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@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] traveled to [[Peru]] on a secret mission for [[Yitz
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[[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] was, according to rumors recounted by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], dead of cancer in 1990, but he continued to lead the [[Shining Path]]. He was captured in 1992 and was imprisoned.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ After BCCI's closure in July 1991, a British judge, on the application of the ba
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality" (quoting "Abu Nidal's Terror Network," U.S. Department of State, July 1987). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm
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[^3]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
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[^4]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 16, "BCCI and Georgia Politicians." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/16ga.htm
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@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "In late 1985, Ari Ben-Menashe approached Sanders to purchase cluster b
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In late 1985, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] approached Sanders to purchase cluster bombs for [[Israel]]. Sanders made it clear that the sale of cluster bombs to [[Israel]] was prohibited by the [[United States|U.S.]]. However, he introduced Ben-Menashe to [[Richard Babayan]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contract agent with close contacts with [[Carlos Cardoen|Cardoen]], indicating that Cardoen would sell the bombs to [[Israel]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]
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[[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]] was aware of a plotted coup against him by [[Andres Rodriguez|Gen. Andres Rodriguez]], supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. Despite his efforts to neutralize Rodriguez, the coup took place on February 2, 1989, leading to Stroessner's overthrow. He had promised [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] that the [[Carlos Cardoen|Cardoen]] plant would be closed, and had received small arms from [[Israel]] as part of the agreement.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ In May 1986, [[Oliver North|North]], [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]], and Nir tra
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[[Amiram Nir|Nir]] was due to be a major witness in [[Oliver North|North's]] trial and knew a great deal about [[Ihsan Barbouti|Barbouti's]] chemical operation in [[Miami]]. He was killed in a plane crash in [[Mexico]] in November 1988, an event that [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence believed was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to prevent his testimony from embarrassing [[Shimon Peres|Peres]], [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], or [[George H.W. Bush|Bush]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ location: "San Salvador de Guairá, Paraguay"
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After the coup, [[Andres Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] became the President of [[Paraguay]] and continued to rule the country with the blessing of the [[United States|U.S.]] government. He stepped down in August 1993 and died in 1997.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Pearson recruited [[Nicholas Davies]], the London *[[Daily Mirror]]* foreign edi
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In 1978, Pearson offered Radi a £200,000 loan, making it clear the money came from an Israeli source, and recruited him to work for an antiterrorist group in Israel run by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ He was informed by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] about [[Israel|Israel's]] attitu
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[[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] and [[Menachem Begin]] later developed a face-saving formula over the Palestinian issue, leading to the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]]. [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] was primarily interested in regaining the [[Sinai Desert|Sinai]] for [[Egypt]] and was not keen on the [[Gaza Strip]] due to its large Palestinian population.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Arieh Shur]] was an officer in the [[Israel|Israeli Defense Forces]]'
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This letter was later introduced as evidence during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial to counter the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's claim that he was merely a low-level translator.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence
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[^13]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 18/12943 (2017), motion on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/18/129/1812943.pdf
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[^14]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 11/1409 (1987), minor interpellation of the Green Party group on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/11/014/1101409.pdf
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[^15]: Auswärtiges Amt, "'Colonia Dignidad': Bilanzbericht der Gemeinsamen Kommission," September 21, 2021 (German; paraphrased), including the account of Steinmeier's April 2016 statement. https://auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/chile-node/bilanzbericht-colonia-dignidad/2483426
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[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^17]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
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[^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^19]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel; "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a
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@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ summary: "Spokesman and national security adviser to Israeli PM Yitzhak Shamir,
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[[Avi Pazner|Pazner]] was hounded by the press about the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's lies regarding [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] employment. He was also involved in the decision to transfer [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] money, which was under [[Israel|Israeli]] control, to the [[East Bloc]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ Sella, who retired from the air force in disillusionment and disappointment, rem
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Leader of LEHI (Stern Gang), a Jewish terrorist group known for its an
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His successor in leadership was [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,40 +13,47 @@ relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]]"
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role: "tribal administrator"
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fn: 2
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fn: 1
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]"
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role: "Cabazon side of the 1981 joint venture"
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start: 1981-04
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fn: 2
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fn: 1
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- type: relative_of
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with: "[[John Paul Nichols]]"
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role: "father"
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fn: 1
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fn: 9
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created: 2025-08-05
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updated: 2026-09-22
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updated: 2026-10-09
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---
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John Philip Nichols, a non-Indian, was the tribal administrator of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] at Indio, California, under Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]], and managed the tribe's business affairs; in the early 1980s the only building on the reservation was a casino.[^2]
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John Philip Nichols, a non-Indian, was the tribal administrator of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] at Indio, California, under Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]], and managed the tribe's business affairs; in the early 1980s the only building on the reservation was a casino.[^1]
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Nichols told Los Angeles Magazine in September 1983 that a friend referred the tribe to the baseball manager [[Leo Durocher]] for help setting up the cardroom, that Durocher "brought in a guy named Rocco Zangari," and that the tribe eventually fired him.[^2] The California Attorney General's office paper states that Nichols hired [[Rocco Zangari]], a Southern California organized crime figure, to operate the cardroom, and that Zangari and Nichols accused each other of financial wrongdoing.[^3] The 1988 Press-Enterprise reports that Nichols (the article does not specify which) said he had admitted a mistake in hiring Zangari as the first manager.[^4]
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### The Wackenhut Joint Venture
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In April 1981 the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] entered into a joint venture with the Cabazon Security Corporation, signed by [[Robert Frye]] for Wackenhut and Welmas for the tribe's company; its stated primary purpose was to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts." Early on Nichols wanted the joint venture to sell night-vision equipment, and it pursued sales to representatives of Guatemala and Honduras; as far as the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s special counsel could tell, no sales were made. The venture also pursued the manufacture of combustible cartridge cases with [[Peter Zokosky]] of Armtec Defense Products, which took people from the joint venture to Picatinny Arsenal in 1981.[^2] Investigating [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s claims for the Justice Department between 1991 and 1993, Special Counsel [[Nicholas Bua]] found that any business relationship Riconosciuto had was with Nichols or the Cabazons rather than with Wackenhut, and that no witness could "even corroborate that Riconosciuto had access to computer equipment while on the Cabazon reservation."[^2]
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In April 1981 the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] entered into a joint venture with the Cabazon Security Corporation, signed by [[Robert Frye]] for Wackenhut and Welmas for the tribe's company; its stated primary purpose was to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts." Early on Nichols wanted the joint venture to sell night-vision equipment, and it pursued sales to representatives of Guatemala and Honduras; as far as the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s special counsel could tell, no sales were made. The venture also pursued the manufacture of combustible cartridge cases with [[Peter Zokosky]] of Armtec Defense Products, which took people from the joint venture to Picatinny Arsenal in 1981.[^1] Investigating [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s claims for the Justice Department between 1991 and 1993, Special Counsel [[Nicholas Bua]] found that any business relationship Riconosciuto had was with Nichols or the Cabazons rather than with Wackenhut, and that no witness could "even corroborate that Riconosciuto had access to computer equipment while on the Cabazon reservation."[^1]
