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@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ Stubblebine died February 6, 2017 - his 87th birthday - at his home in [[New Mex
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[^4]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; the scan's table columns are reflowed by OCR and some dates are uncertain. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^5]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^6]: Memorandum for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981," July 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^7]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc., board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. Promotional biography; sole source for the quoted title.
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[^8]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^7]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc., board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. Promotional biography.
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[^8]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen.
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@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ After leaving the Knesset he was dean of the Radzyner School of Law at [[Interdi
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[^2]: Rubinstein, Amnon. Curriculum Vitae, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, https://runi.ac.il/media/te4psgeq/profilecv-he-il.pdf (born 05/09/1931 in Tel Aviv; Knesset membership; government roles and dates; publications).
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[^3]: "The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Pays Tribute to Amnon Rubinstein," Honorary Fellow citation signed by Prof. Uriel Reichman, June 1, 2009, https://runi.ac.il/media/fpvpfvlt/amnon-rubinstein.pdf
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[^4]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Israel Prize 2006, Liberal International, Venice Commission, death on January 18, 2024); "In Memoriam: LI Patron Professor Amnon Rubinstein," Liberal International, https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/in-memoriam-li-patron-professor-amnon-rubinstein/
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[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^6]: Geller, Uri. "Straightening the Record," https://urigeller.com/the-geller-effect/straightening-the-record/ (Geller's own account; sole source for the passages so cited).
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[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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[^6]: Geller, Uri. "Straightening the Record," https://urigeller.com/the-geller-effect/straightening-the-record/ (Geller's own account).
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[^7]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Shinui founded 1974, Democratic Movement for Change 1977, independent faction 1978, Meretz merger 1992).
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@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ In December 1991 [[Christopher Byron]] reported that an unnamed former top offic
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[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
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[^3]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. Sole source for the passage on Sharon's alleged aid; the source is an unnamed former GeoMiliTech official quoted by Byron. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
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[^3]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. The source is an unnamed former GeoMiliTech official quoted by Byron. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence
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[^4]: National Security Archive, "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973," Electronic Briefing Book No. 8, Peter Kornbluh, 1998, document descriptions including the September 15, 1970 Helms notes, the October 15 and 16, 1970 CIA records, the October 18, 1970 cables on the Schneider plot, the April 15, 1975 DIA report, the June 6, 1975 FBI letter and the January 21, 1982 FBI report on Townley; and FBI Buenos Aires cable to the Director, September 28, 1976 (reproduced in the briefing book as document 23, pp. 1-4). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm and https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/docs/doc23.pdf
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[^5]: United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, Interim Report, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), Chile chapter beginning at p. 225 (Schneider sections, including the findings and the discussion of the shooting of General Schneider and CIA/White House communication during Track II). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
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[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Activities in Chile," September 18, 2000 (report under Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, the Hinchey Amendment), sections "Relationship with Contreras," "The Schneider Assassination," "Accession of General Augusto Pinochet to the Presidency," "Knowledge of 'Operation Condor'" and "Knowledge of Human Rights Violations." https://permanent.fdlp.gov/websites/www.cia.gov/www.cia.gov/cia/reports/chile/index.html
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[^7]: National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," Chile Documentation Project, September 19, 2000, summary of the Hinchey report. Sole source for the characterization of the Contreras payment as making him a "paid asset" and for the statement that the Schneider-related payment was apparently withheld from the Senate committee in 1975. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html
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[^7]: National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," Chile Documentation Project, September 19, 2000, summary of the Hinchey report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html
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[^8]: UNESCO, Memory of the World Regional Register for Latin America and the Caribbean, "Archives of Terror, XXth Century" (Paraguay, registration ID 66/2011; institution: Centro de Documentación y Archivos para la defensa de los derechos humanos, Corte Suprema de Justicia). https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/lac/archives-terror-xxth-century
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[^9]: *United States v. Sampol*, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (per curiam), argued June 10, 1980, decided September 15, 1980, rehearing denied December 9, 1980. https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/u-s-v-sampol-886429361
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[^10]: "Chile Officers To Go To Prison For '76 Murder," Los Angeles Times, reprinted in The Spokesman-Review (Spokane), May 31, 1995. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/31/chile-officers-to-go-to-prison-for-76-murder/
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@ -177,13 +177,13 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence
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[^13]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 18/12943 (2017), motion on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/18/129/1812943.pdf
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[^14]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 11/1409 (1987), minor interpellation of the Green Party group on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/11/014/1101409.pdf
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[^15]: Auswärtiges Amt, "'Colonia Dignidad': Bilanzbericht der Gemeinsamen Kommission," September 21, 2021 (German; paraphrased), including the account of Steinmeier's April 2016 statement. https://auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/chile-node/bilanzbericht-colonia-dignidad/2483426
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[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
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[^17]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
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[^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
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[^19]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel; "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a
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[^20]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Talking points for 28 January 1985 meeting with James D. Theberge, United States Ambassador to Chile," January 23, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050046-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050046-5
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[^21]: Lydia Chavez, "Congressman Reports Tough Talk From Pinochet," *The New York Times*, December 16, 1984, section 1, page 20. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/world/congressman-reports-tough-talk-from-pinochet.html
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[^22]: George Gedda, Associated Press, "Pinochet fears CIA coup, officials say," January 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302230009-6. Attributed to unnamed officials; sole source for the replacement plan as reported. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302230009-6
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[^22]: George Gedda, Associated Press, "Pinochet fears CIA coup, officials say," January 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302230009-6. Attributed to unnamed officials. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302230009-6
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[^23]: UK House of Commons, *Hansard*, "Senator Pinochet," HC Deb 02 March 2000 vol 345 cc571-88 (statement of the Home Secretary, Jack Straw), and written answer of the Solicitor-General, HC Deb 02 March 2000 vol 345 cc336-7W. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/2000/mar/02/senator-pinochet and https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/2000/mar/02/senator-pinochet
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[^24]: CNN, transcript of March 2, 2000 (report on Home Secretary Jack Straw's decision and the 35-page statement). https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/02/nd.03.html
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[^25]: United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, minority staff, "Money Laundering and Foreign Corruption: Enforcement and Effectiveness of the Patriot Act, Case Study Involving Riggs Bank" (report released with the July 15, 2004 hearing), Finding 1 (p. 7) and Section B (p. 18). https://archive.org/details/SenateSubcommitteeReportOnMoneyLaunderingAndRiggsBank
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@ -135,4 +135,4 @@ The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] writes that a 1985 c
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[^21]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/
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[^22]: In re Washington, Perito & Dubuc, 154 B.R. 853 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 2, 1993), statement of facts, paragraphs 1 to 3 and 19. https://static.case.law/br/154/cases/0853-01.json
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[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Exhibit B, March 1, 1993. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf
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[^24]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square, 1992). Index entry "GMT" at p. 155. Sole source for the itemization of $3,242,000 and the $5 million figure.
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[^24]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square, 1992). Index entry "GMT" at p. 155.
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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ The CIA's Inspector General treats N4410F as Seal's aircraft. A CIA memorandum f
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal (Leveritt is the claimant for the interview accounts of Duncan, Welch, Earle and Unglesby and for the court-record summaries.)
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[^2]: Mara Leveritt, "Mena rides again," *Arkansas Times*, August 25, 1995. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/1995/08/25/mena-rides-again
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[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Sole source for the 56-ton, $3 billion to $5 billion and $500,000-per-flight figures; the Louisiana attorney general letter to Edwin Meese that Webb cites is not carried in the Kerry report.
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[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. The Louisiana attorney general letter to Edwin Meese that Webb cites is not carried in the Kerry report.
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[^4]: Michael Hedges, "Nicaraguan Official Tied to Cocaine Ring," *The Washington Times*, November 19, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000402790019-3). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000402790019-3
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[^5]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (Committee Print, December 1988), Cuba and Nicaragua chapter, pp. 68-69 (citing Jacobsen testimony, House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, July 28, 1988), and "Barry Seal and the Cartel," pp. 121-122. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
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[^6]: Washington Times, November 19, 1986, cited in footnote 4.
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@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Federal Election Commission records list itemized contributions under the name B
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[^1]: "Bernard Schwartz, antiwar executive who built an arms maker, dies at 98," The New York Times, reprinted by The Boston Globe, March 19, 2024, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/19/metro/bernard-schwartz-antiwar-executive-who-built-an-arms-maker-dies-98
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[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851, issued January 3, 1999, declassified in part May 25, 1999), vol. II, pp. 117 to 118 (Loral Space and Communications, Ltd. as the parent of Loral; the 1990 Ford Aerospace acquisition and renaming as Space Systems/Loral), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
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[^3]: Dave Eisenstadt, "Orbiter of Power," Mother Jones, May 1, 1997, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/05/orbiter-power/ Sole source for the $27 million stock-gain figure, the defense-post and White House dinner statements, the Democratic Leadership Council total and the ranking entry ("#1," "Party: Both," "$661,000 total contributions").
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[^3]: Dave Eisenstadt, "Orbiter of Power," Mother Jones, May 1, 1997, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/05/orbiter-power/
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[^4]: Loral Space & Communications Ltd., Form 10-K for fiscal year 2005, statements on the July 15, 2003 reorganization filings of Old Loral and certain subsidiaries, the retirement of Bernard L. Schwartz effective March 1, 2006, and the election of Michael B. Targoff as chief executive, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1006269/000095012306003801/y18173e10vk.htm
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[^5]: Cox Report, vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), covering the meetings with Ron Brown, the 1994 trade mission, the letter to the President co-signed by Armstrong, Schwartz and Tellep, the November 21, 1998 Schwartz deposition, and the count of five satellite projects; declassification date from the report's front matter, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
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[^6]: Cox Report, vol. III, ch. 9, p. 61 (letter of October 6, 1995 from Armstrong, Schwartz and Tellep to the President), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
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[^2]: Radio Free Kansas, interview "Cheri Seymour 'The Last Circle,'" October 20, 2010, program notes. https://archive.org/details/CheriSeymourtheLastCircle
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[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010; Open Library records 1936296004 and 9781936296002 (599 pages). https://openlibrary.org/search?q=last+circle+seymour+casolaro
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[^4]: Same as note 2.
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[^5]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 17, "The Inslaw Affair," pp. 247 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair. Sole source for the passages so cited (Gates, Stavin and Rudnick statements as she records them).
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[^6]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed," pp. 337 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed. Sole source for the Zokosky meeting.
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[^5]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 17, "The Inslaw Affair," pp. 247 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair.
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[^6]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed," pp. 337 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed.
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[^7]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 393 ff. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution
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From January 1985 to March 1991 Pell employed [[C. B. Scott Jones]], a retired [[United States Navy|Navy]] intelligence officer, as special assistant, "with the purpose of investigating consciousness research being conducted in other countries, primarily the USSR," according to the finding aid to Jones's papers.[^5] The [[Washington Times]] reported in 1989 that Pell, "perhaps Capitol Hill's most unabashed believer, has urged the [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] and other government agencies to increase psychic research funding" and had a full-time staff member whose exclusive job was monitoring reports of psychic activities.[^6] [[United Press International]], summarizing the [[Providence Journal|Providence Sunday Journal]] of July 17, 1988, reported that Pell attended a national symposium on abduction in 1987, that Jones kept a top secret clearance and earned nearly 50,000 dollars a year, that Pell sat on the advisory board of the [[International Association for Near-Death Studies]] and had helped organize a Washington symposium on near-death experiences two years earlier, and that the psychologist [[Ray Hyman]] of the [[University of Oregon]], who had evaluated military applications of psychic research for the Army, said Pell had "been arguing very forcefully" for a "Manhattan Project-style effort" to catch up with the Russians, which Pell called "vastly exaggerated," saying he favored "a modest increase in financial support" for "intelligent, skeptical" research; the report adds that in 1987 Pell invited Geller to Washington for a demonstration before about 30 congressional and [[Pentagon]] aides.[^7] The version of Emery's Providence Journal story printed in *The [[San Francisco Examiner]]* of August 13, 1988 called Pell "Capitol Hill's best-known student of psychic phenomena, near-death experiences and other areas on the fringes of science," stated that he had had a full-time assistant for three years who promotes "developing human potential," and gave Jones's pay as $48,853 a year with a top-secret clearance (the UPI summary above says "nearly 50,000 dollars" and "top secret"). In that article Pell is reported to have invited Geller in April 1987 with at least one other member of Congress in the audience, and Pell described Hyman's account as "correct but vastly exaggerated."[^8] The *[[Winston-Salem Journal]]* of July 18, 1988, summarizing the same story, reported that Pell, then 69, told the Providence Journal he would "probably spend more time with this" if he were not in the Senate.[^9] The Pell papers at the [[University of Rhode Island]] list three files, "Human Potential Foundation: [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] File" (1987; 1987 to 1994; 1988 to 1991), in the subject file series, box 42, folders 464 to 466.[^10]
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Pell created the [[Human Potential Foundation]] in 1989, according to the Jones papers finding aid, and a white paper of February 20, 1992 by [[Robert J. Durant]] states that Pell and the lawyer [[Mark Sandground]] sat on its board and that it was "reportedly funded by [[Laurance Rockefeller]]."[^5][^11] The same paper states that Pell's office was visited by Major General [[Michael Kerby]] of the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] legislative liaison office, who told Jones of a 1987 visit to [[Lee Graham]]; Jones is quoted as saying "Kerby knew of my interest in these matters."[^11] (Sole source for the passages so cited; the paper is hostile to Jones.)
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Pell created the [[Human Potential Foundation]] in 1989, according to the Jones papers finding aid, and a white paper of February 20, 1992 by [[Robert J. Durant]] states that Pell and the lawyer [[Mark Sandground]] sat on its board and that it was "reportedly funded by [[Laurance Rockefeller]]."[^5][^11] The same paper states that Pell's office was visited by Major General [[Michael Kerby]] of the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] legislative liaison office, who told Jones of a 1987 visit to [[Lee Graham]]; Jones is quoted as saying "Kerby knew of my interest in these matters."[^11] (The paper is hostile to Jones.)
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### Rockefeller, Gibbons and the Clinton White House
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Pasulka posted on September 11, 2023 that she was joining the board of the [[Sol
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[^1]: Signatory entry, "Diana Walsh Pasulka, Ph.D., Professor," in the letter of November 12, 2024, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf
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[^2]: Open Library author search for "Pasulka," records for *American Cosmic* (Oxford University Press, 2019), *Encounters* (St. Martin's Press, 2023), and *Heaven Can Wait* (Oxford University Press). https://openlibrary.org/search.json?author=Pasulka
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[^3]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024, reviewing *American Cosmic* and *Encounters*. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^3]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024, reviewing *American Cosmic* and *Encounters*. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/.
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[^4]: Micah Hanks, "The Sol Foundation: How a New Think Tank of Academics is Applying 'Cutting-Edge Research' to the UAP Mystery," *The Debrief*, September 12, 2023 (embedding her post of September 11, 2023). https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-how-a-new-think-tank-of-academics-is-applying-cutting-edge-research-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^5]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/
|
||||
[^6]: Signatory letter of November 12, 2024, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability (the statement of Tim Gallaudet), https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ Webb wrote that Pastora said the CIA had targeted him after he refused to merge
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 50-53 (the case of George Morales and FRS/ARDE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it."
|
||||
[^4]: Associated Press, "Eden Pastora, Nicaraguan revolutionary, dead at 83," June 16, 2020, https://www.news4jax.com/news/2020/06/16/eden-pastora-nicarguan-revolutionary-dead-at-83/
|
||||
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom."
|
||||
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters.
|
||||
[^7]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section of the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50 to 52, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297 to 300) and videotaped depositions of October 31, 1987, https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005. Gary Webb, in Dark Alliance (1998), dates the "CIA agents" statement to 1986 congressional testimony, and his chapter notes give April 7, 1986 and March 27, 1987.
