance]] is listed as a board member on both.[^108] An undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files lists the advisory board as including Harker, Kerrey and Shulman.[^49]
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### Later career
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Kerrey served on the board of Tenet Healthcare from March 2001 to March 2012. Tenet's proxy statement of August 2001 lists him as a director on its ethics, quality and compliance and nominating committees and states that he sat on the boards of [[infoUSA]], class.com and the [[Concord Coalition]], and on the board of trustees of The Aerospace Corporation; the 2002 proxy adds Jones Apparel Group.[^4] Tenet announced his return on November 30, 2012, as an independent director on its audit and compensation committees. Its chief executive [[Trevor Fetter]] said: "His wisdom and insight have been invaluable to Tenet's board through the years."[^20]
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Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^105]
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Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^109]
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Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^106] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^107]
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Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^110] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^111]
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In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^108]
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In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^112]
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Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^109]
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Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^113]
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In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^110]
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In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^114]
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### Footnotes
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@ -319,9 +326,13 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
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[^102]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996897 and EFTA00704445, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
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[^103]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11; forwarded to Kosslyn, EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
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[^104]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf
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[^105]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
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[^106]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
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[^107]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
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[^108]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
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[^109]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
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[^110]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
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[^105]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
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[^106]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
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[^107]: Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, "Michael Horn and Stacey Childress Appointed to the Board of The Minerva Institute," November 11, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Institute_Board_Announcement.pdf
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[^108]: Minerva University, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2021, https://www.minerva.edu/institute-board-members/ ; "Board of Trustees," page captured October 1, 2023, https://www.minerva.edu/board-of-trustees/
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[^109]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
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[^110]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
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[^111]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
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[^112]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
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[^113]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
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[^114]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "American citizen jailed in Peru on charges of aiding the Shining Path
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[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] traveled to [[Cangallo]] and, after a series of events, secured [[Cynthia McNamara|McNamara's]] release from jail. She was released on August 22, 1988, and left [[Peru]] for [[Ireland]] the next day.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was found dead in his [[London]] apartment, with his death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia. However, [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play, noting the presence of [[Joe King]], a [[U.S. Customs|Customs]] officer, at his apartment shortly before his death and needle punctures on his elbow joint. Tapes of his phone calls to the [[United States|U.S.]] Attorney's office indicated a falling out with his controllers.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. consul general in Peru who enlisted Ari Ben-Menashe to secure the
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[[Donna Hamilton]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] consul general in [[Peru]]. She sought the help of [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in securing the release of [[Cynthia McNamara]], an [[United States|American]] citizen who had been rearrested in [[Peru]] on charges of aiding the [[Shining Path]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Annandale, Virginia"
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[[Fawn Hall]] was the secretary to [[Oliver North]] during the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. She is the daughter of [[Wilma Hall]], who was the secretary to [[Robert McFarlane]] at the [[National Security Council]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ Meir's leadership style and decisions also generated internal criticism within [
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] visited the plant and met [[Hans Mayers|M
|
|||
[[Hans Mayers|Mayers]] was later identified as one of the 19 individuals eliminated in late 1988 by [[Mossad]] hit squads, composed of unsuspecting Palestinians, as part of an [[Israel|Israeli]] operation to stop the flow of chemical weapons technology to [[Iraq]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ After the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration took office in 1981 and the ho
|
|||
[[Cyrus Hashemi|Cyrus]] was later used by [[Oliver North]] and [[United States|U.S.]] Customs in a sting operation to entrap individuals connected with [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence arms sales to [[Iran]]. [[Cyrus Hashemi|Cyrus]] was found dead in his [[London]] apartment, with his death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia, though [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that the Hunt
|
|||
[^3]: Hurt, Harry, III. *Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty from the Early Oil Days through the Silver Crash*. W.W. Norton, 1981, pp. 356-359.
|
||||
[^4]: Minpeco, S.A. v. Hunt, 718 F. Supp. 168 (S.D.N.Y. 1989).
|
||||
[^5]: McFadden, Robert D. "Nelson Bunker Hunt, 88, Oil Tycoon With a Texas-Size Presence, Dies," *The New York Times,* October 22, 2014.
