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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Several important recommendations from the commission's secret report were imple
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A further effect of the recommendations was the creation of the External Relations Department of [[Mossad]] (IDF/MI/ERD), built around an existing unit called Foreign Liaison.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Canberra, Australia"
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The [[Australian Security Intelligence Organization]] (ASIO) is [[Australia|Australia's]] internal intelligence service. It was informed by *The [[Sydney Morning Herald]]* about [[Oscar Guerrero|Oscar Guerrero's]] attempt to sell photographs of [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear facility, provided by [[Mordecai Vanunu]]. [[Australian Security Intelligence Organization|ASIO]] then passed this information to the [[Australian Security Intelligence Service|Australian Security Intelligence Service]] (ASIS), who informed [[Israel]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[Australian Security Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) is [[Australia|Australia
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[[Australian Security Intelligence Service|ASIS]] was aware of and gave permission for aircraft loaded with arms to land in Western [[Australia]], en route to [[Tehran]], as part of a smokescreen operation by the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ In 1984, political chaos in Israel led to a coalition government between the [[L
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In September 1987, Ari Ben-Menashe and three other members of the Iran-Israel Joint Committee were dismissed due to pressure on Yitzhak Shamir following the leaking of the Iran-Contra Affair story. Prior to this, some funds were set aside for their futures, and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] money controlled by Israel was transferred to the [[East Bloc]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ LAKAM was formally dissolved following the 1985 exposure of the [[Jonathan Polla
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991.
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[^3]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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[^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
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@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "The Russian Orthodox Church's Nuncio in Jerusalem served as the quasi-
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The [[Russian Orthodox Church]]'s Nuncio in [[Jerusalem]] served as the quasi-official representative of the [[KGB]] in [[Israel]]. The [[KGB]]'s contacts with [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence went through him ever since [[Israel]] and the [[Soviet Union]] cut diplomatic ties in 1967.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ The [[Shas Party]] is an orthodox political party in [[Israel]], which emerged a
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In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] redirected funds from the Lubavitcher yeshivahs to the Shas yeshivahs, as the committee and [[Menachem Schneerson|Schneerson]] parted ways. The [[Likud Party]] considered the support of [[Ovadia Yousef]], an Iraqi-Jewish rabbi who controlled Shas, essential due to his large following in [[Israel]]'s Middle Eastern Jewish communities.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,5 +13,9 @@ The [[South African Defense Force]] (SADF) was the military of [[South Africa]].
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Under [[SIMWA]], if either country faced a shortage of matériel during war or military operations, the other country would provide supplies from its own stockpiles. The [[South African Defense Force|SADF]] also agreed to invest in [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program and provide testing grounds in the [[Indian Ocean]] for [[Israel|Israeli]] nuclear tests.[^1]
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A memorandum dated March 21, 1975, from the Chief of the Defence Staff, Lt. Gen. R. F. Armstrong, to the Chief of the South African Defence Force, Admiral H. H. Biermann, concerned [[Jericho I|Israel's Jericho weapon system]]. It argued that a significant nuclear threat to South Africa had emerged and concluded: "the possession of such a system will greatly add to our ability to negotiate from a position of strength." The Department of Defence declassified the memorandum in September 2003.[^2]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa-Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010, SAHA Collection AL2878, item A3.1.1. https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
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@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In 1972, Col. [[Reuben Yirador]] decoded a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intercept (VE
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In 1976, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], while on duty in [[Unit 8200]], intercepted a telegram detailing [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribes paid to Defense Minister [[Shimon Peres]]. This information was subsequently covered up by superiors, including [[Yoel Ben-Porat|Buffy]] and [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Yishaek]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ start: 1980
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The [[Iran Group]] was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] group headed by [[Robert Gates]]. It was created as a result of the October 1980 [[Paris Summit Meeting]], and its members, including [[George Cave]], were involved with [[Israel|Israelis]] in arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The commission's investigation focused on the years 1984 to 1986. Its conclusion
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[[George H.W. Bush]] later nominated [[John Tower|Tower]] for defense secretary, but he was not confirmed by [[United States|Congress]] due to the controversy surrounding the commission's findings.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[African National Congress]] (ANC) was a black revolutionary group in [[Sou
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[[PROMIS]] was used as a "killing machine" against the [[African National Congress|ANC]] and other black revolutionary groups, leading to the disappearance or maiming of almost 12,000 activists by early 1986. This was often carried out through "black-on-black" violence by death squads led by Chief [[Gatsha Buthelezi]], a term known in [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence circles as "Kushi kills Kushi." The system tracked dissidents through their required identity passes, and death lists were drawn up and handed over to [[Gatsha Buthelezi|Buthelezi]]'s group.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ The RAF officially announced the end of its armed struggle in a statement releas
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Aust, Stefan. *The Baader Meinhof Complex.* Translated by Anthea Bell. Bodley Head, 2008. Originally published in German as *Der Baader Meinhof Komplex* (Hoffmann und Campe, 1985). This is the authoritative account of the RAF's history by a journalist who knew several of its members.
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[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992. Netanyahu, Iddo. *Entebbe: A Defining Moment in the War on Terrorism.* Balfour Books, 2003.
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[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Netanyahu, Iddo. *Entebbe: A Defining Moment in the War on Terrorism.* Balfour Books, 2003.
