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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
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[[Ardeshir Zahedi]] was the [[Iran|Iranian]] ambassador to the [[United States|U.S.]]. He served as a vital source of information for [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, reporting directly back to the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah's]] office in the Royal Court. His reports detailed discussions in [[Washington, D.C.]] regarding [[Middle East]] policy and [[United States|American]] initiatives with [[Anwar Sadat|Anwar Sadat's]] [[Egypt]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -4,20 +4,29 @@ tags:
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- Person
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- PROMIS
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summary: "Tribal Chairman of the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians involved in the Cabazon/Wackenhut Joint Venture."
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updated: 2026-10-08
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updated: 2026-10-09
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---
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[[Arthur Welmas]] was the Tribal Chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He signed a letter on behalf of [[Jimmy Hughes]] to the Army Discharge Review Board, requesting Hughes' military record to obtain security clearances for his work in the Cabazon/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture.[^1]
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The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice describes Welmas as Tribal Chairman in 1981 and states that he signed the April 1981 joint venture agreement with Wackenhut for the Cabazon Security Corporation, with [[Robert Frye]] signing for Wackenhut, and that the non-Indian tribal administrator [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] managed the tribe's business affairs.[^2]
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Welmas signed letters as "President." On March 24, 1982, a letter on the stationery of the Cabazon Gas and Oil Corporation over his name, addressed to a Michael McClure of Hercules Research Corp., Hercules, California, with copies to [[Marshall Riconosciuto]] and [[Michael Riconosciuto]], states that Nichols "is very impressed with your competence."[^3] A letter over his name dated May 1 (year not printed) on Cabazon Arms letterhead, Indio, to La France Specialties of San Diego, says that a facility on a fifteen-acre site set aside by the reservation was planned, that the venture planned to begin manufacturing "a new assault weapon, which would have unique characteristics, including an adjustable cycle rate of fire and a laser sighting system," and that all sales would be sought only through sources acceptable to the State Department.[^4] The names that follow his signature on that letter are Peter Zokosky, Bob Frye, Dr. [[Myron S. Malkin|Myron Malkin]], Colonel Glade Flake, John James, Bruce James, John Paul Nichols and Wayne Reeder. A Dr. Myron S. Malkin, director of the NASA Space Shuttle program, sat on the board of NUSAC, Inc., the nuclear safeguards consultancy bought by the Wackenhut Corporation in 1978. Whether he is the Dr. Myron Malkin named in the letter is not established.[^4][^5]
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On or about September 25, 1980, an agreement for the management of the Cabazon Indian Casino cardroom by [[Rocco Zangari]] was signed by Welmas as chairman of the Cabazon Band. The appellate panel found that the agreement appears to have been only between Zangari and [[PN Associates, Inc.]], a Delaware corporation, and that Welmas also signed it. The panel did not decide whether the agreement bound the casino.[^3]
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Welmas signed letters as "President." On March 24, 1982, a letter on the stationery of the Cabazon Gas and Oil Corporation over his name, addressed to a Michael McClure of Hercules Research Corp., Hercules, California, with copies to [[Marshall Riconosciuto]] and [[Michael Riconosciuto]], states that Nichols "is very impressed with your competence."[^4] A letter over his name dated May 1 (year not printed) on Cabazon Arms letterhead, Indio, to La France Specialties of San Diego, says that a facility on a fifteen-acre site set aside by the reservation was planned, that the venture planned to begin manufacturing "a new assault weapon, which would have unique characteristics, including an adjustable cycle rate of fire and a laser sighting system," and that all sales would be sought only through sources acceptable to the State Department.[^5] The names that follow his signature on that letter are Peter Zokosky, Bob Frye, Dr. [[Myron S. Malkin|Myron Malkin]], Colonel Glade Flake, John James, Bruce James, John Paul Nichols and Wayne Reeder. A Dr. Myron S. Malkin, director of the NASA Space Shuttle program, sat on the board of NUSAC, Inc., the nuclear safeguards consultancy bought by the Wackenhut Corporation in 1978. Whether he is the Dr. Myron Malkin named in the letter is not established.[^5][^6]
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[[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of Wackenhut Corporation, felt an affinity with Welmas due to his wife being part Cherokee. Chasen sympathized with the Cabazons' situation and expressed a desire to protect them, suggesting he may have done so by shutting down the Wackenhut Corporation's biological virus and vaccine development proposal to the Army on the Cabazon reservation.[^1]
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After a witness identified only as "Marty" told the Senate Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs on February 8, 1989 that the Cabazon reservation was involved with organized crime, Welmas wrote to the committee that the Cabazon Band "categorically denies" any connection with organized crime. He called the testimony "unsubstantiated hearsay" and wrote that it made evident that Marty "has no first-hand knowledge whatsoever of the history or the current operation of our bingo parlor or card room." He added that the witness had wrongly called the Cabazon reservation a "rancheria."[^7]
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A March 30, 1992 article in the Washington Business Journal quotes Welmas, then former chairman of the Cabazon Band, as saying that [[Earl Brian]] had been seen on the reservation and that Brian's name was frequently mentioned by Michael Riconosciuto and Dr. John Nichols. Welmas is quoted: "Brian must have been involved. His name was mentioned and discussed on a daily basis." The House Judiciary Committee cites the article and records that the committee was "not in a position to make findings of fact" on Brian's role.[^8]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
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[^2]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 56. Official finding. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
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[^3]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated March 24, 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." The scan text prints the addressee as "Mr. Michael McClure, Hercules Research Corp." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
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[^4]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 to La France Specialties, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence"; Cabazon Arms letterhead, 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California.
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[^5]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board ("Besides Dr. Lumb, the other members are Dr. Myron S. Malkin, Director of NASA's Space Shuttle Program"). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
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[^3]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
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[^4]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated March 24, 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." The scan text prints the addressee as "Mr. Michael McClure, Hercules Research Corp." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
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[^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 to La France Specialties, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence"; Cabazon Arms letterhead, 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California.
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[^6]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board ("Besides Dr. Lumb, the other members are Dr. Myron S. Malkin, Director of NASA's Space Shuttle Program"). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
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[^7]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 11, 1989, "Indians deny link to crime," by David Boyles. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
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[^8]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), notes 218 to 222, citing Washington Business Journal, March 30, 1992. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York who pros
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[[Baruch Weiss|Weiss]] initially classified [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] as dangerous, but later admitted it was a mistake. He signed an agreement with [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to talk without a lawyer present, granting him immunity for the conversations. [[Baruch Weiss|Weiss]] insisted that [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] was a low-level translator acting for personal profit, but the taped conversations and [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] employment records, including letters of recommendation, contradicted this claim.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
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- Biosecurity
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- Longtermism
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- AtlasFellowship
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summary: "Open Philanthropy staffer who led its effective altruism grantmaking and Capacity Building team, named investigator on grants totalling about 12.6 million dollars, and a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK) from 2019 to 2024."
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summary: "Open Philanthropy staffer who led its effective altruism grantmaking, named investigator on at least 31 grants totalling about 21.2 million dollars from 2017 to 2022, and director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK) 2019 to 2024."
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relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
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@ -31,31 +31,46 @@ relations:
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with: "[[Effective Altruism Foundation]]"
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start: 2019-07
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role: "grant investigator, with Nick Beckstead, on a 1,000,000 dollar grant for research and general operations"
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fn: 12
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fn: 23
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Centre for Effective Altruism]]"
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start: 2020-01
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end: 2021-01
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role: "grant investigator on the 2020 grants for The Precipice and for the longtermist project incubator"
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fn: 16
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fn: 28
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]]"
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start: 2020-01
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end: 2021-03
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role: "grant investigator on the 150,000 dollar general support grant of January 2020 and the 210,000 dollar stipend grant for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship of March 2021"
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fn: 15
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fn: 27
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Center for Applied Rationality]]"
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start: 2020-02
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role: "grant investigator on the 375,000 dollar general support grant"
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fn: 18
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fn: 30
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Atlas Fellowship]]"
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start: 2022-03
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role: "grant investigator on the 5,000,000 dollar grant, made via the Centre for Effective Altruism, for a summer program and scholarships for high school students"
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fn: 25
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fn: 37
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]"
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start: 2018-06
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role: "grant investigator on the 150,000 dollar grant for an artificial intelligence safety retraining program"
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fn: 11
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Center for a New American Security]]"
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start: 2018-09
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role: "grant investigator on the 400,352 dollar grant for outreach on technological risk by Richard Danzig"
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fn: 12
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[MIT Media Lab]]"
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start: 2019-03
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role: "grant investigator on the 1,000,000 dollar grant for the research of Kevin Esvelt"
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fn: 19
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created: 2026-10-08
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updated: 2026-10-08
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updated: 2026-10-09
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---
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Claire Zabel is a grantmaker in the effective altruism funding network. She joined [[Open Philanthropy]] as a research analyst in August 2015 and went on to lead its effective altruism grantmaking and its Global Catastrophic Risks Capacity Building team.[^1] She was a director of the English company then named the [[Centre for Effective Altruism]], later [[Effective Ventures]] Foundation (UK), from July 2019 to March 2024, while Open Philanthropy was that company's largest funder.[^2]
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@ -68,29 +83,31 @@ The organization now operates as [[Coefficient Giving]]. The address openphilant
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### Grants as investigator
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Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2018 to 2022 name her as grant investigator on a run of grants in biosecurity, in longtermist research and in the effective altruism community. The pages state that the investigator reviewed them without writing them and that the grantee's staff reviewed them before publication. The twenty pages below total about 12.6 million dollars at current amounts.