|
||||
[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "Iranian Jewish arms dealer recruited by Mossad who coordinated the Oct
|
|||
[[Hushang Lavi|Lavi]] coordinated the details of the October 1980 [[Washington meeting (October, 1980)|Washington meeting]] between [[United States|American]] and [[Iran|Iranian]] officials, where [[Ahmed Omshei]] outlined the [[Israel|Israeli]] plan for hostage release. His work for the [[Israel|Israeli]] government ended in 1983 because he refused to heed warnings about his unauthorized moonlighting in arms with the [[Hashemi brothers]], among others.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "LAKAM representative in Washington D.C. who served as an intelligence
|
|||
[[Iris]] would receive requests for computer access codes for certain intelligence items from [[Rafael Eitan|Eitan]]. She would then pass these requests to [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]], who would provide her with the specified access codes. [[Iris]] would then give these codes to [[Jonathan Pollard|Pollard]], who would retrieve the information, photocopy it, and return the copies to [[Iris]]. This process was designed to distance [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] from [[Jonathan Pollard|Pollard]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "One of the Hashemi brothers, involved in secret arms sales to Iran and
|
|||
[[Jamshid Hashemi|Hashemi]] and his brothers made money selling small quantities of military equipment to [[Iran]]. He was later indicted under the [[Arms Export Control Act]] for illegal arms sales to [[Iran]], but escaped the [[United States|U.S.]] before apprehension. He subsequently agreed to become an informant for [[U.S. Customs|U.S. Customs]] against the [[Iran|Iranian]] exile community.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. Customs Service agent involved in the Hashemi sting operation tar
|
|||
[[Joe King|King]] and his partner, Romeo, contacted [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and contrived an illegal frame-up. [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was to be the bait and the trap, allowing his phone to be tapped and himself to be wired. [[Joe King|King]] was also present at [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi's]] [[London]] apartment shortly before [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was found dead, a death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia, though [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "London-based arms dealer who ran Dynavest Limited, supplying weapons f
|
|||
[[John Knight|Knight]] was familiar to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] and his associates, having worked with the [[Anthony Pearson|Tony Pearson]]-[[Nicholas Davies|Nick Davies]] group since the late 1970s. He was also mentioned as a supplier of equipment to [[Iraq]] directly from [[Britain]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Undercover U.S. Customs agent who operated under alias 'Lettner' in a
|
|||
[[John Lisica|Lisica]] met with [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] at [[Kennedy Airport]] as part of this operation, attempting to entice him into agreeing to an illegal sale of C-130 aircraft to [[Iran]]. The conversations were taped, and these tapes later became a central piece of evidence in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ In July 1966, [[Khatoun]] took [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari]] and his sisters, Claris,
|
|||
During [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari's]] imprisonment, [[Khatoun]] was the only family member who did not abandon him, despite being hassled and threatened by the [[Israel|Israeli]] government.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Lawyer from the Legal Aid Society of New York who visited Ari Ben-Mena
|
|||
[[Leonard Joy]] was a lawyer from the [[Legal Aid Society of New York]]. He visited [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in jail after a bail hearing and offered his services "on the house" to plead [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] guilty and get him a deal to return to [[Israel]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Herrmann was recruited to represent [[Ora Group|Ora]], an [[Israel|Israeli]] arm
|
|||
Herrmann's Sedra company, in conjunction with [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] [[Degem]], played a key role in implementing [[PROMIS]] in [[Guatemala]]. This involved setting up terminals in offices, railway stations, airports, and even remote roadblocks, as part of a system to track suspected dissidents. This venture was a major success from an intelligence perspective, enabling the tracking of individuals even under false names.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Meir Meir]] was the chief of the External Relations Department (ERD) o