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### Arrest and Conviction
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The Indio police arrested Nichols in January 1985 on charges of soliciting murder; a contemporaneous clipping in his [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] file described him as in state prison for diagnostic evaluation "on two counts of murder solicitation," and the FBI recorded that he had been convicted and was serving his sentence. The same file preserves a 1985 report that the California State Board of Equalization was seeking about 2 million dollars in cigarette taxes from Nichols and his son, [[John Paul Nichols]], over a reservation smoke shop run until 1980.[^3]
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The Indio police arrested Nichols in January 1985 on charges of soliciting murder; an April 1985 clipping in his [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] file described him as in state prison for diagnostic evaluation to help decide his sentence "on two counts of murder solicitation," and a later 1985 clipping reported that he was sentenced to four years in prison after pleading no contest to charges that he arranged contract murders for two people, in a plot authorities said was unrelated to tribal business.[^5] A paper submitted to a February 8, 1989 Senate hearing by the California Attorney General's office states that he pleaded no contest in May 1985 to two charges of solicitation for murder, that the intended victims were undercover Indio police officers, and that he was sentenced to four years.[^3] The FBI recorded that he had been convicted and was serving his sentence.[^6] The same file preserves a 1985 report that the California State Board of Equalization was seeking about 2 million dollars in cigarette taxes from Nichols and his son, [[John Paul Nichols]], over a reservation smoke shop run until 1980.[^7]
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### The Alvarez Murders
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On July 1, 1981, Tribal Vice Chairman [[Fred Alvarez]], 32, his friend [[Ralph Boger]], 42, and [[Patricia Castro]], 44, were found shot to death at 35040 Bob Hope Drive in Rancho Mirage. A grand jury in the mid-1980s brought no charges. After new documents surfaced in 2007, the former Cabazon security chief [[Jimmy Hughes]] was arrested at Miami International Airport on September 26, 2009, on his way to Honduras, and charged with conspiring with three other men to commit the murders to keep Alvarez from exposing alleged illegal activities by Nichols. On July 1, 2010, after Deputy Attorney General Mike Murphy said prosecutors had "lost confidence to proceed," Judge Dale R. Wells dismissed the charges. No one has been convicted of the murders.[^4]
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On July 1, 1981, Tribal Vice Chairman [[Fred Alvarez]], 32, his friend [[Ralph Boger]], 42, and [[Patricia Castro]], 44, were found shot to death at 35040 Bob Hope Drive in Rancho Mirage. The California Attorney General's office paper submitted to the Senate Special Committee on Investigations in February 1989 states that Alvarez and two others were found dead on July 2, 1981, shot in the head the evening before.[^3] A grand jury in the mid-1980s brought no charges. After new documents surfaced in 2007, the former Cabazon security chief [[Jimmy Hughes]] was arrested at Miami International Airport on September 26, 2009, on his way to Honduras, and charged with conspiring with three other men to commit the murders to keep Alvarez from exposing alleged illegal activities by Nichols. On July 1, 2010, after Deputy Attorney General Mike Murphy said prosecutors had "lost confidence to proceed," Judge Dale R. Wells dismissed the charges. No one has been convicted of the murders.[^8]
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### Arms, the Mob and the Alibi
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[[Michael Riconosciuto]] described Nichols as a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the joint venture was formalized on April 1, 1981, as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," to manufacture arms and explosives for export under the reservation's sovereign status, with a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance, and that it proposed 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, portable rockets and biological weapons; that Nichols introduced Riconosciuto to Frye, and that Riconosciuto did a railgun exercise for [[Dr. Harry Fair]] at Picatinny; and that the murder solicitation involved five intended victims and drugs and that Nichols served 18 months, his son acting as administrator. Seymour also wrote that he had done business in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Panama]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], the [[Netherlands]], [[England]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Taiwan]], had managed a Coca-Cola bottling plant in São Paulo in 1960 and led in the Chilean Pentecostal movement, had written himself a ten-year contract with the tribe in 1978 for half the profits of any business he brought in, and had proposed security for [[Crown Prince Fahd]]'s palace, and that Indio police surveillance in August 1981 observed him with [[Tommy Marson]], [[Vincent Caci Bologna]], [[Anthony Fratianno]] and [[Daniel Magano]]. Zokosky's timeline placed Nichols in Canada with him from June 22 to June 30, 1981, which [[John Belton]] said had been arranged as an alibi. Hughes said he had been told in Nichols's presence to take 5,000 dollars as partial payment for the Alvarez killings, and that the tribe's gambling enterprises were fronts for government-sanctioned covert military activity. Riconosciuto said Nichols's office was broken into to retrieve [[Phyllis Riconosciuto]]'s diary with passwords for [[Tyme Shares]], and that Nichols and Zokosky blamed him for the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^1]
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Michael Riconosciuto described Nichols as a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the joint venture was formalized on April 1, 1981, as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," to manufacture arms and explosives for export under the reservation's sovereign status, with a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance, and that it proposed 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, portable rockets and biological weapons; that Nichols introduced Riconosciuto to Frye, and that Riconosciuto did a railgun exercise for [[Dr. Harry Fair]] at Picatinny; and that the murder solicitation involved five intended victims and drugs and that Nichols served 18 months, his son acting as administrator. Seymour also wrote that he had done business in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Panama]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], the [[Netherlands]], [[England]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Taiwan]], had managed a Coca-Cola bottling plant in São Paulo in 1960 and led in the Chilean Pentecostal movement, had written himself a ten-year contract with the tribe in 1978 for half the profits of any business he brought in, and had proposed security for [[Crown Prince Fahd]]'s palace, and that Indio police surveillance in August 1981 observed him with [[Tommy Marson]], [[Vincent Caci Bologna]], [[Anthony Fratianno]] and [[Daniel Magano]]. Zokosky's timeline placed Nichols in Canada with him from June 22 to June 30, 1981, which [[John Belton]] said had been arranged as an alibi. Hughes said he had been told in Nichols's presence to take 5,000 dollars as partial payment for the Alvarez killings, and that the tribe's gambling enterprises were fronts for government-sanctioned covert military activity. Riconosciuto said Nichols's office was broken into to retrieve [[Phyllis Riconosciuto]]'s diary with passwords for [[Tyme Shares]], and that Nichols and Zokosky blamed him for the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^9]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The CIA claim is not supported by his FBI file. The venture's name and date are corrected by the special counsel's report, and the book dates the murders to June 29, 1981. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 54-64.
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[^3]: Federal Bureau of Investigation. File on John Philip Nichols, FOIPA Request No. 1344360-000, files 183A-LA-1746 and 198D-LA-96, released August 3, 2016. https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^4]: "Only On 3: 'Octopus Murder' Suspect Caught On Hidden Camera." KESQ, September 29, 2009, https://kesq.com/news/2009/09/29/only-on-3-octopus-murder-suspect-caught-on-hidden-camera/ ; "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/
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[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 54-64.
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[^2]: *Los Angeles Magazine*, September 1983, pp. 126 ff. Reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^3]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2 (February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989), Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 417 to 419. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
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[^4]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^5]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), April 17, 1985 ("Court ruling may ...") and 1985 article "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^6]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, memorandum, "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," November 5, 1986, reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation. File on John Philip Nichols, FOIPA Request No. 1344360-000, files 183A-LA-1746 and 198D-LA-96, released August 3, 2016. https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^8]: "Only On 3: 'Octopus Murder' Suspect Caught On Hidden Camera." KESQ, September 29, 2009, https://kesq.com/news/2009/09/29/only-on-3-octopus-murder-suspect-caught-on-hidden-camera/ ; "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/
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[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The CIA claim is not supported by his FBI file. The venture's name and date are corrected by the special counsel's report, and the book dates the murders to June 29, 1981.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ died: 1992
|
|||
[[Herbert Alwyn Smith|Smith]] died in March 1992, purportedly of a heart attack, ten days after leaving [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,163 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Ian Michael Henry Smart
|
||||
- I. M. H. Smart
|
||||
- Ian M. H. Smart
|
||||
category: "Intelligence & Government"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Nuclear
|
||||
- Diplomat
|
||||
- Dimona
|
||||
- Israel
|
||||
summary: "Ian Smart was a young British diplomat who served as third secretary of the British embassy in Tel Aviv in the late 1950s."
|
||||
- UnitedKingdom
|
||||
- NuclearProliferation
|
||||
- IISS
|
||||
- ChathamHouse
|
||||
- Energy
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
summary: "Ian Michael Henry Smart was a British diplomat, third secretary in Tel Aviv from 1958 to 1961, who told Hersh he reported the Dimona reactor, and later served at the IISS and Chatham House."