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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ start: 1971
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Suspicion fell on [[Black September]] for the killing of two [[Mossad]] members working in the [[Rome]] listening station in April 1977.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ The [[Golani infantry brigade]] is an elite infantry brigade of the [[Israel|Isr
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[[Ari Ben-Menashe]]'s basic training in the military was in a special infantry unit known as Golani, where he undertook a special high-explosives sabotage course.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL) is a [[New York City]]-based extreme right-w
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The JDL was implicated in the 1969 arson attack on the [[El Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]], carried out by [[Michael Dennis Rohan]]. [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] claimed to have coordinated the deed with the JDL. [[Israel|Israeli]] interrogators, including those who questioned [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], emphasized the importance of not revealing the JDL's involvement to avoid any "traces of Jewish hands" in the incident.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Palestine"
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[[LEHI]] members were persecuted and hunted down, even by other Jews in [[Palestine]], due to opposition from the British, [[United States|U.S.]] governments, and the Jewish labor movement. Most individuals affiliated with the [[Stern Gang]] were not welcomed in the State of [[Israel]] after its establishment. [[Yitzhak Shamir]] was an exception, becoming a prominent figure in [[Mossad]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] to secu
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The [[Shining Path]] controlled significant areas of [[Peru]], particularly outside of [[Ayacucho]]. They were involved in ambushes against the military, and their actions led to the slaughter of innocent villagers by [[Rafael Cordova|Col. Rafael Cordova]] in retaliation. The group also used [[Stinger missiles]] to shoot down military helicopters.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ The [[Stern Gang]] was another name for [[LEHI]] (Lohamei Herut Israel, Hebrew f
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[[Gourdji]], the father of [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], was involved with the [[Stern Gang]] in [[Palestine]] in 1940. The group was known for its virulently anti-British stance, with [[Yitzhak Shamir]] even willing to negotiate with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] for Jewish lives. They were persecuted by British and [[United States|U.S.]] governments and the Jewish labor movement.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ An Open Secrets report of October 2017, based on South African military document
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: SEC Digest, November 7, 1991, Litigation Release LR-13077. https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1991/dig110791.pdf
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[^3]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002). https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json
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[^4]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (undated). https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Paris, France"
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[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] later booked an [[Air France]] flight from [[Europe]] to [[Israel]] for [[Sayeed Mehdi Kashani]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In December 1980, $40 million in bank checks, part of a $56 million payment for
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Profits from the sales of tires and wheelbases to [[Iran]] ($956,000) were also deposited into [[Banque Worms]] to initiate the slush fund. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] later opened a special account at [[Banque Worms]] for these profits.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ The [[Nicholas J. Bua|Bua Report]] (1993) found no credible evidence that enhanc
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^2]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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[^3]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
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@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Large amounts of money from the arms sales to [[Iran]], along with profits from
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In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] decided to withdraw its funds from Drexel and from the control of [[Menachem Schneerson]] (Lubavitcher Rebbe). This decision was influenced by concerns that the funds might be frozen if relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States|U.S.]] deteriorated, and it contributed to [[Michael Milken|Milken's]] growing troubles and ultimately to the fall of Drexel.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[[Dynavest Limited]] was an arms dealing company run by [[John Knight]] in [[London]]. It was involved in acquiring arms from [[Yugoslavia]] and selling them to [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who in turn sold them to Palestinian groups like [[Abu Nidal]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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In 1984, [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, with the backing of the [[United States|Americans]], agreed to continue selling weapons to the [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] government through [[Eagle]]. This was part of a deal that allowed [[Guatemala]] to be used for storing weapons en route to [[Iran]] and for planes carrying arms from [[Poland]] to the [[Sandinistas|Sandinista]] government in [[Nicaragua]] to fly over [[Guatemala]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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In 1988, El Al's first-class lounge at [[Heathrow Airport]] was the meeting place for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] and [[David Ivry]], director general of [[Israel|Israel]]'s Ministry of Defense, to discuss the sale of C-130s to [[Iran]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Esquire is an American magazine whose October 1991 article by Craig Un
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*[[Esquire]]* is an [[United States|American]] magazine. In October 1991, it published an article by [[Craig Unger]] that repeated [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] allegations that [[Robert McFarlane]] had been recruited by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] and named [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] as "Mr. X" in the [[Jonathan Pollard]] case. [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] subsequently sued the magazine, but the suit was dismissed in June 1994.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ summary: "FXC International was a parachute manufacturer transformed by director
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[[FXC International]] was also involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. [[FXC International]] was slated to receive $200,000 for the purchase of each aircraft and another $200,000 for each sale, with the [[Chile|Chilean]] government paying half its fee and [[Israel]] paying the other half.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[[Gamma Corporation]], also referred to as Gamma of [[Massachusetts]], was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] "cut-out" company in the [[United States|U.S.]]. It was involved in supplying components for chemical weapons to [[Carlos Cardoen]]. Specifically, [[Gamma Corporation]] sold fuses for cluster bombs to Cardoen, which were then used in his operations, including those supplying [[Iraq]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"
|
|||
[[Honeywell]] is a multinational conglomerate. Its [[Israel|Israeli]] franchise, [[Medan Computers Ltd.]], was involved in the implementation of the [[PROMIS]] software in [[Guatemala]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ In November 1994 the [[National Security Council]] approved a supercomputer sale
|
|||
[^11]: [[Samuel S. Snyder]], *History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers* (Department of Defense, 1964): IBM influence and early computer philosophy, p. 7; Stretch contacts of 1955 and fixed-price offer, pp. 40-41; SILO, PLANTATION and TRACTOR contracts, pp. 41-42; May 1, 1957 manual, p. 42; April 1958 purchase description and April 30, 1958 letter contracts, p. 45; January 1962 delivery and 32 percent cost overrun, pp. 45-46. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3121322/Document-02.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: Memorandum, Robert McFarlane to Ronald Reagan, August 1, 1984, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. X, Eastern Europe, doc. 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v10/d30
|
||||
[^13]: Memorandum, Kenneth W. Dam to George P. Shultz, June 12, 1985, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. V, Soviet Union, March 1985-October 1986, doc. 40, note 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v05/d40
|
||||
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^15]: *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), findings of fact 34 (PROMIS versions on PDP 11/70, IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs computers) and 192 and 202 (IBM request for the Department of Justice letter; co-marketing agreement). https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json
|
||||
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Sole source for the Riconosciuto allegation as recorded by the committee.