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Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2017 to 2022 name her as grant investigator on at least 31 grants totalling about 21.2 million dollars at current amounts, in biosecurity, solar geoengineering, longtermist research and the effective altruism community. Two of the 31 name a second investigator. The pages state that the investigator reviewed them without writing them and that the grantee's staff reviewed them before publication. A grant of December 2016 to Harvard University has no investigator field, and its page records that she spoke and exchanged emails with its two principal investigators.
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In May 2018 the foundation recommended 570,000 dollars in scholarship support under the program Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.[^6] In October 2018 it recommended a gift of 20,000 pounds (26,086 dollars at conversion) to the [[University of Oxford]] for the Mathematical Ecology Research Group and the research costs of [[Andrew Snyder-Beattie]], then recently Director of Research at the [[Future of Humanity Institute]].[^7] In November 2018 it recommended 1,904,942 dollars over three years to the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] for projects to reduce global catastrophic biological risks, including strengthening the [[Biological Weapons Convention]].[^8] In December 2018 it recommended a 25,000 dollar contract with [[Biosecure Ltd]] to support research for a campaign against biological weapons.[^9]
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In December 2016 the foundation recommended 2,500,000 dollars over five years to [[Harvard University]] for the founding of the Solar Geoengineering Research Program, led by [[David Keith]] and [[Gernot Wagner]]; the page's account of the process says that "Claire Zabel, a Research Analyst for the Open Philanthropy Project, spoke and exchanged emails with Professor Keith and Dr. Wagner."[^6] In April 2017 it recommended 2,350,000 dollars over three years to the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] Planning and Coordinating Agency, the technical arm of the [[African Union]], for the evaluation, preparation and potential deployment of gene drive technologies in some African regions.[^7] In September 2017 it recommended 2,000,000 dollars to the [[Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative]] via the [[Environmental Defense Fund]] for general support and for a research fund for modeling the impacts of solar radiation management across the developing world; the page calls it the second grant to the Initiative.[^8] In November 2017 it contracted with [[David Manheim]] for 65,308 dollars for a research and analysis project on existential risk from infectious disease.[^9]
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In May 2019 it recommended 440,525 dollars to [[Altruistic Technology Labs]], described as a new organization, for work on global catastrophic biological risk prevention including machine-learning-based attribution of engineered DNA.[^10] The same month it recommended about 547,800 dollars over four years to [[Ethan Alley]] for a PhD at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; the page says the amount was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding.[^11]
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In May 2018 the foundation recommended 570,000 dollars (including 55,000 dollars added in October 2018) in scholarship support under the program Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.[^10] In June 2018 it recommended 150,000 dollars to the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]] for stipends in an artificial intelligence safety retraining program.[^11] In September 2018 it recommended 400,352 dollars to the [[Center for a New American Security]] for outreach on technological risk by [[Richard Danzig]], former Secretary of the Navy, renewing an August 2017 grant whose page names [[Helen Toner]] as investigator.[^12] In October 2018 it recommended a gift of 20,000 pounds (26,086 dollars at conversion) to the [[University of Oxford]] for the Mathematical Ecology Research Group and the research costs of [[Andrew Snyder-Beattie]], then recently Director of Research at the [[Future of Humanity Institute]].[^13] In November 2018 it recommended 420,000 dollars over two years to the International Genetically Engineered Machine Foundation ([[iGEM]]) for safety and security work led by [[Piers Millett]],[^14] and 1,904,942 dollars over three years to the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] for projects to reduce global catastrophic biological risks, including strengthening the [[Biological Weapons Convention]].[^15] In December 2018 it recommended a 25,000 dollar contract with [[Biosecure Ltd]] to support research for a campaign against biological weapons[^16] and 32,621 dollars to the [[University of Sydney]] for the 2019 Global Health Security Conference.[^17]
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In July 2019 the foundation recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[Effective Altruism Foundation]] for research and general operations. [[Nick Beckstead]] and Zabel are named as the grant investigators. The page describes the grant as an effort to encourage the foundation and its other grantees to approach longtermism with greater emphasis on objectives shared between different value systems.[^12] In September 2019 it recommended 49,676 dollars in scholarships for students whose studies relate to effective altruism, with Zabel and [[Bastian Stern]] named as investigators.[^13] In December 2019 it recommended 250,000 dollars to Stanford University for student education about global catastrophic risks, to be used by [[Stephen Luby]] and [[Paul Edwards]], who teach the course "Preventing Human Extinction."[^14]
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In January 2019 it recommended 1,625,000 dollars over three years to Stanford University's [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] for the biosecurity research of [[Megan Palmer]], renewing the October 2016 support.[^18] In March 2019 it recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[MIT Media Lab]] for the research of Professor [[Kevin Esvelt]].[^19] In April 2019 it recommended 15,000 dollars to [[Tampere University]] for the efforts of Professor [[Hiski Haukkala]] related to global catastrophic risks.[^20] In May 2019 it recommended 440,525 dollars to [[Altruistic Technology Labs]], described as a new organization, for work on global catastrophic biological risk prevention including machine-learning-based attribution of engineered DNA.[^21] The same month it recommended about 547,800 dollars over four years to [[Ethan Alley]] for a PhD at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; the page says the amount was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding.[^22]
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In January 2020 it recommended 150,000 dollars in general support to the [[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]], to help establish new collaborations.[^15] The same month it recommended 38,350 dollars to the Centre for Effective Altruism in support of [[The Precipice]].[^16] In February 2020 it recommended 180,000 dollars to the Centre to support the work of [[Jade Leung]] in developing a longtermist project incubator,[^17] and 375,000 dollars in general support to the [[Center for Applied Rationality]].[^18] In April 2020 it recommended 300,000 dollars in general support to [[LessWrong]].[^19] In September 2020 it recommended 500,000 dollars to the Centre for the incubator work. The page now records that amount as 48,736 dollars, revised after 451,264 dollars were returned to the foundation in March 2023.[^20]
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In July 2019 the foundation recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[Effective Altruism Foundation]] for research and general operations. [[Nick Beckstead]] and Zabel are named as the grant investigators. The page describes the grant as an effort to encourage the foundation and its other grantees to approach longtermism with greater emphasis on objectives shared between different value systems.[^23] The same month it recommended 510,000 dollars over two years to the [[European Summer Program on Rationality]], a summer workshop for mathematically gifted students aged 16 to 19 that had recently become institutionally independent from the [[Center for Applied Rationality]].[^24] In September 2019 it recommended 49,676 dollars in scholarships for students whose studies relate to effective altruism, with Zabel and [[Bastian Stern]] named as investigators.[^25] In December 2019 it recommended 250,000 dollars to Stanford University for student education about global catastrophic risks, to be used by [[Stephen Luby]] and [[Paul Edwards]], who teach the course "Preventing Human Extinction."[^26]
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In January 2021 it recommended 5,915 dollars in general support to the [[Effective Altruism Debate Championship]][^21] and 1,500,000 dollars to the [[Stanford Existential Risks Initiative]] for global catastrophic risk education.[^22] In March 2021 it recommended 210,000 dollars to the Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative for stipends for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship program.[^23] In May 2021 it recommended 24,000 dollars to the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative for distribution of The Precipice.[^24] In March 2022 it recommended 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre for Effective Altruism, to support a summer program and scholarship funding for talented high school students.[^25]
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In January 2020 it recommended 150,000 dollars in general support to the [[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]], to help establish new collaborations.[^27] The same month it recommended two grants totalling 38,350 dollars to the Centre for Effective Altruism in support of [[The Precipice]].[^28] In February 2020 it recommended 180,000 dollars to the Centre to support the work of [[Jade Leung]] in developing a longtermist project incubator,[^29] and 375,000 dollars in general support to the Center for Applied Rationality.[^30] In April 2020 it recommended 300,000 dollars in general support to [[LessWrong]].[^31] In September 2020 it recommended 500,000 dollars to the Centre for the incubator work. The page now records that amount as 48,736 dollars, revised after 451,264 dollars were returned to the foundation in March 2023.[^32]
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The largest general-support grants to the Centre were not credited to her. A grant of 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021 names the Committee for Effective Altruism Support as its investigator.[^26]
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In January 2021 it recommended 5,915 dollars in general support to the [[Effective Altruism Debate Championship]][^33] and 1,500,000 dollars to the [[Stanford Existential Risks Initiative]] for global catastrophic risk education.[^34] In March 2021 it recommended 210,000 dollars to the Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative for stipends for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship program.[^35] In May 2021 it recommended 24,000 dollars to the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative for distribution of The Precipice.[^36] In March 2022 it recommended 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre for Effective Altruism, to support a summer program and scholarship funding for talented high school students.[^37]
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The largest general-support grants to the Centre and to the Machine Intelligence Research Institute were not credited to her. A grant of 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021 names the Committee for Effective Altruism Support as its investigator,[^38] as do the Institute's grants of 2,652,500 dollars in February 2019[^39] and 7,703,750 dollars in February 2020.[^40]
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### Board seat and the Centre's English company