|
||||
born: 1935
|
||||
died: 2008
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Foreign Office]]"
|
||||
role: "Diplomatic Service officer; third secretary, Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961; first secretary, Washington, 1966 to 1969"
|
||||
start: 1958-10-06
|
||||
end: 1969
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]"
|
||||
role: "assistant director, 1969 to 1973; seconded from the Foreign Office in 1965"
|
||||
start: 1969
|
||||
end: 1973
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Royal Institute of International Affairs]]"
|
||||
role: "deputy director and director of studies"
|
||||
start: 1974
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Ian Smart Ltd]]"
|
||||
role: "chairman"
|
||||
start: 1982
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Imperial War Museum Trading Company]]"
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 1999-03-08
|
||||
end: 2000-07-31
|
||||
fn: 45
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Atlantic Institute for International Affairs]]"
|
||||
role: "contributor, Energy and the Power of Nations, in Global Insecurity, 1982"
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
---
|
||||
Ian Smart was a young British diplomat who served as third secretary of the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] in the late 1950s. He later became an international expert in nonproliferation. During his time in [[Israel]], he became curious and suspicious about the activities at [[Dimona]]. By the end of 1960, he was reporting his "suspicion" that the site looked like a nuclear reactor, prompted by its visible progress and the palpable French presence in [[Beersheba]].[^1]
|
||||
Ian Michael Henry Smart (February 28, 1935 to August 30, 2008) was a British [[Foreign Office]] diplomat who served as third secretary at the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] from October 1958 to January 1961.[^1][^2] He told [[Seymour Hersh]] in an interview in New York on July 23, 1989, for [[The Samson Option (GFE)|The Samson Option]], that in his last year there he was reporting a suspicion that the construction at [[Dimona]] looked like a nuclear reactor.[^3] He was assistant director of the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] from 1969 to 1973, then deputy director and director of studies of the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]], and published on nuclear weapons and energy policy.[^4][^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Foreign Office career
|
||||
|
||||
Smart served with [[British Armed Forces|H.M. Forces]] from 1956 to 1958.[^6] He was appointed a member of the Foreign Service on October 6, 1958, and went to Tel Aviv on October 28, 1958.[^1] He was third secretary at the Tel Aviv embassy under the ambassador, [[Francis Rundall]].[^2] He was transferred to the Foreign Office in January 1961 and promoted second secretary on February 28, 1962.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
From 1962 to 1964 he was private secretary to the parliamentary under-secretary of state, first [[Peter Smithers]] and then [[Robert Mathew]], who succeeded Smithers in that post.[^8] From 1964 to 1965 he was private secretary to the minister of state for foreign affairs; the 1965 list names the minister as [[George Thomson]].[^8] He was promoted first secretary in 1965 and seconded to the International Institute for Strategic Studies that year.[^6] In 1966 he became first secretary at the British embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]], and he was still there in 1967.[^9] He resigned from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 "on approved employment."[^10] He married in 1964.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961
|
||||
|
||||
As the pace and intensity of construction grew, [[Beersheba]] "inevitably became an international city," Hersh wrote. "The French presence was palpable, as upward of 2,500 French men, women, and children made their life in the Negev." Hersh also wrote that the top scientists were provided with double pay and subsidized seven-room apartments in Beersheba, which those who stayed long enough were eventually given.[^12] Foreign diplomats and military attachés in Tel Aviv reported on these matters, Hersh wrote. "There were constantly recurring rumors of the bomb," but the cover stories, "usually revolving around seawater desalinization or agricultural research, somehow held."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
Hersh described Smart as a young diplomat on his first foreign assignment, as third secretary of his country's "small embassy in Tel Aviv." Hersh wrote that Smart "would go on to become an international expert in nonproliferation," and that in those years he "was merely curious" and suspicious.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
Smart recalled that there was "a lot of talk by the end of 1960 about Dimona," prompted "for one thing, by the sheer progress of the site. It was already very apparent on the skyline. And from the road you could see the cooling tower base of the [reactor] dome and the beginning of the rib structure." The second cause was the French presence in Beersheba, where, in his words, "There was an apartment block they used with a lot of Renault Dauphins about ... all carrying French registration."[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
Hersh wrote that the Israeli government, when officially asked about activity at Dimona, gave the British embassy a series of explanations. Smart recalled that one early claim was that the area was a desert grasslands research institute. He heard a second while driving with a group of Israeli Defense Force troops in the Negev. When he pointed out the cooling tower, an officer replied, "Ah yes. That's the new manganese-processing plant."[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
Smart told Hersh that throughout the last year of his posting he was "reporting the 'suspicion' that this looked like a nuclear reactor. But how do you get more than a suspicion without putting a U-2 over it?"[^13] Hersh added, in his own narration, that the Eisenhower administration, "as Smart could not know," was in its third year of U-2 overflights of Dimona by 1960.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### Dimona in the official record
|
||||
|
||||
The draft post-mortem on the intelligence community's failure to recognize the reactor, dated January 1961, records that on May 25, 1959 the United States naval attaché in Tel Aviv reported a British source as saying that the resignation of General [[Dan Tolkowsky]] on April 26, 1959 was due to his opposition to the atomic weapons effort of [[Shimon Peres]]. The attaché was unable to confirm the account.[^14] The post-mortem states that "collaboration with the French on this project had been initiated by 1957."[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 5, 1959, an official of the [[Norwegian Foreign Ministry]], [[Olaf Solli]], told [[William M. Fullerton]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] that an agreement between Norway and Israel, considered "Secret" by both governments, provided for safeguards and inspection rights in connection with the sale of heavy water from [[NORATOM]] to Israel.[^16] The post-mortem records that the State Department and the Atomic Energy Commission had the information in July 1959, and that it was not disseminated to the intelligence community until December 13, 1960.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The Fullerton memorandum records that Solli said "appropriate U.K. officials had been informed of the agreement with Israel and wished also to inform the U.S. Government." It states that NORATOM "purchased heavy water from the U.K. (which had originally been sold to the U.K. by Noratom)" and "shipped the heavy water from the U.S." so that no Norwegian export license was needed.[^16] Cohen and Burr describe the route differently: the heavy water "was shipped directly from the UK to Israel," with NORATOM as the seller.[^18] Cohen and Burr also write that London ultimately did not share the information with Washington, citing British press reports of 2005 and 2006 based on newly declassified British archives.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The post-mortem's chronology lists a British Joint Intelligence Committee statement on the atomic energy site near Beersheba, transmitted from London in a document dated October 27, 1960, and a "British photograph" of the site, its source given as "UK," acquired on August 30, 1960 and available to the [[Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee]] on November 8, 1960.[^20] The paragraph on the cables states that the United Kingdom believed a reactor was under construction near Beersheba, and that ground photography of the possible site "was received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November."[^20] The unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 says that the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv forwarded on August 2, 1960 a report from a U.S. nuclear engineer that the Israelis were constructing a major reactor with French assistance, and that "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels." That information resulted in a statement of the committee on December 7, 1960.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
Paragraph 38 of the post-mortem states that information received from the United Kingdom in the first week of December 1960 through atomic energy intelligence liaison channels "revealed to the JAEIC members for the first time that Norway had furnished about 20 tons of heavy water to Israel in 1959 and 1960." The same paragraph records that the Department of State asked the U.S. Embassy in Oslo on December 12, 1960 for further information on the agreement, and that the embassy reported on December 22 and 30 on its status and on Norway's reluctance to exercise its inspection safeguards.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
The National Archives at Kew catalogues Foreign Office files on Israel's atomic energy programme for these years: FO 371/142379, "Research into atomic energy in Israel" (1959); FO 371/149586, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel" (1960); and FO 371/157284 to FO 371/157286, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel" (1961). The Prime Minister's file PREM 11/3399 is titled "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert" (1960 to 1961).[^23][^24] None of these files is digitised.[^23] Smart's posting ran from October 1958 to January 1961, which covers the 1959 and 1960 entries.[^1][^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later career and publications
|
||||
|
||||
[[Geoffrey Kemp]] places Smart in the spring of 1969 as "then based in Washington" in the introduction to his Adelphi Paper 106.[^25] Smart was assistant director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1969 to 1973.[^4] The Institute published his [[Adelphi Papers]] no. 63, Advanced Strategic Missiles, in 1969, a 31-page study.[^26] Adelphi Paper no. 78, Future Conditional, appeared in 1971 with 45 pages.[^27] The series also includes, under his name, an item titled "I. Introduction" in its August 1971 issue and a report titled "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies" in December 1973.[^28] With Geoffrey Kemp he wrote "SALT and European Nuclear Forces" for the 1973 volume SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s, and he wrote "Perspectives from Europe" for SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond (1974).[^29] With A. N. Oppenheim he wrote the chapter "The British diplomat" in The Management of Britain's External Relations (1973), edited by Robert Boardman and A. J. R. Groom.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