|
|||
He also sent [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] with [[David Kimche]] on the [[Mossad]] budget, as [[David Kimche|Kimche]] needed an [[Iran|Iranian]] affairs briefer for a secret operation to supply [[Iran]] with small arms and spare parts.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Large amounts of money from the arms sales to [[Iran]] were funneled through [[U
|
|||
In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] decided to withdraw its funds from Drexel, a decision that contributed to Milken's growing troubles and ultimately to the fall of Drexel Burnham.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Khameneh, Iran"
|
|||
[[Mir Hossein Mousavi]] was the Prime Minister of [[Iran]]. He had close ties with [[Manuchehr Ghorbanifar]], an [[Iran|Iranian]] businessman and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. [[Mir Hossein Mousavi|Mousavi]] was aligned with [[Mohsen Rafiqdoost]], the minister for the [[Iranian Revolution]], and tried to open the second channel for arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In late 1985, [[Mohammed Jalali|Jalali]] was part of a faction within the [[Iran
|
|||
[[Mohammed Jalali|Jalali]] is mentioned as being retired and living in [[Iran]] with a second home in [[London]] as of 1992.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
|
|||
[[Mohammed Mossadegh|Mossadegh]] was overthrown in 1953, and [[Kermit Roosevelt]] and [[Miles Copeland]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] helped restore the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] to power. [[Mehdi Bazargan]], the first prime minister appointed by [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini's]] revolutionary government, was a supporter of [[Mohammed Mossadegh|Mossadegh]] and a member of the National Front.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Major [[Moshe Hebroni]] was the chief of staff for the director of [[Mossad]], [
|
|||
[[Moshe Hebroni|Hebroni]] later worked for the [[Jewish Agency]] and was an unofficial adviser to [[Yitzhak Shamir]] after leaving [[Mossad]] in 1989. He confirmed [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] access to highly sensitive intelligence material.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Hindawi was instructed to ensure his pregnant Irish girlfriend, Ann-Marie Murphy
|
|||
The plot was foiled by [[Israel|Israeli]] security, who were aware of the operation. Hindawi was arrested and subsequently jailed for 45 years. His actions led to [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] government closing down the [[Syrian Embassy in London|Syrian Embassy]] in London.
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Pesah Melowany]] was an officer in the [[Israel|Israeli Defense Forces
|
|||
This letter was later introduced as evidence during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial to counter the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's claim that he was merely a low-level translator.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Iranian arms dealer and one of the Hashemi brothers involved in secret
|
|||
[[Reza Hashemi|Hashemi]] was arrested after his brothers, [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and [[Jamshid Hashemi]], were tipped off about their indictment under the [[Arms Export Control Act]] for illegal arms sales to [[Iran]]. He became a hostage himself, which pressured his elder brothers to negotiate with [[U.S. Customs|U.S. Customs]] to become informants.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ Hersh's book, along with [[Gary Sick|Gary Sick's]] *October Surprise*, quoted [[
|
|||
[[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell]] and the [[Mirror Newspaper Group]] sued [[Seymour Hersh|Hersh]] and his publishers over the allegations in *The [[Samson Option]]*. However, some of the critical denials in the *Mirror* articles were shown to be false, and [[Seymour Hersh|Hersh]] and his publishers filed a countersuit against [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell]], [[Nicholas Davies]], and the [[Mirror Newspaper Group]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,86 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Shimon Lavie
|
||||
- שמעון לביא
|
||||
category: "Military"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Military
|
||||
- Israel
|
||||
summary: "Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee was the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of the Israel Defense Forces/Military Intelligence."
|
||||
- SouthAfrica
|
||||
- SIMWA
|
||||
- MilitaryIntelligence
|
||||
- AriBenMenashe
|
||||
summary: "Ari Ben-Menashe names Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee as head of an Israeli military intelligence branch and as preparer of the Israeli text of the SIMWA agreement with South Africa."