|
||||
[^17]: *In re International Business Machines Corp.*, 687 F.2d 591 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 1982), Background section (docket *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 69 Civ. 200, S.D.N.Y., filed January 17, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/687/cases/0591-01.json
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "USA"
|
|||
[[ITICO]] (Integrated Technologies International Co.) was a company that served as a cover for [[Alan Sanders]], who had links to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. Through [[ITICO]], Sanders was involved in supplying technology for cluster bombs to [[Carlos Cardoen]] in the form of blueprints, despite a [[United Nations]] arms embargo against [[Chile]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
|
|||
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. Sole source for the agreement; the quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
|
||||
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
|
||||
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
|
||||
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement.
|
||||
[^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
[^10]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, January 21, 1993, immediately preceding the page marker H140 (an unattributed reprinted report on testimony in the Matrix Churchill trial). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Western Australia, Australia"
|
|||
The [[John Curtin Foundation]] was an organization in [[Australia]] whose funds were guarded by [[Alan Bond]]. In February 1987, a contribution from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was made to the West Australian Labor Party, involving [[Richard Babayan]] and [[Earl Brian]] acting on behalf of [[Hadron]]. This money was passed on by one of [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] companies in [[Australia]] to be held by the [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]] in [[Moscow]], with [[Alan Bond]] receiving the check in his role as the guardian of the [[John Curtin Foundation]] funds.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ In 1976, a telegram intercepted by [[Unit 8200]] revealed details of bribes paid
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
|
||||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Israel"
|
|||
While the technicians at [[Medan Computers Ltd.]] were aware of the [[PROMIS]] program, they were not informed about the "trap door" functionality. When [[Medan Computers Ltd.]] pointed out that their computers would not be suitable for the [[PROMIS]] implementation in [[Guatemala]], they were arranged to act as brokers for [[IBM]] equipment in [[Guatemala]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
332
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Minerva Project.md
Normal file
332
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Minerva Project.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Minerva Project
|
||||
- Minerva Project, Inc.
|
||||
- Minerva Project Inc
|
||||
- The Minerva Project
|
||||
- Minerva Institute
|
||||
- Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship
|
||||
- Minerva University
|
||||
- Minerva Schools
|
||||
- Minerva Schools at KGI
|
||||
- Minerva School of Arts and Sciences
|
||||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Minerva
|
||||
- EdTech
|
||||
- BenNelson
|
||||
- BobKerrey
|
||||
- StephenKosslyn
|
||||
- LarrySummers
|
||||
- BenchmarkCapital
|
||||
- TALEducation
|
||||
- ByteDance
|
||||
- KeckGraduateInstitute
|
||||
- Accreditation
|
||||
- FormD
|
||||
- JeffreyEpstein
|
||||
summary: "Delaware education venture founded by Ben Nelson, whose school was accredited through a Keck Graduate Institute affiliation and whose investors included Benchmark Capital, TAL Education Group, whose chairman held a board seat, and ByteDance."
|
||||
location: "San Francisco, California"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Ben Nelson]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief executive and founder"
|
||||
start: 2011
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Ben Nelson]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief executive officer"
|
||||
start: 2012-03
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Benchmark Capital]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "seed financing, $25 million"
|
||||
start: 2012-03
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[TAL Education Group]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "minority equity investment, $18,000,003"
|
||||
start: 2014-10
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[ZhenFund]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "co-led second round"
|
||||
start: 2014-10
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Yongjin Group]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "co-led second round"
|
||||
start: 2014-10
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[ByteDance]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "led $57 million Series C"
|
||||
start: 2019-07
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Kevin Harvey]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2012-03
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Bangxin Zhang]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director; TAL chairman and chief executive officer"
|
||||
start: 2014-10
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Philip Lader]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2015
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Gwynne Shotwell]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2017-12
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Yiming Zhang]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2019-07
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Wendy Kopp]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2019-07
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Rong Luo]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director; name matches TAL chief financial officer"
|
||||
start: 2019-07
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Alex Peng]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director"
|
||||
start: 2022-09
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "executive chairman, The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship"
|
||||
start: 2013-01-14
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "advisory board"
|
||||
start: 2011
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Larry Summers]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chairman, advisory board"
|
||||
start: 2012-04-04
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Patrick Harker]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "advisory board"
|
||||
start: 2012-04-04
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Lee Shulman]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "advisory board"
|
||||
start: 2012-04-04
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Stephen Kosslyn]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "founding dean, Minerva School of Arts and Sciences"
|
||||
start: 2013-03-12
|
||||
fn: 45
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Teri Cannon]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief policy and accreditation officer; acting president, Minerva Institute"
|
||||
start: 2012
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]"
|
||||
role: "HKUST-Minerva Scholars Program"
|
||||
start: 2018-04-30
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Keck Graduate Institute]]"
|
||||
role: "WSCUC-approved affiliation for Minerva Schools at KGI"
|
||||
start: 2014-02
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Minerva Project, Inc. is a for-profit corporation incorporated in Delaware and based in San Francisco.[^1] Its founder and chief executive, [[Ben Nelson]], was president of [[Snapfish]] when [[Hewlett-Packard]] agreed to buy the online photo service in 2005.[^2] Minerva's biography of Nelson states that he was Snapfish chief executive from 2005 through 2010 and led the sale to Hewlett-Packard for $300 million.[^3] The company's school began as the Minerva Schools at KGI, an arrangement with the [[Keck Graduate Institute]], and became an independent institution, Minerva University, that was accredited in 2021.[^4][^5] Its investors have included [[Benchmark Capital]], which provided the seed round, and investors from China and South Korea.