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[[Companies House]] lists Zabel as a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), company number 07962181, from July 18, 2019 to March 28, 2024.[^2] The same register records her as a person with significant control holding more than 25 percent but not more than 50 percent of the voting rights from July 18, 2019 to February 2, 2022, and again from September 21, 2023 to March 28, 2024.[^27]
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[[Companies House]] lists Zabel as a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), company number 07962181, from July 18, 2019 to March 28, 2024.[^2] The same register records her as a person with significant control holding more than 25 percent but not more than 50 percent of the voting rights from July 18, 2019 to February 2, 2022, and again from September 21, 2023 to March 28, 2024.[^41]
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The company's accounts for the year to June 30, 2023 list as trustees [[William MacAskill]] (resigned September 21, 2023), [[Toby Ord]] (resigned July 29, 2022), Zabel, [[Owen Cotton-Barratt]] (resigned February 11, 2023), Nick Beckstead (resigned August 23, 2023), [[Tasha McCauley]], [[Lincoln Quirk]] (appointed May 23, 2023), [[Eli Rose]] and J Winchell (both appointed February 9, 2024), with [[Howie Lempel]] as chief executive until December 7, 2023, and his successor R Gledhill from January 1, 2024.[^28] Note 27 to those accounts describes her as one of its trustees and states that she "is employed as a program director at Open Philanthropy, our largest funder." The same note states that "As a result of that position, Claire has significant influence over some of the funding decisions made by Open Philanthropy in relation to several of the charity's projects." In that year the charity received 39,037,949 pounds in grant income from Open Philanthropy and donations of 2,766,546 pounds from the [[FTX Foundation]]. The note also states that one of the Board of Trustees was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation during the year.[^29]
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The company's accounts for the year to June 30, 2023 list as trustees [[William MacAskill]] (resigned September 21, 2023), [[Toby Ord]] (resigned July 29, 2022), Zabel, [[Owen Cotton-Barratt]] (resigned February 11, 2023), Nick Beckstead (resigned August 23, 2023), [[Tasha McCauley]], [[Lincoln Quirk]] (appointed May 23, 2023), [[Eli Rose]] and J Winchell (both appointed February 9, 2024), with [[Howie Lempel]] as chief executive until December 7, 2023, and his successor R Gledhill from January 1, 2024.[^42] Note 27 to those accounts describes her as one of its trustees and states that she "is employed as a program director at Open Philanthropy, our largest funder." The same note states that "As a result of that position, Claire has significant influence over some of the funding decisions made by Open Philanthropy in relation to several of the charity's projects." In that year the charity received 39,037,949 pounds in grant income from Open Philanthropy and donations of 2,766,546 pounds from the [[FTX Foundation]]. The note also states that one of the Board of Trustees was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation during the year.[^43]
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The [[Charity Commission]] opened a statutory inquiry into the charity on December 19, 2022 after it reported that two trustees were connected with FTX. The report published on May 22, 2024 records that one trustee was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation and the other an unpaid adviser to the [[FTX Future Fund]]; that the trustees were not required to disclose potential conflicts of interest on joining the board until October 2022; and that it found no evidence of unmanaged conflicts regarding funds received from the FTX Foundation. It does not name the trustees or mention Open Philanthropy.[^30]
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The [[Charity Commission]] opened a statutory inquiry into the charity on December 19, 2022 after it reported that two trustees were connected with FTX. The report published on May 22, 2024 records that one trustee was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation and the other an unpaid adviser to the [[FTX Future Fund]]; that the trustees were not required to disclose potential conflicts of interest on joining the board until October 2022; and that it found no evidence of unmanaged conflicts regarding funds received from the FTX Foundation. It does not name the trustees or mention Open Philanthropy.[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA (EIN 47-1988398) for six filing years as published by ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer do not list her.[^31]
|
||||
The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA (EIN 47-1988398) for six filing years as published by ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer do not list her.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -99,29 +116,43 @@ The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA
|
|||
[^3]: Open Philanthropy, "Claire Zabel," team biography, Wayback Machine captures of November 28, 2018 (https://web.archive.org/web/20181128192541/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), December 12, 2019 (https://web.archive.org/web/20191212003145/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), February 27, 2021 (https://web.archive.org/web/20210227063817/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), January 19, 2022 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220119041801/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel) and June 17, 2024 (https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074758/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel).
|
||||
[^4]: Open Philanthropy grants index, openphilanthropy.org/grants/, which redirects to coefficientgiving.org/funds/; footer "2026 Coefficient Giving," viewed October 8, 2026. https://coefficientgiving.org/funds/global-catastrophic-risks-opportunities/
|
||||
[^5]: Coefficient Giving, "Claire Zabel," team biography, viewed October 8, 2026. https://coefficientgiving.org/team/claire-zabel/
|
||||
[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Scholarship Support (2018)," award date May 2018, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/early-career-funding-for-global-catastrophic-biological-risks-scholarship-support-2018/
|
||||
[^7]: Open Philanthropy, "University of Oxford: D.Phil. Support for Andrew Snyder-Beattie," award date October 2018, amount 20,000 pounds ($26,086 at conversion), grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/oxford-university-d-phil-support-for-andrew-snyder-beattie/
|
||||
[^8]: Open Philanthropy, "Nuclear Threat Initiative: Projects to Reduce Global Catastrophic Biological Risks," award date November 2018, amount 1,904,942 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/nuclear-threat-initiative-projects-to-reduce-global-catastrophic-biological-risks/
|
||||
[^9]: Open Philanthropy, "Biosecure Ltd: Campaign Against Bioweapons Research," award date December 2018, amount 25,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/biosecure-ltd-campaign-against-bioweapons-research/
|
||||
[^10]: Open Philanthropy, "Altruistic Technology Labs: Work on Biological Risk Prevention," award date May 2019, amount 440,525 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/altruistic-technology-labs-work-on-biological-risk-prevention/
|
||||
[^11]: Open Philanthropy, "Global Catastrophic Risks Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date May 2019, amount 547,800 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/global-catastrophic-risks-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
|
||||
[^12]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
|
||||
[^13]: Open Philanthropy, "EA Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date September 2019, amount 49,676 dollars, grant investigators Claire Zabel and Bastian Stern, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/ea-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
|
||||
[^14]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford University: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date December 2019, amount 250,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-university-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
|
||||
[^15]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: General Support," award date January 2020, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-general-support/
|
||||
[^16]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for The Precipice," award date January 2020, amount 38,350 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251028024853/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-the-precipice/
|
||||
[^17]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung," award date February 2020, amount 180,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1561
|
||||
[^18]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for Applied Rationality: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 375,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-applied-rationality-general-support-2020/
|
||||
[^19]: Open Philanthropy, "LessWrong: General Support," award date April 2020, amount 300,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1448
|
||||
[^20]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)," award date September 2020, amount 48,736 dollars "updated to reflect $451,264 returned to us in March 2023," grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 24, 2025 (https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/); the capture of 2024 (https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1305) shows the original amount of 500,000 dollars.
|
||||
[^21]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Debate Championship: General Support," award date January 2021, amount 5,915 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1132
|
||||
[^22]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date January 2021, amount 1,500,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1136
|
||||
[^23]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: SERI Summer Fellowships," award date March 2021, amount 210,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=7033
|
||||
[^24]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Distribution of The Precipice," award date May 2021, amount 24,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1090
|
||||
[^25]: Open Philanthropy, "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students," award date March 2022, amount 5,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine captures of 2022 and 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/atlas-fellowship-scholarships-and-summer-program-for-students/
|
||||
[^26]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: General Support (2021)," award date February 2021, amount 7,500,000 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1179
|
||||
[^27]: Companies House, "Effective Ventures Foundation (UK)," company number 07962181, persons with significant control, entry for Claire Zabel (notified July 18, 2019, ceased February 2, 2022; notified September 21, 2023, ceased March 28, 2024), viewed October 8, 2026. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/persons-with-significant-control
|
||||
[^28]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, "Reference and administrative details of the Company, its Trustees and advisers," page 1 (trustees printed with initials: W D MacAskill, T D G Ord, C Zabel, O Cotton-Barrat, N M Beckstead, T McCauley, L Quirk, E Rose, J Winchell), read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
|
||||
[^29]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, filed at Companies House March 21, 2024, note 27 ("Related party transactions"), page 48, read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
|
||||
[^30]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024, sections on background, findings and conflicts of interest (marked on the page as withdrawn on May 27, 2026). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk
|
||||
[^31]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Effective Ventures Foundation USA," EIN 47-1988398, full filing text of Form 990, Part VII officer tables, filings listed at https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/471988398, viewed October 8, 2026.