|
||||
location: "Israel"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Special Assistance Branch (SIM)]]"
|
||||
role: "branch head, External Relations Department, Israel Defense Forces Military Intelligence (per Ben-Menashe, undated)"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)]]"
|
||||
role: "officer, External Relations Department (per Ben-Menashe)"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[SIMWA]]"
|
||||
start: 1978
|
||||
end: 1980
|
||||
role: "prepared the Israeli version of the agreement (per Ben-Menashe)"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Lieutenant Colonel [[Shimon Lavee]] was the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of the [[Israel]]/Military Intelligence. He was responsible for preparing the [[Israel|Israeli]] version of the [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]].[^1]
|
||||
Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee is named by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in the 1992 memoir [[Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe|Profits of War]] as the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Israel Defense Forces Military Intelligence]]. Ben-Menashe also credits him with preparing the Israeli version of the [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### The External Relations Department
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe described the External Relations Department as having four branches when he joined it in 1977. He named the first as the Special Assistance Branch (SIM), "through which special military assistance was to be given to other countries and various 'liberation movements.'"[^1] According to his account, the [[Mossad]] department that had handled external military assistance became "a liaison department between foreign countries and SIM."[^1] The second branch was R, which handled intelligence exchange with foreign services. The Mossad had a parallel branch, [[Tevel]], which after R gained prominence found itself playing a liaison role to R.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe names the chief of External Relations in 1977 as Col. [[Meir Meir]], who interviewed him that year.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The SIMWA negotiation
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe's account of the agreement begins in 1978, when [[Menachem Begin]] sent his defense minister, [[Ezer Weizman]], to [[Pretoria]]. He wrote that [[P.W. Botha]] pushed for a wartime alliance "as the price for continuing nuclear tests," and that "to Begin's dismay, Weizman agreed with Botha." After Weizman reported back, Begin relented. In Ben-Menashe's words: "It took two years to work out the military cooperation agreement."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
He wrote that the agreement "was drawn up in the special assistance branch of the External Relations Department of the Israel Defense Forces/Military Intelligence" and was "referred to as SIMWA, an acronym for the SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement, drawn up between the South African Defense Force and the Israel Defense Forces." He then wrote: "The Israeli version was prepared by the branch head, Lt. Col. Shimon Lavee."[^3] The provisions he described were that either party, if at war or in military operations and short of matériel, could request supplies from the other's stockpiles, and that the deputy chiefs of general staff would meet once a year, alternately in Israel and South Africa.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe placed the 1978 and 1979 sale of 175mm artillery "that could carry small nuclear devices" beside a South African agreement to invest in Israel's nuclear program and to allow Israeli tests in the Indian Ocean without South African supervision. He wrote that in 1979 Israel carried out a number of such tests, "one of which was detected by satellite because its big flash occurred during a break in the otherwise cloudy weather." He wrote that the South Africans denied the flash was theirs, that the Israeli government "has refused to comment on this test," and that Israel "did, however, issue a blanket denial" of [[Seymour Hersh]]'s book [[The Samson Option]], which asserts that the 1979 flash was an Israeli atomic device.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 22, 1979, at 00:53 UTC, the U.S. satellite [[VELA Satellite|Vela 6911]] detected a double flash of light.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1975 documents
|
||||
|
||||
