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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md
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@ -149,22 +149,22 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
[^1]: "Hussein, Saddam," Gale reference entry reproduced at Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/middle-eastern-history-biographies/saddam-hussein (birth April 28, 1937; Ba'ath Party membership in 1957; July 16, 1979 replacement of Bakr; purge and firing squads; offensive on September 22, 1980); BBC News, "Timeline: Iraq," http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/737483.stm (1963 and 1968 coups; 1979 takeover; 1980 to 1988 war; June 1981 Osirak raid; 1990 invasion of Kuwait and February 1991 withdrawal; March 2003 invasion).
[^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. XII, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, document 204 (memorandum of discussion at the 420th NSC meeting, October 1, 1959), document 205 (editorial note on the October 7, 1959 attempt) and document 206 (CIA memorandum of October 13, 1959, text not declassified). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d204 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d205
[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/).
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, vol. XVIII, Near East, 1962-1963, document 153 (memorandum from Stephen O. Fuqua to Sloan, "Iraqi Coup," February 8, 1963, with footnote 2 quoting Komer's memorandum to Kennedy) and document 154 (Rusk to Kennedy, February 9, 1963, "Request for Contingency Authority to Recognize the New Iraqi Regime"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d153 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d154
[^5]: Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt, review of Eric Jacobsen, "A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime," *Diplomatic History* 37, no. 5 (2013): 1029-59, H-Diplo Article Review (quoting Peter L. Hahn, *Missions Accomplished? The United States and Iraq since World War I*, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 48). https://issforum.org/reviews/PDF/AR455.pdf Wolfe-Hunnicutt's own article is "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'Etat in Baghdad," *Diplomatic History* 39, no. 1 (2015): 98-125, DOI 10.1093/dh/dht121.
[^6]: "Scholar: US more supportive of Kurds than was previously believed," Rudaw, April 29, 2015 (interview with Bryan Gibson on his book *Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War*). https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/290420151 Gibson's earlier book is *Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988* (Praeger, 2010).
[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html). Sole source for the King Hussein quotations.
[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html).
[^8]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 487 (1981), adopted at the 2288th meeting, June 19, 1981, preamble and operative paragraphs 1, 2, 5 and 6. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-177213
[^9]: Department of State, information memorandum from Nicholas A. Veliotes and Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger, "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position of Strict Neutrality," October 7, 1983, pp. 1-3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 22 (the quotation on the modification of neutrality is from the briefing book's description of the document). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq22.pdf
[^10]: Department of State cable State 346516, "Rumsfeld Visit to Iraq," December 7, 1983, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 27. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq27.pdf
[^11]: U.S. Embassy London to Department of State, London 27572, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983, secret, paragraphs 2 and 3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 31. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq31.pdf
[^12]: Department of State cable State 086663, Shultz to Embassy Khartoum, "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," March 24, 1984, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 48. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq48.pdf
[^13]: Department of State cable State 352124, memorandum of conversation, "Secretary's Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, November 26, 1984," secret, paragraphs 3, 4 and 10 (transmitted November 29, 1984), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 60. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq60.pdf
[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf Sole source for the passages so cited; a sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf A sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
[^15]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
[^16]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
[^17]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project."
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, *United States Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Impact on the Health of the Persian Gulf War Veterans*, hearing of May 25, 1994, S. Hrg. 103-900 (subtitle: *United States Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War*), including the testimony and prepared statement of Dr. Gordon C. Oehler, the chairman's remarks, and the May 25, 1994 committee report. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesdual00unit
[^20]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Special Order, *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992, pp. H7871-H7881 (loans and the "tolerate its activity" passage at H7871; export licenses and Hussein Kamil at H7872; Matrix-Churchill and the holding companies at H7873 and H7875). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm (the host page is titled "US Armed Iraq Through BNL").
[^21]: *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993) (No. 93-8964, decided September 2, 1993). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/001/1.F3d.1546.93-8964.html
@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
[^24]: House of Commons, "Matrix Churchill," statement by Sir Nicholas Lyell, HC Deb, November 10, 1992, vol. 213, cc743-58. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1992/nov/10/matrix-churchill
[^25]: House of Commons, "Scott Report," HC Deb, February 26, 1996, vol. 272, cc589-694 (Lang's opening statement and the exchange with Menzies Campbell at c590). https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/feb/26/scott-report The report is Sir Richard Scott, *Report of the Inquiry into the Export of Defence Equipment and Dual-Use Goods to Iraq and Related Prosecutions* (HMSO, HC 115, 1995-96).
[^26]: John Kerry and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* Senate Print 102-140, December 1992, ch. 24, "Appendix: Matters for Further Investigation." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/24appendic.htm
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73). Sole source for the Iraq passages cited to Ben-Menashe.
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73).
[^28]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 660 (1990), adopted at the 2932nd meeting, August 2, 1990. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/94220
[^29]: Kathleen Ridolfo, "Saddam Hussein Captured near Tikrit," *RFE/RL Iraq Report* 6, no. 52, December 15, 2003. https://www.rferl.org/a/1343152.html
[^30]: "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq," BBC News, December 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm