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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md
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@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^3]: Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt: Eine politische Biographie* (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie, vol. 6, Bonn: Bouvier, 1993), pp. 3-4 (Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend 1929, SPD full membership 1930 at sixteen), pp. 18-19 (the change of name, the withdrawal of German citizenship by the Reich government on September 5, 1938, official documents still listing him as "Frahm"), p. 20 (the recollection of Bruno Kreisky), p. 49 (August 13, 1961), p. 82 (the Hallstein Doctrine), p. 106 (Moscow Treaty), pp. 157-159 (Guillaume affair and resignation). The English edition is Macmillan, 1997.
[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962. Sole source for the contents of the KGB file as relayed by Mitrokhin.
[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962.
[^5]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Demokratischer Sozialist und Journalist in Schweden 1940-1946," entries for autumn 1940 (Overseas News Agency correspondent, registration as a foreign journalist on December 11, 1940) and March 1941 (arrest on March 28, 1941 on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht"; surveillance by the Swedish security police, the SÄPO) (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/demokratischer-sozialist-und-journalist-in-schweden-1940-1946/).
@ -186,23 +186,23 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^8]: Andrew and Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), Introduction and endnotes 44 to 47: *Focus* (Munich), June 15, 1998; Roger Boyes, "Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent," *The Times*, June 16, 1998; ITAR-TASS interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998; *Sunday Times*, April 26, 1998, on Butkov.
[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here. Sole source for the BStU account of the Angerer statement.
[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here.
[^10]: Der Spiegel, December 16, 2021, report on CIC files and the research of Thomas Boghardt, as reported by ORF, "Spiegel: Willy Brandt war Informant für US-Geheimdienst" (https://orf.at/stories/3240609/).
[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). Sole source for the CIA payroll and KGB allegations, which the column attributes to four unnamed intelligence sources.
[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). The column attributes the CIA payroll and KGB allegations to four unnamed intelligence sources.
[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4). Sole source for the attribution to Eleanor Dulles.
[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4).
[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). Sole source for the 1956 IRC courier account, which the column attributes to knowledgeable intelligence sources.
[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). The column attributes the 1956 IRC courier account to knowledgeable intelligence sources.
[^14]: Associated Press, "U.S. Denies Report on Brandt-CIA Tie," Washington Post, November 13, 1981, reporting a State Department statement of the previous day, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160018-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160018-8).
[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war). Sole source for the 200,000 mark figure and the Stadtblatt mechanism.
[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war).
[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). Sole source for the Hirschfeld identification, which the defense motion made.
[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). The Hirschfeld identification was made by the defense motion.
[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9). Sole source for the editorial's claims.
[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9).
[^18]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Außenminister und Bundeskanzler in Bonn 1967-1974" (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/aussenminister-und-bundeskanzler-in-bonn-1967-1974/): signing of the Basic Treaty by Egon Bahr and Michael Kohl in East Berlin on December 21, 1972.
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^20]: Stephan Kieninger, "The Secret Side of Ostpolitik," Wilson Center, History and Public Policy Program blog, April 3, 2017 (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-secret-side-ostpolitik). Kieninger cites the Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Hamburg, "Soviet Union" files, volumes 1 to 5, and the Archiv für soziale Demokratie, Bonn, "L(ednev)" files within Bahr's papers.
[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). Sole source for the Brezhnev remark, which the lecture attributes to Keworkow.
[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). The lecture attributes the Brezhnev remark to Keworkow.
[^22]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, November 30, 1970, subject "Background of Bahr-Soviet Talks," paragraphs 2 to 7 and notes 2 and 4, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 138 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d138). Note 2 of the volume editors cites Falin, *Politische Erinnerungen*, pp. 128-129, and Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal*, pp. 90-91.