In August 1974 [[The New York Times]] printed an article by Smart on the effect of the Cyprus crisis on [[NATO]], which identified him as "deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reproduced the article in its internal clipping publication News, Views and Issues, no. 12, dated August 23, 1974.[^31] The authors of a 1975 study by the Royal Institute of International Affairs thanked "Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House," for comments on their drafts, and a 1976 volume on oil describes him as "deputy director and director of studies" of the Institute.[^5] The Royal Institute's 1977 book The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent, number 1 in its British Foreign Policy to 1985 series, ran to 82 pages.[^32] His article of the same title appeared in the International Institute for Strategic Studies journal [[Survival]] in January 1978 (volume 20, issue 1, pages 21 to 24).[^33] A memorandum submitted by Smart appears in the sixth report of the [[House of Commons]] Expenditure Committee for the 1978-79 session on the future of the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons policy, and the report lists him with [[Lawrence Freedman]] as a witness on January 23, 1979.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
[[HM Stationery Office]] published Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 1980 as Energy Paper 43, 77 pages.[^35] [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] published World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence, edited by Smart, in 1982.[^36] Global Insecurity (1982), developed from a research project sponsored by the [[Atlantic Institute for International Affairs]] and published by [[Houghton Mifflin]], names [[Daniel Yergin]] and [[Martin Joseph Hillenbrand]] among its creators and includes the chapter "Energy and the power of nations" by Ian Smart. Its contributor note describes him as "an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and as formerly deputy director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.[^37] A second 1982 volume lists him as "now a consultant," and a third states that he "was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities."[^38] His essay "A Defective Dream," on the Atoms for Peace policy, appears in a 1985 volume whose editor describes him as "an international energy policy expert."[^39] Volume two of Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991) credits Smart with a contribution in chapter 1.[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
Articles under the name Ian Smart appear in [[Energy Policy]] from 1984 to 1986, including "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations" (1984) and "World uranium market" (1985). They appear in [[International Affairs]] in 1975 and 1989, including "Nuclear Proliferation Problems" (1975) and "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics" (1989), and in [[Nature]] in 1980, with "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate." Records found do not establish whether these items are by the diplomat; their subjects match his other work.[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Canadian Institute of International Affairs]] published International Terrorism in 1987 and The World in Flux in 1990, the latter as volume 48, number 1 of its Behind the Headlines series.[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
### Death and obituary
|
||||
|
||||
[[The Times]] published an obituary headlined "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy" in September 2008.[^43] A London Gazette notice of November 27, 2008 gives his date of death as August 30, 2008, his last address as [[Leominster]], and his occupation as "Diplomat (Retired)."[^44] Between March 8, 1999 and July 31, 2000 an Ian Michael Henry Smart, born February 1935 and living at Leominster, was a director of the Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
### Same-name records
|
||||
|
||||
A second Foreign Office officer, [[Alexander Basil Peter Smart]], was a first secretary in 1967. Records found do not establish any connection between him and Ian Michael Henry Smart.[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
A different Ian Smart, born 1944, wrote on Caribbean literature, including a 1990 study of the poet [[Nicolás Guillén]]. Records found do not establish any connection to this page.[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
A 1975 volume, The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas, was published by [[Universitetsforlaget]] under the names of [[Martin Sæter]] and Ian Smart, under the auspices of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Its subject matches the energy work above, and records found do not establish whether the co-author is the diplomat.[^48]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 5.
|
||||
[^1]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1960, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": appointed a member of the Foreign Service October 6, 1958; transferred to Tel Aviv October 28, 1958. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1960
|
||||
[^2]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1959, Tel Aviv embassy staff list: Ambassador Sir Francis Rundall; "3rd Secretary I. M. H. Smart." https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1959
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapter 5, "Internal Wars," notes, p. 325: "Ian Smart was interviewed in New York on July 23, 1989. He was then living in London."
|
||||
[^4]: *Nuclear Non-Proliferation: An Agenda for the 1990s*, 1987, contributors: "Ian Smart Assistant Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969-73" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearnonprolif0000unse_n6w3); *SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s*, 1973, contributors: "Ian Smart is Assistant Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies" (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte). The Diplomatic Service List 1970 records his resignation from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 (note 10).
|
||||
[^5]: Connelly and Perlman, *The Politics of Scarcity: Resource Conflicts in International Relations*, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Oxford University Press, 1975, preface: "commentary on our final drafts by Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House" (https://archive.org/details/politicsofscarci00conn); *Oil, the Arab-Israel Dispute, and the Industrial World: Horizons of Crisis*, 1976, contributors: "IAN SMART, deputy director and director of studies, the Royal Institute of International Affairs" (https://archive.org/details/oilarabisraeldis0000unse); *The Finnish Dilemma*, 1976, acknowledgments: "Ian Smart, Deputy Director and Director of Studies of the Institute" (https://archive.org/details/finnishdilemmane0000maud); Kevin P. Cummings, *The New British Deterrent*, Naval Postgraduate School thesis, October 1982: "In October 1977, Ian Smart, then Deputy Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House)" (https://archive.org/details/newbritishdeterr00cumm); *Africa South of the Sahara 1978-79*, Royal Institute of International Affairs entry: "Dir. of Studies IAN SMART."
|
||||
[^6]: Diplomatic Service List 1966, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": H.M. Forces 1956-58; Third Secretary Tel Aviv 1958-61; Foreign Office 1961; Private Secretary to Parliamentary Under-Secretary 1962-64; seconded to the Institute for Strategic Studies 1965; First Secretary 1965. https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1966
|
||||
[^7]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": transferred to the Foreign Office January 1961; promoted Second Secretary February 28, 1962. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963
|
||||
[^8]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963 ("Peter Smithers, v.R.D., M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"); 1964 ("Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Robert Mathew, M.P." followed by "Private I. M. H. Smart"; the 1964 list records Mathew as succeeding Smithers); 1965 ("George Thomson, M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"). https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1964 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965
|
||||
[^9]: Diplomatic Service List 1967, Washington mission staff under Ambassador Sir Patrick Dean: "First Secretary: I. M. H. Smart"; biographical entry "First Secretary Washington since 1966." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967
|
||||
[^10]: Diplomatic Service List 1970, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": "First Secretary; Resigned 1969 (on approved employment)." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1970
|
||||
[^11]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1965, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": born February 28, 1935; married 1964. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965
|
||||
[^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," pp. 62 to 63 (the Beersheba passage, the French presence, the apartments, the reports of diplomats and attachés in Tel Aviv, and the cover stories).
|
||||
[^13]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," p. 63 (Smart's account; quotations from Smart; the Israeli officer's reply; the Eisenhower passage and the description of Smart as "an international expert in nonproliferation" are Hersh's narration). Smart's remarks come from the interview cited in note 3.
|
||||
[^14]: Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, April 15, 2015, Document 27A, "Post-Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60," draft for USIB approval, January 1961, paragraph 22 (British source reported by the U.S. naval attaché in Tel Aviv, May 25, 1959). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 3 (French collaboration "initiated by 1957"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
|
||||
[^16]: Fullerton, William M., memorandum, "Conversation of June 5, 1959," June 9, 1959, SECRET, pages 1 and 2 (Atomic Energy Commission, Division of International Affairs; reproduced in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 2A). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%202A.pdf
|
||||
[^17]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 23 and paragraph 38 (information of July 1959 at the Department of State and the AEC, "paragraph 23 above"); chronology table, item 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Cohen and Burr, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, introduction: "The heavy water was shipped directly from the UK to Israel, without safeguards"; "In June 1959 Israel and Norway signed a secret agreement"; "on 25 February 1959 the two countries exchanged documents on the heavy water sale"; main text: the 20 tons Norway sold to Israel "upon an agreement signed in Oslo on 25 February 1959"; Olaf Solli on British officials wishing to "inform" Washington. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
|
||||
[^19]: Press items cited in the briefing book's introduction, note 13: BBC News, "UK Helped Israel Get Nuclear Bomb," August 4, 2005; David Leigh, "US kept in the dark as secret nuclear deal was struck," The Guardian, August 3, 2005; "Britain's dirty secret: Exclusive: Secret papers show how Britain helped Israel make the A-bomb in the 1960s," The New Statesman, March 13, 2006; Foreign Office statement, March 9, 2006, BBC Two. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
|
||||
[^20]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), chronology table, item 8 ("British photograph received," source "UK," acquired 30 Aug, available to the committee 8 Nov), preceded by item 6 ("Transmittal of JIC (British) statement on AE site near Beersheba," document of 27 Oct) and item 7 ("British information on photograph," 3 Nov); paragraph 29 (cables from CIA/London dated October 27 and November 3, 1960, received November 2 and 3, 1960; ground photography "received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
|
||||
[^21]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), page 8, unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 (U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv dispatch of August 2, 1960; "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels"; JAEIC statement of December 7, 1960).
|
||||
[^22]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 38 (information from the United Kingdom, first week of December 1960; Department of State request to the U.S. Embassy Oslo, December 12, 1960; embassy reports of December 22 and 30, 1960).