In May 2010 the [[The Guardian|Guardian]] reporter [[Chris McGreal]] reported "top secret" minutes of 1975 meetings between senior officials of the two countries. According to the article, P.W. Botha, then South Africa's defense minister, asked for warheads, and [[Shimon Peres]], then Israel's defense minister, responded by offering them "in three sizes." The article states that the documents show the two sides met on March 31, 1975, and quotes [[Sasha Polakow-Suransky]], the author of [[The Unspoken Alliance]], that at those talks Israeli officials "formally offered to sell South Africa some of the nuclear-capable Jericho missiles in its arsenal." It reports that Peres and Botha met in Zurich on June 4, 1975, by which time the [[Jericho I]] project had the codename Chalet, and that the minutes record: "Minister Botha expressed interest in a limited number of units of Chalet subject to the correct payload being available." The minutes then record: "Minister Peres said the correct payload was available in three sizes."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The article reports that the former South African naval commander [[Dieter Gerhardt]], jailed in 1983 for spying for the Soviet Union, said after his release that an agreement between Israel and South Africa called Chalet involved an offer to arm eight Jericho missiles with "special warheads," which Gerhardt said were atomic bombs. It also reports Polakow-Suransky's statement that the Israeli defense ministry tried to block his access to the Secment agreement.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The South African History Archive holds documents released under South Africa's access-to-information law. Among them is a memorandum dated March 21, 1975, from the Chief of the Defence Staff to the Chief of the [[South African Defense Force]] on Israel's Jericho weapon system, which the Department of Defence declassified in September 2003. The same archive holds an agreement it dates to March 30, 1975, signed by Botha and Peres, with a clause stating that "the very existence of this agreement" was to remain secret.[^6] The [[Mail & Guardian]] article describes the memorandum of Lt. Gen. R. F. Armstrong as dated the same day as the March 31 meeting. It also reports that a covert agreement governing the military alliance known as Secment had been signed some weeks before Peres's offer, and quotes it: "It is hereby expressly agreed that the very existence of this agreement … shall be secret and shall not be disclosed by either party."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The office of President Shimon Peres responded that "there exists no basis in reality for the claims published this morning by the Guardian," that "Israel has never negotiated the exchange of nuclear weapons with South Africa," and that "there exists no Israeli document or Israeli signature on a document that such negotiations took place." It said the paper had based the piece on "selective interpretation of South African documents and not on concrete facts."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Shimon Levinson (Lavi)
|
||||
|
||||
[[Shimon Levinson]] (שמעון לוינזון, also written לביא, Lavi) was an Israeli reserve colonel who was convicted of spying for the [[KGB]]. The [[Shin Bet]] disclosure of November 2009 was reported in Hebrew by [[Kikar HaShabbat]] under the headline "30 שנה אחרי": "ביולי 1973 חזר לשירות קבע בצה"ל ושירת כקצין קישור לאו"ם בדרגת אל"מ עד אוגוסט 1978" ("In July 1973 he returned to regular service in the IDF and served as a UN liaison officer at the rank of colonel until August 1978"). The report gives his birth as 1933 in Jerusalem and his enlistment as 1950, and lists service as a clerk on the Israel-Jordan Armistice Commission, in the IDF attache office in Turkey ("בנספחות צה"ל בתורכיה"), and as head of a documentation section in Military Intelligence collection ("ראש מדור תיעוד באמ"ן איסוף"). The Shin Bet recruited him in 1963, and in 1965 he transferred at his own request to the Mossad, where he worked on reliability checks until March 1967.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
After commanding the Israeli UN liaison unit until 1970, the report says he returned to the Mossad: "ל"מוסד" לאגף קשרי חוץ, בו שימש, במשך שנתיים, בתפקיד ראש שלוחה בחו"ל" ("to the Mossad's Foreign Relations Division, where he served for two years as head of a branch abroad"). He was recalled over a security incident for which he was responsible and was then special assistant to the head of the Mossad's Special Relations Department until 1973. [[Haaretz]], summarizing the same disclosure, gives the Mossad posting as head of the Mossad's Tevel station in [[Ethiopia]], in charge of Israel's secret military aid to the army of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] against Eritrean rebels.[^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
The Kikar report states that he used his United Nations connections to be appointed in 1979 to lead the anti-drug effort in [[Thailand]], a post he held until June 1983. It dates his April 1983 approach to the Soviet embassy in [[Bangkok]], where he offered his services to the Russians ("והציע את שירותיו לרוסים"), and states that the KGB ran him until his arrest in May 1991. The Mossad rejected him in 1984, and in May 1985 he became chief security officer of the Prime Minister's Office, leaving in December. He was lured back from abroad and arrested at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] in May 1991: "נחקר, הודה מיד במיוחס לו, נשפט, ונדון ל-12 שנות מאסר" ("he was interrogated, immediately confessed, was tried and sentenced to 12 years in prison"). The Shin Bet account puts the payments from the KGB at $31,000 over seven years and says he shared a cell with [[Marcus Klingberg]] and was released in 1999.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