|
||||
[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Harvard University: Solar Geoengineering Research Program," award date December 2016, amount 2,500,000 dollars, no investigator field, the "Our process" paragraph names Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106161353id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/harvard-university-solar-geoengineering-research-program/
|
||||
[^7]: Open Philanthropy, "New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency: General Support," award date April 2017, amount 2,350,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 25, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250825053633id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/new-partnership-for-africas-development-planning-and-coordinating-agency-general-support/
|
||||
[^8]: Open Philanthropy, "Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative: General Support (2017)," award date September 2017, amount 2,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 5, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250105205711id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/solar-radiation-management-governance-initiative-general-support-2017/
|
||||
[^9]: Open Philanthropy, "David Manheim: Research on Existential Risk from Infectious Disease," award date November 2017, amount 65,308 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220726135304id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/david-manheim-research-on-existential-risk-from-infectious-disease/
|
||||
[^10]: Open Philanthropy, "Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Scholarship Support (2018)," award date May 2018, amount 570,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 5, 2025. The page states "In October 2018, we added $55,000 to the original award amount." https://web.archive.org/web/20250105205244id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/early-career-funding-for-global-catastrophic-biological-risks-scholarship-support-2018/
|
||||
[^11]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: AI Safety Retraining Program," award date June 2018, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106165355id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-ai-safety-retraining-program/
|
||||
[^12]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for a New American Security: Outreach on Technological Risk Led by Richard Danzig," award date September 2018, amount 400,352 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 7, 2024. The renewed August 2017 grant, "Center for a New American Security: Technological Risks and National Security," 260,000 dollars, names Helen Toner as grant investigator: https://web.archive.org/web/20240919194401id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-a-new-american-security-technological-risks-and-national-security/ https://web.archive.org/web/20241007132458id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-a-new-american-security-outreach-on-technological-risk-led-by-richard-danzig/
|
||||
[^13]: Open Philanthropy, "University of Oxford: D.Phil Support for Andrew Snyder-Beattie," award date October 2018, amount 26,086 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 16, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240816020204id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/oxford-university-d-phil-support-for-andrew-snyder-beattie/
|
||||
[^14]: Open Philanthropy, "iGEM: Synthetic Biology Safety and Security (2018)," award date November 2018, amount 420,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 4, 2025. The page describes the grant as a renewal of the May 2016 grant. https://web.archive.org/web/20250804160109id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/igem-synthetic-biology-safety-and-security-2018/
|
||||
[^15]: Open Philanthropy, "Nuclear Threat Initiative: Projects to Reduce Global Catastrophic Biological Risks," award date November 2018, amount 1,904,942 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of February 10, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250210164229id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/nuclear-threat-initiative-projects-to-reduce-global-catastrophic-biological-risks/
|
||||
[^16]: Open Philanthropy, "Biosecure Ltd: Campaign Against Bioweapons Research," award date December 2018, amount 25,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of March 18, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250318233908id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/biosecure-ltd-campaign-against-bioweapons-research/
|
||||
[^17]: Open Philanthropy, "The University of Sydney: 2019 Global Health Security Conference," award date December 2018, amount 32,621 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of February 12, 2025. The page gives the grant as 45,000 Australian dollars (32,620.50 dollars at the time of conversion). https://web.archive.org/web/20250212015054id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/the-university-of-sydney-2019-global-health-security-conference/
|
||||
[^18]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for International Security and Cooperation: Megan Palmer’s Biosecurity Research (2019)," award date January 2019, amount 1,625,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 6, 2025. The page describes the grant as a renewal of the October 2016 support. https://web.archive.org/web/20250806022429id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-international-security-and-cooperation-megan-palmers-biosecurity-research-2019/
|
||||
[^19]: Open Philanthropy, "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab: Kevin Esvelt's Research (2019)," award date March 2019, amount 1,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240805062229id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-media-lab-kevin-esvelts-research-2019/
|
||||
[^20]: Open Philanthropy, "Tampere University: Work on Global Catastrophic Risks (2019)," award date April 2019, amount 15,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 4, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250804050759id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/tampere-university-work-on-global-catastrophic-risks/
|
||||
[^21]: Open Philanthropy, "Altruistic Technology Labs: Work on Biological Risk Prevention," award date May 2019, amount 440,525 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 10, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250110034653id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/altruistic-technology-labs-work-on-biological-risk-prevention/
|
||||
[^22]: Open Philanthropy, "Global Catastrophic Risks Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date May 2019, amount 547,800 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 7, 2025. The page states that the amount "was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding that Ethan received for self-study and pandemic preparedness projects." https://web.archive.org/web/20250107020057id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/global-catastrophic-risks-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
|
||||
[^23]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," award date July 2019, amount 1,000,000 dollars, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 7, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250107041039id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
|
||||
[^24]: Open Philanthropy, "European Summer Program on Rationality: General Support," award date July 2019, amount 510,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 2, 2025. The page states that it follows the May 2017 support; the page for that grant, "Center for Applied Rationality: European Summer Program on Rationality," 340,000 dollars, names Nick Beckstead as grant investigator. https://web.archive.org/web/20250102050553id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/european-summer-program-on-rationality-general-support/
|
||||
[^25]: Open Philanthropy, "EA Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date September 2019, amount 49,676 dollars, grant investigators Claire Zabel and Bastian Stern, Wayback Machine capture of December 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241208212431id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/ea-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
|
||||
[^26]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford University: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date December 2019, amount 250,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 3, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241203021936id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-university-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
|
||||
[^27]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: General Support," award date January 2020, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241204190406id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-general-support/
|
||||
[^28]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for The Precipice," award date January 2020, amount 38,350 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251028024853id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-the-precipice/
|
||||
[^29]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung," award date February 2020, amount 180,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240910194433id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-jade-leung/
|
||||
[^30]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for Applied Rationality: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 375,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 17, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250117154414id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-applied-rationality-general-support-2020/
|
||||
[^31]: Open Philanthropy, "LessWrong: General Support," award date April 2020, amount 300,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of September 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220930104618id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/lesswrong-general-support/
|
||||
[^32]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)," award date September 2020, amount 48,736 dollars "updated to reflect $451,264 returned to us in March 2023,", grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 24, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/
|
||||
[^33]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Debate Championship: General Support," award date January 2021, amount 5,915 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240831194404id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-debate-championship-general-support/
|
||||
[^34]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date January 2021, amount 1,500,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717102215id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-existential-risks-initiative-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
|
||||
[^35]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative - SERI Summer Fellowships," award date March 2021, amount 210,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of June 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220608175206id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-seri-summer-fellowships/
|
||||
[^36]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Distribution of The Precipice," award date May 2021, amount 24,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717102215id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-existential-risk-initiative-distribution-of-the-precipice/
|
||||
[^37]: Open Philanthropy, "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students," award date March 2022, amount 5,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221203134151id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/atlas-fellowship-scholarships-and-summer-program-for-students/
|
||||
[^38]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: General Support (2021)," award date February 2021, amount 7,500,000 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1179
|
||||
[^39]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: General Support (2019)," award date February 2019, amount 2,652,500 dollars (page: funding added in November 2019 and the amount updated), grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106073418id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-general-support-2019/
|
||||
[^40]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 7,703,750 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106161445id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-general-support-2020/
|
||||
[^41]: Companies House, "Effective Ventures Foundation (UK)," company number 07962181, persons with significant control, entry for Claire Zabel (notified July 18, 2019, ceased February 2, 2022; notified September 21, 2023, ceased March 28, 2024), viewed October 8, 2026. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/persons-with-significant-control
|
||||
[^42]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, "Reference and administrative details of the Company, its Trustees and advisers," page 1 (trustees printed with initials: W D MacAskill, T D G Ord, C Zabel, O Cotton-Barrat, N M Beckstead, T McCauley, L Quirk, E Rose, J Winchell), read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
|
||||
[^43]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, filed at Companies House March 21, 2024, note 27 ("Related party transactions"), page 48, read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
|
||||
[^44]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024, sections on background, findings and conflicts of interest (marked on the page as withdrawn on May 27, 2026). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk
|
||||
[^45]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Effective Ventures Foundation USA," EIN 47-1988398, full filing text of Form 990, Part VII officer tables, filings listed at https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/471988398, viewed October 8, 2026.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ born: 1949-03-25
|
|||
In July 1992, *The Village Voice* printed a long article by [[Craig Unger|Unger]] that quoted [[Moshe Hebroni]], a former colleague of [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]], confirming [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] access to very sensitive material while working for the Foreign Flow desk in External Relations.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Attorney who represented Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies, and was p
|
|||
[[David Zornow|Zornow]] became the attorney for [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] Mirror group, including [[Nicholas Davies|Davies]], after [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was imprisoned. He was able to negotiate with the prosecution to ensure that the names of his clients did not come out in open court during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine"
|
|||
[[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] urged [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] to sign the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]], which [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] reluctantly did under pressure from [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]]. In 1978, [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] dispatched [[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] to [[Pretoria]] to meet [[P.W. Botha|Prime Minister P.W. Botha]] of [[South Africa]] to discuss [[Israel|Israeli]]-[[South Africa|South African]] relations. Despite [[Menachem Begin|Begin's]] intentions to downgrade the relationship, [[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] agreed with [[P.W. Botha|Botha]] on a wartime alliance between the two governments as the price for continuing nuclear tests. This led to the creation of [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement).[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Dr. [[Jack Varona]] was the assistant deputy director of the [[Defense Intellige
|
|||
[[Jack Varona|Varona]] was criticized by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] for his indifference and lack of understanding regarding the [[Iraq|Iraqi]] threat to [[Iran]]. He was more concerned with obtaining details about [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-made military equipment than with the urgent situation in [[Iran]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ After the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] scandal broke, [[John Tower|Tower]] was appoint
|
|||
[[John Tower|Tower]] died in a plane crash in [[Georgia]] in early 1991.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met [[Mark Thatcher|Thatcher]] in [[Santiago]], [[C
|
|||
[[Mark Thatcher|Thatcher]] was involved in the sale of 48 [[Chieftain tanks]] to [[Chile]] after the [[Falklands War]]. He was also linked to [[Ihsan Barbouti]] and [[Sarcis Sargalian]] in projects supplying [[Iraq]] with military equipment. [[Richard Babayan]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contract agent, also controlled a network providing equipment for [[Iraq]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "In April 1989, Timpani was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to
|
|||
In April 1989, [[Mike Timpani|Timpani]] was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Joseph O'Toole]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]]. He was slated to make a personal profit of $2 million from this deal.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ In April 1987 British police found an arms cache kept by [[Ismail Sowan]], a Pal
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Faber and Faber, 1991, pp. 313-314.