|
||||
|
||||
### Corporate filings
|
||||
|
||||
The company has filed five Form D notices with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], in April 2012, November 2014, December 2017, July 2019 and September 2022.[^6] Each lists Nelson as an executive officer and director.
|
||||
|
||||
The April 2012 notice gives March 26, 2012 as the date of first sale and an offering of $25,000,000, of which $16,666,667 had been sold. It lists [[Kevin Harvey]] as a director beside Nelson.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The notice filed November 14, 2014 gives October 14, 2014 as the first sale, an offering of $78,600,000 and $45,333,330 sold. It adds [[Bangxin Zhang]] as a director, and the business address moves to 1145 Market Street in San Francisco.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The notice filed December 5, 2017 gives November 21, 2017 as the first sale, an offering of $75,949,507 and $13,000,104 sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Zhang, [[Philip Lader]] and [[Gwynne Shotwell]].[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
The notice filed July 12, 2019 gives June 28, 2019 as the first sale of an offering of $7,671,644, all of which was sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Lader, Shotwell, [[Rong Luo]], [[Yiming Zhang]] and [[Wendy Kopp]].[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
The notice filed September 2, 2022 gives August 18, 2022 as the first sale of an offering of $16,240,000, of which $3,065,519 had been sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Kopp, Shotwell, Lader and [[Alex Peng]], and it lists four further executive officers.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Funding rounds
|
||||
|
||||
On April 4, 2012 the company announced that it had "secured $25 million in early stage funding from Benchmark Capital, the largest seed investment in the firm's history," and named [[Larry Summers]] chairman of its advisory board.[^11] The January 2013 release repeats the seed figure: "In early 2012, Minerva secured $25 million in seed financing from Benchmark Capital, the largest seed investment in the firm's history."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
On October 15, 2014 Minerva announced "the first of two closes in a Series B round that will generate $70M in new financing," led by "a consortium of three investors from China": [[TAL Education Group]], [[ZhenFund]] and [[Yongjin Group]]. Benchmark Capital returned with an additional commitment. The release says that 70 percent of the round had been allocated and that the remaining 30 percent would be allocated by the beginning of 2015.[^13] TAL's filing of October 22, 2014 states that it led "the Series B funding for Silicon Valley-based Minerva Project together with ZhenFund and Yongjin Group."[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
TAL's annual report for the year ended February 28, 2015 records "a minority equity investment of $18.0 million in Minerva" made in October 2014, with total consideration of $18,000,003 for an equity interest in Minerva Project, Inc., "a Delaware corporation," carried at cost. Its reports for the years ended February 2016, 2017 and 2018 carry the same figure.[^15][^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The company announced a $57 million Series C in July 2019. It was led by [[ByteDance]], with existing investors TAL and Yongjin Group and new investors Pinpoint Ventures, Kakao Ventures, Tan Tan Ventures and Lighthouse Combined from Korea.[^17][^18] EdSurge described Yongjin Group as one of "a host of Korean firms," and reported that the investors "hail from Asia." Nelson said that "There is a greater appreciation of the potential of education in Asia." EdSurge also quoted him on the company's structure: "now we are in a separation phase where the schools will soon be operating independently from the company."[^17] The Form D filed the following day records $7,671,644 offered and sold, from a first sale on June 28, 2019.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Board and advisory board
|
||||
|
||||
The October 2014 release states that "a representative from TAL will sit on the Minerva Project's Board, joining Nelson and Kevin Harvey, general partner at Benchmark Capital," and that Nelson would appoint two further members later. It quotes "Bangxin Zhang, chairman and CEO at TAL Education Group."[^13] The Form D filed on November 14, 2014 lists Bangxin Zhang as a director of Minerva Project, Inc. beside Nelson and Harvey, and the notice of December 2017 lists him again.[^7][^8] TAL's annual report names "Bangxin Zhang, our chairman and chief executive officer," and "Rong Luo, our chief financial officer."[^15] Zhang, the TAL chairman and chief executive, is the director named in the Form D notices.
|
||||
|
||||
Rong Luo became TAL's chief financial officer in November 2014 and held the post through its report for the year ended February 2021.[^19] The Form D of July 12, 2019 lists him as a Minerva director in place of Zhang.[^9] The notice gives no biography; the identification of that director with TAL's chief financial officer rests on the identical full name and on TAL's board seat.