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ Webb wrote that Pastora said the CIA had targeted him after he refused to merge
|
|||
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm
|
||||
[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm
|
||||
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
|
||||
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ The Independent Counsel investigated Gregg and Watson for false testimony about
|
|||
[^2]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the Deputy Inspector General, "Interview of [redacted] concerning his assignment to Bolivia in 1967 and his role in the capture of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara de la Serna," June 3, 1975 (CIA Historical Review Program), published with a summary in Peter Kornbluh, ed., "The Death of Che Guevara: Declassified," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 5, 1997, document 15. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/docs/doc15.pdf and https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/index.html (The memorandum's name fields are redacted and its scan is poorly legible; the identification with Rodriguez is the National Security Archive's.)
|
||||
[^3]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Lawrence E. Walsh, August 4, 1993), chapter 29, "Donald P. Gregg" (citing Gregg, Rodriguez, North, Watson, Fiers and Abrams grand jury and Select Committee testimony, North's notebooks, Office of the Vice President chronology of December 15, 1986, and CIA and State cables), and chapter 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams" (Hill note of October 16, 1986; Abrams HPSCI testimony of October 14, 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm and https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm
|
||||
[^4]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9
|
||||
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Webb is the sole source for the Fiers "void" testimony and the Miranda and Guirola Beeche passages as cited here.
|
||||
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
|
||||
[^6]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George" (Rodriguez based at Ilopango and coordinating North's weapons shipments; NHAO flights and lethal resupply "indistinguishable"). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
|
||||
[^7]: Walsh, chapter 14, "Other Money Matters" (fuel fund deposits by Posada and Rodriguez), https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_14.htm, and chapter 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances" (Posada, alias Ramon Medina, closing out the Ilopango operation after the shootdown), https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
|
||||
[^8]: Walsh, chapter 19, "United States v. Alan D. Fiers, Jr." (Rodriguez, the C-123K flight from Miami, PRT-250 conversation of August 6, 1986; August 12, 1986 meeting in Gregg's office), and chapter 21, "CIA Subject #1" (Fiers at Ilopango, February 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_19.htm and https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] database lists contributions from a Garry No
|
|||
[^12]: The Sol Foundation, home page, "People" section, https://thesolfoundation.org/ , read October 3, 2026.
|
||||
[^13]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/
|
||||
[^14]: Signatory entry in the letter of November 12, 2024, statement of Tim Gallaudet, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing of November 13, 2024. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/ Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^15]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/
|
||||
[^16]: "New science advisory council forms to help US government 'resolve the UAP mystery,'" *DefenseScoop*, June 17, 2026. https://defensescoop.com/2026/06/17/new-science-advisory-council-forms-to-help-us-government-resolve-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^17]: Sol Foundation, release "Sol Foundation Co-Founders Named to UAP Science Advisory Council," June 22, 2026 (modified July 13, 2026), https://thesolfoundation.org/sol-foundation-co-founders-named-to-uap-science-advisory-council/ ; Avi Loeb, "More Details on the UAP Science Advisory Council," Medium (avi-loeb.medium.com), June 16, 2026, read in a Wayback Machine copy; Federal Register search for "UAP Science Advisory Council," https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents.json?conditions%5Bterm%5D=%22UAP+Science+Advisory+Council%22 (count 0 on October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^18]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A receipts, contributor name "NOLAN, GARRY," city Redwood City, queried October 3, 2026 (twenty-five records, 2016 to 2024; employer given as Stanford University or Stanford University School of Medicine). The identity of the donor with the Stanford professor rests on the employer field only.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -128,11 +128,11 @@ The Psi Encyclopedia gives Roller's death as 2004, at age 89.[^3] The [[Parapsyc
|
|||
[^9]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
|
||||
[^10]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?", pp. 152-153. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^11]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 153-155, including the book's footnotes citing Winn, *Psychotherapy in the Soviet Union* (1961), and *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (July 1971, vol. 65, no. 3). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Sole source for the schedule of transmissions. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^13]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 157-158 (the book states that the quotations are extracts from New York Times accounts of the matches). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Sole source for the "confidential information" passage and the Soviet investigator's quotation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Sole source for the volunteer experiments. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Sole source for the SALT passages. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^17]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Ted Serios Phenomena," pp. 145-146. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
|
||||
[^18]: CIA CREST, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time* cover story (March 4, 1974), reading-room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8
|
||||
[^19]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page and award notices for 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (Wayback capture of December 29, 2016). https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx. Parra et al., "Laboratory Research on a Presumably PK-Gifted Subject," acknowledgments (2014 grant). https://archive.org/details/LaboratoryResearchOnAPresumablyPKG
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The Colombian president [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] was accused of accepting 3.7 m
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Centac, Panama, Northside Bank and Samper passages and for Riconosciuto's claim.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: *United States v. Abbell,* 963 F. Supp. 1178 (S.D. Fla. 1997), notes 22 and 24. https://openjurist.org/963/fsupp/1178
|
||||
[^3]: *United States v. Abbell,* 271 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). https://openjurist.org/271/f3d/1286
|
||||
[^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. "Cali Cartel Leaders Plead Guilty to Drug and Money Laundering Conspiracy Charges." Press release 06-646, September 26, 2006, *United States v. Rodriguez-Orejuela,* No. 03-20774-CR-MORENO (S.D. Fla.). https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/September/06_crm_646.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ Puthoff became a founding member and scientific advisor to To the Stars Academy
|
|||
[^9]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^10]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
|
||||
[^11]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "Standard Remote-Viewing Protocol (Local Targets)." SRI International, November 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500400001-4 (copy at CIA-RDP96-00788R001300050001-3). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., to Manfred Gale, "SRI/Gale Committee Meeting of 24-25 July," August 3, 1979, with the enclosure "Standard Remote Viewing (RV) Procedures: Local Sites," by H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ and E. C. May, August 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100060001-6 (memorandum alone at CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240028-5). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., R. Targ and E. C. May, Radio Physics Laboratory, SRI International, to Walter B. LaBerge, Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, March 19, 1980, SRI 0-4132, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230031-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^12]: Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 15, 25, 28-29, 57-58, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. The Shannon page image was read directly; podcast and conference statements are quoted there at second hand. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^12]: Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 15, 25, 28-29, 57-58, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. The Shannon page image was read directly; podcast and conference statements are quoted there at second hand.
|
||||
[^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal, 1989 telephone conversation with Puthoff, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 26-27 (volume not named there; the year falls in *Forbidden Science: Volume Three*).
|
||||
[^14]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat" (the Denny's statement is Pilkington's narration), https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat" (the Denny's statement is Pilkington's narration), https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf.
|
||||
[^15]: Rockefeller, Laurance S., letter of October 17, 1996 with "Suggested Invitees for the Meeting of Scientists," Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 72, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/ (file "1996 10 17_Laurance Rockefeller to John Gibbons"). The OSTP routing slip addresses the letter to Gibbons; the invitation text and invitee list are enclosures.
|
||||
[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source.
|
||||
[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.
|
||||
[^17]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/). Greenewald, John, Jr. "Navy Officially Releases UFO/UAP Videos, Calls Them 'Historical.'" The Black Vault, April 27, 2020 (reproduces the statement and gives the GOFAST date). https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/navy-officially-releases-ufo-uap-videos-calls-them-historical/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ After a long illness, Simons died on March 28, 1972 at his home in [[Yonkers]],
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers). Sole source for the presidency narrative, the enrollment figures, the Ford Foundation post, the 1933 blacklisting, the head injury, the eastern-territories post and the unsuccessful parliamentary candidacy.
|
||||
[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau). Sole source for the Basic Law participation and the SeSiSo membership.
|
||||
[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers).
|
||||
[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau).
|
||||
[^3]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html (lifespan 1893-1972; birthplace Velbert; death place Yonkers, NY; occupations listed as Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz, President of the New School for Social Research, Zivilangestellter der OMGUS, Politologe, Jurist, Beamter).
|
||||
[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers). Sole source for the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung post and the 1933 to 1934 sales-agent entry.
|
||||
[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers).
|
||||
[^5]: Thomas Meyer, review of Philipp Heß, "Ein deutscher Amerikaner: Der kosmopolitische Demokrat Hans Simons 1893-1972" (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018), Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 59 (2019), https://library.fes.de/pdf-files//afs/81895.pdf (dismissal in 1933 and emigration with his second wife and her two daughters; Basic Law deliberations; Ford Foundation adviser and interlocutor; Heuss order with Brecht and Staudinger; death described as ill and tired; family papers assembled by the son of the first marriage, no Nachlass).
|
||||
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 58 (the Hochschule's association with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation and the effect of those associations on contacts between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics).
|
||||
[^7]: GEPRIS Historisch, "Simons, Hans," Personen-ID 5111597, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (born July 1, 1893 in Velbert; died March 28, 1972 in Yonkers; work location Reichsministerium des Innern; 1928 application for a printing subsidy for the series "Das Werdende Zeitalter" refused).
|
||||
[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis). Sole source for the description of the Hochschule's structure.
|
||||
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388). Sole source for the two articles.
|
||||
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska). Sole source for the 1934 addition.
|
||||
[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid). Sole source for this filing.
|
||||
[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis).
|
||||
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388).
|
||||
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska).
|
||||
[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid).
|
||||
[^12]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Arnold Brecht lecture notes (NS-02-13-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/232 (Brecht in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the Institute of World Affairs, studying Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction (1942) with colleagues Adolph Lowe, Hans Simons and Hans Staudinger).
|
||||
[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt. Sole source for the list.
|
||||
[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt.
|
||||
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272 (scope note on the related Publicity Office record and the "McGrath Report").
|
||||
[^15]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
|
||||
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School"; transcript dated October 9, 1957 of his General Seminar lecture "Higher Adult Education: Its Place and Function").
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and
|
|||
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143-147 and notes 95-110, citing Speier to Carroll, February 2, 1945, RG 208 (OWI), Entry 355, Box 1712, Folder "Wallace Carroll"; Watson to Speier, April 17, 1943, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66; and Carroll to Bernard, December 4, 1944, Speier Papers Box 2, Folder 3. Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 132 (the July 1944 central directive). Bessner cites Winkler at p. 146 note 106 in connection with the German directives.
|
||||
[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 148-157 and notes 117-148, including the OWI cable of William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, November 20, 1945, RG 208, Entry 358, Box 108 (p. 150 note 124), and Speier to Brecht, August 8, 1947 (p. 157). University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology (trips to Germany for OWI, October 13 to December 2, 1945; Associate Chief of the Division for Occupied Areas, January 1946 to September 1947).
|
||||
[^29]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 164 (Doris Duke funding passage; sole source); New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 ; Duke University Libraries, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid
|
||||
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 164 (Doris Duke funding passage); New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 ; Duke University Libraries, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid
|
||||
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170 and notes 1-26 (Institute of World Affairs, "a research center funded by Doris Duke," p. 164; "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics," p. 165; Division of International Studies elected December 17, 1947, p. 169; plans never realized, p. 170).
|
||||
[^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 187-195 and notes 76-104, citing U.S. Air Force Project RAND, Conference of Social Scientists, September 14-19, 1947 (RAND R-106, June 9, 1948), pp. 1-8, 95-156, 184, and Speier, The RAND Social Science Program (RAND D-717-PR, February 2, 1950). Participant list at p. 190 note 88; Rosten at pp. 190-191 and note 89.
|
||||
[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (Ford loan of $100,000, $300,000 credit guarantee, a $150,000 Wells Fargo credit line, extension to $1,000,000 in 1950; other early supporters; RAND became the RAND Corporation on May 14, 1948).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ summary: "Honolulu businessman whom Robert Booth Nichols listed as a former empl
|
|||
relations:
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Meridian International Logistics]]"
|
||||
role: "director of the subsidiary Meridian Arms, per Seymour 1992 (sole source)"
|
||||
role: "director of the subsidiary Meridian Arms, per Seymour 1992"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-08
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ The 1987 continuation wiretap affidavit of the FBI agent [[Thomas Gates]] states
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 46 and 84.
|
||||
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. Sole source.
|
||||
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22.