|
||||
[^3]: United Press International, report on the dismissal of Nicholas Davies, October 29, 1991.
|
||||
[^4]: Cohen, Yoel. *The Whistleblower of Dimona: Israel, Vanunu, and the Bomb*. 2003. https://archive.org/details/the-whistleblower-of-dimona-israel-vanunu-and-the-bomb
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Director general of the Israeli Ministry of Defense who in 1980 author
|
|||
[[Mordechai Tsippori]] was the director general of the [[Israel|Israeli]] Ministry of Defense in 1980. He gave the go-ahead for Israel to develop a [[Hydrogen Bomb|hydrogen bomb]] for testing.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ In November 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen|Van D
|
|||
[[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen|Van Der Westhuizen]] was threatened by an [[Israel|Israeli]] counterpart for his continued involvement in supplying missile technology to [[Iraq]] through [[Armscor|ARMSCOR]]. The [[South Africa|South African]] government was reportedly considering dismissing him from all official positions.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Colonel [[Reuben Yirador]] was a department commander in [[Unit 8200]], an [[Isr
|
|||
In 1972, [[Reuben Yirador|Yirador]] was involved in a significant discovery when he decoded a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intercept (VENONA) that revealed the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] were bugging the office of [[Golda Meir]], then Prime Minister of [[Israel]]. This discovery, along with [[Golda Meir|Meir's]] meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and her rejection of a peace settlement, informed [[Anwar Sadat]] and may have prompted the 1973 war.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,11 +3,103 @@ category: "Organized Crime"
|
|||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
summary: "First manager of the Cabazon Indian Casino, a former bookie who was later indicted on racketeering charges."
|
||||
- Cabazon
|
||||
- IndianGaming
|
||||
- Cardroom
|
||||
- Racketeering
|
||||
- LosAngeles
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Rocco Zangari
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
location: "Indio, California"
|
||||
summary: "Managed the cardroom of the Cabazon Indian Casino from September 1980 until his discharge in November 1981, and pleaded guilty in 1988 to federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Cabazon Indian Casino]]"
|
||||
role: "manager of the casino cardroom"
|
||||
start: 1980-09-25
|
||||
end: 1981-11-05
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[PN Associates, Inc.]]"
|
||||
role: "party to the September 25, 1980 agreement to manage the cardroom"
|
||||
start: 1980-09-25
|
||||
end: 1981-11-05
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles; guilty plea, five years probation and a $2,000 fine"
|
||||
end: 1988
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
[[Rocco Zangari]] was the first manager of the [[Cabazon Indian Casino]]. He was a former bookie and was later indicted on racketeering charges.
|
||||
Rocco Zangari managed the cardroom of the [[Cabazon Indian Casino]] on the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] at [[Indio, California]] from September 1980 until he was discharged in November 1981. [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a former bookie.[^1] In 1988 he pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges in [[Los Angeles]], and in 1989 a [[Riverside County]] newspaper and a California Attorney General's office official testifying to a [[United States Senate]] committee each described him as an organized crime figure.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Cardroom agreement, 1980
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] operated bingo games and a card club on its reservation in Riverside County. In 1987 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] described the card club as a place where draw poker and other card games were played, with games open to the public and played predominantly by non-Indians.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
On or about September 25, 1980, Zangari entered into an agreement to manage a cardroom operated by the Cabazon Indian Casino on land owned by the Cabazon Band. The [[Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit]] found that the agreement appears to have been only between Zangari and [[PN Associates, Inc.]], a Delaware corporation, although [[Arthur Welmas]], chairman of the Cabazon Band, also signed it.[^5] The casino was established in October 1980 as an unincorporated company consisting of a card parlor, restaurant and bar, with about 75 employees paid from casino revenues.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Wayne Reeder]], a real estate developer, told FBI agents on October 5, 1992 that he had built the casino for the Cabazon Indians and had received a percentage under an agreement made when he built it.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the tribe's administrator, told [[Los Angeles Magazine]] in September 1983 that a friend had referred the tribe to the baseball manager [[Leo Durocher]] for help in setting up the cardroom, and that he had not known at the time that Durocher "had once been expelled from baseball for a year for consorting with gamblers." He continued: "He brought in a guy named Rocco Zangari. Rocco had been handling baccarat tables at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, that kind of thing. He had a lot of the wrong connections, believe me. He'd been arrested once back in 1946 for not buying a gambling stamp." The article quotes him that in Los Angeles this "probably wouldn't mean anything, but out here it was enough to make him organized crime, and the papers said he was an obvious crime figure," and that "I don't think Rocco ever would have made it into the Mafia. He wasn't bright enough." He added that the tribe eventually fired Zangari.[^8] A later newspaper article summarizing the magazine piece attributes the "obvious crime figure" remark to the younger Nichols, [[John Paul Nichols]].[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Discharge and the bankruptcy case
|
||||
|
||||
According to the appellate panel, Zangari was discharged from his managerial position on November 5, 1981, following legal difficulties between the casino and the City of Indio. A [[Press-Enterprise]] article from January 1988 gives the date as November 15, 1981, and reports that Zangari sued for breach of contract, claiming he was owed $260,000.[^5][^10]
|
||||
|
||||
On December 10, 1981, the Cabazon Indian Casino filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The petition was signed by John Paul Nichols as "Project Manager." The January 1988 article gives the casino's debts as $567,577 owed to 45 creditors, and its assets as $123,859, and reports that Nichols said incompetent management caused the downfall of the poker business and that he had admitted a mistake in hiring Zangari as the first manager.[^5][^10]
|
||||
|
||||
Zangari filed a complaint on January 28, 1982, objecting to the discharge of any amounts the casino owed him under the September 25, 1980 agreement. The casino counterclaimed for damages under the same agreement. On September 22, 1982, the casino moved for summary judgment, arguing that the agreement bound only PN Associates and that, even if it bound the casino, it was void under [[25 U.S.C. § 81]], the federal statute that restricts payments for services relating to tribal lands. The trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants. On December 29, 1983, the appellate panel reversed and remanded, finding a material question of fact about the nature of the debtor and its relationship with the Cabazon Band, and holding that the lower court erred in applying the statute to a partnership that included persons outside its protection. The panel recorded that Zangari admitted he could not expect to collect anything from tribal funds.[^5] The January 1988 article reports that Zangari's claim was dismissed and that he received no money, according to bankruptcy court records. The article also reports that Zangari and Nichols accused each other in court papers of mishandling casino funds for personal profit at the tribe's expense.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Press accounts in 1983 and 1985
|
||||
|
||||
A series in the [[Miami Herald]] published May 29 to 31, 1983, dealt with Indian bingo and with the [[Wackenhut Corporation]]. The series reported that the Justice Department had identified Zangari as a onetime mob enforcer and named the [[Stefano Magaddino]] family of [[Buffalo, New York]] in the same sentence.[^11] The same series described [[Tommy Marson]] as a close associate of major organized crime figures who had served five years in federal prison on a 1950 counterfeiting conviction. It reported that Marson's wife had loaned $50,000 to John Paul Nichols in November 1980 to help finance the casino.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
In a 1985 Press-Enterprise article, John Paul Nichols said that when tribal leaders learned of alleged organized crime ties of Zangari, "he was fired." Nichols said the tribe then banned the organized crime figures from the reservation. He said Marson had no dealings with the tribe, and that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### FBI memoranda, 1983 and 1986
|
||||
|
||||
A July 19, 1983 airtel from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Los Angeles office to the Director, captioned "Pan American Management Inc." and summarizing gambling on Indian reservations in the division, states that when the Cabazon card and bingo parlor opened in late 1980 or early 1981, a [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] resident described as a La Cosa Nostra operative put up $90,000 to start the card parlor. At the same time, it states, he put an associate, a bookmaker, in as the manager. The manager was subsequently fired and thereafter won an $80,000 civil suit for breach of contract. Asked about the $90,000 in an unrelated investigation, the operative replied that it was only $70,000 and was a loan from his wife. The airtel states that a Los Angeles La Cosa Nostra member allegedly approached John Paul Nichols to demand repayment of the loan, which had supposedly since been paid off.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