|
||||
|
||||
Harvey's biography in the 2025 proxy statement of [[Upwork]] lists among his other affiliations "Director, Minerva Project Inc., education innovation company."[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
The 2016 proxy statement of [[AES Corporation]] lists the directorships of Philip Lader, including "UC RUSAL (from 2006 to the present)" and "the Minerva Project (from 2015 to the present)."[^21] Lader's biography on the [[Renaissance Weekend]] site describes him as Trustee Emeritus of the [[RAND Corporation]] and lists the [[Atlantic Council]] among his boards, and it says that he was "president of Business Executives for National Security."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
Shotwell is listed in the 2020 proxy statement of [[Polaris Inc.]] as a director of the Minerva Project. The same statement says that she held positions with Microcosm and with [[The Aerospace Corporation]] before she became vice president of business development at [[SpaceX]] in August 2002.[^23] [[Bob Kerrey]] was a trustee of The Aerospace Corporation from 2001 to 2002, according to the proxy statements of [[Tenet Healthcare]] for those years.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Minerva Institute and Kerrey's appointment
|
||||
|
||||
On January 14, 2013 the company announced the launch of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, which it described as a non-profit institute, and named Kerrey its executive chairman. The release says that Kerrey had joined the company's advisory board in 2011. It names Larry Summers as "chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board," and it quotes Kerrey: "I believe the Minerva Project is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
The April 2012 release had already listed Kerrey on the advisory board, with [[Patrick Harker]], then president of the University of Delaware, and [[Lee Shulman]], under Summers as chairman.[^11] An undated company overview in the [[Jeffrey Epstein|Epstein]] files names the same advisory board members and says that the company "was founded by CEO Ben Nelson in 2011."[^25] The January 2013 release gives the founding year as 2010, the October 2014 release as 2012, and the 2012 Form D records incorporation in 2011.[^1][^12][^13]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 11, 2014 the Institute announced the appointment of [[Stacey Childress]], then chief executive of NewSchools Venture Fund, and [[Michael Horn]] of the Clayton Christensen Institute to its board.[^26] Minerva's Institute page of 2020 lists as board members [[Bertil Andersson]], Childress, Horn, [[Diane Tavenner]], Phil Bronner and Zhang Yiming, the founder of ByteDance, with Kerrey as executive chairman and Nelson as founder. The 2021 page adds [[Venki Ramakrishnan]] and lists Kerrey as chairman.[^27][^28] The 2023 Board of Trustees page lists Tavenner as chair, Kerrey as chair emeritus, Nelson as founder and board member, and, among others, [[Randy Schekman]] and Zhang Yiming; the same page states that "the Minerva name, logo, and trade dress are trademarks of Minerva Project."[^29] On December 7, 2020 Minerva announced that [[Reed Hastings]] would support the Institute.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
Minerva's accreditation history states that the Institute "assumed responsibility for funding and operating Minerva Schools in preparation for independent accreditation."[^31] Minerva's own announcement of July 22, 2021 describes the Institute as "a non-profit, tax-exempt entity" that "was founded in 2013."[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Accreditation through Keck Graduate Institute
|
||||
|
||||
EdSurge reported in July 2013 that the company had partnered with Keck Graduate Institute, a graduate school in the [[Claremont Colleges]], to launch the Minerva Schools at KGI. The report said the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] (WSCUC), which accredited KGI, would begin reviewing Minerva's programs for approval, and it described the arrangement as similar to the way the [[Stanford University]] School of Engineering operates within its university. The report also says that "while Minerva is a for-profit school, KGI is a nonprofit organization."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Minerva's accreditation page records that WSCUC approved the affiliation between KGI and Minerva in February 2014. It records that WSCUC granted initial accreditation to Minerva University in June 2021, "recognizing it as a freestanding, independent, accredited institution." A WSCUC action letter, listed on the same page as February 2026, followed a special site visit in the winter of 2026.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
Minerva's Institute page of 2021 describes the Institute as "a private, non-profit, tax-exempt entity that operates Minerva Schools at KGI," and states that it "will become the home of Minerva University when WSCUC grants it accreditation separate from KGI."[^33] KGI's own account of August 2, 2021 says that Minerva University is "now a freestanding, independent institution." Its president, [[Sheldon Schuster]], said of the arrangement: "This was not a financial arrangement."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Teri Cannon]] is "Chief Policy and Accreditation Officer/ALO for MSKGI and Acting President, Minerva Institute." She joined Minerva in 2012 after working as a higher education consultant and, before that, as executive vice president of the accrediting commission itself, then WASC.[^34][^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### Institutional partners
|
||||
|
||||
On April 30, 2018 Minerva and the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] announced the HKUST-Minerva Scholars Program, under which HKUST students take four Minerva Cornerstone courses on Minerva's Active Learning Forum platform and Minerva students may spend part of their fourth year at HKUST. Nelson is quoted: "I am especially proud that our first partnership is with HKUST."[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
A page on Minerva's admissions site, captured in September 2020, is headed "Partner: IDF 8200" and states: "IDF unit 8200 alumni have the mature perspective and technological experience to both benefit from and contribute to Minerva's diverse undergraduate experience."[^37] The company's case study for the Korean Institute for Energy Technology (KENTECH) says that Minerva "partnered with" it "to create a selective university" for students pursuing energy careers.[^38] On September 28, 2023 Minerva University announced a partnership with Rise, "an initiative of Schmidt Futures and the Rhodes Trust," to provide four-year scholarships.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### Federal aid and student visas
|
||||
|
||||
Minerva's financial aid page says: "Minerva does not participate in U.S. Title IV federal financial aid programs at this time."[^40] The WSCUC directory entry for Minerva University reads "Distributes Federal Financial Aid: No."[^41] The 2013 release had said that the company "will not rely on the federal government for assistance."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