|
||||
[^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine
|
||||
[^5]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, p. 11. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Robert Bigelow]]"
|
||||
role: "Nevada constituent; Bigelow and Bigelow companies contributed 10,800 dollars to Friends for Harry Reid and 10,000 dollars to the Searchlight Leadership Fund, 1998 to 2010"
|
||||
start: 1998
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-03
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
[[Harry Reid]] was a [[United States]] Senator from [[Nevada]] who served as the Senate Majority Leader. He was a pivotal figure in the establishment and funding of the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) and a staunch supporter of the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) disclosure movement until his death in 2021.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ updated: 2026-10-03
|
|||
|
||||
Senator Reid's interest in the UAP topic was sparked by his position as the senator for Nevada, the home of the highly classified [[Area 51]] military installation. This, combined with his friendship with aerospace magnate and paranormal researcher [[Robert Bigelow]], led him to take the issue seriously. He was known on [[Capitol Hill]] as a "bulldog in a pit of vipers," and his determination was crucial in overcoming the stigma and bureaucratic inertia surrounding the UAP issue.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[[George Knapp]] wrote in a 2023 statement for the record that Reid, then in his first Senate term, was the first person he told outside his newsroom about the 1989 crash-retrieval and reverse-engineering reports, that the two kept a private conversation for the next three decades, and that Reid attended one of the first board meetings of the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] after Knapp introduced him to the organization.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Funding for AATIP
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that Senator Reid, along with Senators [[Ted Stevens]] of [[Alaska]] and [[Daniel Inouye]] of [[Hawaii]], funded the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AAWSAP), the precursor to AATIP. These three men controlled congressional spending for "black budget" [[Pentagon]] programs, and their bipartisan support was essential for the program's creation. Reid continued to be a champion for the program, later securing an additional $10 million in funding for AATIP, though the funds were ultimately diverted to another program.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,55 +38,58 @@ Even after leaving the Senate, Reid remained a powerful advocate for UAP disclos
|
|||
|
||||
### Letter to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, June 24, 2009
|
||||
|
||||
On Senate Majority Leader letterhead dated June 24, 2009, Reid wrote to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]: "Beginning this past September, the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] has mandated that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] assess far-term foreign advanced aerospace threats to the United States," with a scope "from the present out to forty years and beyond." The letter calls the effort the "Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AAITP)," states that "much progress has been made with the identification of several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace-related findings," and asks for assistance "establishing a Restricted Special-Access-Program (SAP) with a Bigoted Access List for specific portions of the AATIP." It lists as protectable "the methodology used to identify, acquire, study, and engineer the advanced technologies," "protection of industry partnerships and participation," and "application and engineering," describing "associated exotic technologies" in "quantum mechanics, nuclear science, electromagnetic theory, gravitics, and thermodynamics." The contact named for questions is [[Robert T. Herbert|Bob Herbert]] of Reid's staff.[^2]
|
||||
On Senate Majority Leader letterhead dated June 24, 2009, Reid wrote to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]: "Beginning this past September, the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] has mandated that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] assess far-term foreign advanced aerospace threats to the United States," with a scope "from the present out to forty years and beyond." The letter calls the effort the "Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AAITP)," states that "much progress has been made with the identification of several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace-related findings," and asks for assistance "establishing a Restricted Special-Access-Program (SAP) with a Bigoted Access List for specific portions of the AATIP." It lists as protectable "the methodology used to identify, acquire, study, and engineer the advanced technologies," "protection of industry partnerships and participation," and "application and engineering," describing "associated exotic technologies" in "quantum mechanics, nuclear science, electromagnetic theory, gravitics, and thermodynamics." The contact named for questions is [[Robert T. Herbert|Bob Herbert]] of Reid's staff.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Attachment 1 to the letter gives the proposed nickname "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP)," program length "FY09 to FY13 (Preliminary)," program funding "FY09 O&M, FY10-FY13 TBD," and SAP category "Intelligence, DoD Acquisition." The "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Government Personnel" names Lynn, Reid, Daniel Inouye and Robert T. Herbert of the U.S. Senate, followed by redacted entries including Navy, [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence personnel; a separate "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Contractor Personnel funded under the AATIP" has three entries, the first reading "Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies LLC (BAASS)" and the other two "BAASS (CTR)."[^2]
|
||||
Attachment 1 to the letter gives the proposed nickname "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP)," program length "FY09 to FY13 (Preliminary)," program funding "FY09 O&M, FY10-FY13 TBD," and SAP category "Intelligence, DoD Acquisition." The "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Government Personnel" names Lynn, Reid, Daniel Inouye and Robert T. Herbert of the U.S. Senate, followed by redacted entries including Navy, [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence personnel; a separate "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Contractor Personnel funded under the AATIP" has three entries, the first reading "Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies LLC (BAASS)" and the other two "BAASS (CTR)."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Appropriation language in DIA papers
|
||||
|
||||
Talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid state that "Senators Reid and Inouye co-sponsored a $10M earmark in the July 2008 supplemental" and that "a $12M earmark has been allocated to support the program in FY2010." Neither entry names Stevens.[^3]
|
||||
Talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid state that "Senators Reid and Inouye co-sponsored a $10M earmark in the July 2008 supplemental" and that "a $12M earmark has been allocated to support the program in FY2010." Neither entry names Stevens.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Responses
|
||||
|
||||
DIA's talking points for a Reid visit to the DIA Director (May 4, 2009) state that Reid "has a deep interest in the potential threat posed by unconventional aerospace technologies" and that "the continued support and guidance of Senator Reid and Senator Inouye is crucial."[^4] DIA records that a review it completed in November 2009 found "insufficient grounds existed to classify the program, invoke an ACCM, or establish a restricted SAP"; that in November 2009 Lynn and the memorandum's author (name redacted) met Reid, and "we determined the reports were of limited value to DIA" while suggesting the project "could be transitioned to another agency or component better suited to oversee the project."[^5] The talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid record that DIA "learned of counter-intelligence concerns with [[Bigelow Aerospace]]" in August 2008; see the page for [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^3]
|
||||
DIA's talking points for a Reid visit to the DIA Director (May 4, 2009) state that Reid "has a deep interest in the potential threat posed by unconventional aerospace technologies" and that "the continued support and guidance of Senator Reid and Senator Inouye is crucial."[^5] DIA records that a review it completed in November 2009 found "insufficient grounds existed to classify the program, invoke an ACCM, or establish a restricted SAP"; that in November 2009 Lynn and the memorandum's author (name redacted) met Reid, and "we determined the reports were of limited value to DIA" while suggesting the project "could be transitioned to another agency or component better suited to oversee the project."[^6] The talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid record that DIA "learned of counter-intelligence concerns with [[Bigelow Aerospace]]" in August 2008; see the page for [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Contributions from Robert Bigelow and Bigelow companies
|
||||
|
||||
[[OpenFEC]] itemized receipts show contributions of 2,000 dollars (two entries of 1,000 dollars, August 7, 1998), 4,000 dollars (two entries of 2,000 dollars, June 12, 2003) and 4,800 dollars (two entries of 2,400 dollars, June 8, 2010) from Robert Bigelow of [[Las Vegas]] to [[Friends for Harry Reid]], the Senate campaign committee. The [[Searchlight Leadership Fund]], registered to Reid as sponsor, received 5,000 dollars from Bigelow on June 13, 2003 and 5,000 dollars from [[Bigelow Development Aerospace]] LLC on June 30, 2004. The [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] received 28,500 dollars from Bigelow on September 28, 2007 and 28,500 dollars on June 30, 2008.[^6] [[Politico]]'s [[Bryan Bender]] wrote in 2017 that Bigelow "was also a regular contributor to Reid's reelection campaigns, campaign finance records show, at least $10,000 from 1998 to 2008," and in 2021 called him "Reid's longtime UFO svengali (and campaign donor)"; the itemized entries above were not reconciled with that total.[^7]
|
||||
[[OpenFEC]] itemized receipts show contributions of 2,000 dollars (two entries of 1,000 dollars, August 7, 1998), 4,000 dollars (two entries of 2,000 dollars, June 12, 2003) and 4,800 dollars (two entries of 2,400 dollars, June 8, 2010) from Robert Bigelow of [[Las Vegas]] to [[Friends for Harry Reid]], the Senate campaign committee. The [[Searchlight Leadership Fund]], registered to Reid as sponsor, received 5,000 dollars from Bigelow on June 13, 2003 and 5,000 dollars from [[Bigelow Development Aerospace]] LLC on June 30, 2004. The [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] received 28,500 dollars from Bigelow on September 28, 2007 and 28,500 dollars on June 30, 2008.[^7] [[Politico]]'s [[Bryan Bender]] wrote in 2017 that Bigelow "was also a regular contributor to Reid's reelection campaigns, campaign finance records show, at least $10,000 from 1998 to 2008," and in 2021 called him "Reid's longtime UFO svengali (and campaign donor)"; the itemized entries above were not reconciled with that total.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Reid in Elizondo's account
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that Lacatski told him in 2009 that the program was funded "through the efforts of a bipartisan group of senators," Reid, Stevens and Inouye, who "controlled congressional spending for black-budget Pentagon programs," and that Reid, "the senator of the state that housed Area 51," was regarded on Capitol Hill "as a bulldog in a pit of vipers." He wrote that Reid "counted Bob among his friends," Bigelow's BAASS being the prime contractor.[^8] The foreword by [[Christopher Mellon]], dated May 16, 2024, states that Elizondo made him aware of an investigation "using $22 million in DoD funds earmarked for UAP analysis by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in 2008," that the Air Force and most of the intelligence community "refused to support this congressionally funded UAP investigation," and that the Defense Department "worked to kill this short-lived program at its earliest opportunity."[^9] Elizondo's own chapters do not give the year or the amount; the 2008 date and 22 million dollar figure are Mellon's, and the Defense Intelligence Agency papers described below give a 10 million dollar earmark in the July 2008 supplemental and a 12 million dollar earmark for fiscal 2010.
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that Lacatski told him in 2009 that the program was funded "through the efforts of a bipartisan group of senators," Reid, Stevens and Inouye, who "controlled congressional spending for black-budget Pentagon programs," and that Reid, "the senator of the state that housed Area 51," was regarded on Capitol Hill "as a bulldog in a pit of vipers." He wrote that Reid "counted Bob among his friends," Bigelow's BAASS being the prime contractor.[^9] The foreword by [[Christopher Mellon]], dated May 16, 2024, states that Elizondo made him aware of an investigation "using $22 million in DoD funds earmarked for UAP analysis by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in 2008," that the Air Force and most of the intelligence community "refused to support this congressionally funded UAP investigation," and that the Defense Department "worked to kill this short-lived program at its earliest opportunity."[^10] Elizondo's own chapters do not give the year or the amount; the 2008 date and 22 million dollar figure are Mellon's, and the Defense Intelligence Agency papers described below give a 10 million dollar earmark in the July 2008 supplemental and a 12 million dollar earmark for fiscal 2010.
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that the money "programmed for the years 2008 to 12" ran out, that Reid "thought he could come up with another fresh infusion" for 2013 and 2014, and that Stratton "ran point" and obtained 10 million dollars from Reid which "another DoD program had absconded."[^10] He wrote that in late 2017 the reporter [[Helene Cooper]] told him she had met "the now-retired senator Harry Reid, who had unabashedly corroborated his and his colleagues' involvement in funding the original program that led to AATIP and my leadership role," and that "Harry Reid had my back"; the book's photograph section reproduces what it calls an official letter from Reid "countering the later claims made by the Pentagon" that Elizondo had no part in AATIP.[^11] He wrote that Reid vouched for the group with the producers of the 60 Minutes segment of May 2021 and, in his last weeks, was kept briefed by Elizondo's group while ill with pancreatic cancer; that Reid "said he would keep fighting his cancer until Biden signed the act"; that President [[Joe Biden]] signed the second UAP bill two days after Christmas 2021; and that "a day later" Reid died, with his wife Landra and his assistant Katie present.[^12] A Defense Department official of the same surname, Garry Reid, is no relation; see [[Garry Reid]].[^13]
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that the money "programmed for the years 2008 to 12" ran out, that Reid "thought he could come up with another fresh infusion" for 2013 and 2014, and that Stratton "ran point" and obtained 10 million dollars from Reid which "another DoD program had absconded."[^11] He wrote that in late 2017 the reporter [[Helene Cooper]] told him she had met "the now-retired senator Harry Reid, who had unabashedly corroborated his and his colleagues' involvement in funding the original program that led to AATIP and my leadership role," and that "Harry Reid had my back"; the book's photograph section reproduces what it calls an official letter from Reid "countering the later claims made by the Pentagon" that Elizondo had no part in AATIP.[^12] He wrote that Reid vouched for the group with the producers of the 60 Minutes segment of May 2021 and, in his last weeks, was kept briefed by Elizondo's group while ill with pancreatic cancer; that Reid "said he would keep fighting his cancer until Biden signed the act"; that President [[Joe Biden]] signed the second UAP bill two days after Christmas 2021; and that "a day later" Reid died, with his wife Landra and his assistant Katie present.[^13] A Defense Department official of the same surname, Garry Reid, is no relation; see [[Garry Reid]].[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
### AATIP appropriation, special access request and the December 2017 reporting
|
||||
|
||||
The *New York Times* article of December 16, 2017 stated that the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program began in 2007 and was "largely funded at the request of Harry Reid, the Nevada Democrat who was the Senate majority leader at the time," with most of the money going to an aerospace company run by Robert Bigelow, "a billionaire entrepreneur and longtime friend of Mr. Reid's." Reid was quoted: "I'm not embarrassed or ashamed or sorry I got this thing going." The article said that contracts it obtained "show a congressional appropriation of just under $22 million beginning in late 2008 through 2011," and quoted Reid on the 2007 origin: Bigelow told him a Defense Intelligence Agency official wanted to visit his [[Utah]] ranch, Reid then met agency officials and summoned Stevens and Inouye to a secure room in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], and "none of the three senators wanted a public debate on the Senate floor," Reid said: "This was so-called black money. Stevens knows about it, Inouye knows about it. But that was it, and that's how we wanted it." Politico's same-day account by Bryan Bender, which said that "Reid and Bigelow did not respond to multiple requests for comment," gave the start as 2009 and said Reid "first secured the appropriation to begin the program in 2009 with the support of the late Senators Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) and Republican Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)."[^14][^7]
|
||||
The *New York Times* article of December 16, 2017 stated that the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program began in 2007 and was "largely funded at the request of Harry Reid, the Nevada Democrat who was the Senate majority leader at the time," with most of the money going to an aerospace company run by Robert Bigelow, "a billionaire entrepreneur and longtime friend of Mr. Reid's." Reid was quoted: "I'm not embarrassed or ashamed or sorry I got this thing going." The article said that contracts it obtained "show a congressional appropriation of just under $22 million beginning in late 2008 through 2011," and quoted Reid on the 2007 origin: Bigelow told him a Defense Intelligence Agency official wanted to visit his [[Utah]] ranch, Reid then met agency officials and summoned Stevens and Inouye to a secure room in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], and "none of the three senators wanted a public debate on the Senate floor," Reid said: "This was so-called black money. Stevens knows about it, Inouye knows about it. But that was it, and that's how we wanted it." Politico's same-day account by Bryan Bender, which said that "Reid and Bigelow did not respond to multiple requests for comment," gave the start as 2009 and said Reid "first secured the appropriation to begin the program in 2009 with the support of the late Senators Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) and Republican Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)."[^8][^15]
|
||||
|
||||
According to [[Gideon Lewis-Kraus]], a senior Defense Intelligence Agency official wrote to Bigelow in 2007 about [[Skinwalker Ranch]], Bigelow connected him to Reid, and Reid enlisted Stevens and Inouye; "in the 2008 Supplemental Appropriations Bill, twenty-two million dollars of so-called black money was set aside." Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies was "the only bidder" on the public solicitation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]]. A former intelligence official told Lewis-Kraus that "Reid would call them out of a meeting and say, 'I want you to be doing this. This was appropriated.'" In June 2009 Reid asked that the program be given "restricted special access program" status; in November 2009 the Defense Department denied the request.[^15]
|
||||
According to [[Gideon Lewis-Kraus]], a senior Defense Intelligence Agency official wrote to Bigelow in 2007 about [[Skinwalker Ranch]], Bigelow connected him to Reid, and Reid enlisted Stevens and Inouye; "in the 2008 Supplemental Appropriations Bill, twenty-two million dollars of so-called black money was set aside." Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies was "the only bidder" on the public solicitation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]]. A former intelligence official told Lewis-Kraus that "Reid would call them out of a meeting and say, 'I want you to be doing this. This was appropriated.'" In June 2009 Reid asked that the program be given "restricted special access program" status; in November 2009 the Defense Department denied the request.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
A July 24, 2009 memorandum from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn on that request was published in a redacted form by the Las Vegas station [[KLAS-TV|KLAS]] on July 25, 2018 (reporters [[George Knapp]] and [[Matt Adams]]) and in a version restoring the names of Luis Elizondo and [[Hal Puthoff]] the following June. Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told [[The Black Vault]] on June 13, 2019 that the memo was "authentic," that "DOD received it and responded to Sen. Reid," and that it "makes no change to previous statements" that Elizondo had no assigned AATIP responsibilities in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[^16]
|
||||
A June 24, 2009 memorandum from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn on that request was published in a redacted form by the Las Vegas station [[KLAS-TV|KLAS]] on June 28, 2018 (reporters George Knapp and [[Matt Adams]])[^17] and linked again in a KLAS report of July 25, 2018,[^18] and in a version restoring the names of Luis Elizondo and [[Hal Puthoff]] the following June. Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told [[The Black Vault]] on June 13, 2019 that the memo was "authentic," that "DOD received it and responded to Sen. Reid," and that it "makes no change to previous statements" that Elizondo had no assigned AATIP responsibilities in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### Statements
|
||||
|
||||
Reid told Lewis-Kraus, "I was told for decades that [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] had some of these retrieved materials," that he had tried to obtain a classified approval for himself to see them and "they would not approve that," and that this was why he had requested special access status for AATIP. A July 2020 *Times* article by [[Leslie Kean]] and [[Ralph Blumenthal]] said that he "believed that crashes of vehicles from other worlds had occurred and that retrieved materials had been studied secretly for decades, often by aerospace companies under government contracts," the paper corrected the sentence the next day; Reid told Lewis-Kraus that he admired Kean but had never seen proof of any remnants, and that the Pentagon had not given a reason for refusing his clearance request.[^15] Lewis-Kraus also quotes a former intelligence official on the 2008 appropriation: "people worried that if this all came out, that the government was spending money on this, this will be a bad story."[^15]
|
||||
Reid told Lewis-Kraus, "I was told for decades that [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] had some of these retrieved materials," that he had tried to obtain a classified approval for himself to see them and "they would not approve that," and that this was why he had requested special access status for AATIP. A July 2020 *Times* article by [[Leslie Kean]] and [[Ralph Blumenthal]] said that he "believed that crashes of vehicles from other worlds had occurred and that retrieved materials had been studied secretly for decades, often by aerospace companies under government contracts," the paper corrected the sentence the next day; Reid told Lewis-Kraus that he admired Kean but had never seen proof of any remnants, and that the Pentagon had not given a reason for refusing his clearance request.[^16] Lewis-Kraus also quotes a former intelligence official on the 2008 appropriation: "people worried that if this all came out, that the government was spending money on this, this will be a bad story."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^2]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn III, June 24, 2009, with Attachment 1, released by DIA to The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, final packet for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Talking Paper, "Senator Reid Visit to Director, DIA," May 4, 2009. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/DR_Reid_Mtg_May09.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-10-2552CE to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, 2010. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/U-10-2552CE-IM-ATL.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A; Searchlight Leadership Fund is committee C00327395 (sponsor candidate S6NV00028, Harry Reid) and Friends for Harry Reid committee C00204370. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/
|
||||
[^7]: Bender, Bryan. "The Pentagon's Secret Search for UFOs." *Politico,* December 16, 2017. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111 (full text read through https://web.archive.org/web/2018id_/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111); Bender, "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs," *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900
|
||||
[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 11 to 15 (Reid indexed at pp. 11 and 13 to 14; Bigelow at p. 15).
|
||||
[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii (the Reid passage near p. xv).
|
||||
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 88 to 89.
|
||||
[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 209 to 210 and the photograph section (caption beginning "Official letter from former Senate Majority Leader and AATIP sponsor Harry Reid").
|
||||
[^12]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 230 and 235 to 236 (Reid indexed at pp. 235 to 236).
|
||||
[^13]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), p. 143 (Garry Reid "no relation to our congressional benefactor, Senator Harry Reid").
|
||||
[^14]: Cooper, Helene, Ralph Blumenthal and Leslie Kean. "Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program." *The New York Times,* December 16, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html (full text read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html).