An FBI Los Angeles memorandum dated November 5, 1986, titled "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," states that Nichols hired a manager and associates for the parlor, whose names are redacted in the released copy, and that the on-site manager was among those identified as alleged organized crime individuals or associates. It states that information received after the parlor opened indicated that a person whose name is redacted had loaned the Cabazon Band $90,000 toward opening the parlor, that the manager was fired by Nichols and filed a breach of contract suit which he won, and that Nichols maintained the loan had been repaid in full. The memorandum states that John Philip Nichols was arrested by the [[Indio Police Department]] in January 1985 on a murder charge, was convicted, and was serving time in the state penitentiary system. It further states that local bookmakers frequented the bingo and gambling parlor, one of them described as a La Cosa Nostra associate.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
Neither document names the manager. The other records place side by side with them are these. Zangari's agreement is dated September 25, 1980, and the casino was established in October 1980. He was discharged on November 5, 1981 and sued the casino for breach of contract. The trial court granted summary judgment against him, the appellate panel reversed in December 1983 (after the July 1983 airtel), and the January 1988 article reports that his claim was dismissed and he received no money. The Miami Herald reported a $50,000 loan to John Paul Nichols from Marson's wife in November 1980.[^5][^10][^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### Senate hearing, February 8, 1989
|
||||
|
||||
On February 8, 1989, the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, chaired by Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]] with Senator John McCain as cochairman, heard testimony in Washington on organized crime and Indian gambling. Robert Morehouse, a supervisor in the Bureau of Organized Crime and Criminal Intelligence of the California Attorney General's office, submitted a paper stating that Nichols "hired Rocco Zangari, a Southern California Organized Crime figure, to operate the cardroom." The paper continues: "According to court documents Zangari was later fired by the Tribe for alleged wrong doings in financial dealings. Zangari, in turn, accused John Philip Nichols of similar complaints. Zangari is currently serving 5 years probation after pleading guilty to extortion charges in 1988." It dates the casino's bankruptcy to 1981 and records that Nichols pleaded "no contest" in May 1985 to two charges of solicitation for murder and was sentenced to four years in prison.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
At the same hearing Anthony Daniels, deputy assistant director of the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, stated that "LCN direct involvement in Indian affairs has been limited."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
A witness listed in the hearing record under the fictitious name "Marty" also appeared that day. The Press-Enterprise of February 9, 1989 reported that "Marty," described as a former Mafia member whose identity the subcommittee kept secret, said the Cabazon reservation was involved with organized crime. According to the article he described a high-stakes bingo casino in the western United States that illegally skimmed hundreds of thousands of dollars for a crime family, and he named the Lucchese, Bufalino and Lansky organized crime families as the Mafia families primarily involved in Indian gambling. He gave no specifics on the Cabazon claims. [[Manny Fierro]], a lobbyist for the [[National Indian Gaming Association]], told the panel that the "unsubstantiated claims" of the former Mafia member gave the Indian gaming industry "a black eye," and that the Cabazon casino had been examined by state officials and was considered free of organized crime involvement.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The same article describes Zangari as an organized crime figure who managed the cardroom until he was fired in 1981. It reports that the previous year he had been sentenced to five years' probation and a $2,000 fine after pleading guilty to federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles. The article states that he was identified in the indictment in that case as an associate of [[Peter Milano]], whom federal prosecutors had identified as the leader of mob activities in Southern California until his conviction for racketeering. It also reports that Irving "Slick" Shapiro, described as another associate of organized crime, worked with Zangari in running the casino.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Welmas wrote to the committee that the Cabazon Band "categorically denies" that its gaming enterprises are controlled, infiltrated or in any way connected with organized crime. His letter, reported by the Press-Enterprise on February 11, 1989, called the testimony "unsubstantiated hearsay" and stated that it made evident that Marty "has no first-hand knowledge whatsoever of the history or the current operation of our bingo parlor or card room." Welmas also noted that the witness had wrongly called the Cabazon reservation a "rancheria."[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
### A Rocco Zangari in the 1998 Las Vegas case
|
||||
|
||||
A federal racketeering indictment unsealed in Las Vegas on February 2, 1998 named 16 defendants, among them the reputed Los Angeles underboss Carmen Milano, a brother of Peter Milano, and, as "made members," Stephen Cino, Charles Caci and a Rocco Zangari, aged 65. The Las Vegas Sun reported the indictment as a 50-count case that followed a January 1997 killing in Las Vegas; Zangari was not among the six charged in that killing.[^15] On March 10, 2000, a Rocco Zangari pleaded guilty to supervising other mob members while they sold $75,000 in counterfeit checks to undercover agents in the fall of 1996.[^16] The records found do not establish whether this Rocco Zangari is the former Cabazon cardroom manager. The Las Vegas Sun gives his age as 65 in 1998, and the 1983 Los Angeles Magazine text places an arrest of the Cabazon cardroom manager in 1946.[^8][^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/lastcircle0000step_l0f9
|
||||
[^2]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2: statement of Anthony E. Daniels, February 8, 1989, p. 409; Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 415 to 419 (Cabazon Band section at pp. 417 to 419). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
|
||||
[^3]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 9, 1989, p. A-1, "Cabazon bingo casino listed as Mafia-tied." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^4]: *California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians*, 480 U.S. 202 (1987), decided February 25, 1987, No. 85-1708. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/480/202
|
||||
[^5]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb; Bankruptcy No. SB 81-03397 WH; Adv. No. SB 82-0174-WH. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json and https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8517251/zangari-v-cabazon-indian-casino-in-re-cabazon-indian-casino/
|
||||
[^6]: *In re Cabazon Indian Casino*, 57 B.R. 398 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. February 5, 1986), BAP No. CC-85-1006-MVAb. https://static.case.law/br/57/cases/0398-01.json
|
||||
[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302 of the interview of Wayne Reeder, October 5, 1992 (transcribed December 9, 1992), file 74-86438, reprinted in the INSLAW Cabazon Wackenhut file, https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt. Reeder is described as a real estate developer in United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua (1993), https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^8]: *Los Angeles Magazine*, September 1983, pp. 126 ff. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746 (John Philip Nichols), Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^9]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), undated article citing *Los Angeles Magazine*, reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^10]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews," by Andrew Nelson. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^11]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series "Seminole Bingo" on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation; the FBI transmittals date installments May 29, 30 and 31, 1983). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^12]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^13]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, airtel to the Director, July 19, 1983, "Pan American Management Inc.," file 183-1746; and FBI Los Angeles memorandum, "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," November 5, 1986. Both reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^14]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 11, 1989, "Indians deny link to crime," by David Boyles. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
|
||||
[^15]: "FBI deals crippling blow to L.A. mob," *Las Vegas Sun*, February 3, 1998. https://lasvegassun.com/news/1998/feb/03/fbi-deals-crippling-blow-to-la-mob/
|
||||
[^16]: Kim Smith, "Alleged mobsters plead guilty," *Las Vegas Sun*, March 13, 2000. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2000/mar/13/alleged-mobsters-plead-guilty/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,14 +1,131 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Intelligence & Government"
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Shimon Yiftach
|
||||
- Shimon Yiftah
|
||||
- Shimon Jiftach
|
||||
- Shim'on Yiftah
|
||||
- S. Yiftah
|
||||
- Yiftach
|
||||
- Yiftah
|
||||
- Jiftach
|
||||
- שמעון יפתח
|
||||
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Nuclear
|
||||
- Israel
|
||||
summary: "Shimon Yiftach was the director of scientific programs for the Israeli defense ministry."
|
||||
- Dimona
|
||||
- SamsonOption
|
||||
- Plutonium
|
||||
- Reprocessing
|
||||
- Argonne
|
||||
- Technion
|
||||
- Soreq
|
||||
summary: "Israeli nuclear physicist, Atomic Energy Commission member, Technion professor and Soreq director whom Hersh identified as the defense ministry official who said in December 1963 that Israel planned no reprocessing plant."