The university's About page states: "Minerva is also authorized by SEVP to host international students on F-1 visas, supporting its undergraduate residential program."[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
### Stephen M. Kosslyn
|
||||
|
||||
[[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]] was named divisional dean for the social sciences at [[Harvard University]], effective July 1, 2008, after serving as chair of the psychology department from 2005; he was John Lindsley Professor of Psychology.[^43] In February 2013 his email signature gave his position as director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford.[^44] On March 12, 2013 Minerva announced his appointment as Founding Dean; the release quotes Summers, "chairman of the Minerva Project Advisory Board": "I cannot imagine a better leader for Minerva's effort to develop new scalable approaches to higher education."[^45] By September 2014 his signature gave his position as dean of the Minerva School of Arts and Sciences at the Keck Graduate Institute, with a business address at 1145 Market Street.[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
A final technical report filed with the [[Defense Technical Information Center]] under the title "Neuropsychological Components of Imagery Processing" names Kosslyn as principal investigator on AFOSR Grant 88-0012, performed at Harvard University. The report's cover header reads "AFOSR/ONR FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT," and the funding and monitoring organization is listed as the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]] at Bolling Air Force Base. The report carries a 1991 DTIC processing stamp.[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
The 2020 report of Harvard's Office of the General Counsel found that Epstein had given Harvard two gifts, in 1998 and 2002, totaling $200,000 "to support Kosslyn's research," and that Kosslyn, as chair of the psychology department, recommended him for admission as a Visiting Fellow for 2005-2006. Kosslyn's letter of September 2, 2005 states: "I have known Jeffrey for about nine years," and "He has been my only collaborator on this project (for some five years now, I believe)," the project being a "theory of social prosthetic systems." Epstein's application of September 1, 2005 was approved on September 3, and a second year was approved on April 21, 2006. The report states that Kosslyn recalled Epstein as someone who "was barely ever around," and that the application form did not require Kosslyn to disclose the gifts. In November 2008, after President [[Drew Faust]] had concluded that Harvard should no longer accept gifts from Epstein, Kosslyn, then divisional dean, noted in an email: "If [President] Drew [Faust] weren't opposed to taking JEE's money, there wouldn't be a problem . . [.] but she is."[^48]
|
||||
|
||||
### Jeffrey Epstein's correspondence with Minerva, 2013 and 2014
|
||||
|
||||
On February 21, 2013 Kosslyn wrote to [[Lesley Groff]], the scheduler of Jeffrey Epstein, that "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff replied: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey."[^49] The schedule for Friday, February 22, 2013 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey." An earlier version had listed a "TENTATIVE Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn and Ben Nelson" at 11:30.[^50]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 23, 2013 Kosslyn wrote to Epstein: "I'm absolutely torn by the situation." He added that "the rest of the team is A+," and that he had "met with the head guy at Benchmark, and they are very positive about the project." He reported that the managing director of the [[Mayfield Fund]] had been "very high on the idea" although the fund "turned them down for internal reasons." Epstein replied: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front."[^44][^51] Minerva announced Kosslyn as Founding Dean on March 12, 2013.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10," and asked whether [[Bill Gates]] knew Kerrey and whether Kerrey "would he like to come."[^52]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 12, 2013 Groff asked Epstein whether she should "touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera [sic] Project," and Epstein answered "ok."[^53]
|
||||
|
||||
On July 26, 2013 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project": "am to meet bob kerrey (who I know) monday" and "ran into kosslyn wed who is also involved." Epstein replied that he thought the project "nuts" and asked: "he and kosslyn are only init for the money nu?" Schank answered: "He has enough I would have thought (Maybe not Steve)."[^54] On August 12, 2013 a LinkedIn update forwarded to Epstein stated that "Bob Kerrey is now Executive Chairman at The Minerva Institute."[^55]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 15, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "met with kerrey, too used to not being questioned properly." Later that day he reported what Kerrey had said: "he tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff, but did say you had rasied 100 m with the condition that if students didn't come the money would be returned." Kosslyn replied: "I know nothing about that condition, and have no idea where he got that idea.. But maybe he knows something I don't know." He added: "I wish I had been able to explain Minerva to Sunstein (whom I've never met)."[^56]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 16, 2014 Kerrey wrote to Epstein after a brunch: "Thanks for a wonderful brunch and another great conversation." Epstein asked whether Kerrey had said that Kosslyn "had raised 100 million" and whether the money would be returned. Kerrey answered: "He has not closed the round yet but has very strong interest that will enable him to close. He will not lower standards to bring in the first large class in 2015 and will return unspent money from the second round if we fail to recruit at the standard we have set." Epstein forwarded the exchange to Kosslyn the same day.[^46][^57]
|
||||
|
||||
The Form D notice for the round records a first sale on October 14, 2014, four weeks after that exchange, and an offering of $78,600,000.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed April 6, 2012, accession 0001546672-12-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667212000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^2]: Computerworld, "HP reels in Snapfish," March 22, 2005. https://www.computerworld.com/article/1459387/hp-reels-in-snapfish.html
|
||||
[^3]: Minerva Schools, "Ben Nelson, Founder, Chairman and CEO," staff biography, 2016. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/people/ben-nelson/ Computerworld reports that the president joined HP and that the price was not disclosed.