|
||||
[^15]: Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously." *The New Yorker,* May 10, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously
|
||||
[^16]: Greenewald, John, Jr. "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing." The Black Vault, June 14, 2019. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing
|
||||
[^2]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," July 26, 2023 hearing record, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn III, June 24, 2009, with Attachment 1, released by DIA to The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, final packet for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Talking Paper, "Senator Reid Visit to Director, DIA," May 4, 2009. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/DR_Reid_Mtg_May09.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-10-2552CE to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, 2010. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/U-10-2552CE-IM-ATL.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A; Searchlight Leadership Fund is committee C00327395 (sponsor candidate S6NV00028, Harry Reid) and Friends for Harry Reid committee C00204370. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/
|
||||
[^8]: Bender, Bryan. "The Pentagon's Secret Search for UFOs." *Politico,* December 16, 2017. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111 (full text read through https://web.archive.org/web/2018id_/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111); Bender, "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs," *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900
|
||||
[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 11 to 15 (Reid indexed at pp. 11 and 13 to 14; Bigelow at p. 15).
|
||||
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii (the Reid passage near p. xv).
|
||||
[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 88 to 89.
|
||||
[^12]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 209 to 210 and the photograph section (caption beginning "Official letter from former Senate Majority Leader and AATIP sponsor Harry Reid").
|
||||
[^13]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 230 and 235 to 236 (Reid indexed at pp. 235 to 236).
|
||||
[^14]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), p. 143 (Garry Reid "no relation to our congressional benefactor, Senator Harry Reid").
|
||||
[^15]: Cooper, Helene, Ralph Blumenthal and Leslie Kean. "Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program." *The New York Times,* December 16, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html (full text read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html).
|
||||
[^16]: Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously." *The New Yorker,* May 10, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously
|
||||
[^17]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," KLAS 8 News Now, posted June 28, 2018, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/
|
||||
[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," KLAS 8 News Now, aired July 25, 2018, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/
|
||||
[^19]: Greenewald, John, Jr. "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing." The Black Vault, June 14, 2019. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ The institute's Semantic Stimuli Response Measurements Technology (SSRM Tek), ma
|
|||
[^2]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings; the Psychotechnologies Corp. memorandum is described but not reproduced.
|
||||
[^3]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150002-4. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766
|
||||
[^4]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious
|
||||
[^5]: "Какое психотропное оружие изобрел сын Виктора Абакумова" [What psychotropic weapon the son of Viktor Abakumov invented]. Rambler Weekend, citing Russian Semyorka (russian7.ru), December 6, 2022. https://weekend.rambler.ru/people/49822355-kakoe-psihotropnoe-oruzhie-izobrel-syn-viktora-abakumova/ Sole source for the passages so cited (parentage, the February 2, 1980 approval, the 1982 and 1984 dates, the account of the Waco proposal, the American offer to relocate him, and the circumstances of his death).
|
||||
[^5]: "Какое психотропное оружие изобрел сын Виктора Абакумова" [What psychotropic weapon the son of Viktor Abakumov invented]. Rambler Weekend, citing Russian Semyorka (russian7.ru), December 6, 2022. https://weekend.rambler.ru/people/49822355-kakoe-psihotropnoe-oruzhie-izobrel-syn-viktora-abakumova/
|
||||
[^6]: Targ, Russell, and Keith Harary. *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities*. New York: Villard Books, 1984, "Authors' Note," pp. 261-263 (excerpt), in the CIA Star Gate files, document CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^7]: Opall, Barbara. "U.S. Explores Russian Mind-Control Technology" and "U.S., Russia Hope To Safeguard Mind-Control Techniques." *Defense News*, January 11-17, 1993, pp. 4 and 29. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^8]: "Computer Psychotechnology, Dr. I. V. Smirnov," trip report on letterhead of C. C. Morris, Research Director, U.S. Global Strategy Council, 1800 K Street N.W., Suite 1102, Washington, D.C., describing a visit of November 20, 1991. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8 (approved for release August 11, 2000). https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^9]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read in the copy posted to the Infowarrior list, https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). The Waco exchange is Chris Morris's account, recounted to the author, and Rusalkina's statements; sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read in the copy posted to the Infowarrior list, https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). The Waco exchange is Chris Morris's account, recounted to the author, and Rusalkina's statements;
|
||||
[^10]: "Experimental Test of the Possibility of Developing and Using a Semantic Driver," received from Dr. Igor Smirnov, English translation LN169-93 (1993). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5_djvu.txt
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ His mother, Ruth Virginia Parsons, 58, who had been staying at 424 Arroyo Terrac
|
|||
[^7]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien" file, Los Angeles file 65-4857, report of Special Agent Arthur C. Wittenburg quoting a signed statement of John W. Parsons dated January 11, 1950 (headquarters stamp February 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1).
|
||||
[^8]: FBI Tsien file, Part 1, reports of 1949 and 1950 naming informant T-2 on Professional Unit 122; Part 2, Weinbaum arrested June 16, 1950 for perjury, convicted.
|
||||
[^9]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum A. M. Thurston to Mr. Clegg, October 23, 1940 (ref. 96-0-55), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1940-10-23-FBI-File.html.
|
||||
[^10]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles report of November 28, 1942 by Virgil Q. Cox, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1942-11-28-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the informants' statements as quoted.
|
||||
[^10]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles report of November 28, 1942 by Virgil Q. Cox, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1942-11-28-FBI-File.html.
|
||||
[^11]: FBI Parsons file, Part 1, Los Angeles report of December 7, 1950 and attached extracts of earlier reports (Church of Thelema, 1003 South Orange Grove Avenue; 115th CIC Detachment, Sixth Army report of May 17, 1946; informant statements); Parsons interview (statement that the Church was modeled on "Order of Oriental Templars, an English society").
|
||||
[^12]: Crowley, Aleister, letter to John W. Parsons, October 19, 1943, 93 Jermyn Street, London, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-10-19-Crowley-to-Parsons.html.
|
||||
[^13]: Crowley, letter to Parsons, March 15, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-03-15-Crowley-to-Parsons.htm.
|
||||
|
|
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ His mother, Ruth Virginia Parsons, 58, who had been staying at 424 Arroyo Terrac
|
|||
[^23]: Cornelius, Jerry, In the Name of the Beast (2005), as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for September 13, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1943.html.
|
||||
[^24]: Kansa, Spencer, Wormwood Star (Mandrake of Oxford, 2020), as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for June 22, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1943.html.
|
||||
[^25]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html (scanned in the FBI Parsons file, archive.org/details/JohnParsons).
|
||||
[^26]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946 (August 1, 1945 arrival; Northrup joined the OTO in 1941; Allied Enterprises and the figures; Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^26]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946 (August 1, 1945 arrival; Northrup joined the OTO in 1941; Allied Enterprises and the figures; Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969).
|
||||
[^27]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm.
|
||||
[^28]: Parsons, John W., letter to Crowley, circa February 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm.
|
||||
[^29]: Parsons, letter to Crowley, January 21, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,21 +8,23 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]"
|
||||
start: 2009
|
||||
role: "AAWSAP and AATIP investigator and recruiter of Elizondo; in Elizondo's account helped create AAWSAP, wrote the report on the 2004 Nimitz encounter and the OPLAN Interloper proposal"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[UAP Task Force]]"
|
||||
role: "first director, per Elizondo, after the Secretary of Defense announced the task force"
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Radiance Technologies]]"
|
||||
start: 2022-05-12
|
||||
role: "subject matter expert for intelligence strategy, member of the chief executive's strategy team, per the company release of May 12, 2022"
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-08
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
summary: "In early 2009, Jay Stratton, along with a colleague, approached Luis Elizondo to recruit him for a highly classified program at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."
|
||||
---
|
||||
[[Jay Stratton]] is a former US Navy intelligence officer who played a crucial role in the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) and later became the first director of the [[UAP Task Force]]. He was instrumental in recruiting [[Luis Elizondo]] into the UAP investigation effort and was a key investigator and strategist throughout the process.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
This page is not about [[Julius A. Stratton]], the MIT physicist, provost and president (1901 to 1994) who was known to colleagues as "Jay." The UAP Task Force's Jay Stratton is identified in a 2022 release as "John F. Stratton Jr.," who had "recently retired" from a Defense Intelligence Senior Executive post with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]].[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Recruitment of Luis Elizondo
|
||||
|
||||
In early 2009, Jay Stratton, along with a colleague, approached Luis Elizondo to recruit him for a highly classified program at the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Stratton, who Elizondo pegged as a fellow special operator, explained that the program, initially known as [[AAWSAP]], was focused on "unconventional technologies" and required a senior intelligence officer to handle counterintelligence and security.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,35 +41,36 @@ After Elizondo's resignation from the Pentagon, Stratton remained in the governm
|
|||
|
||||
### Charter and the 2021 briefing title
|
||||
|
||||
The charter of the task force, dated September 1, 2020 and issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]], states that "Leadership of the Task Force will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity."[^2] The title slide of a briefing for the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] dated May 17, 2021 carries the title Director, UAP Task Force, Naval Intelligence Activity, without printing a name.[^3]
|
||||
The charter of the task force, dated September 1, 2020 and issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]], states that "Leadership of the Task Force will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity."[^4] The title slide of a briefing for the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] dated May 17, 2021 carries the title Director, UAP Task Force, Naval Intelligence Activity, without printing a name.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### The triangular photograph
|
||||
|
||||
In December 2020 [[The Debrief]] reported a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean, attributed to an F/A-18 pilot. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to [[Susan Gough]] that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^4]
|
||||
In December 2020 [[The Debrief]] reported a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean, attributed to an F/A-18 pilot. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to [[Susan Gough]] that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
In a statement to [[The Black Vault]], Stratton said: "At the time of this email exchange, the story in The Debrief, and the claim that an F/A-18 pilot had provided a photograph of a triangle emerging from the ocean, I was handling multiple cases." He added: "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." The Black Vault reported that no such photograph "was ever received by the UAPTF." Asked why he did not correct the record, Stratton said: "Keep in mind that's an email on an unclassified system. I don't recall if I corrected it on a separate system at the time, but generally, there was no formal process for publicly addressing inaccuracies related to potentially classified reporting."[^4]
|
||||
In a statement to [[The Black Vault]], Stratton said: "At the time of this email exchange, the story in The Debrief, and the claim that an F/A-18 pilot had provided a photograph of a triangle emerging from the ocean, I was handling multiple cases." He added: "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." The Black Vault reported that no such photograph "was ever received by the UAPTF." Asked why he did not correct the record, Stratton said: "Keep in mind that's an email on an unclassified system. I don't recall if I corrected it on a separate system at the time, but generally, there was no formal process for publicly addressing inaccuracies related to potentially classified reporting."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Stratton in Elizondo's account
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo described Stratton in early 2009 as "a serious male in his midthirties," who "helped create something called the AAWSAP," and who with a colleague he calls "[[Rosemary Caine]]" arrived at his Arlington office wearing blue credentials identifying them as government intelligence officials.[^5] He wrote that Stratton "investigated the incident before I joined the team" and "had written a detailed AAWSAP/AATIP report" on the Nimitz encounter of November 2004, and that pilots later told Stratton they had been debriefed by intelligence officers and saw no follow-up.[^6] He wrote that Stratton drafted the operation plan "Interloper," "a classic 'honey pot,'" with dates, call signs, ship names and radar data, which the Joint Staff declined to give a compartment designation in late 2016, and that Stratton proposed the term unidentified aerial phenomena in place of UFO.[^7] After the resignation, Elizondo wrote, Stratton fielded briefing requests from members of Congress, Navy intelligence leadership tasked him with building a whole-of-government task force with members from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[National Reconnaissance Office]], [[NASA]] and the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Defense announced the UAP Task Force "after a couple of years" and named Stratton its first director, and the [[Legacy Program]] then "started quietly pushing back on Jay."[^8]
|
||||
Elizondo described Stratton in early 2009 as "a serious male in his midthirties," who "helped create something called the AAWSAP," and who with a colleague he calls "[[Rosemary Caine]]" arrived at his Arlington office wearing blue credentials identifying them as government intelligence officials.[^7] He wrote that Stratton "investigated the incident before I joined the team" and "had written a detailed AAWSAP/AATIP report" on the Nimitz encounter of November 2004, and that pilots later told Stratton they had been debriefed by intelligence officers and saw no follow-up.[^8] He wrote that Stratton drafted the operation plan "Interloper," "a classic 'honey pot,'" with dates, call signs, ship names and radar data, which the Joint Staff declined to give a compartment designation in late 2016, and that Stratton proposed the term unidentified aerial phenomena in place of UFO.[^9] After the resignation, Elizondo wrote, Stratton fielded briefing requests from members of Congress, Navy intelligence leadership tasked him with building a whole-of-government task force with members from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[National Reconnaissance Office]], [[NASA]] and the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Defense announced the UAP Task Force "after a couple of years" and named Stratton its first director, and the [[Legacy Program]] then "started quietly pushing back on Jay."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Radiance Technologies
|
||||
|
||||
[[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 the hiring of Stratton, as "John F. Stratton Jr.," for the position of subject matter expert for intelligence strategy. The release states that he was "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], with more than 32 years in the national intelligence community, that as a member of the chief executive's strategy team he would lead and develop efforts in scientific and technical intelligence, and that "Most recently, he was the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)." It quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] and quotes Stratton: "I am very excited to join Radiance Technologies."[^9]
|
||||
[[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 the hiring of Stratton, as "John F. Stratton Jr.," for the position of subject matter expert for intelligence strategy. The release states that he was "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the Office of Naval Intelligence, with more than 32 years in the national intelligence community, that as a member of the chief executive's strategy team he would lead and develop efforts in scientific and technical intelligence, and that "Most recently, he was the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)." It quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] and quotes Stratton: "I am very excited to join Radiance Technologies."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
[[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 24, 2022 that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the Task Force, and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^10] In a report posted October 13, 2022, Knapp wrote that Stratton urged Radiance to hire [[Travis Taylor]], and quoted Taylor: "Jay and I are working on growing the capabilities, doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^11] [[Liberation Times]] reported on December 3, 2023, in an article in which the attorney [[Daniel Sheehan]] alleged that the CIA supplies Radiance with non-human materials, that "multiple sources" had told it the allegation was untrue and that Stratton and Taylor "are long-time advocates for more transparency on this topic and are in no way involved in any coverup." Details are on Radiance Technologies.[^12]
|
||||
[[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the Task Force, and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^11] In a report posted October 13, 2022, Knapp wrote that Stratton urged Radiance to hire [[Travis Taylor]], and quoted Taylor: "Jay and I are working on growing the capabilities, doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^12] [[Liberation Times]] reported on December 3, 2023, in an article in which the attorney [[Daniel Sheehan]] alleged that the CIA supplies Radiance with non-human materials, that "multiple sources" had told it the allegation was untrue and that Stratton and Taylor "are long-time advocates for more transparency on this topic and are in no way involved in any coverup." Details are on Radiance Technologies.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^2]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," Ser NW20S0068, September 1, 2020, in the Department of the Navy final response in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" briefing for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, May 17, 2021, title slide. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UAPTFHPSCIBriefRedacted.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/
|
||||
[^5]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 5 to 14.
|
||||
[^6]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 71 to 73.
|
||||
[^7]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 143, 147 and 186 (Interloper at pp. 143 and 186; the term UAP at p. 186).
|
||||
[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 211 and 223 (task force and first director at p. 223).
|
||||
[^9]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
|
||||
[^10]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519
|
||||
[^11]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/
|
||||
[^12]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan allegation and the denial so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down
|
||||
[^2]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences, opening paragraph ("Jay, as he was known by nearly all who worked with him"); and MIT News, "President Emeritus Julius Adams Stratton dies at 93," June 29, 1994 (death June 22, 1994). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf ; https://news.mit.edu/1994/stratton-0629
|
||||
[^3]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
|
||||
[^4]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," Ser NW20S0068, September 1, 2020, in the Department of the Navy final response in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" briefing for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, May 17, 2021, title slide. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UAPTFHPSCIBriefRedacted.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/
|
||||
[^7]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 5 to 14.
|
||||
[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 71 to 73.
|
||||
[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 143, 147 and 186 (Interloper at pp. 143 and 186; the term UAP at p. 186).
|
||||
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 211 and 223 (task force and first director at p. 223).
|
||||
[^11]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
|
||||
[^12]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/
|
||||
[^13]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ A Science article listed on Schnabel's website is "New Alzheimer's therapy sugge
|
|||
|
||||
[^8]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments; chapter notes on the Morehouse case and on the Project Landbroker memoranda, including the citation "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted."
|
||||
|
||||
[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2.
|
||||
|
||||
[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3.