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Israeli Ministry of Defense]]"
|
||||
role: "director of scientific programs, per Hersh"
|
||||
start: 1963-12
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Dimona]]"
|
||||
role: "public statement on the reactor's plutonium output and on reprocessing, per Hersh"
|
||||
start: 1963-12
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Argonne National Laboratory]]"
|
||||
role: "author affiliation on the December 1960 report with David Okrent"
|
||||
start: 1960-12
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]]"
|
||||
role: "member; delegate to the joint U.S.-Israel desalination board"
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Technion]]"
|
||||
role: "nuclear sciences department; head of the nuclear science department in 1964"
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Soreq Nuclear Research Center]]"
|
||||
role: "director (reported May 29, 1975 and January 9, 1979)"
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Israel Defense Forces]]"
|
||||
role: "colonel"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Shimon Yiftach was the director of scientific programs for the Israeli defense ministry. He was trained at the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in [[Illinois]] and was one of [[Israel]]'s leading experts in the chemistry of plutonium. In December 1963, he publicly stated that the advanced reactor at [[Dimona]] would produce plutonium as a by-product, but insisted that the Israeli government had no plans to build a separate plant for chemically reprocessing plutonium. Yiftach knew this was false, as French construction companies had already restarted work on the underground reprocessing plant at [[Dimona]].[^1]
|
||||
Shimon Yiftach (Hebrew שמעון יפתח; also spelled Yiftah; 1921 to 2012) was an Israeli nuclear physicist, a colonel, a member of the [[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]], a professor at the [[Technion]] and director of the [[Soreq Nuclear Research Center]].[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] identified him in December 1963 as the director of scientific programs for the [[Israeli Ministry of Defense]] and as "one of Israel's leading experts in the chemistry of plutonium."[^2] The library catalogues spell his name Yiftah, and Hersh spells it Yiftach.
|
||||
|
||||
### Education and the Argonne record
|
||||
|
||||
He held a doctorate from the [[University of Paris]]; his 1956 book *Constantes fondamentales des théories physiques* was published in [[Paris]] by [[Gauthier-Villars]] with a preface by [[Louis de Broglie]].[^3] Hersh wrote that Yiftach "had been trained at the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in [[Illinois]]."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
A December 1960 Argonne report, "Some Physics Calculations on the Performance of Large Fast Breeder Power Reactors," lists S. Yiftah as first author with D. Okrent. The record gives Yiftah's affiliation as the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, [[Yavne]], and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, and Okrent's as Argonne.[^4] [[David Okrent]] joined Argonne as an associate physicist after his doctorate and became manager of fast reactor physics and safety in 1957.[^5] The 1960 monograph *Fast reactor cross sections* was published under the names of S. Yiftah, D. Okrent and P. A. Moldauer; [[Peter A. Moldauer]] came to Argonne in 1957 and was appointed senior physicist a decade later.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publications
|
||||
|
||||
Library catalogues list nine titles under his name between 1953 and 1979. In 1953 he translated a work of [[Carl von Clausewitz]] into Hebrew, published in [[Tel Aviv]] by [[Ma'arachot]] as *'Ekronot ha-milhamah*, 120 pages.[^7] *Fast reactor cross sections: a study leading to a 16 group set*, 130 pages, was published in New York in 1960 by [[Pergamon Press]].[^3] A 29-page Hebrew booklet on nuclear weapons, *Nesheq gar'ini*, appeared in 1962 with the imprint of the education branch of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] General Staff.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1965 a 36-page Hebrew pamphlet on nuclear reactors for electricity and for desalinating seawater was issued under a three-part imprint: the Ministry of Defence, the Atomic Energy Commission and the Development Enterprises (Mifalei Pituach).[^9] The 1976 book on the nuclear era in the Middle East was published by [[Am Oved]] in Tel Aviv, 160 pages.[^10] The 1977 compilation *Nuclear data and low energy nuclear research in Israel*, 58 pages, names the Israel Atomic Energy Commission as publisher and Yiftah as compiler.[^11] Two Hebrew titles of 1979 followed, on nuclear technology in the world and in Israel and on missiles and rockets in modern warfare.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
His journal articles in *Nuclear Science and Engineering* and *Nuclear Technology* carry the affiliation of the Soreq Nuclear Research Center and the Israel Atomic Energy Commission in 1967 and 1975, and of the Department of Nuclear Engineering of the Technion in 1976, 1982 and 1985.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### Atomic Energy Commission, Technion and Soreq
|
||||
|
||||
On February 12, 1964 the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] asked the Technion to study the use of atomic energy for desalinating sea water; the study was to be conducted at [[Haifa]] by [[Fritz Ashner]] and Dr. Shimon Yiftah, both of the Technion's nuclear sciences department.[^14] On September 2, 1964 Yiftah, described as head of the nuclear science department of the Technion, was named as co-author, with Ashner and [[Pinhas Glueckstern]] of the [[Israel Electric Corporation]], of the Israeli paper on nuclear desalination at the Third International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in [[Geneva]].[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 7, 1966 Prof. Shimon Yiftach of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission was among the Israeli delegates, with Gen. [[Zvi Zur]] and Aron Weiner of [[Tahal]], to the joint [[United States]]-[[Israel]] desalination board, which was reviewing the Kaiser-Catalytic feasibility study of a dual-purpose nuclear desalting plant.[^16] The board established by the two governments to oversee the study included Aharon Wiener of Tahal, Dr. Haim Cats of the Israel Electric Corporation and Dr. Shimon Yiftah of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 29, 1975 Prof. Shimon Yiftach, director of the Sorek Nuclear Research Center and a member of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, told a meeting of the Nuclear Science Club that the Arab states would probably have nuclear capabilities by the 1980s and that the reactors bought by [[Egypt]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] were outmoded but would be able to produce enough plutonium for atomic weapons.[^18] On December 5, 1977, addressing the National Committee on Atomic Energy at the Technion in Haifa, he proposed a five-point program that included a joint Israeli-Egyptian nuclear reactor and center in [[Sinai]] linked to a desalination plant, the accumulation of uranium and the possible production of uranium from the phosphates of the [[Dead Sea]].[^19] On January 9, 1979, identified as head of the Israeli nuclear center at Soreq, he told the sixth annual conference of nuclear scientists at Beersheba University in [[Beersheba]] that [[Iraq]] and [[Libya]] were making substantial progress toward a nuclear infrastructure with the aid of the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]] and [[France]].[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
He died in early December 2012, at the age of 91. He had directed the nuclear research center of the Atomic Energy Commission at [[Nahal Soreq]], worked in the nuclear engineering department of the Technion, served as scientific adviser to the minister of science and chaired the Israeli association for the nuclear sciences.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### The December 1963 statement
|
||||
|
||||
Hersh wrote that in December 1963 Yiftach "publicly told a group of Israeli science writers that, as they had assumed, the advanced reactor at [[Dimona]] would produce plutonium as a by-product," and that "Yiftach insisted that the Israeli government had no plans to build a separate plant for chemically reprocessing plutonium." Hersh wrote that Yiftach "knew that French construction companies had started up once again on the underground reprocessing plant at Dimona."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Hersh set the statement within a period of official concealment: the government of [[Levi Eshkol]], he wrote, "worked at keeping the lid on, and had no qualms about stretching the truth to do so." On November 16, 1963 the [[New York Times]] columnist [[C. L. Sulzberger]] wrote that [[David Ben-Gurion]] "hints grimly that in its nearby Dimona reactor Israel itself may be experimenting with military atomics." Ben-Gurion wrote a letter to the editor the same day denying that he had suggested this, and the letter was published on November 20, 1963.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 4, 1964, at the Geneva conference, Israel Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[Ernst David Bergmann]] said that a combination of natural uranium and heavy water would yield plutonium as a by-product, and the Israeli papers were to treat "the chemistry of elements higher than uranium which have become available through operation of reactors, and the theory of fast reactors fuelled with plutonium."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### Reprocessing statements, 1961 to 1964
|
||||
|
||||
The [[National Security Archive]] briefing book on the 1963 inspection negotiations, by [[William Burr]] and [[Avner Cohen]], states that the Israelis had made "contradictory statements" about the reprocessing plant: in 1961 they said they planned to build it, in 1962 they said they had no plans, and in 1964 they told U.S. inspectors they had delayed constructing a pilot plant. The January 1963 National Intelligence Estimate had "no evidence to confirm or deny the existence of separation facilities" and judged that if the reactor "operated at its maximum capacity for the production of weapon-grade plutonium," it "could produce sufficient plutonium for one or two weapons a year."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
The briefing book records that [[Ephraim Katzir]], whom it identifies as Eshkol's science adviser, told the American team in January 1964 that he "hopes that the plant will be built in a year or two," and that the team saw the space slated for the pilot plant, "about 50 by 50 feet with a 20-foot ceiling." Burr and Cohen wrote that "whether talk about the plans for a pilot plant was a deliberate diversion from ongoing secret reprocessing activities at Dimona remains to be learned." The Israelis told the visitors that the reactor had gone critical on December 26, 1963.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Defense ministry and the intelligence apparatus
|
||||
|
||||
Hersh wrote that [[Shimon Peres]] insisted on a new intelligence agency to provide security for the nuclear operation, initially known as the Office of Special Tasks, and that its director, "handpicked by Peres," was [[Binyamin Blumberg]]; the office was "bureaucratically placed inside the defense ministry," and Blumberg's "sole mission in the late 1950s was protecting Dimona."[^24] Hersh wrote that the office was "widely known in the early 1980s by its Hebrew acronym, [[LAKAM]]."[^25] Hersh placed Yiftach's post in the same ministry. The 1965 pamphlet carries the Atomic Energy Commission in its imprint alongside the Ministry of Defence, and the 1977 compilation names the Israel Atomic Energy Commission as publisher.[^9][^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 10.