|
||||
[^23]: The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: FO 371/142379 (reference C2899837, 1959, "Research into atomic energy in Israel. Code VR file 1241"); FO 371/149586 (C2907053, 1960, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel"); FO 371/157284 to 157286 (C2914746 to C2914748, 1961, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2907053
|
||||
[^24]: The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: PREM 11/3399 (reference C2040226, 1960 to 1961, "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2040226
|
||||
[^25]: Kemp, Geoffrey, *Nuclear Forces for Medium Powers: Part I: Targets and Weapons*, Adelphi Papers no. 106, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1974, introduction: "the Spring of 1969. At that time the author and Ian Smart, who was then based in Washington, began to sketch". https://archive.org/details/nuclearforcesfor0000kemp
|
||||
[^26]: Smart, Ian, *Advanced Strategic Missiles*, Adelphi Papers no. 63, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969, 31 pp. Open Library work OL6183778W. Crossref record for the Adelphi item, "Advanced strategic missiles: A short guide: Introduction," December 1969, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679326908448148
|
||||
[^27]: Smart, Ian, *Future Conditional*, Adelphi Papers no. 78, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1971, 45 pp., ISBN 0900492317. Open Library work OL6183779W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183779W
|
||||
[^28]: Crossref records, The Adelphi Papers: "I. Introduction," vol. 11, issue 78, August 1971, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327108457220; "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies: Report to the conference," vol. 13, issue 102, December 1973, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327308457258. Author string "Ian Smart."
|
||||
[^29]: *SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s*, 1973, contents: Geoffrey Kemp and Ian Smart, "SALT and European Nuclear Forces," p. 199 (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte); *SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond*, 1974, contents: Part 3, chapter 7, "Perspectives from Europe," Ian Smart, p. 185 (https://archive.org/details/saltmoscowagreem0000will).
|
||||
[^30]: Boardman, Robert, and A. J. R. Groom, eds., *The Management of Britain's External Relations*, 1973, chapter 3, "The British diplomat," A. N. Oppenheim and Ian Smart; contributors list "Ian Smart, International Institute for Strategic Studies." https://archive.org/details/managementofbrit0000boar
|
||||
[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, *News, Views and Issues*, no. 12, August 23, 1974, CREST document CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0, reproducing an article by Ian Smart from The New York Times of August 1974 ("Not for the first time, Cyprus has opened a rift in the NATO ..."); the closing line reads "Ian Smart is deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0
|
||||
[^32]: Smart, Ian, *The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent*, British Foreign Policy to 1985, no. 1, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1977, 82 pp., ISBN 0905031024. Open Library work OL6183780W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183780W
|
||||
[^33]: Smart, Ian, "The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent," *Survival*, vol. 20, no. 1, January 1978, pp. 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396337808441724
|
||||
[^34]: House of Commons, Expenditure Committee, *The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Weapons Policy*, sixth report, session 1978-79: list of witnesses ("Tuesday 23 January 1979 Mr Ian Smart and Mr Lawrence Freedman"); memorandum submitted by Mr Ian Smart; reference to *Strategic Issues*, by Ian Smart, Royal Institute of International Affairs (1977). https://archive.org/details/futureofunitedki0000grea
|
||||
[^35]: Smart, Ian, *Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle*, Energy Paper no. 43, H.M. Stationery Office, 1980, 77 pp., ISBN 0114107998. Open Library work OL6183783W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183783W
|
||||
[^36]: Smart, Ian, *World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence*, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Internet Archive record worldnuclearener00smar (creator "Smart, Ian"). https://archive.org/details/worldnuclearener00smar
|
||||
[^37]: *Global Insecurity: A Strategy for Energy and Economic Renewal*, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, "developed from a research project sponsored by the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs"; creators Yergin, Daniel, and Hillenbrand, Martin Joseph, 1915-; contents include "Energy and the power of nations / by Ian Smart"; contributors: "Ian Smart is an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and "Ian Smart, formerly deputy director of the Royal [Institute of International Affairs]." Internet Archive record globalinsecurity00ldpo. https://archive.org/details/globalinsecurity00ldpo
|
||||
[^38]: *The Arms Race in the 1980s*, 1982, contributors: "Ian Smart (British) is now a consultant" (https://archive.org/details/armsracein1980s0000unse); *Nuclear Power in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Decision Making*, 1982, chapter 2, "The Consideration of Nuclear Power," Ian Smart; contributors: "Ian Smart was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearpowerinde0000unse).
|
||||
[^39]: *Atoms for Peace: An Analysis after Thirty Years*, 1985, chapter 7, Ian Smart, "A Defective Dream"; editor's introduction: "Among such critics, Ian Smart, an international energy policy expert". https://archive.org/details/atomsforpeaceana00pila_0
|
||||
[^40]: *Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect, Volume Two: Country Studies and Technical Options*, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Dartmouth, 1991, preface: "particular contributions to Volume 2 have been made by Ian Smart (Chapter 1)".
|
||||
[^41]: Crossref records under the author string "Ian Smart": *Energy Policy*, 1984, "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(84)90180-0; *Energy Policy*, 1985, "World uranium market," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90166-1; *International Affairs*, 1975, "Nuclear Proliferation Problems," https://doi.org/10.2307/2616939; *International Affairs*, 1989, "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics," https://doi.org/10.2307/2622602; *Nature*, 1980, "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate," https://doi.org/10.1038/286643a0.
|
||||
[^42]: Open Library records: *International Terrorism*, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1987 (OL6183781W); *The World in Flux*, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Behind the Headlines, vol. 48, no. 1, 1990 (OL18063312M).
|
||||
[^43]: "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy," *The Times*, obituary, September 23, 2008.
|
||||
[^44]: The London Gazette, issue 58895, November 27, 2008, page 18578, deceased estates notice L-58895-843: "Smart, Ian Michael Henry," date of death 30 August 2008, last address Leominster, the county printed as Hertfordshire (the Companies House record for the same name and address gives Herefordshire, note on the Imperial War Museum Trading Company), occupation "Diplomat (Retired)." https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58895/page/18578
|
||||
[^45]: Companies House, officer record "Ian Michael Henry SMART," born February 1935, one appointment: director, Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited (03719634), appointed March 8, 1999, resigned July 31, 2000, nationality British; correspondence address in Leominster, Herefordshire. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/0Q0PziJrvmaSybGliDITrhOyUJg/appointments
|
||||
[^46]: Diplomatic Service List 1967, entry "SMART (Alexander) (Basil) Peter; First Secretary." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967
|
||||
[^47]: Internet Archive catalogue record nicolsguillnpopu00smar, *Nicolás Guillén, popular poet of the Caribbean*, 1990, creator "Smart, Ian, 1944-." https://archive.org/details/nicolsguillnpopu00smar
|
||||
[^48]: Open Library work OL22492294W, *The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas*, Universitetsforlaget, 1975, authors Martin Sæter and Ian Smart. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22492294W
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Tehran contact for the Hashemi brothers, head of the Dervish movement,
|
|||
[[Iran Najd Rankuni|Rankuni]] was connected with the [[Iranian Revolution]]. However, he did not have direct access to the Supreme Council, which actually called the shots in [[Iran]], and therefore could not set up a serious dialogue between the [[United States|Americans]] and the [[Iran|Iranians]] for the release of the hostages.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ summary: "Texan businessman who devised a fraudulent solar energy scheme with Ya
|
|||
[[Joe Peeples]] was a Texan businessman who, along with [[Yaacov Meridor]] and a Romanian expatriate, devised a scheme to sell a theoretically feasible but practically impossible solar energy system to the [[Hunt brothers]] of [[Texas]] for $2 million. Peeples was unable to return the $2 million to the Hunts and was subsequently jailed for fraud.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,11 +10,19 @@ summary: "John Paul Nichols was the 'Project Manager' for the Cabazon/Wackenhut
|
|||
|
||||
John Paul Nichols was the "Project Manager" for the Cabazon/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture, also known as [[Cabazon Arms]]. On April 4, 1983, he wrote a letter to the Army Discharge Review Board asking for [[Jimmy Hughes]]' military record, as Hughes required security clearances to work in the Joint Venture. He stated that Hughes had been instrumental in developing their reservation security force and providing training, and was becoming involved in matters requiring security clearances for government contracts.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Chapter 11 petition filed for the Cabazon Indian Casino on December 10, 1981 was signed by John Paul Nichols as "Project Manager." A January 1988 article gives the casino's debts as $567,577 owed to 45 creditors, against assets of $123,859.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
John Paul Nichols was also involved in the Cabazon Indian Reservation and [[Indio Bingo Palace]]. He made a $30,000 withdrawal from the Bingo Palace's account by check payable to cash. He also wrote a letter to [[Wayne Reeder]] and his attorney, reminding Reeder of an agreement to "get rid" of Jimmy Hughes so Hughes couldn't expose Dr. John Philip Nichols' illegal activities.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Tommy Marson]], a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate, reportedly lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the Cabazon Casino, according to John Paul Nichols.[^1]
|
||||
The [[Miami Herald]] reported in May 1983 that [[Tommy Marson]]'s wife had loaned $50,000 to John Paul Nichols in November 1980 to help finance the casino.[^3] In 1985 John Paul Nichols told the Riverside newspaper that Marson had no dealings with the tribe, and that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife.[^4] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Marson, a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate, lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the Cabazon Casino, according to John Paul Nichols.[^1] The Press-Enterprise reported on February 9, 1989 that, according to the California Attorney General's office, John Paul Nichols had admitted receiving a $50,000 loan from Marson.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1985 John Paul Nichols said that when tribal leaders learned of alleged organized crime ties of the former cardroom manager [[Rocco Zangari]], "he was fired," and that the tribe banned the organized crime figures from the reservation.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols; and *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
|
||||
[^3]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^4]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^5]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 9, 1989, p. A-1, "Cabazon bingo casino listed as Mafia-tied." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ Sella has given friends and colleagues an account of his involvement that is mor
|
|||
[[Leonard Garment]], hired by [[Israel]] to represent Sella, attempted to resolve the affair. He was pressured by a six-man Israeli delegation, including [[Chaim Joseph Zadok]], [[Meir Rosenne]], [[Elyakim Rubinstein]], [[Ram Caspi]], [[Avraham Shalom]], and [[Hanan Bar-on]], to file a factual proffer that downplayed Sella's involvement. Garment eventually withdrew from the case, stating he was unsure whether his client was Sella or the Israeli government. With his withdrawal, the Israeli government ended its attempt to protect Sella, effectively ending Sella's career.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21, 22.