Haaretz reported that the Prime Minister's Office appointment was made by [[Avraham Tamir]], then director general of the office, and that those who recommended Levinson included then prime minister Shimon Peres. It reported that his arrest followed information that reached the Mossad from a foreign source, that the investigation was code-named Eshel Hamidbar, and that [[Ariel Sharon]] and [[Rafi Eitan]], whom Haaretz described as a close relative of Levinson, testified on his behalf at trial.[^9] The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reported on September 9, 1993 that a district court had the previous week sentenced Levinson, 60, a colonel in the Israeli reserves, to 12 years for "serious espionage" for the former Soviet Union in a trial that began in May 1991. It stated that he left the IDF in 1983 and then joined the United Nations staff in Bangkok, whereas Kikar and Haaretz give his retirement from the IDF as 1978.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
None of these reports places Levinson in the IDF External Relations Department or names him in a branch called SIM; they give his IDF post from 1973 to 1978 as UN liaison officer and place his Mossad foreign-relations posting between 1970 and 1973. Ben-Menashe gives Lavee the rank of lieutenant colonel and dates the SIMWA drafting to the two years after 1978, and the reports give Levinson the rank of colonel and place him in Thailand from 1979. No source located establishes whether Levinson is the Shimon Lavee named by Ben-Menashe, and none connects Levinson to South Africa.[^3][^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015, p. 26 (the External Relations Department, the Special Assistance Branch (SIM), the Mossad department and Tevel). Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
|
||||
[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, end of chapter 2 and chapter 3, "Love in the Time of Revolution" (interview with "the chief of External Relations, Col. Meir Meir," May 1977); TrineDay reprint index, "Meir, Meir, 37, 38, 53." Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
|
||||
[^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, TrineDay reprint, pp. 209-210 (index: "SIMWA, (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement), 209-10"; "Lavee, Shimon, 210"). Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
|
||||
[^4]: Christopher M. Wright and Lars-Erik De Geer, "The 22 September 1979 Vela Incident: The Detected Double-Flash," *Science & Global Security*, vol. 25, no. 3 (2017), pp. 95-124. "On 22 September 1979, at 00:53 UTC, U.S. satellite Vela 6911 detected a double-flash." https://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs25wright.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (reprinted from guardian.co.uk). https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
|
||||
[^6]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa - Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010. Documents held in SAHA Collection AL2878 (Freedom of Information Programme Collection), items A3.1.1 (memorandum, March 21, 1975, declassified by the Department of Defence, September 2003) and A3.2.1 (agreement dated March 30, 1975, signed by P.W. Botha and Shimon Peres). https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
|
||||
[^7]: "Israel denies 'nuclear exchange' talks with SA," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (AFP), statement from the office of President Shimon Peres. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-israel-denies-nuclear-exchange-talks-with-sa/
|
||||
[^8]: Yoni Gabbai, "30 שנה אחרי: מיוחד: המרגל הדתי שהפיל את ישראל," *Kikar HaShabbat*, November 9, 2009 (reporting the Shin Bet's disclosure). https://www.kikar.co.il/security-news/19477
|
||||
[^9]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
|
||||
[^10]: "Israeli Officer Gets 12 Years for Spying for Soviet Union," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 9, 1993. https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-officer-gets-12-years-for-spying-for-soviet-union
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
83
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Levinson.md
Normal file
83
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Levinson.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Shimon Lavi
|
||||
- Shimon Levinzon
|
||||
- שמעון לוינזון
|
||||
- שמעון לביא
|
||||
category: "Intelligence & Government"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Israel
|
||||
- Espionage
|
||||
- KGB
|
||||
- Mossad
|
||||
- ShinBet
|
||||
- MilitaryIntelligence
|
||||
summary: "Shimon Levinson (also Lavi), an Israeli reserve colonel and former Shin Bet and Mossad officer, was arrested in May 1991 and sentenced to 12 years for spying for the KGB since 1983."