|
||||
|
||||
[^11]: Jim Schnabel and Bill Eagles, *The Real X-Files*, one-hour documentary for Channel Four (U.K.), first broadcast August 27, 1995, with a U.S. broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 12, 1996; Schnabel writer and narrator, Eagles director, Alex Graham of Wall to Wall TV executive producer. Bibliography of Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997).
|
||||
|
||||
[^12]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *The Independent on Sunday*, Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and filed in CIA memorandum "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported," August 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030073-5. Online edition, https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tinker-tailor-soldier-psi-1598203.html.
|
||||
|
||||
[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
|
||||
|
||||
[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited; the contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell.
|
||||
[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. The contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell.
|
||||
|
||||
[^15]: Jim Schnabel, "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," *Science* 260 (June 18, 1993): 1719-20, PubMed 8323582, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323582/.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,5 +52,5 @@ Two names in the address book seized from the [[The Finders|Finders]] members [[
|
|||
[^1]: Moseley, Ray, with Michael Sneed and George Bliss. "Chicago Is Center of National Child Porno Ring." *Chicago Tribune,* May 16, 1977, reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 433-435. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041
|
||||
[^2]: Testimony of George Bliss and Michael Sneed, U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, Chicago, May 27, 1977, 95th Congress, 1st session. https://archive.org/details/protectionofchil00unit
|
||||
[^3]: *Norman v. Elrod,* 76 Ill. 2d 426, 394 N.E.2d 1043 (Ill. 1979).
|
||||
[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
|
||||
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "The Finders," FBI Records: The Vault, released November 2019, https://vault.fbi.gov/the-finders.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Singlaub's memoir, Hazardous Duty, written with Malcolm McConnell, appeared in 1
|
|||
[^24]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
|
||||
[^25]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 16 (Robert M. Gates): Gates, SSCI testimony, October 8, 1986, p. 9; Gates, grand jury, May 1, 1991. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_16.htm
|
||||
[^26]: Government's Objection to Arif Durrani's Second Request for Production of Documents, *United States v. Durrani*, D. Conn., B-90-090 (TFGD) and B-86-59 (TFGD), September 9, 1991, p. 7. CIA CREST document 0001474388. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001474388
|
||||
[^27]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
|
||||
[^27]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). The figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
193
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Julius A. Stratton.md
Normal file
193
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Julius A. Stratton.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- MIT
|
||||
- RadiationLaboratory
|
||||
- ResearchLaboratoryOfElectronics
|
||||
- ProjectTroy
|
||||
- CENIS
|
||||
- CenterForInternationalStudies
|
||||
- FordFoundation
|
||||
- StrattonCommission
|
||||
- NOAA
|
||||
- MarineScience
|
||||
- NationalAcademyOfEngineering
|
||||
- NationalScienceBoard
|
||||
- RobertsonPanel
|
||||
- ColdWar
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Julius Adams Stratton
|
||||
- J. A. Stratton
|
||||
summary: "MIT physicist and provost who was president of MIT from 1959 to 1966, chairman of the Ford Foundation from 1966 to 1971, and chairman of the commission whose 1969 report recommended NOAA."
|
||||
born: 1901-05-18
|
||||
died: 1994-06-22
|
||||
location: "Cambridge, Massachusetts"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
|
||||
role: "faculty from 1928, provost from 1949, chancellor from 1956, president 1959 to 1966; associated with the Institute from 1920 as an undergraduate"
|
||||
start: 1928
|
||||
end: 1966
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
|
||||
role: "eleventh president; acting president from November 1957"
|
||||
start: 1959
|
||||
end: 1966
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Radiation Laboratory]]"
|
||||
role: "volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section, Division D, National Defense Research Council; loran work"
|
||||
start: 1940
|
||||
end: 1945
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Research Laboratory of Electronics]]"
|
||||
role: "named it and served as founding director from January 1, 1946; director until appointed provost in 1949"
|
||||
start: 1946
|
||||
end: 1949
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[United States Department of War]]"
|
||||
role: "expert consultant to the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson"
|
||||
start: 1942
|
||||
end: 1945
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
|
||||
role: "identified as director in a November 1, 1951 letter from the Psychological Strategy Board; the Center's history names Max Millikan as first director from 1952"
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
end: 1952
|
||||
fn: 19
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[National Science Board]]"
|
||||
role: "member"
|
||||
start: 1956
|
||||
end: 1962
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[National Science Board]]"
|
||||
role: "member, second term"
|
||||
start: 1964
|
||||
end: 1967
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
|
||||
role: "trustee from 1955; member of the executive committee in 1965; chairman of the board of trustees from 1966 to 1971"
|
||||
start: 1955
|
||||
end: 1971
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources]]"
|
||||
role: "chairman, appointed January 9, 1967; final report transmitted January 9, 1969"
|
||||
start: 1967
|
||||
end: 1969
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[National Academy of Engineering]]"
|
||||
role: "founding member, first meeting December 10, 1964"
|
||||
start: 1964
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Julius Adams Stratton (May 18, 1901 to June 22, 1994) was a physicist and electrical engineer who was associated with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) for 74 years, first as an undergraduate, then as a professor, founding director of the [[Research Laboratory of Electronics]], provost, chancellor and president. Colleagues knew him as "Jay."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton is not the [[Jay Stratton]] who directed the [[UAP Task Force]]. A May 2022 release from [[Radiance Technologies]] announced the hiring of "John F. Stratton Jr.," who had "recently retired" from a Defense Intelligence Senior Executive post with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]].[^2] This page's subject was born in 1901 and died in 1994.
|
||||
|
||||
### Early career and the Radiation Laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton was born in Seattle, Washington. His father, Julius A. Stratton, was an attorney who founded a law firm in the northwest and later became a judge.[^3] He transferred to MIT from the University of Washington in 1920, received his S.B. in 1923, and in March 1928 received a doctor of science in mathematical physics from the [[Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule]] in Zurich, where he studied under [[Peter Debye]].[^3][^4] He returned to MIT as an assistant professor of electrical engineering, was moved to the physics department in 1930, and was promoted to professor in 1941, the year his book *Electromagnetic Theory* was published.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The federal government established the [[Radiation Laboratory]] at MIT in October 1940. Stratton was appointed in November 1940 as a volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section of Division D of the [[National Defense Research Council]], and was seconded to the laboratory, where his first assignment was the [[LORAN]] navigation system.[^5] In August 1942 he became expert consultant to the [[Secretary of War]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], and served in that post until December 1945.[^5] In that post he organized technical advisory committees to the Army Air Forces on ground radar, radar fire control and radar bombing, and then helped establish a development program for aids to all-weather flying.[^6] He chaired the Committee on Electronics of the [[Research and Development Board]] from 1946 to 1948, and he received the Medal for Merit from the Secretary of War in 1946.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
When the laboratory's work ended, Stratton took over its division of basic research on January 1, 1946. He named it the Research Laboratory of Electronics and served as its founding director until he became provost in 1949.[^4][^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Provost and president
|
||||
|
||||
In 1949 [[James R. Killian Jr.]], then MIT's president, appointed Stratton the Institute's first provost.[^8] Stratton became a vice president and member of the Corporation in 1951 and was appointed chancellor in 1956, a title the memoir describes as new at MIT.[^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Killian went to Washington in November 1957 as special assistant for science and technology to President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], and Stratton became acting president.[^9] The [[New York Times]] later described his leadership as beginning in 1957, when he was named acting president.[^10] He was elected the eleventh president in 1958, took office on January 1, 1959, and was formally inaugurated on June 15, 1959.[^9][^11]
|
||||
|
||||
His presidency saw the construction of new buildings for chemistry, earth sciences, biology and the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, and the opening of [[McCormick Hall]], the first undergraduate dormitory for women, in 1965. Students suggested that the student center completed in 1966 be named for him.[^11] He was succeeded in 1966, on reaching mandatory retirement age, by [[Howard W. Johnson]].[^10][^12]
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton served on the [[National Academy of Sciences]] Council. In 1963 he chaired a committee formed to study whether engineers should have a national academy. In the fall of 1964 the Academy's president, [[Frederick Seitz]], proposed that the engineers' academy become part of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Council approved the proposal on December 5, 1964.[^13] The [[National Academy of Engineering]] held its first meeting on December 10, 1964, with 25 founding members, Stratton among them.[^13] In 1955 the Academy's president, [[Detlev Bronk]], appointed a seven-member committee headed by Stratton to advise on the relation between loyalty questions and federal grants for unclassified research.[^14] A 1959 biographical sketch lists him as a member of the [[National Science Board]], a trustee and member of the executive committee of the Boston [[Museum of Fine Arts]], a member-trustee of the [[RAND Corporation]] and the [[MITRE Corporation]], and a member of the corporation of the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]].[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
The National Science Board's list of former members gives his service as 1956 to 1962 and 1964 to 1967.[^16] On March 15, 1962, [[Jerome B. Wiesner]], newly appointed Special Assistant for Science and Technology, and two Bureau of the Budget officials met the Board in closed session about reducing it from twenty-four members to twelve and making the Director of the [[National Science Foundation]] its chairman. Board members objected to the second proposal. Stratton proposed making the Director chairman of the Executive Committee instead, a compromise that was later accepted.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Project Troy, CENIS and the CIA
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT (CENIS) was founded in 1951. [[Max Millikan]] was its first director, a post he took in 1952.[^18] A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]], director of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]], to [[Allen Dulles]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] says that "Dr. Stratton, Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Center of International Studies," planned to present the Center's program to the Board and its staff on November 7, 1951. Gray wrote that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report," the [[Project Troy]] study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reported February 1, 1951, that MIT carried out under contract for the State Department.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] consulted Stratton on the unidentified flying object problem in 1952 and 1953. A memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence dated October 2, 1952 over the signature of [[H. Marshall Chadwell]], Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, reported that CIA consultants had recommended a study group to analyze the factors in the problem, determine the fields of fundamental science to be investigated, and recommend research. It continued: "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
A memorandum for the record dated December 3, 1952, signed by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the Office of Scientific Intelligence, records that at 1100 "yesterday morning" Strong met "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." Strong briefed them on new sighting reports, including the Limestone Base case, a Florida scoutmaster case and the Utah motion pictures, and updated Stratton on developments "since our previous discussion of the subject in August." Strong wrote: "Dr. Stratton reiterated his earlier position that this is a subject which must be investigated and he said that probably the best means of getting a thoroughly competent review of the problem would be through Project LINCOLN." Stratton added that, given the delicate position of Lincoln in relation to the Air Force after the "Summer Study Report," acceptance of the project by Lincoln must rest on Air Force concurrence or on an independent proposal from one of the other services. Strong recorded that Stratton "said that Alfred Hill would be the best man to head the group."[^21] [[Albert G. Hill]], an MIT physicist who succeeded Stratton as director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics in 1949 and directed the MIT Lincoln Laboratory from 1952 to 1955, is listed among the Project Troy participants as "A.G. Hill." Albert G. Hill was then director of the Lincoln Laboratory; the memorandum gives the first name as Alfred.[^22][^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Strong wrote that, assuming Lincoln proved impractical, he and the two men explored other locations including Princeton University and the [[California Institute of Technology]], and that Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two in view of the presence there of Robertson, Lauritson, Spitzer (on temporary duty from Princeton), Millikan's brother and others." Stratton "asked particularly that we keep him informed of the progress that we make in having this problem investigated as he is personally very interested as well as fully aware of the potential danger and implications of the situation."[^21] Strong then lunched at the faculty club with [[Lloyd Berkner]] and [[Jerrold Zacharias]]. Berkner, "while apparently not interested in taking a personal part, felt strongly that the saucer problem should be thoroughly investigated from a scientific point of view." Zacharias suggested [[Shirley Quimby]] of [[Columbia University]], "probably the most expert man in the country on magic and general chicanery." Strong's conclusion was that "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by H. P. Robertson of the California Institute of Technology, met under the Office of Scientific Intelligence from January 14 to 18, 1953; its report of January 17, 1953 is signed by Robertson, [[Luis W. Alvarez]], Berkner, [[Samuel Goudsmit]] and [[Thornton Page]].[^24] On January 27, 1953 Chadwell wrote to "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost" at MIT: "Remembering your request to be kept informed of any progress in the problem of 'unidentified flying objects,' this letter will bring you up to date." The letter states that in December the section of the [[Air Technical Intelligence Center]] charged with investigating sighting reports had given a briefing at the Agency, that it was recommended that CIA assemble a panel of highly qualified personnel, and that "Particular competency in the fields of physics, radar and astronomy was believed desirable." It enclosed the panel report, a list of personnel and the evidence presented, and ended: "Incidentally, knowledge of any interest of CIA in the subject of 'flying saucers' has been carefully restricted, in view of probable misunderstanding if it were publicly known."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ford Foundation
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Ford Foundation]] made Stratton a trustee in 1955. The foundation's 1965 annual report lists him on the board's executive committee, with [[John J. McCloy]] as chairman and [[Henry T. Heald]], [[Roy E. Larsen]] and [[Charles E. Wyzanski Jr.]] among its other members, and states that McCloy, a board member since 1953 and chairman since 1959, would retire on December 31, 1965, and that Stratton, "president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a trustee of the Foundation since 1955," had "been elected chairman" to replace him.[^26] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported the succession on November 15, 1965, saying that a source close to Stratton had said he accepted the chairmanship, and that as a trustee he had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported [[McGeorge Bundy]] as the best man for the job.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
In a memorandum to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] of December 4, 1965 on his resignation as Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, Bundy wrote: "John McCloy is out of town, so I have spoken to his successor, Jay Stratton, who is a deeply discreet man. Stratton immediately undertook to agree, in the name of the Trustees, to the condition which I have stated in the next to last paragraph," a condition that he be free to accept special assignments from Johnson.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton changed several board practices. He introduced a mandatory retirement age and fixed terms for trustees, and set up trustee committees paired with staff divisions on the model of MIT's visiting committees. In an oral history conducted after his term, he described his method: "My procedure has been to involve every member [in discussions], to turn to him for what he thinks on each issue."[^29] He remained chairman until 1971, when he returned to MIT full time.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 23, 1966 Bundy, by then the foundation's president, wrote to Stratton as chairman of the board of trustees that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars over six years to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