|
||||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Colonel [[Jose Rodriguez]] was a pilot in [[Paraguay]], serving as the pilot for
|
|||
[[Jose Rodriguez|Colonel Rodriguez]] flew [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to the plant in a two-man [[Bell helicopter]], and was instructed to allow Ben-Menashe to go wherever he wished. He claimed to only know what he was told about the plant's operations, stating it produced insecticides, despite the strong sulfur smell. He remained silent when questioned about the true nature of the manufactured product.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ summary: "In April 1989, O'Toole was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to
|
|||
In April 1989, [[Joseph O'Toole|O'Toole]] was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]], but it was ultimately cut out. [[Joseph O'Toole|O'Toole]] was later indicted for conspiracy to sell C-130s to [[Iran]] in violation of the [[United States|U.S.]] Arms Export Control Act, though his case was severed from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] at their request, as he had cooperated with the government in setting up [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Buenos Aires, Argentina"
|
|||
[[Kermit Roosevelt]] was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer who, along with [[Miles Copeland]], helped the [[Iran|Iranian]] military restore the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] of [[Iran]] to power in 1953. This occurred after the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] had been overthrown by [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] during the turmoil that followed the nationalization of [[Iran|Iranian]] oil.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,8 +53,13 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Elisa New]]"
|
||||
role: "husband"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
|
||||
role: "chairman, advisory board"
|
||||
start: 2012-04-04
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
created: 2026-09-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Lawrence H. Summers (born November 30, 1954, in [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]) is an American economist who served as [[United States Department of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under [[Bill Clinton]] from 1999 to 2001 and as president of [[Harvard University]] from 2001 to 2006.[^1] In 2003, during his presidency, Harvard established the [[Program for Evolutionary Dynamics]] with a 6.5 million dollar gift from [[Jeffrey Epstein]], the largest Epstein gift Harvard received.[^2] Emails released by the [[House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House Oversight Committee]] in November 2025 showed Summers seeking Epstein's advice on his pursuit of a woman who regarded him as a mentor, in messages running until the day before Epstein's July 2019 arrest. Within three weeks Summers had resigned from the board of [[OpenAI]], taken leave from his Harvard center, and been banned for life by the [[American Economic Association]].[^1][^3]
|
||||
|
|
@ -69,13 +74,17 @@ Harvard had courted Epstein as a donor from 1992 and received his first gift in
|
|||
|
||||
Press reports at the time described the gift as part of a 30 million dollar pledge; Harvard's 2020 review "found no Harvard record of such a pledge."[^2] Epstein's own foundation website was still claiming in 2020 that he had established the program "with a $35 million gift."[^2] Harvard stopped accepting Epstein's gifts under Summers's successor, [[Drew Faust]], no later than November 2008.[^2] The review found that Epstein kept a keycard, a passcode, and an office at the program's building into 2018, visiting more than forty times after his 2008 conviction.[^2] Epstein used the suite for dinner parties organized by Nowak's assistants, among them the celebration of Summers's sixtieth birthday.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Minerva advisory board
|
||||
|
||||
On April 4, 2012 the [[Minerva Project]], a for-profit education company founded by [[Ben Nelson]], announced that Summers had joined as "Chairman of Advisory Board" in the same release that announced a $25 million seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]]. Summers is quoted: "I was excited by Ben Nelson's bold vision for Minerva" and "am proud to be a part of it."[^5] The company's release of January 14, 2013, which announced [[Bob Kerrey]] as executive chairman of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, describes Summers as "Former Harvard University President" who "serves as chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board," and its release of March 12, 2013 naming [[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]] Founding Dean quotes Summers as "chairman of the Minerva Project Advisory Board."[^6][^7] An undated company overview in the Epstein files gives the same description and lists the other members as [[Patrick Harker]], Bob Kerrey and [[Lee Shulman]].[^8] On July 26, 2013 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project" that "now I see your buddy summers on it."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 2014 Philanthropy Contact
|
||||
|
||||
Epstein's calendars show Summers meeting him more than a dozen times between 2013 and 2016, in the years after Harvard had stopped accepting Epstein's money; a Summers spokesperson said in 2023 that he "deeply regrets being in contact with Epstein."[^5] The *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 reporting on Epstein's calendars recorded that in April 2014 Summers sought Epstein's advice on small-scale philanthropy, to help raise one million dollars for an online poetry project developed by his wife, the Harvard literature professor [[Elisa New]].[^5] New later emailed Epstein herself, including a 2015 message thanking him for arranging financial support for the poetry project she directs.[^1] On November 17, 2014, six years after Harvard stopped taking his gifts, Epstein wrote to Summers: "harvard ok with donation?"[^6]
|
||||
Epstein's calendars show Summers meeting him more than a dozen times between 2013 and 2016, in the years after Harvard had stopped accepting Epstein's money; a Summers spokesperson said in 2023 that he "deeply regrets being in contact with Epstein."[^10] The *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 reporting on Epstein's calendars recorded that in April 2014 Summers sought Epstein's advice on small-scale philanthropy, to help raise one million dollars for an online poetry project developed by his wife, the Harvard literature professor [[Elisa New]].[^10] New later emailed Epstein herself, including a 2015 message thanking him for arranging financial support for the poetry project she directs.[^1] On November 17, 2014, six years after Harvard stopped taking his gifts, Epstein wrote to Summers: "harvard ok with donation?"[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Churkin Meeting
|
||||
|
||||
On January 13, 2016, Epstein arranged by iMessage a meeting for the next day with [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russia's ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. After Churkin proposed Thursday, Epstein wrote "2?", then "Larry summers will be here as well," and then "Or 12 if you prefer privacy." Churkin replied, "2OK." On January 14 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Running 15 minutes late."[^7] Eleven days earlier Epstein had offered Churkin a meal with [[Ehud Barak]], who was "in town this week."[^7]
|
||||
On January 13, 2016, Epstein arranged by iMessage a meeting for the next day with [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russia's ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. After Churkin proposed Thursday, Epstein wrote "2?", then "Larry summers will be here as well," and then "Or 12 if you prefer privacy." Churkin replied, "2OK." On January 14 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Running 15 minutes late."[^12] Eleven days earlier Epstein had offered Churkin a meal with [[Ehud Barak]], who was "in town this week."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 2018 and 2019 Emails
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -83,7 +92,7 @@ The House Oversight Committee released more than 20,000 documents from Epstein's
|
|||
|
||||
### Resignations and the Lifetime Ban
|
||||
|
||||
On November 17, 2025, Summers announced that he would step back from public commitments: "I am deeply ashamed of my actions and recognize the pain they have caused. I take full responsibility for my misguided decision to continue communicating with Mr. Epstein."[^8] He then left his advisory role at the Yale Budget Lab and his fellowship at the [[Center for American Progress]], and the [[New York Times]] declined to renew his contributor contract.[^1][^8] On November 19 he resigned from the OpenAI board, where he had sat since November 2023, when he was added after the brief ouster of [[Sam Altman]]. The board said it respected his decision and appreciated "the perspective he brought to the Board."[^3][^8] The same day he took leave from the Mossavar-Rahmani Center; a Harvard Kennedy School spokesman, Steven Goldberg, said co-teachers would finish his courses and that "he is not scheduled to teach next semester." Harvard said it was "conducting a review of information concerning individuals at Harvard included in the newly released Jeffrey Epstein documents to evaluate what actions may be warranted."[^3]
|
||||
On November 17, 2025, Summers announced that he would step back from public commitments: "I am deeply ashamed of my actions and recognize the pain they have caused. I take full responsibility for my misguided decision to continue communicating with Mr. Epstein."[^13] He then left his advisory role at the Yale Budget Lab and his fellowship at the [[Center for American Progress]], and the [[New York Times]] declined to renew his contributor contract.[^1][^13] On November 19 he resigned from the OpenAI board, where he had sat since November 2023, when he was added after the brief ouster of [[Sam Altman]]. The board said it respected his decision and appreciated "the perspective he brought to the Board."[^3][^13] The same day he took leave from the Mossavar-Rahmani Center; a Harvard Kennedy School spokesman, Steven Goldberg, said co-teachers would finish his courses and that "he is not scheduled to teach next semester." Harvard said it was "conducting a review of information concerning individuals at Harvard included in the newly released Jeffrey Epstein documents to evaluate what actions may be warranted."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