|
||||
location: "Israel"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Shin Bet]]"
|
||||
start: 1963
|
||||
end: 1965
|
||||
role: "head of security vetting team, Jerusalem"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Mossad]]"
|
||||
start: 1965
|
||||
end: 1973
|
||||
role: "reliability checks; later Foreign Relations Division (Tevel) station head abroad; special assistant in the Special Relations Department"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[United Nations]]"
|
||||
start: 1979
|
||||
end: 1983
|
||||
role: "head of anti-drug effort, Thailand"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: informant_for
|
||||
with: "[[KGB]]"
|
||||
start: 1983
|
||||
end: 1991
|
||||
role: "agent run from Bangkok approach to arrest"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: relative_of
|
||||
with: "[[Rafi Eitan]]"
|
||||
role: "described by Haaretz as a close relative"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Shimon Levinson (שמעון לוינזון, also written לביא, Lavi) was an Israeli reserve colonel, born in Jerusalem in 1933, who served in Military Intelligence, the [[Shin Bet]] and the [[Mossad]] and was convicted of spying for the [[KGB]]. The Shin Bet published its account of the case in November 2009.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Military and intelligence career
|
||||
|
||||
Levinson enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces in 1950. The Shin Bet account lists service as a clerk on the Israel-Jordan Armistice Commission, in the IDF attache office in Turkey, again on the Armistice Commission from 1960 as coordinator between Military Intelligence and the Jordanian army, and as head of a documentation section in Military Intelligence collection. He left regular service over lack of promotion, was general manager of the Government Company for Medals and Coins for about a year, and resigned under pressure after filing a false complaint of corruption in the company.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Shin Bet recruited him in 1963 to lead a security vetting team in Jerusalem. In 1965 he transferred at his own request to the Mossad, where he did reliability checks until March 1967. After the Armistice Commission was abolished in July 1967 he joined the Israeli liaison apparatus to the [[United Nations]] and commanded the UN liaison unit until 1970.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
He then returned to the Mossad's Foreign Relations Division and for two years headed a branch abroad. [[Haaretz]] gives the posting as head of the Mossad's Tevel station in [[Ethiopia]], in charge of the secret military aid Israel gave the army of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] against Eritrean rebels. He was recalled over a security incident and served as special assistant to the head of the Mossad's Special Relations Department until 1973.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
In July 1973 he returned to regular IDF service as a UN liaison officer with the rank of colonel, and retired in August 1978. Haaretz attributes the retirement to his frustration at the refusal of chief of staff [[Rafael Eitan]] to promote him further.[^1][^2] The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reported in 1993 that he left the IDF in 1983.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### United Nations in Thailand and the KGB
|
||||
|
||||
In 1979 he was appointed through his UN connections to lead the anti-drug effort in [[Thailand]], a post he held until June 1983.[^1] In April 1983 he entered the Soviet embassy in [[Bangkok]] and offered his services. The Shin Bet account says the KGB recruited and ran him until his arrest in May 1991, through meetings in Europe and Moscow, secret writing, radio broadcasts and dead drops. He said in interrogation that financial difficulty motivated him, and that he received $31,000 over seven years from the KGB.[^1][^2] The Mossad rejected his 1984 application to return.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
In May 1985 the director general of the Prime Minister's Office, [[Avraham Tamir]], appointed him chief security officer of the Prime Minister's Office; Haaretz reported that [[Shimon Peres]], then prime minister, was among those who recommended him. He left in December 1985 after criticism of his performance.[^1][^2] The Shin Bet account lists as material passed to the KGB the structure and unit heads of the Israeli intelligence community (Military Intelligence, Mossad, Shin Bet, the police special operations unit and [[Nativ]]), the structure of the Prime Minister's Office, Foreign Ministry documents, and the names and roles of American intelligence officers in contact with Israeli intelligence.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Arrest, trial and release
|
||||
|
||||
Levinson was lured back from abroad and arrested at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] in May 1991. Haaretz reported that the arrest followed information that reached the Mossad from a foreign source, passed by Mossad director [[Shabtai Shavit]] to Shin Bet director [[Jacob Perry]], and that the investigation was code-named Eshel Hamidbar.[^2] The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported on September 9, 1993 that a district court had the previous week sentenced Levinson, 60, to 12 years for "serious espionage," in a trial that began in May 1991 and from which details were withheld from publication.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