|
||||
[^4]: EdSurge, "Validating a Virtual Startup School," July 23, 2013. https://edsurge.com/news/2013-07-23-validating-a-virtual-startup-school
|
||||
[^5]: Keck Graduate Institute, "Minerva University, Formerly the Minerva Schools at KGI, Gains Accreditation," August 2, 2021. https://www.kgi.edu/news/2021/minerva-university-formerly-the-minerva-schools-at-kgi-gains-accreditation.html
|
||||
[^6]: EDGAR submissions index for CIK 0001546672, listing five Form D filings (2012, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2022). https://data.sec.gov/submissions/CIK0001546672.json
|
||||
[^7]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed November 14, 2014, accession 0001546672-14-000002, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667214000002/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^8]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed December 5, 2017, accession 0001546672-17-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667217000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^9]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed July 12, 2019, accession 0001546672-19-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667219000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^10]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed September 2, 2022, accession 0001546672-22-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667222000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^11]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
|
||||
[^13]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Announces $70 Million in Additional Funding," October 15, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Announces_70M_Additional_Funding.pdf
|
||||
[^14]: TAL Education Group, Form 6-K filed October 22, 2014, Exhibit 99.1, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000110465914072864/a14-22783_1ex99d1.htm
|
||||
[^15]: TAL Education Group, annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended February 28, 2015, filed May 28, 2015, Item 3 and Item 6, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000104746915005065/a2224838z20-f.htm
|
||||
[^16]: TAL Education Group, annual report on Form 20-F filed May 31, 2016, notes to consolidated financial statements, Note 10, Long-term investments, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000114420416105878/v439035_20f.htm
|
||||
[^17]: EdSurge, "Minerva Project Raises $57M to Support Its Tech Platform and Spin Off Its School," July 11, 2019. https://edsurge.com/news/2019-07-11-minerva-project-raises-57m-to-support-its-tech-platform-and-spin-off-its-school
|
||||
[^18]: Built In, "Higher ed tech startup Minerva raises $57 million in Series C round." https://builtin.com/articles/higher-ed-tech-startup-minerva-raises-57-million-series-c-round
|
||||
[^19]: TAL Education Group, annual reports on Form 20-F for the years ended February 2019, 2020 and 2021, Item 6, directors and senior management, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000114420419026826/tv518838_20f.htm and https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000110465921063077/tal-20210228x20f.htm
|
||||
[^20]: Upwork Inc., definitive proxy statement filed April 25, 2025, director biographies, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1627475/000162747525000025/upwk-20250424.htm
|
||||
[^21]: AES Corporation, definitive proxy statement filed March 7, 2016, director biographies (Philip Lader), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/874761/000087476116000083/a2016proxystatement.htm
|
||||
[^22]: Renaissance Weekend, "Philip Lader," biography. https://renaissanceweekend.org/bios/philip-lader
|
||||
[^23]: Polaris Inc., definitive proxy statement filed March 13, 2020, director biographies (Gwynne Shotwell), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/931015/000130817920000032/lpii2020_def14a.htm
|
||||
[^24]: Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statements filed August 21, 2001 and August 14, 2002 (Kerrey as trustee of The Aerospace Corporation). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm and https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000089710102000565/tenet023987_def14a.htm
|
||||
[^25]: The Minerva Project, "An Overview," undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
|
||||
[^26]: Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, "Michael Horn and Stacey Childress Appointed to the Board of The Minerva Institute," November 11, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Institute_Board_Announcement.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2020. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/about/institute/institute-board-members/
|
||||
[^28]: Minerva University, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2021. https://www.minerva.edu/institute-board-members/
|
||||
[^29]: Minerva University, "Board of Trustees," page captured October 1, 2023. https://www.minerva.edu/board-of-trustees/
|
||||
[^30]: Minerva University, "Netflix Founder Reed Hastings to Support Minerva Institute," December 7, 2020 (headline and date). https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/netflix-founder-reed-hastings-to-support-minerva-institute/
|
||||
[^31]: Minerva University, "Accreditation at Minerva University," accreditation milestones and documents page. https://www.minerva.edu/accreditation/
|
||||
[^32]: Minerva University, "Minerva University Granted Accreditation by WSCUC," July 22, 2021. https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/minerva-university-granted-accreditation-by-wscuc
|
||||
[^33]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Minerva Institute," page captured March 19, 2021. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/minerva-institute/
|
||||
[^34]: WSCUC, staff page for Teri Cannon. https://www.wscuc.org/team/teri-cannon
|
||||
[^35]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Teri Cannon, Chief Accreditation Officer," staff biography, 2016. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/people/teri-cannon/
|
||||
[^36]: Minerva Project and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, joint announcement, April 30, 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_KHUST_Announcement.pdf
|
||||
[^37]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Partner: IDF 8200," page captured September 21, 2020. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/partners/partner-idf-8200/
|
||||
[^38]: Minerva Project, "Case Study: KENTECH," 2023. https://www.minervaproject.com/case-study-kentech/
|
||||
[^39]: Minerva University, "Minerva University Announces Partnership with Rise," September 28, 2023. https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/minerva-university-announces-partnership-with-rise/
|
||||
[^40]: Minerva University, "Financial Aid," undergraduate financial aid page. https://www.minerva.edu/undergraduate/financial-aid
|
||||
[^41]: WSCUC, institution directory entry for Minerva University. https://wscuc.org/institutions/minerva-university
|
||||
[^42]: Minerva University, About page. https://www.minerva.edu/about
|
||||
[^43]: Harvard Gazette, "Stephen Kosslyn named divisional dean for the social sciences," April 2008. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/04/stephen-kosslyn-named-divisional-dean-for-the-social-sciences
|
||||
[^44]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, "thanks," February 23, 2013, EFTA01760981, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (same text in EFTA00652848, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01760981.pdf
|
||||
[^45]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Names Dr. Stephen M. Kosslyn as Founding Dean," March 12, 2013. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Project_Annouces_Stephen_M._Kosslyn.pdf
|
||||
[^46]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, September 16, 2014, EFTA02365655, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02365655.pdf
|
||||
[^47]: Stephen M. Kosslyn, principal investigator, "Neuropsychological Components of Imagery Processing," AFOSR/ONR Final Technical Report, AFOSR Grant 88-0012, Harvard University, DTIC accession AD-A232 391. https://archive.org/download/DTIC_ADA232391/DTIC_ADA232391_djvu.txt and https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA232391.pdf
|
||||
[^48]: Harvard University, Office of the General Counsel, "Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University," May 2020, pp. 4-8 and 10-11. https://ogc.harvard.edu/files/ogc/files/report_concerning_jeffrey_e._epsteins_connections_to_harvard_university.pdf
|
||||
[^49]: Stephen M. Kosslyn and scheduler emails, "Re: complication," February 21, 2013, EFTA02147246, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02147246.pdf