On December 2, 2025, the American Economic Association accepted Summers's resignation and barred him for life from "attending, speaking at, or otherwise participating" in its events, calling his conduct "fundamentally inconsistent with its standards of professional integrity and with the trust placed in mentors within the economics profession." Summers declined to comment on the ban; the previous week he had called his association with Epstein a "major error in judgement."[^1] In February 2026, after further [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] releases, Summers resigned from Harvard.[^4] No legal proceeding has named him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -93,7 +102,12 @@ On December 2, 2025, the American Economic Association accepted Summers's resign
|
|||
[^2]: Lopez, Diane E., Ara B. Gershengorn, and Martin F. Murphy. *Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University.* Harvard University Office of the General Counsel, May 2020, pp. 3-5, 13, 20-22. https://ogc.harvard.edu/report-concerning-Epstein
|
||||
[^3]: "Summers Resigns From OpenAI Board Amid Backlash Over Epstein Emails." *The Harvard Crimson,* November 19, 2025. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/19/summers-resigns-open-ai/
|
||||
[^4]: Fernandes, Deirdre, and Tricia L. Nadolny. "Introductions to women. Free flights. Business deals. Jeffrey Epstein's ties to Harvard run deeper than previously known." *The Boston Globe,* February 25, 2026. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/02/25/metro/jeffrey-epstein-harvard-spotlight-report/
|
||||
[^5]: Bohannon, Molly. "New Documents Reveal How Frequently Larry Summers, Woody Allen And More Met With Jeffrey Epstein." *Forbes,* May 3, 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/05/03/new-documents-reveal-how-frequently-larry-summers-woody-allen-and-more-met-with-jeffrey-epstein/
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02594668, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Larry Summers, November 17, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02594668.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Vitaly Churkin, November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016 (entries of January 2, 13 and 14, 2016). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: *CBS News,* November 2025, on Summers's resignation from the OpenAI board. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/larry-summers-resigns-openai-board-jeffrey-epstein-emails/
|
||||
[^5]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
|
||||
[^7]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Names Dr. Stephen M. Kosslyn as Founding Dean," March 12, 2013. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Project_Annouces_Stephen_M._Kosslyn.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: The Minerva Project, "An Overview," undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: Jeffrey Epstein and Roger Schank, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: Bohannon, Molly. "New Documents Reveal How Frequently Larry Summers, Woody Allen And More Met With Jeffrey Epstein." *Forbes,* May 3, 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/05/03/new-documents-reveal-how-frequently-larry-summers-woody-allen-and-more-met-with-jeffrey-epstein/
|
||||
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02594668, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Larry Summers, November 17, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02594668.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Vitaly Churkin, November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016 (entries of January 2, 13 and 14, 2016). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: *CBS News,* November 2025, on Summers's resignation from the OpenAI board. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/larry-summers-resigns-openai-board-jeffrey-epstein-emails/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In October 1989, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] visited [[Leon Siff|Siff]] in [[Los Angeles
|
|||
[[Leon Siff|Siff]] was later implicated in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] arrest. On November 3, 1989, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was arrested in [[Leon Siff|Siff's]] bathroom by [[United States|U.S.]] Customs Service agents. [[Leon Siff|Siff]] did not protest the arrest and later refused to admit any part in it, claiming he was looking for a lawyer for [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Daughter of General Andres Rodriguez and daughter-in-law of Paraguayan
|
|||
[[Marta Stroessner]] is the daughter of [[Andres Rodriguez|General Andres Rodriguez]] and was married to the second son of [[Alfredo Stroessner|President Alfredo Stroessner]] of [[Paraguay]]. She was having an affair with the second son of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Anastasio Somoza]], the overthrown president of [[Nicaragua]], who was living in [[Asuncion]] at the time.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Large amounts of money were funneled through his institutions to [[Drexel Burnha
|
|||
In 1987, the committee and Schneerson parted ways. This was partly due to questions regarding his allegiance to the [[Likud Party]] and the emergence of the orthodox [[Shas Party]], which was at odds with the Rebbe. Funds previously directed to the Lubavitcher yeshivahs were redirected to the Shas yeshivahs. The committee also decided to withdraw funds from Drexel and from Schneerson's control due to concerns that the funds might be frozen if relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States|U.S.]] deteriorated, contributing to Drexel's eventual downfall.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Australia"
|
|||
[[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] pleaded guilty at a public hearing, was declared mentally ill, and committed to a psychiatric hospital. He later escaped but turned himself in after speaking with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. He was eventually deported to [[Australia]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Under the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], [[Iran]] maintained good relations wit
|
|||
After his departure, the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]]'s Regency and Supreme Military Councils were unable to function, and [[Shahpour Bakhtiar]], his last prime minister, proved helpless. [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]] arrived in [[Iran]] on February 1, 1979, and declared [[Iran]] an Islamic republic on April 1. The [[Israel|Israeli]] Embassy in [[Tehran]] was subsequently handed over to the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
|
|||
[[Mohsen Rafiqdoost]] was the minister for the [[Iranian Revolution]] in [[Iran]]. He was aligned with [[Mir Hossein Mousavi]], the Prime Minister of [[Iran]], and tried to open the second channel for arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ location: "Qasr Abu Hadi, near Sirte, Libya"
|
|||
[[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Qaddafi's]] right-hand man, [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Maj. Abdul Salam Jalloud]], visited [[Iran]] to congratulate the new regime after the [[Iranian Revolution]]. During his visit, [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts questioned him about the disappearance of [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr]], a Shi'ite leader from southern [[Lebanon]], whom, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote, the [[Libya|Libyans]] had killed. [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was detained for three weeks until [[Muammar Qaddafi|Qaddafi]] personally intervened and spoke to [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Östermalm, Stockholm, Sweden"
|
|||
[[Olof Palme]] was the Prime Minister of [[Sweden]]. His government was involved in the sale of military equipment to [[Iran]] through [[Israel]]. However, [[Olof Palme|Palme]] eventually refused to continue these sales.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Israeli journalist who confirmed that Ari Ben-Menashe had access to hi
|
|||
[[Pazit Ravina]] is an [[Israel|Israeli]] journalist who wrote a two-part piece titled "Who Are You, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]?" in the [[Israel|Israeli]] daily *Davar* in January and February 1992. In her article, she confirmed that individuals who worked with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] stated he had access to highly sensitive intelligence information, countering media assaults that sought to discredit him.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In May 1986, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] provided [[Raji Samghabadi|Samghabadi]] with de
|
|||
[[Raji Samghabadi|Samghabadi]] was later a witness for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in his trial for arms dealing. Despite suffering from frayed nerves, he testified, confirming that [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] had informed him about the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] prior to its public exposure. He also made a memorable, if excitable, statement during his testimony, highlighting the human cost of the conflict.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Head of the English department at the University of San Cristobal in P
|
|||
[[Roberto]] facilitated [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] meeting with [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] and acted as a liaison for the purchase of rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program. He also requested hair lotion from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] as a personal favor. [[Roberto]] was aware of the military's surveillance and the dangers involved in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] activities.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Rodolfo Stange|Stange]] in [[C
|
|||
[[Rodolfo Stange|Stange]] was a key figure in the Chilean government's response to [[Israel|Israeli]] pressure to halt arms sales to [[Iraq]]. He was also involved in the plot to overthrow [[Alfredo Stroessner|President Stroessner]] in [[Paraguay]], aligning with [[Andres Rodriguez|Gen. Andres Rodriguez]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He had presidential aspirations in [[Chile]] following [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet's]] defeat in the plebiscite.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. Customs Service agent who partnered with Joe King on the Hashemi
|
|||