According to Haaretz, [[Ariel Sharon]] and Rafi Eitan testified on his behalf at trial. The Shin Bet account says he shared a cell with [[Marcus Klingberg]] and was released in 1999 after a third of his sentence was deducted; his wife divorced him and he was expelled from the retired officers' association. Haaretz reported that he moved to Thailand in 2003 and worked there as an agricultural consultant.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Name Lavi and Ben-Menashe's Lt. Col. Shimon Lavee
|
||||
|
||||
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] names a Lt. Col. [[Shimon Lavee]] as head of the Special Assistance Branch of the IDF Military Intelligence External Relations Department who prepared the Israeli text of the [[SIMWA]] agreement with South Africa. The sources on Levinson do not place him in the External Relations Department or in a branch named SIM, give his rank as colonel, and place him in Thailand from 1979. No source located establishes whether he is the Shimon Lavee named by Ben-Menashe.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Yoni Gabbai, "30 שנה אחרי: מיוחד: המרגל הדתי שהפיל את ישראל," *Kikar HaShabbat*, November 9, 2009 (reporting the Shin Bet's disclosure). https://www.kikar.co.il/security-news/19477
|
||||
[^2]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
|
||||
[^3]: "Israeli Officer Gets 12 Years for Spying for Soviet Union," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 9, 1993. https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-officer-gets-12-years-for-spying-for-soviet-union
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Israeli civilian cryptographer and head of the Iranian desk in Unit 82
|
|||
[[Shulamit Ingerman|Ingerman]] introduced [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to the [[Iran|Iranian]] team of six within [[Unit 8200]]. She was called by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] when he successfully broke the [[Iran|Iranian]] diplomatic code. She later intervened to obtain a pardon for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] after he was court-martialed for insubordination by [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Sasson Yishaek]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ tags:
|
|||
summary: "Gambino Crime Family associate who lent $50,000 to Dr. John Philip Nichols to start the Cabazon Casino."
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
[[Tommy Marson]] was a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate. He was observed by the Indio Police Department in August 1981 meeting with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the Cabazon Administrator, and other [[La Cosa Nostra]] underworld figures. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that these meetings involved financial transactions. Marson reportedly lent [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] $50,000 to start the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]], the first Indian card room in the nation.[^1]
|
||||
[[Tommy Marson]] was a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate. He was observed by the Indio Police Department in August 1981 meeting with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the Cabazon Administrator, and other [[La Cosa Nostra]] underworld figures. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that these meetings involved financial transactions. The [[Miami Herald]] reported in May 1983 that Marson's wife loaned $50,000 to [[John Paul Nichols]] in November 1980 to help finance the Cabazon casino.[^1] In 1985 John Paul Nichols said that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife, and that Marson had no dealings with the tribe.[^2] Seymour wrote that Marson lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the card room on the Cabazon Indian Reservation, which she described as the first Indian card room in the nation.[^3] The Miami Herald series described Marson as a close associate of major organized crime figures who had spent five years in federal prison on a counterfeiting conviction in 1950.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^1]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^2]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Secretary to Robert McFarlane at the NSC and mother of Fawn Hall who h
|
|||
[[Wilma Hall|Hall]] assisted [[William Odom|Gen. William Odom]] in proving that [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] was an [[Israel|Israeli]] mole working for [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]]. She did this by taping a phone conversation between [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] and [[Rafael Eitan|Eitan]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Lipno, Poland"
|
|||
Meridor became embroiled in a scandal when he, along with [[Joe Peeples]] and a Romanian expatriate, attempted to sell a theoretically feasible but practically impossible solar energy system to the [[Hunt brothers]] of [[Texas]] for $2 million. He also sought a huge loan from the [[Israel|Israeli]] Treasury for this project, publicly announcing it on TV. However, a scientist from the [[Weizmann Institute]] exposed the scheme as a fraud, leading to Meridor losing his job as a cabinet minister and his credibility. His [[Transkei]] operations were also affected, which opened the door for [[Robert Maxwell]] to take over [[Degem]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Brody, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)"
|
|||
As a result of the commission's findings, [[Yehoshua Sagi|Maj. Gen. Sagi]] was removed from office, and [[Ariel Sharon]] was forced to resign as Defense Minister.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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