When Stratton left the board, its resolution said that "He leaves the foundation stronger than he found it, and all who care for its work are deeply in his debt."[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
### Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources
|
||||
|
||||
Public Law 89-454, enacted June 17, 1966, authorized the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources.[^32] The members were appointed by the President on January 9, 1967, and the commission, known as the Stratton Commission, was chaired by Stratton, who was identified in its roster as chairman of the Ford Foundation. Its vice chairman was [[Richard A. Geyer]] of Texas A&M University. The other members included the attorney [[Leon Jaworski]], [[George E. Reedy]], president of Struthers Research and Development Corporation, [[Jacob Blaustein]], director of Standard Oil Company (Indiana), [[John A. Knauss]], dean of the Graduate School of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island, and, as government members, Under Secretary of the Navy [[Charles F. Baird]], Assistant Secretary of the Interior [[Frank C. DiLuzio]] and [[Robert M. White]], administrator of the Environmental Science Services Administration. The congressional advisers were Senators [[Norris Cotton]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]] and Representatives [[Alton A. Lennon]] and [[Charles A. Mosher]]. [[Samuel A. Lawrence]] was executive director. Stratton also chaired the commission's Panel on Manpower, Education, and Training.[^32][^33]
|
||||
|
||||
The commission's final report, *Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan for National Action*, was transmitted to Speaker of the House [[John W. McCormack]] on January 9, 1969, over Stratton's signature as chairman. The transmittal letter states that three members, Baird, DiLuzio and White, abstained on the recommendations relating to government organization.[^32] Among the recommendations was the establishment of a major civilian agency, NOAA, to administer federal civil marine and atmospheric programs.[^34] In July 1970 [[Richard Nixon]] sent Congress Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, which created the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; the plan took effect on October 3, 1970.[^35] Nixon's message to Congress of July 9, 1970 stated: "In formulating these reorganization plans, I have been greatly aided by the work of the President's Advisory Council on Executive Organization (the Ash Council), the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (the Stratton Commission, appointed by President [Lyndon] Johnson), my special task force on oceanography headed by Dr. James Wakelin and by the information developed during both House and Senate hearings on proposed NOAA legislation."[^35] One outcome of the commission's work was NOAA; its recommendations on international cooperation and the conservation of marine resources were "strongly opposed by fishing and other commercial marine interests."[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later years and death
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton returned to MIT full time in 1971. Beginning in 1972 he worked on a history of the Institute's origins with his administrative assistant, [[Loretta B. Mannix]], who did most of the archival research. After his death, [[Philip N. Alexander]] completed the book, *Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT*, which MIT Press published in 2005.[^30] He had married Catherine Nelson Coffman on June 14, 1935, and they had three daughters.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
Stratton died of pneumonia on June 22, 1994, at Goddard House, a nursing home in Boston; the New York Times obituary by Eric Pace was published June 24, 1994, and reported that he was awarded 17 honorary degrees.[^10] MIT's news office reported that he was 93 and that his successor, Howard W. Johnson, said his association with the Institute spanned more than 70 years.[^12] Paul E. Gray, then chairman of the MIT Corporation, said Stratton "provided distinguished, wise and compassionate leadership to the Institute."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," *Biographical Memoirs*, National Academy of Sciences (2007 copyright), opening paragraph ("Jay, as he was known by nearly all who worked with him") and section "Early Years" ("associated for 74 years"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies release, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022 (copy in the Internet Archive capture of that date). https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
|
||||
[^3]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," sections "Early Years" and "The Young Physicist" (birth May 18, 1901; father; transfer from the University of Washington, admitted to MIT 1920; S.B. June 1923; ETH Zurich under Peter Debye, graduated March 1928; department of physics 1930; professor 1941; *Electromagnetic Theory*, 1941). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch: Dr. Julius Adams Stratton," release AC0069, June 1959, p. 1 to 2 (gives the ETH doctor of science as 1927 and the appointment as assistant professor of electrical engineering as 1928; Research Laboratory of Electronics, "acted as Director until he was appointed Provost in 1949"). MIT Institute Archives. https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The War Years" (Radiation Laboratory established October 1940; appointed November 1940 volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section of Division D, National Defense Research Council; loran; August 1942 appointment as expert consultant to the Secretary of War, to December 1945; the memoir prints the middle initial as G). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, p. 2 (technical advisory committees to the Air Forces; Medal for Merit from the Secretary of War, 1946; Chairman of the Committee on Electronics of the Research and Development Board, 1946 to 1948). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The War Years" (January 1, 1946; named by Stratton on the suggestion of John Slater). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "Senior Leadership" (1949 appointment as first provost; chancellor 1956 "again a new position at MIT"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, p. 1 to 2 (inaugurated June 15, 1959; took office January 1; Acting President November 1957; Vice President and Member of the Corporation 1951; Chancellor 1956). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: Eric Pace, "Julius A. Stratton, 93, Ex-President of M.I.T.," *New York Times*, June 24, 1994, p. A25 (death "Wednesday night" at Goddard House, Boston, of pneumonia; "president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1959 to 1966 and chairman of the Ford Foundation from 1966 to 1971"; leadership "began in 1957 when he was named acting president"; succeeded in 1966 at mandatory retirement age by Howard W. Johnson; 17 honorary degrees). https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/24/obituaries/julius-a-stratton-93-ex-president-of-mit.html
|
||||
[^11]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "Senior Leadership" (elected 11th president in 1958; new buildings; McCormick Hall 1965; student center 1966). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: "President Emeritus Julius Adams Stratton dies at 93," MIT News, June 29, 1994 (death June 22, 1994; MIT presidency 1959 to 1966; Ford chairmanship 1966 to 1971; statements by Howard W. Johnson and Paul E. Gray, MIT's 14th president and chairman of the MIT Corporation). https://news.mit.edu/1994/stratton-0629
|
||||
[^13]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The National Academy of Engineering" (1963 committee; Seitz proposal in the fall of 1964; Council approval December 5, 1964; first meeting December 10, 1964; 25 founding members). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^14]: "Stratton Committee Reports," *Physics Today*, May 1956, reporting that early in 1955 the National Academy of Sciences made public an exchange of letters with the White House on loyalty and government grants for unclassified research, and that Bronk appointed a seven-member committee headed by Stratton. https://physicstoday.aip.org/news/stratton-committee-reports
|
||||
[^15]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, pp. 2 to 3 (National Science Board; trustee and member of the executive committee of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; trustee of the Ford Foundation; member-trustee of the Rand Corporation; MITRE; Woods Hole). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf
|
||||
[^16]: National Science Foundation, National Science Board, "Former Members" ("Stratton, Dr. Julius A., 1956 to 1962 and 1964 to 1967, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/members/former.jsp
|
||||
[^17]: National Science Board, *The National Science Board: A History in Highlights, 1950-2000* (NSB 00-215), 1960 to 1962 section (March 15, 1962 closed session with Wiesner and two budget officials; "Stratton proposed making the Director the Chair of the Executive Committee instead"). https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/2000/nsb00215/nsb00215.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (founding in 1951; Max F. Millikan as the Center's first director in 1952). https://cis.mit.edu/history
|
||||
[^19]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0
|
||||
[^20]: H. Marshall Chadwell, Assistant Director, Scientific Intelligence, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence through the Deputy Director (Intelligence), "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, with Tab A (paragraph 5), CIA reading room document 0005515933 (page stamp C00015339; second copy 0000015339). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933
|
||||
[^21]: Philip G. Strong, OSI, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3; reading room copies 0005515940 and 0000015345 (page stamp C00015345). The memorandum gives the meeting time as "1100 yesterday morning." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940
|
||||
[^22]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 237 to 238 and note 41 (list of Project Troy participants, including "A.G. Hill; (MIT, Physicist)"). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^23]: "Albert G. Hill Dies at 86," MIT News, October 25, 1996 (director of the Research Laboratory for Electronics 1949 to 1952; director of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory 1952 to 1955). https://news.mit.edu/1996/hill
|
||||
[^24]: "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," January 17, 1953, signature block, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110022-4; "Report of Meetings of Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects Convened by Office of Scientific Intelligence, CIA, January 14 to 18, 1953," CIA-RDP81R00560R000100030027-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000110022-4
|
||||
[^25]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714 (page stamp C00015287; second copy 0000015287). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714
|
||||
[^26]: Ford Foundation, *Annual Report 1965* (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening statement by the president on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman; list of trustees and executive committee. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965 (the article prints his first name as "Julias"). https://thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts
|
||||
[^28]: McGeorge Bundy, memorandum to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968*, vol. XXXIII, Document 159. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159
|
||||
[^29]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Ford Foundation" (oral history quotation; board changes; resolution on his retirement). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^30]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," sections "The Ford Foundation" and "Final Chapters" and the bibliography (return to MIT in 1971; Mannix and Alexander; *Mind and Hand*, MIT Press, 2005; marriage June 14, 1935; three daughters). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^31]: Harm Langenkamp, "'A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement': Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), pp. 15 to 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^32]: Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, *Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan for National Action* (Washington: GPO, January 1969), transmittal letter dated January 9, 1969 signed "J. A. Stratton, Chairman" (Public Law 89-454, enacted June 17, 1966; members appointed by the President January 9, 1967; abstentions of Baird, DiLuzio and White), "Members of the Commission" and the commission panel roster (Panel on Manpower, Education, and Training, Julius A. Stratton, Chairman). https://archive.org/details/ournationseaplan00unit
|
||||
[^33]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources" (committee announced by President Johnson January 9, 1967). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^34]: Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, *Our Nation and the Sea*, recommendations ("Establish a major civilian agency (NOAA) for administration" of federal civil marine and atmospheric programs). https://archive.org/details/ournationseaplan00unit
|
||||
[^35]: Congressional Research Service, *National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Organization Overview and Issues for Congress* (R47636), background section and note 6 (P.L. 89-454 section 5; the commission "was also known as the Stratton Commission"; Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, effective October 3, 1970; quotation of the President's message of July 9, 1970, H. Doc. 91-366, p. 6). https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R47636.html
|
||||
[^36]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources" ("One outcome of the COMSER's work was the creation of NOAA"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
|
|
@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ The New School Archives hold a faculty vertical file for Riezler (Box 10, Folder
|
|||
[^15]: Zeman and Scharlau, *The Merchant of Revolution*, p. 152 (first payment of one million marks at the end of March 1915; transfer to Bucharest, Zurich and Copenhagen).
|
||||
[^16]: Lyandres, Semion, "The Bolsheviks' 'German Gold' Revisited: An Inquiry into the 1917 Accusations," *Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies*, no. 1106 (Pittsburgh: Center for Russian and East European Studies, February 1995), conclusion, pp. 102-103, on the first million rubles, the Copenhagen organization and its agents. DOI https://doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1995.63. https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/cbp/article/view/63 Lyandres gives the 1915 sum in rubles; Wenzel and Possony give marks.
|
||||
[^17]: Zeman, *Germany and the Revolution in Russia*, document 36, telegram No. 560, Minister in Copenhagen to the Foreign Ministry, April 9, 1917, with note 1 (reply of April 10 from Zimmermann; Radek's account in Platten's pamphlet *Die Reise Lenins durch Deutschland*, Berlin, 1924, p. 66; Radek and Hanecki as Helphand's two closest contacts among the Bolsheviks).
|
||||
[^18]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 84-85 and the note on Brecht, Kurt von Fritz and Rheindorf (Brecht's letter to Erdmann of September 8, 1970; Brecht, *Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884-1927*, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 325), including the passage on the Berlin stop and Possony's speculation (Possony, *Lenin. Eine Biographie*, German edition 1965, pp. 262ff). Sole source for the Brecht, von Fritz and Rheindorf statements.
|
||||
[^18]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 84-85 and the note on Brecht, Kurt von Fritz and Rheindorf (Brecht's letter to Erdmann of September 8, 1970; Brecht, *Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884-1927*, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 325), including the passage on the Berlin stop and Possony's speculation (Possony, *Lenin. Eine Biographie*, German edition 1965, pp. 262ff).
|
||||
[^19]: Possony, *Lenin: The Compulsive Revolutionary*, chapter "The Sealed Car," on the delay of the train in Berlin and Riezler. Possony gives no source for what Riezler told a friend.
|
||||
[^20]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 137, on the Berlin layover and Riezler's statement to a friend.
|
||||
[^21]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 85-87 and notes 47, 52, 53 and 54 (re-entry into the Foreign Office on August 5, 1917; the Nadolny memorandum of September 24 and the Michaelis decree of September 29, 1917; the diary entries of October 3, 1917 and January 14, 1918; the request of two million marks, Zeman documents 72 and 78).
|
||||
[^22]: Zeman, *Germany and the Revolution in Russia*, introduction, pp. viii-ix, and the editorial note to telegram No. 40 (January 13, 1915), note 1, giving Riezler's career.
|
||||
[^23]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 138-139 and note 32, which cites Riezler's diary (pp. 453-454), Zeman documents 72, 75, 78-79 and 94, and Possony's *Lenin* (pp. 192, 241-242, 248, 255). Sole source for the passage on October 25, 1917 and the Swiss francs.
|
||||
[^23]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 138-139 and note 32, which cites Riezler's diary (pp. 453-454), Zeman documents 72, 75, 78-79 and 94, and Possony's *Lenin* (pp. 192, 241-242, 248, 255).
|
||||
[^24]: Pipes, Richard, *Die Russische Revolution*, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1992), p. 467, as cited in Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 160, note 11.
|
||||
[^25]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, p. 87, note 54, citing Zeman, document 129 for the term "Riezlerfonds".
|
||||
[^26]: Zeman and Scharlau, *The Merchant of Revolution*, pp. 240-243 (Helphand received by Riezler in Stockholm; the abbreviated address; Vorovski; the discrediting of Helphand and Erzberger).
|
||||
|
|
@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ The New School Archives hold a faculty vertical file for Riezler (Box 10, Folder
|
|||
[^47]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 167, citing PAAA R 22316, Russland 31k, vol. 1 (Riezler's telegram of July 7, 1918) and Volkogonov, *Lenin. Utopie und Terror* (Düsseldorf, 1993), p. 180.
|
||||
[^48]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," pp. 173-176, on Helfferich's recall on the ninth day, the move to Petrograd and Pskov (arrival August 23, 1918), the diary entry of September 12, 1918 and the appointment of October 7, 1918.
|
||||
[^49]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," pp. 167-171, citing among others Pipes, *Die Russische Revolution* 2, p. 507, the Riezler diary edition, pp. 717 and 719-720, and PAAA R 22316 and R 10109.
|
||||
[^50]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 168 and note 61, citing Hans von Saucken's memorandum of Riezler's oral account, New York, September 29, 1952, and its addendum of October 31, 1952, printed in Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, pp. 713ff. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^50]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 168 and note 61, citing Hans von Saucken's memorandum of Riezler's oral account, New York, September 29, 1952, and its addendum of October 31, 1952, printed in Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, pp. 713ff.
|
||||
[^51]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 211-213.
|
||||
[^52]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 214-215.