|
||||
[^1]: Bibliothèque nationale de France, authority record "Shimon Yiftah (1921-2012)," https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16647811d ; Aderet, Ofer, "Shimon Yiftah, among the senior nuclear scientists of Israel, has died" (Hebrew), *Haaretz*, December 9, 2012, https://www.haaretz.co.il/0000017f-f62d-d887-a7ff-feed8e910000 (died "at the end of the week" aged 91; professor and colonel; director of the nuclear research center of the Atomic Energy Commission at Nahal Soreq; worked in the Technion nuclear engineering department; scientific adviser to the minister of science; chairman of the Israeli nuclear science society; author of *The Nuclear Technology in the World and in Israel*, *The Nuclear Age in the Middle East*, *Missiles and Atomic Weapon* and *Missiles and Rockets in Modern Warfare*).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 10, p. 130.
|
||||
[^3]: Open Library, work records OL6116641W (*Constantes fondamentales des théories physiques*, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1956, by Shimon Yiftah, 124 pages, preface by Louis de Broglie), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116641W, and OL6116642W (*Fast reactor cross sections*, New York, Pergamon Press, 1960, 130 pages, by S. Yiftah, D. Okrent and P. A. Moldauer), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116642W ; Internet Archive metadata, identifier fastreactorcross0000yift, creator "Yiftah, Shimon," https://archive.org/details/fastreactorcross0000yift ; IdRef authority record 067644643, "Yiftah, Shimon," "Docteur de l'Université de Paris," https://www.idref.fr/067644643
|
||||
[^4]: Yiftah, S., and D. Okrent, "Some Physics Calculations on the Performance of Large Fast Breeder Power Reactors," Argonne National Laboratory report, December 1960, Office of Scientific and Technical Information record 4071059, https://doi.org/10.2172/4071059 (Crossref metadata: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2172/4071059 ; affiliation of S. Yiftah "Israel Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC), Yavne (Israel); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)"; affiliation of D. Okrent "Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL").
|
||||
[^5]: "David Okrent," UCLA Samueli School of Engineering In Memoriam notice, https://samueli.ucla.edu/in-memoriam-david-okrent/ (after his doctorate Okrent joined Argonne "starting out as an associate physicist" and became manager of Fast Reactor Physics and Safety in 1957). The National Academy of Engineering memorial tribute, *Memorial Tributes*, vol. 18, https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/18959/chapter/42 , lists the 1960 monograph with Shimon Yiftah and Peter A. Moldauer.
|
||||
[^6]: Ringo, R. R., and A. B. Smith, obituary of Peter Arnold Moldauer, *Physics Today*, vol. 37, no. 12 (December 1984), https://physicstoday.aip.org/obituaries/peter-arnold-moldauer (came to Argonne National Laboratory in 1957; appointed senior physicist a decade later; wrote with D. Okrent and S. Yiftah the monograph *Fast Reactor Cross Sections*).
|
||||
[^7]: Open Library, work record OL45809104W, Clausewitz, Hebrew title *'Ekronot ha-milhamah*, Ma'arachot, Tel Aviv, 1953, 120 pages, translated by Shim'on Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL45809104W
|
||||
[^8]: Open Library, work record OL44285875W, *Nesheq gar'ini* (Hebrew, nuclear weapon), 1962, 29 pages, publisher as listed: Ma'tkal (General Staff), Ketsin Hinukh Rashi (Chief Education Officer), 'Anaf ha-Shkalah (education branch). https://openlibrary.org/works/OL44285875W
|
||||
[^9]: Open Library, work record OL33277330W, Hebrew title *Kurim gar'iniyim le-hafakat hashmal ve-hamtakat me yam*, 1965, 36 pages, publisher as listed: Misrad ha-Bitahon, ha-Va'adah le-Energyah Atomit, Mif'alei Pituah (Ministry of Defence, Atomic Energy Commission, Development Enterprises). https://openlibrary.org/works/OL33277330W
|
||||
[^10]: Open Library, work record OL6116643W, *ha-'Idan ha-gar'ini ba-Mizrah ha-tikhon*, 'Am 'Oved, Tel-Aviv, 1976, 160 pages, by Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116643W
|
||||
[^11]: Open Library, work record OL6116645W, *Nuclear data and low energy nuclear research in Israel*, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, [Tel Aviv], 1977, 58 pages, compiled by Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116645W
|
||||
[^12]: Open Library, work records OL6116644W (*Tilim ve-raketot ba-lohama ha-modernit*, 1979) and OL18718834W (*ha-Teknologyah ha-gar'init ba-'olam uve-Yisra'el*, 1979), both under Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116644W ; https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18718834W
|
||||
[^13]: Crossref metadata for S. Yiftah / Shimon Yiftah: "The Effect of Plutonium Isotopic Composition on the Doppler Coefficient in Fast Reactors," *Nuclear Applications*, April 1967 (Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne); "Practical Preprocessed Nuclear Data Files for Fast Reactor Calculations," *Nuclear Science and Engineering*, May 1975 (Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, Yavne); "Analysis and Comparison of Plutonium-238 Nuclear Data," January 1976 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Haifa); "Application of a Time-Dependent Approach to Burnup Calculations for Pressurized Water Reactor Cores," October 1982 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering); "A Combined Hydro-Nuclear-Solar Project for Electric Power Production," August 1985 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering). https://api.crossref.org/works?query.author=Yiftah
|
||||
[^14]: "U.N. Atomic Energy Agency Asks Haifa Technion for Desalination Study," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 12, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/u-n-atomic-energy-agency-asks-haifa-technion-for-desalination-study
|
||||
[^15]: "Israel in Prominent Role at U.N. Conference on Atoms for Peace," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 2, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-in-prominent-role-at-u-n-conference-on-atoms-for-peace ; see also "Israeli Nuclear Scientists Acclaimed at Geneva International Parley," September 10, 1964, https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-nuclear-scientists-acclaimed-at-geneva-international-parley
|
||||
[^16]: "American-Israel Discussions on Desalination Started in Washington," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 7, 1966. https://www.jta.org/archive/american-israel-discussions-on-desalination-started-in-washington
|
||||
[^17]: "Washington Provides Egypt with Israeli Study on Desalination," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 12, 1966. https://www.jta.org/archive/washington-provides-egypt-with-israeli-study-on-desalination
|
||||
[^18]: "World News Briefs," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 29, 1975. https://www.jta.org/archive/world-news-briefs-62
|
||||
[^19]: "Propose Building Joint Israeli-Egyptian Nuclear Reactor in Sinai," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 5, 1977. https://www.jta.org/archive/propose-building-joint-israeli-egyptian-nuclear-reactor-in-sinai
|
||||
[^20]: "Warn of Nuclear Capability Lag," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 9, 1979. https://www.jta.org/archive/warn-of-nuclear-capability-lag
|
||||
[^21]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 10, p. 130 (the Sulzberger column and the Ben-Gurion letter to the editor), and notes to chapter 10, p. 327 (Ben-Gurion's letter to the *Times* "was published November 20, 1963").
|
||||
[^22]: "Israel's Atomic Chief Reveals Details About Nuclear Research," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 4, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/israels-atomic-chief-reveals-details-about-nuclear-research
|
||||
[^23]: Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Battle of the Letters, 1963: John F. Kennedy, David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and the U.S. Inspections of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, May 2, 2019. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2019-05-02/battle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona
|
||||
[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," p. 62.
|
||||
[^25]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 289 (the passage on Binyamin Blumberg and the Office of Special Tasks, "widely known in the early 1980s by its Hebrew acronym, LAKAM").
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Israeli lawyer who defended Michael Dennis Rohan in the 1969 El Aqsa M
|
|||
[[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] believed that [[Yitzhak Tunic|Tunic]] "sold him down the river" because he was afraid [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] might mention the [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL) if he took the witness stand. [[Yitzhak Tunic|Tunic's]] actions were part of the suppression of the [[El Aqsa Mosque]] arson case for "reasons of State interests."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ The rescue operation, code-named Operation Thunderbolt (sometimes called Operati
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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