|
||||
[^50]: Epstein schedule emails for Friday, February 22, 2013, EFTA00395264 and EFTA01905308 (final version), EFTA00954261 and EFTA01800702 (earlier version), and Google Calendar reminder EFTA02148035, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00395264.pdf
|
||||
[^51]: Jeffrey Epstein email to Stephen M. Kosslyn, "Re: thanks," February 22 to 23, 2013, EFTA00955209, Data Set 9; and EFTA01900925, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00955209.pdf
|
||||
[^52]: Stephen M. Kosslyn and Jeffrey Epstein emails, February 27, 2013, EFTA00652828, Data Set 9, and EFTA01761690, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652828.pdf
|
||||
[^53]: Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Bob Kerrey w/the Minerva Project," March 12, 2013, EFTA00393723, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00393723.pdf
|
||||
[^54]: Jeffrey Epstein and Roger Schank, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
|
||||
[^55]: LinkedIn update forwarded to Jeffrey Epstein, August 12, 2013, EFTA00652362, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652362.pdf
|
||||
[^56]: Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn emails, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996933 and EFTA00704445, Data Set 9, and EFTA02353638, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
|
||||
[^57]: Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library; forwarded to Stephen M. Kosslyn as EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
|
||||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Peru"
|
|||
The [[Ocho Group]] was a chain of five small newspapers in [[Peru]]. [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso]], the leader of the [[Shining Path]], requested that [[Israel]] purchase this newspaper chain on the movement's behalf as part of a deal to secure rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Moscow, Russia"
|
|||
The [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]] was a financial entity in [[Moscow]] that held funds related to covert operations. In February 1987, a contribution from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was made to the West Australian Labor Party, involving [[Richard Babayan]] and [[Earl Brian]] acting on behalf of [[Hadron]]. This money was passed on by one of [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] companies in [[Australia]] to be held by the [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "New York City, New York"
|
|||
[[Sheridan Square Press]] was a publisher based in [[New York City]]. It published [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari Ben-Menashe's]] book, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] noted that [[Sheridan Square Press]] remained impervious to intimidation, unlike other publishers who backed out of publishing his book.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
|
|||
[[Sidem International Limited]] was an arms dealing company that operated out of [[London]]. It was involved in acquiring arms from [[Yugoslavia]] and selling them to [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who in turn sold them to Palestinian groups like [[Abu Nidal]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
|
|||
[[Strategic Intelligence Services|The firm]] was involved in recruiting mercenaries and facilitating covert operations, including an unsuccessful coup in the [[Seychelles]] in November 1981. It also played a role in gathering intelligence on Palestinian organizations in [[Europe]] through [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who unwittingly provided information that led to the elimination of Palestinian militants.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Melbourne, Australia"
|
|||
*The [[Age]]* is an [[Australia|Australian]] newspaper based in [[Melbourne]]. [[Oscar Guerrero]] attempted to sell photographs of [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear facility, provided by [[Mordecai Vanunu]], to *The Age*, but was rejected. [[Robert Maxwell]] later tried to buy *The [[Age]]* newspaper for $750 million [[Australia|Australian]], but this move was thwarted by the [[Australia|Australian]] [[Labor Party|Labor]] government's foreign ownership policy.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
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[[Nicholas Davies]], a London *[[Daily Mirror]]* foreign editor and [[Israel|Israeli]] agent, put together a disinformation story for *The Sunday Mirror* to discredit [[Mordecai Vanunu|Mordecai Vanunu's]] claims about Israel's nuclear program. This piece was published with copies of Vanunu's photographs, claiming that *The Sunday Mirror* had investigated the pictures and the men trying to sell them and found it to be a "con job."[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
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[[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] flew to [[London]] and was put up in various hotels while giving interviews to *The [[The Sunday Times]]*. [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, aware of the impending publication, attempted to discredit [[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] and later kidnapped him from [[Rome]]. *The [[The Sunday Times]]* published the story and photos on October 5, 1986, after [[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] failed to return from his trip to [[Rome]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In 1986 and 1987, [[TransCapital Corporation]] was allowed to export high-tech [
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[[Richard St. Francis]], who worked for [[TransCapital Corporation]], was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Joseph O'Toole]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]].[^1]
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### Footnotes
|
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ The [[University of San Cristobal]] at [[Ayacucho]], [[Peru]], was where [[Abima
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[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] applied for a position to teach about the [[Middle East]] at the [[University of San Cristobal|University]] as a cover for his mission to secure rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program. The rector of the [[University of San Cristobal|University]] accepted [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] quickly, stating that his academic credentials were sufficient, and that his potential role as an intelligence officer was not their concern.[^1]
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### Footnotes
|
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In December 1980, $4 million, part of a larger $56 million payment for the relea
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[[Valley National Bank of Arizona|Valley National Bank]] was also one of the [[United States|U.S.]] banks through which letters of credit for arms sales to [[Iran]] were routed, along with [[Chicago-Tokyo Bank]], [[Chemical Bank]], and [[Bank One]].[^1]
|
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### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
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[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
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@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ The Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint Venture was terminated on October 1, 1984, following
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[^34]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
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[^35]: Report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted).
|
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[^36]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Special Projects Division passage and the Pastora identification and retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
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[^37]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
|
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[^37]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
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[^38]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
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[^39]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
|
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[^40]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
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