|
||||
[^53]: Koolwaay, Jens, "Chronik zu Karl Mannheims Frankfurter Zeit," version 0.3 (July 2, 2007), entries for August 14, 1929, November 8, 1929, December 17 and 21, 1929, January 27 and April 1, 1930, and June 27, 1931. https://wiki.studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de/SOZFRA/images/archive/b/b3/20070723092823%21Chronik.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,9 +8,20 @@ summary: "Nuclear Intelligence Panel member who concluded the 1979 Vela satellit
|
|||
born: 1918-09-09
|
||||
died: 1991-09-15
|
||||
location: "United States"
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
|
||||
start: 1980-02-11
|
||||
end: 1980-02-14
|
||||
role: "chairman of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the September 22, 1979 event, per the February 14, 1980 memorandum"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
---
|
||||
Louis H. Roddis, Jr. played a major role in [[America]]'s postwar nuclear weapons development. He was a member of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP). Roddis concluded that the 1979 [[South Africa]]n-Israeli nuclear test had taken place on a barge or on one of the islands in the South Indian Ocean archipelago. He expressed anger at [[Frank Press]] and the [[White House]] for what he saw as a deliberate effort to downplay and manipulate the facts surrounding the event.[^1]
|
||||
Louis H. Roddis, Jr. played a major role in [[America]]'s postwar nuclear weapons development. He was a member of the [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]] (NIP). Roddis concluded that the 1979 [[South Africa]]n-Israeli nuclear test had taken place on a barge or on one of the islands of an archipelago between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. He expressed anger at [[Frank Press]] and the [[White House]] for what he saw as a deliberate effort to downplay and manipulate the facts surrounding the event.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
A February 14, 1980 memorandum from the chairman of the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee to the Director of Central Intelligence, [[Stansfield Turner]], names Roddis as chairman of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel for its meeting of February 11 to 13, 1980 on the September 22, 1979 [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] event; it states that the attached summary of the panel's views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr." and the attached judgments are completely redacted.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
|
||||
[^2]: Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Judgments of the DCI's Nuclear Intelligence Panel on the 22 September 1979 Event," February 14, 1980, Secret. Document 6 in NSAEBB 190, with the attached judgments completely redacted. The memorandum names Roddis as panel chairman and gives the meeting dates as February 11-13; Richelson's narrative in the same briefing book names Kerr as chairman. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/06.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ That Dr. Louis Petrillo, a psychologist working in New York in 1990 and 1991, an
|
|||
[^1]: "Newspaper says banker involved in loans for Contra arms," United Press International, dated June 10, 1987, reporting a *Miami Herald* story published on the preceding Thursday in its early editions. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/10/Newspaper-says-banker-involved-in-loans-for-Contra-arms/9700550296000/
|
||||
[^2]: "Former Miami Banker Gets Prison Term for Diverting Funds to Contras," *American Banker*, March 31, 1995. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/former-miami-banker-gets-prison-term-for-diverting-funds-to-contras
|
||||
[^3]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Bayshore Bank of Florida," Florida profit corporation, document number F64039 (filed January 21, 1982; involuntarily dissolved November 4, 1988), officer and director detail and annual reports 1985 to 1987. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults?inquiryType=EntityName&searchNameOrder=BAYSHOREBANKOFFLORIDA&searchTerm=Bayshore%20Bank%20of%20Florida
|
||||
[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting, "part-time author") and 148 to 149 (New York meetings of December 1990). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting, "part-time author") and 148 to 149 (New York meetings of December 1990). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Schroeder and Ostrander's work, which included accounts from figures like [[Edua
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Carlton testified that in mid-1982, while serving as Noriega's personal pilot, h
|
|||
|
||||
### Spadafora, the Contras and the "rent-a-colonel"
|
||||
|
||||
By 1984 the Panamanian physician [[Hugo Spadafora]] was publicly criticizing Noriega for working with Colombian traffickers, and the subcommittee heard testimony from Carlton and Blandón that Noriega had Spadafora tortured and murdered by members of the Defense Forces in September 1985.[^2][^6] Webb wrote that [[Sebastian Gonzalez]], a CIA asset and close friend of [[Norwin Meneses]], was close to Noriega and was suspected of involvement in the beheading of Spadafora, who was a Contra supporter, shortly before Spadafora was to make public information about Noriega's drug involvement, and that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was arrested, tortured and jailed by Noriega's men in 1977 while smuggling cocaine through Panama for Meneses. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^3] [[Robert Owen]]'s April 1, 1985 memorandum to [[Oliver North]], released by the National Security Archive, described Gonzalez as "now involved in drug running out of Panama."[^7]
|
||||
By 1984 the Panamanian physician [[Hugo Spadafora]] was publicly criticizing Noriega for working with Colombian traffickers, and the subcommittee heard testimony from Carlton and Blandón that Noriega had Spadafora tortured and murdered by members of the Defense Forces in September 1985.[^2][^6] Webb wrote that [[Sebastian Gonzalez]], a CIA asset and close friend of [[Norwin Meneses]], was close to Noriega and was suspected of involvement in the beheading of Spadafora, who was a Contra supporter, shortly before Spadafora was to make public information about Noriega's drug involvement, and that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was arrested, tortured and jailed by Noriega's men in 1977 while smuggling cocaine through Panama for Meneses.[^3] [[Robert Owen]]'s April 1, 1985 memorandum to [[Oliver North]], released by the National Security Archive, described Gonzalez as "now involved in drug running out of Panama."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
McNeil told the subcommittee that the State Department had never trusted Noriega and called him "the rent-a-colonel," in tribute to his ability "to simultaneously milk the antagonistic intelligence services of the United States," and that U.S. intelligence agencies, whom he said had become Noriega's clients, took a "see no evil approach." The former NSC staff member [[Norman Bailey]] testified to the [[House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control|House Select Committee]] on Narcotics that when he was at the NSC from 1981 to 1983 "a plethora of human intelligence, electronic intercepts and satellite and overflight photography" constituted "not a smoking gun but rather a twenty-one cannon barrage" of evidence of Noriega's drug and arms dealing, including gunrunning to the Sandinistas, Contras and Salvadoran guerrillas and illegal technology transfers to the Soviet bloc. Customs Commissioner [[William Von Raab]] testified that his service had evidence linking Noriega to narcotics trafficking as early as 1983. In 1985 and 1986, McNeil testified, a formal policy review concluded with a decision "to put Noriega on the shelf until [[Nicaragua]] was settled"; Assistant Secretary of State [[Elliott Abrams]] publicly denied that the delay was because of Nicaragua. [[Daniel Murphy|Admiral Daniel Murphy]] gave the explanation that lower-level information was not passed to policymakers.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ The National Security Archive's briefing book prints North's electronic message
|
|||
|
||||
[[Lawrence Walsh]]'s Final Report records that at a [[Restricted Interagency Group]] meeting in Assistant Secretary of Defense [[Richard Armitage]]'s office on September 19, 1986, North said Noriega had offered to have sabotage conducted inside Nicaragua for $1 million in cash that would not come from the U.S. Government; [[Alan Fiers]] understood the funds would be from Project Democracy. Elliott Abrams's meeting with the State Department officials [[Nicholas Platt]] and [[Charles Hill]] the next day is recorded in Hill's notes: "Noriega offers to do some sabotage (electric pylons) that we training contras to do but which they can't do for 18 mos. Wd get us on the map fast. Do it via mercenaries who may not know who employers are. Brits. Wd do it for cash (not from USG). Wants our go-ahead. Ollie will meet him w/approval of Pdx." Walsh states that "ultimately, the decision was made not to have North cause the $1 million to be paid to Noriega." Fiers testified at the 1992 trial of [[Clair George]] that he said, "No. We don't want to do that."[^8][^7] North met Noriega at a London hotel on September 22, 1986, where, according to North's notebook and the agreed statements of fact in his trial, they discussed a commando training program in Panama with Israeli support and sabotage of major economic targets near [[Managua]], and Noriega "agreed to take immediate actions against the Sandinistas and offered a list of priorities, including an oil refinery, an airport, and the [[Puerto Sandino]] off-load facility."[^2][^7] The Final Report's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" conduct lists discussions with Noriega about sabotage "in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image," that North was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though sabotage would be acceptable, that North returned to Panama a month after Spadafora's death to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid, and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^3] The Kerry report dates Spadafora's murder to September 1985, the first North-Noriega meeting to June 1985 and the London meeting to September 1986.[^2]
|
||||
Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image," that North was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though sabotage would be acceptable, that North returned to Panama a month after Spadafora's death to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid, and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^3] The Kerry report dates Spadafora's murder to September 1985, the first North-Noriega meeting to June 1985 and the London meeting to September 1986.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Kerry Committee, the GAO and the NSC
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ On March 4, 1999 Hoeveler cut the sentence by ten years, to thirty, citing "the
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, *Panama*, "Persons" and doc. 133, "Memorandum of Conversation," New York, October 6, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v22/d133
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), ch. "Panama" (pp. 80 to 98), including appended GAO and NSC correspondence, testimony of Carlton, Blandon, Milian Rodriguez, Kalish, McNeil, Bailey, Lawn, Murphy and Gorman, and the Conclusions. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 5, "God, Fatherland and Freedom"; chs. 11 and 12; Epilogue, "The damage that has been done." Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 5, "God, Fatherland and Freedom"; chs. 11 and 12; Epilogue, "The damage that has been done."
|
||||
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), "Noriega and the Cartel" and "Noriega's Rift With the Cartel." https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
[^5]: "Noriega's Prison Sentence Cut." CBS News/Associated Press, March 5, 1999. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/noriegas-prison-sentence-cut-05-03-1999/
|
||||
[^6]: Kerry Subcommittee, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, "Panama," testimony of Carlton and Blandon on the murder of Hugo Spadafora in September 1985. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ On April 26, 1995, at a Common Hour in the Anita Tuvin-Schlechter Auditorium of
|
|||
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 164-174 (1975), August-September 1975 issue, "Foreign Service Nominations" (stating that the President submitted the nominations to the Senate on September 3), p. 15, and "Personnel / Foreign Service, New Appointments," p. 67, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730003 (scan pages 525 and 577); U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service List, August 1975, alphabetical list, p. 9, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067591123 (scan page 80). The abbreviation "JOC" is as printed.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 197-207 (1978), p. 46, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730037 (scan page 402); U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 219-229 (1980), "Personnel: Foreign Service," p. 28, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730052 (scan page 760).
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 230-240 (1981), "Commissioning Tenure Board recommends 21," p. 74, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730060 (scan page 832).
|
||||
[^4]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., resume packet, fax header "JUN 20 '90 17:01" and page marked "141 P12," with margin note "FSO," in the Danny Casolaro papers, photographs of the Casolaro research files by Christian Hansen at the Missouri State Historical Society, archive.org item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/PromotionalMaterial. Sole source for the passages so cited: the firm's own description of Nudell's posts, awards, degrees, memberships and current activities.
|
||||
[^4]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., resume packet, fax header "JUN 20 '90 17:01" and page marked "141 P12," with margin note "FSO," in the Danny Casolaro papers, photographs of the Casolaro research files by Christian Hansen at the Missouri State Historical Society, archive.org item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/PromotionalMaterial. The passages are the firm's own description of Nudell's posts, awards, degrees, memberships and current activities.
|
||||
[^5]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1984, scan pages 40 and 88, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603464 (catalog record https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100717024).
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1985, scan page 11, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603514.
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 263-273 (1984), "Office for Combatting Terrorism" columns, pp. 57, 66 and (April 1984 issue) 75, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094 (scan pages 137, 70 and 307).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Danny Casolaro began interviewing Riconosciuto prior to his arrest in March 1991
|
|||
[^5]: Newspaper clipping on INSLAW and PROMIS, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence2." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^6]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture," printed p. 56. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
|
||||
[^8]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Las Vegas account in this form; the bracketed description of Ammarell is the magazine's. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
||||
[^8]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. The bracketed description of Ammarell is the magazine's. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
||||
[^9]: Unsigned, undated letter, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," beginning "The cooperation I have received from the Wackenhut Corporation." The spelling "Amarell" is as printed in the letter. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^10]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^10]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^11]: Letter over the name of Arthur Welmas, headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," Indio, California, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ The situation "eventually resolved itself, after Russo complained about a teleph
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
|
||||
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above.
|
||||
[^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), quoting Christopher Green; as quoted at https://schwabstack.substack.com/p/spies-of-the-superspectral-order.
|
||||
[^4]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1942
|
||||
role: "CIAA representative (Mr. N. A. Rockefeller)"
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
|
||||
role: "convener, Quantico II"
|
||||
start: 1955-08-16
|
||||
end: 1955-12-05
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 - January 26, 1979), named after his maternal grandfather and US Senator [[Nelson Aldrich]], was the dominant figure in US-Latin American relations from World War II through the mid-1970s. As coordinator of inter-American affairs (1940-1944), assistant secretary of state for American republic affairs (1944-1945), and later as President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s special assistant for national security, he built the institutional architecture that governed American policy toward [[Latin America]] and shaped the intelligence community's covert operations in the Western Hemisphere. His private vehicles, the [[IBEC]] (International Basic Economy Corporation) and the [[AIA]] (American International Association), extended [[Rockefeller family]] commercial interests into the Brazilian Amazon and beyond.
|
||||
|
|
@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ Rockefeller's office was one of the principal customers of the [[Foreign Broadca
|
|||
|
||||
Appointed assistant secretary of state for American republic affairs on December 20, 1944 (his entry on duty date), Rockefeller convened the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace at [[Chapultepec Castle]] in [[Mexico City]], which ran from February 21 to March 8, 1945. There he pushed through the Act of Chapultepec (formally adopted March 6, 1945), which authorized a regional military pact making an attack on any American state an attack on all, a Latin American precursor to [[NATO]] that both the State Department and the Soviet Union recognized as a violation of the Yalta accords.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
At Chapultepec, Rockefeller assembled his "Latin American Junta": [[Galo Plaza]] of Ecuador, [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] of Colombia, and Mexico's [[Ezequiel Padilla]]. These men would become presidents, OAS secretaries-general, and trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller also arranged for [[Adolf Berle]] to replace [[Jefferson Caffery]] as US ambassador to Brazil.[^17]
|
||||
At Chapultepec, Rockefeller assembled his "Latin American Junta": [[Galo Plaza]] of Ecuador, [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] of Colombia, and Mexico's [[Ezequiel Padilla]]. These men would become presidents, OAS secretaries-general, and trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller also arranged for Adolf Berle to replace [[Jefferson Caffery]] as US ambassador to Brazil.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The Act of Chapultepec killed 180 Latin American resolutions promoting industrialization and protective tariffs, replacing them with an open-door policy for American corporate investment and commitments to road-building that served extractive industries. Rockefeller supported Argentina's [[Juan Perón]]'s admission to the founding United Nations conference over strong objections, adding the Latin American bloc's 19 votes to the Western tally against the Soviets. Adolf Berle warned him privately this would be a political error; Rockefeller ignored the advice and paid with his job when the move was exposed as a violation of Yalta.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -85,17 +91,17 @@ In 1953, Rockefeller accepted appointment as chair of the President's Advisory C
|
|||
|
||||
On March 3, 1955, Bureau of the Budget Director Rowland Hughes recommended that Eisenhower designate Rockefeller as a member and vice chairman of the OCB and as chairman of a new Planning Coordination Group. Eisenhower approved these recommendations on March 10, 1955. The Planning Coordination Group (PCG), operating within the framework of [[NSC 5412]] governing covert operations, comprised Rockefeller as chairman, the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence. Its function was to "advise and assist the responsible operating agencies in the coordinated development of plans and programs" and to serve as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" for CIA covert operations. CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] and State Department officials refused to cooperate, and their obstruction stymied the PCG's initiatives. Rockefeller recommended the group's abolishment in September 1955 and resigned as Special Assistant to the President in December 1955.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25]
|
||||
In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War. The panel's aerial inspection proposal is identified in the Foreign Relations volumes as the genesis of the "Open Skies" offer, which Rockefeller, [[Arthur W. Radford]], [[Harold Stassen]], [[Robert B. Anderson]] and [[Alfred Gruenther]] discussed in Paris and which Eisenhower and Dulles took up at Geneva before the President made it on July 21, 1955.[^24] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]]'s description of his Special Assistant subseries states that he "played a key role in the development of the Open Skies policy."[^25] Quantico II, which Rockefeller invited on August 16, 1955 to study "the psychological aspects of future United States strategy," met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with Major General [[Frederick L. Anderson]], USAF (ret.), as chairman. Its twelve members sought "an optimum, integrated national program within which specific long-term military, economic, technological and ideological programs can be developed and financed."[^26] Bessner dates the Quantico sessions to September 25 to 29, 1955.[^27] Anderson submitted the panel's report, "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy," on November 29, 1955, with a source book of individual papers dated November 1955.[^26][^28] Rockefeller forwarded it to Eisenhower on December 2.[^26] His papers at the Rockefeller Archive Center hold folders for Quantico I and II and a 1956 folder, "Quantico III Meeting," described as a preliminary meeting to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project.[^25] He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^29] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Brazil and the 1964 Coup
|
||||
|
||||
By 1964, Rockefeller's instruments were in place for a more decisive intervention. His former CIAA colleague Adolf Berle maintained connections to Brazilian military officers through the State Department and private channels. The CIA's J.C. King coordinated with US Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] and Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]]. Rockefeller's IBEC had major agricultural and commercial holdings in Brazil, and his brother [[David Rockefeller]]'s [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] was deeply invested in the Brazilian economy.[^26]
|
||||
By 1964, Rockefeller's instruments were in place for a more decisive intervention. His former CIAA colleague Adolf Berle maintained connections to Brazilian military officers through the State Department and private channels. The CIA's J.C. King coordinated with US Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] and Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]]. Rockefeller's IBEC had major agricultural and commercial holdings in Brazil, and his brother [[David Rockefeller]]'s [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] was deeply invested in the Brazilian economy.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
The April 1964 coup deposing President [[Joao Goulart]] was welcomed within the Rockefeller network. Planning for the contingency had been underway since at least December 1962: a November 22, 1963 contingency plan showed "heavy emphasis on U.S. armed intervention," and Ambassador Gordon's March 28, 1964 telegram from Rio de Janeiro described Goulart as "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." On March 31, 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff assigned the code name "Brother Sam" to a naval task force authorized to supply arms and potentially deploy combat troops in support of the coup if needed. [[Operation Brother Sam]] was the military expression of a strategy Rockefeller had been building since Chapultepec. These deliberations are documented in FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI, which covers South and Central America and includes the Lincoln Gordon cables and the JCS Brother Sam authorization.[^27]