[[Romeo]] and [[Joe King|King]] contacted [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and contrived an illegal frame-up. [[Romeo]] also videotaped some of the people [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] met and secretly recorded.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Iraqi Jewish researcher in New York and distant relative of Yaacov Nim
|
|||
[[Rosie Nimrodi|Nimrodi]] had an affair with [[Raji Samghabadi]], a *Time* magazine correspondent, and introduced him to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. She typed notes of the [[Oliver North|North]] story from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] and gave them to other journalists, including [[Stephen Engelberg]] of *[[The New York Times]]*.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "American arms dealer of Lebanese-Armenian extraction involved in suppl
|
|||
[[Sarcis Sargalian]] was an [[United States|American]] arms dealer of Lebanese-Armenian extraction. He was involved in projects supplying [[Iraq]] with military equipment, working with [[Ihsan Barbouti]] and [[Richard Babayan]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Qom, Iran"
|
|||
His disappearance became a point of contention during [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Maj. Abdul Salam Jalloud's]] visit to [[Iran]] after the [[Iranian Revolution]], with [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts demanding an explanation from [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Qaddafi's]] right-hand man.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ Peres's diplomatic efforts proved crucial in securing international support for
|
|||
|
||||
Expanding Israel's nuclear partnerships further, Peres initiated military cooperation with [[South Africa]] in 1959. This arrangement involved South Africa selling uranium to Israel and later financing parts of Israel's nuclear program, creating a mutually beneficial relationship that would support Israel's nuclear development for years to come.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Documents obtained by [[Sasha Polakow-Suransky]] record meetings in March and June 1975 between Peres and [[P.W. Botha]]. According to the [[Mail & Guardian]] article on the minutes, Peres offered the nuclear-capable [[Jericho I]] missiles and their warheads to Botha "in three sizes."[^4] A top secret agreement dated March 30, 1975, signed by Botha and Peres, contains a clause stating that "the very existence of this agreement" is to remain secret.[^5] The office of President Peres has said that "there exists no basis in reality for the claims published this morning by the Guardian" and that "Israel has never negotiated the exchange of nuclear weapons with South Africa."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Controversies and Covert Operations
|
||||
|
||||
Peres's career was not without scandal. In 1976, a telegram intercepted by [[Unit 8200]] revealed details of bribes paid by a [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] representative in Israel to Defense Minister Peres. The sum involved was $3.5 million, deposited in one of Peres's brother's business accounts in [[Europe]]. This damaging information, discovered by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], was subsequently covered up by Israeli military intelligence superiors.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,6 +43,8 @@ During this period, Peres sought to expand Israel's involvement in international
|
|||
|
||||
Despite his involvement in these controversial arms dealings, Peres also supported diplomatic initiatives, including the idea of a peace conference with the [[Palestinians]]. However, this proposal was blocked by Yitzhak Shamir and the Likud Party, reflecting the ongoing political tensions within Israel's coalition government.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
According to [[Haaretz]], when [[Avraham Tamir]], director general of the Prime Minister's Office, appointed [[Shimon Levinson]] chief security officer in May 1985, those who recommended Levinson included Peres, then prime minister. Levinson was arrested in May 1991 and sentenced to 12 years for spying for the [[KGB]].[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later Political Developments
|
||||
|
||||
The legacy of Peres's covert operations continued to create complications even after his prime ministerial tenure. Nir's death in 1988 was believed by Israeli intelligence to be a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to prevent his testimony from embarrassing Peres, [[Ronald Reagan]], or [[George H.W. Bush]], highlighting the international ramifications of the arms trading networks Peres had helped establish.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -49,6 +53,10 @@ Peres's long political career eventually faced a significant setback in 1992, wh
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 2.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel\'s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, p. 62 (creation of the Office of Special Tasks, Blumberg as director) and p. 205 (renamed the Science Liaison Bureau, LAKAM, in the mid-1970s). https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel\'s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, p. 62 (creation of the Office of Special Tasks, Blumberg as director) and p. 205 (renamed the Science Liaison Bureau, LAKAM, in the mid-1970s). https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
|
||||
[^4]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
|
||||
[^5]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa-Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010, SAHA Collection AL2878, item A3.2.1. https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
|
||||
[^6]: "Israel denies 'nuclear exchange' talks with SA," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (AFP). https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-israel-denies-nuclear-exchange-talks-with-sa/
|
||||
[^7]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ born: 1988-07-22
|
|||
[[Shira|Shira]] was with her mother, [[Ora Ben-Shalom|Ora]], when [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was arrested in [[Los Angeles]] in October 1989. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] has not seen [[Shira|Shira]] since October 1989.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ On January 10, 1992, Oliver, chief counsel of the House Foreign Affairs Committe
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Representative McEwen; reprinted letter of January 10, 1992; amended memorandum and order of the Eastern District of New York). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm
|
||||
[^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above. Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in that article.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Middle East correspondent for Newsday who received early details of th
|
|||
[[Timothy Phelps]] was the [[Middle East]] correspondent for *Newsday*, based in [[Cairo]]. He visited [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] several times in [[Jerusalem]], where [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] provided him with details about the [[Oliver North|North]] story, which later became known as the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. However, *Newsday* did not print the story.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Brigadier General [[Uri Simchoni]] was a member of the [[Iran-Israel Joint Commi
|
|||
[[Uri Simchoni|Simchoni]] was part of the [[Israel|Israeli]] delegation at the October 1980 [[Paris Summit Meeting]], which included [[George H.W. Bush]], [[William J. Casey]], and [[Mehdi Karrubi]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ summary: "California investor seen at a Wackenhut/Contra meeting, alleged to hav
|
|||
---
|
||||
[[Wayne Reeder]] was a California investor who was seen at a [[Wackenhut Corporation]]/[[Contras|Contra]] meeting in Riverside County. He was also alleged to have associated with [[Robert Corson]], a business associate of [[Ian Stuart Spiro]] and a reported [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Reeder, CEO of the Reeder Company in Santa Monica, was interviewed by FBI agents on October 5, 1992 at the office of his attorney, with an Assistant U.S. Attorney present. He said he had built the casino on the Cabazon Indian Reservation at Indio and had received a percentage under an agreement made when he built it.[^2] He said [[Phil Hawes]] asked him to attend a demonstration at the Indio Police Department range on September 10, 1981 because Hawes wanted Reeder to provide capital and because Reeder had built the casino. Reeder said he attended for about thirty minutes, drove there alone in his Rolls-Royce and left alone.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] describes Reeder as a real estate developer whose Rolls-Royce was at the demonstration. It records that [[Michael Riconosciuto]] said Reeder arrived with [[Earl Brian]], that a police officer who ran the license plates remembered Reeder arriving with someone he could not identify, and that Reeder and [[Peter Zokosky]] gave differing accounts of whether Zokosky drove Reeder.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302 of the interview of Wayne Reeder, October 5, 1992 (transcribed December 9, 1992), file 74-86438. https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt
|
||||
[^3]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua (1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture" and the Riconosciuto and Brian sections. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]] recorded that "
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 11.
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[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 25.
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[^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 389.
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[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 54.
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@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ As Defense Minister, [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] did not try to impede the [[Iran-Is
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[[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] replaced [[Shimon Peres]] as leader of the [[Labor Party]] and became Prime Minister of [[Israel]] in 1992 after the national elections, replacing [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 9.
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@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ location: "Ruzhany, Belarus"
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
|
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
|
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