|
||||
The April 1964 coup deposing President [[Joao Goulart]] was welcomed within the Rockefeller network. Planning for the contingency had been underway since at least December 1962: a November 22, 1963 contingency plan showed "heavy emphasis on U.S. armed intervention," and Ambassador Gordon's March 28, 1964 telegram from Rio de Janeiro described Goulart as "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." On March 31, 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff assigned the code name "Brother Sam" to a naval task force authorized to supply arms and potentially deploy combat troops in support of the coup if needed. [[Operation Brother Sam]] was the military expression of a strategy Rockefeller had been building since Chapultepec. These deliberations are documented in FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI, which covers South and Central America and includes the Lincoln Gordon cables and the JCS Brother Sam authorization.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Nixon Mission and Latin American Backlash (1969)
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] asked Rockefeller, on Nixon's first full day in office, to assess the effectiveness of the [[Alliance for Progress]] program and prepare a policy report on Latin America. Rockefeller undertook a 20-nation tour in summer 1969. The tour was met with riots, demonstrations, and stone-throwing in nearly every country he visited, a response that shocked official Washington but not those who had watched his career from the other side. The tour's report, delivered to Nixon and titled "Quality of Life in the Americas," recommended reversing recent trends to reduce security assistance to Latin American military governments. The report stated, "At the moment there is only one Castro among the 26 nations of the hemisphere; there can well be more in the future." Its military aid recommendations further deepened US backing for Latin American military dictatorships.[^28]
|
||||
In 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] asked Rockefeller, on Nixon's first full day in office, to assess the effectiveness of the [[Alliance for Progress]] program and prepare a policy report on Latin America. Rockefeller undertook a 20-nation tour in summer 1969. The tour was met with riots, demonstrations, and stone-throwing in nearly every country he visited, a response that shocked official Washington but not those who had watched his career from the other side. The tour's report, delivered to Nixon and titled "Quality of Life in the Americas," recommended reversing recent trends to reduce security assistance to Latin American military governments. The report stated, "At the moment there is only one Castro among the 26 nations of the hemisphere; there can well be more in the future." Its military aid recommendations further deepened US backing for Latin American military dictatorships.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Rockefeller Commission (1975)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -103,21 +109,21 @@ In 1975, amid the congressional [[Church Committee]] investigations into CIA abu
|
|||
|
||||
Rockefeller "attempted to head off inclusion of the subject" of CIA assassination plots, restricting consideration of assassinations to the question of Cuba's possible role in the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]]. When the Commission voted on whether to include assassination investigations, it overrode its own chairman, with [[Ronald Reagan]] (then Governor of California, serving as a commissioner) siding with executive director David Belin against Rockefeller. In a March 10, 1975 memorandum to Commission members, Belin argued that selective investigation of assassination plots would confuse the public and that "the threat of assassination" warranted comprehensive inquiry. The Commission took testimony from CIA General Counsel [[John Warner]] on April 14, 1975.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the Commission's vote to include the assassination material, the Ford White House suppressed it. An entire 86-page section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders" (dated June 5, 1975), covering plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]], and references to [[Patrice Lumumba]] and [[Sukarno]], was removed from the final report before public release. Then-Deputy White House Chief of Staff [[Richard Cheney]] made handwritten edits throughout the draft on or around June 1, 1975, altering language describing CIA activities from "unlawful" to merely "improper" in most instances, while drug experiments on US citizens retained the characterization "illegal." White House Counsel [[Philip Buchen]] coordinated the suppression. Commission public affairs director Peter Clapper warned that deleting the section would "cast doubt on the rest of the report" and be perceived as a cover-up; his objection was overridden. Senator [[Frank Church]] personally visited Rockefeller in early May 1975, alleging that CIA documents were being withheld from the Church Committee by the Rockefeller Commission. President Ford wrote to Church on October 31, 1975, urging suppression of assassination findings; Church rejected the request, stating that "the national interest is better served by letting the American people know the true and complete story." These internal documents are collected in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, published February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi.[^29]
|
||||
Despite the Commission's vote to include the assassination material, the Ford White House suppressed it. An entire 86-page section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders" (dated June 5, 1975), covering plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]], and references to [[Patrice Lumumba]] and [[Sukarno]], was removed from the final report before public release. Then-Deputy White House Chief of Staff [[Richard Cheney]] made handwritten edits throughout the draft on or around June 1, 1975, altering language describing CIA activities from "unlawful" to merely "improper" in most instances, while drug experiments on US citizens retained the characterization "illegal." White House Counsel [[Philip Buchen]] coordinated the suppression. Commission public affairs director Peter Clapper warned that deleting the section would "cast doubt on the rest of the report" and be perceived as a cover-up; his objection was overridden. Senator [[Frank Church]] personally visited Rockefeller in early May 1975, alleging that CIA documents were being withheld from the Church Committee by the Rockefeller Commission. President Ford wrote to Church on October 31, 1975, urging suppression of assassination findings; Church rejected the request, stating that "the national interest is better served by letting the American people know the true and complete story." These internal documents are collected in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, published February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
Rockefeller's chairmanship of the commission investigating the agency he had supervised under Eisenhower was widely considered a conflict of interest. Key findings were withheld or classified. The Commission also added Recommendations 29 (civilian oversight committee) and 20 (periodic declassification reviews) to the report without a Commission vote, under [[White House]] direction.[^30]
|
||||
Rockefeller's chairmanship of the commission investigating the agency he had supervised under Eisenhower was widely considered a conflict of interest. Key findings were withheld or classified. The Commission also added Recommendations 29 (civilian oversight committee) and 20 (periodic declassification reviews) to the report without a Commission vote, under [[White House]] direction.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### New York Politics and the Vice Presidency
|
||||
|
||||
Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, during which time he built the South Mall (later renamed the [[Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza]]) and pursued the presidency unsuccessfully in 1960, 1964, and 1968, repeatedly blocked by the Republican right wing. On August 20, 1974, President Ford nominated Rockefeller as vice president under Section 2 of the [[25th Amendment]]. After a nearly four-month confirmation process, the Senate confirmed the nomination 90-7 on December 10, 1974, and the House confirmed 287-128 on December 19, 1974. Rockefeller was sworn in as the 41st Vice President on December 19, 1974, the second person appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment (Ford having been the first).[^31]
|
||||
Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, during which time he built the South Mall (later renamed the [[Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza]]) and pursued the presidency unsuccessfully in 1960, 1964, and 1968, repeatedly blocked by the Republican right wing. On August 20, 1974, President Ford nominated Rockefeller as vice president under Section 2 of the [[25th Amendment]]. After a nearly four-month confirmation process, the Senate confirmed the nomination 90-7 on December 10, 1974, and the House confirmed 287-128 on December 19, 1974. Rockefeller was sworn in as the 41st Vice President on December 19, 1974, the second person appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment (Ford having been the first).[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### Death
|
||||
|
||||
Rockefeller died on January 26, 1979, of a heart attack at his townhouse at 13 West 54th Street in Manhattan, in the presence of Megan Marshack, a 25-year-old aide who had worked for him during his vice presidency and to whom he had provided financial assistance in purchasing a condominium nearby. After Rockefeller suffered the cardiac event, Marshack called her friend, television journalist Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse; Pierce phoned an ambulance approximately one hour after the attack. Initial reports, quickly corrected, stated he had died at his desk at Rockefeller Center. The circumstances received extensive press coverage but diverted attention from his political legacy.[^32]
|
||||
Rockefeller died on January 26, 1979, of a heart attack at his townhouse at 13 West 54th Street in Manhattan, in the presence of Megan Marshack, a 25-year-old aide who had worked for him during his vice presidency and to whom he had provided financial assistance in purchasing a condominium nearby. After Rockefeller suffered the cardiac event, Marshack called her friend, television journalist Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse; Pierce phoned an ambulance approximately one hour after the attack. Initial reports, quickly corrected, stated he had died at his desk at Rockefeller Center. The circumstances received extensive press coverage but diverted attention from his political legacy.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Pocantico Network
|
||||
|
||||
The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New York, served as both residence and operational headquarters for family strategic planning. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, co-organized in 1940, became the vehicle for coordinating family philanthropy, "soft" intelligence operations, and policy influence across generations. Nelson used the RBF to channel funds into psychological warfare and counterintelligence programs, with his brother David reluctantly acquiescing to Nelson's demands. The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]], which holds the family papers and is located at Pocantico, holds the primary records for Rockefeller's government and private activities.[^33]
|
||||
The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New York, served as both residence and operational headquarters for family strategic planning. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, co-organized in 1940, became the vehicle for coordinating family philanthropy, "soft" intelligence operations, and policy influence across generations. Nelson used the RBF to channel funds into psychological warfare and counterintelligence programs, with his brother David reluctantly acquiescing to Nelson's demands. The Rockefeller Archive Center, which holds the family papers and is located at Pocantico, holds the primary records for Rockefeller's government and private activities.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -144,13 +150,18 @@ The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New
|
|||
[^21]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 13; Introduction (2017).
|
||||
[^22]: Rockefeller Archive Center biographical summary; Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Letter to Nelson A. Rockefeller Appointing Him Special Assistant to the President," December 15, 1954 (released December 16, 1954), The American Presidency Project (presidency.ucsb.edu).
|
||||
[^23]: Rowland Hughes memorandum, March 3, 1955 (FRUS 1950-55, Intelligence, Document 210, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210); Eisenhower approval, March 10, 1955. NSC 5412, "National Security Council Directive on Covert Operations." Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 18 ("Ike's Cold War General").
|
||||
[^24]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and preface. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961
|
||||
[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 23 ("Ascent of the Hawk"); Ch. 27. Quantico I panel composition from FRUS 1955-57, Vol. 24, Editorial Note, Document 12 (history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v24/d12).
|
||||
[^26]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 28-29.
|
||||
[^27]: FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI (South and Central America). Document 12 (March 29, 1964), Ambassador Lincoln Gordon telegram, Rio de Janeiro: Goulart "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." Document 15 (April 1, 1964), coup status update. JCS code name "Brother Sam" assigned March 31, 1964 (Document 198, FRUS 1964-68 Vol. XXXI, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31). National Security Archive, NSAEBB No. 465 ("Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"), 2014. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29 ("Operation Brother Sam").
|
||||
[^28]: Nelson A. Rockefeller, "Quality of Life in the Americas" (Report of a Presidential Mission for the Western Hemisphere), 1969. Published in Department of State Bulletin. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 38-40; Appendix A.
|
||||
[^29]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots," February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi (nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report). Documents cited: Document 3 (David W. Belin memorandum to Commission members, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library); Document 7 (Testimony of CIA General Counsel John Warner, April 14, 1975); Document 15 (Richard Cheney handwritten edits, c. June 1, 1975); Document 19 (86-page suppressed section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975); Document 21 (Ford letter to Church, October 31, 1975); Document 22 (Church response rejecting suppression request, November 4, 1975).
|
||||
[^30]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 44 ("Hiding the Family Jewels"); Appendix B.
|
||||
[^31]: 1974 United States vice presidential confirmation: Senate vote 90-7, December 10, 1974; House vote 287-128, December 19, 1974; sworn in December 19, 1974.
|
||||
[^32]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 40-44. Death circumstances and location (13 West 54th Street townhouse): "Megan Marshack dies at 70; was with Nelson Rockefeller at his death," *Seattle Times*, October 3, 2024; *New York Times* obituary, January 27, 1979. Marshack died October 2, 2024, at age 70.
|
||||
[^33]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 13. Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York (rockarch.org).
|
||||
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V, Austrian State Treaty; Summit and Foreign Ministers Meetings, 1955*, editorial note preceding document 221, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d221, stating "Its genesis lies in the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel which met in June." Document 208 (July 20, 1955, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d208) lists Rockefeller, Radford, Stassen, Robert B. Anderson and Gruenther as "recent arrivals from Paris" at the President's villa meeting of July 20, 1955.
|
||||
[^25]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Washington, DC, Series O, Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs, Subseries 7, and Activities, Series A ("Quantico III Meeting," 1956), https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5.
|
||||
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Gives the August 16, 1955 invitations, the twelve members, the November 29 submission, the December 2 letter to the President and the December 5 memorandum "Action Program for Free World Strength."
|
||||
[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 265 and note 145, citing James Desmond, *Nelson Rockefeller, a Political Biography* (Macmillan, 1964), p. 151.
|
||||
[^28]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Preface names Rockefeller as "Special Assistant to the President."
|
||||
[^29]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and preface. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961
|
||||
[^30]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 23 ("Ascent of the Hawk"); Ch. 27. Quantico I panel composition from FRUS 1955-57, Vol. 24, Editorial Note, Document 12 (history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v24/d12).
|
||||
[^31]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 28-29.
|
||||
[^32]: FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI (South and Central America). Document 12 (March 29, 1964), Ambassador Lincoln Gordon telegram, Rio de Janeiro: Goulart "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." Document 15 (April 1, 1964), coup status update. JCS code name "Brother Sam" assigned March 31, 1964 (Document 198, FRUS 1964-68 Vol. XXXI, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31). National Security Archive, NSAEBB No. 465 ("Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"), 2014. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29 ("Operation Brother Sam").
|
||||
[^33]: Nelson A. Rockefeller, "Quality of Life in the Americas" (Report of a Presidential Mission for the Western Hemisphere), 1969. Published in Department of State Bulletin. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 38-40; Appendix A.
|
||||
[^34]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots," February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi (nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report). Documents cited: Document 3 (David W. Belin memorandum to Commission members, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library); Document 7 (Testimony of CIA General Counsel John Warner, April 14, 1975); Document 15 (Richard Cheney handwritten edits, c. June 1, 1975); Document 19 (86-page suppressed section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975); Document 21 (Ford letter to Church, October 31, 1975); Document 22 (Church response rejecting suppression request, November 4, 1975).
|
||||
[^35]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 44 ("Hiding the Family Jewels"); Appendix B.
|
||||
[^36]: 1974 United States vice presidential confirmation: Senate vote 90-7, December 10, 1974; House vote 287-128, December 19, 1974; sworn in December 19, 1974.
|
||||
[^37]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 40-44. Death circumstances and location (13 West 54th Street townhouse): "Megan Marshack dies at 70; was with Nelson Rockefeller at his death," *Seattle Times*, October 3, 2024; *New York Times* obituary, January 27, 1979. Marshack died October 2, 2024, at age 70.
|
||||
[^38]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 13. Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York (rockarch.org).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ On December 4, 1984, North sent Robert McFarlane a memorandum, "Assistance for t
|
|||
|
||||
In March 1985 Singlaub took a weapons list drawn up with FDN commander [[Enrique Bermudez]] to North, who made "some additions and subtractions"; Singlaub's European dealer's prices were about half the FDN's previous prices, and North's notes of May 17, 1985 list a "Singlaub deal" for 10,000 AK-47s and record an attempt to dissuade Adolfo Calero from it. The arms arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985.[^8] The congressional committees' report states that a memorandum prepared by Singlaub's associate [[Barbara Studley]], proposing a "conduit" for Soviet weapons to anti-communist insurgents, was presented to North and William J. Casey in 1985; North acknowledged receiving it and dismissed its significance, and a copy was found in his safe.[^9] A memorandum from Studley to North dated October 30, 1985 ends: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^11] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^11] Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^11] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[El Salvador]]. North wrote to [[Felix Rodriguez]] in September 1985 asking him to use his influence with Salvadoran Air Force commander [[Juan Rafael Bustillo]] to secure hangar space; the CIA's records, as the writer [[Gary Webb]] reported, show Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango was used by the CIA for covert Contra operations until it was turned over to the NSC and North's Enterprise in 1985, while the adjoining Hangar No. 5 remained CIA-run.[^12] Walsh's Enterprise chapter records that the Salvadoran chief at Ilopango, General Bustillo, ordered the operation's warehouse of parts and supplies there, and that the downing of [[Eugene Hasenfus]] on October 5, 1986 "settled irrevocably the question of CIA assumption" of the Enterprise's operation.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[
|
|||
|
||||
According to testimony before the [[Kerry Committee]] by the Panamanian official José Blandón, [[Manuel Noriega]] met North in June 1985 on a boat anchored off Panama City to discuss Panamanian cooperation in the war against Nicaragua while the Boland Amendment barred direct or indirect CIA support. Blandón testified that this meeting produced Noriega's agreement to help train Contra troops and to let Contra leaders enter and leave Panama freely, and that at a second meeting Noriega suggested Panamanian units could be used in operations on Nicaraguan territory; Blandón had no information that Noriega acted on North's request. Noriega met Casey in November 1985; a memorandum Casey wrote suggested Noriega left "reassured" and the narcotics issue was not mentioned, and other U.S. officials concluded that Casey had "let Noriega off the hook."[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^14] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^15] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^14] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### NHAO and the contractors
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Webb wrote that North installed his courier [[Robert Owen]] as a $50,000 "facili
|
|||
|
||||
The Kerry Committee report states that the DEA informant [[Barry Seal]] photographed a man identified as Federico Vaughn, a Nicaraguan government official, and [[Pablo Escobar]] loading Seal's plane with drugs; that the Seal operation "was disclosed prematurely by an administration official who leaked to the press evidence supposedly collected" in an effort to influence a pending congressional vote on Contra aid; and that "one individual in the U.S. government, Lt. Col. Oliver North, decided to play politics with the issue."[^13] The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime found that the phone number Vaughn used in calls from Seal was controlled by the U.S. Embassy; the State Department later reported no evidence of Nicaraguan use for drug shipments to the United States "since the allegations made in 1984 in connection with the Seal case."[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^12][^15] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^17] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited, other than the Seal date.
|
||||
Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^12][^15] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Drug-related contacts
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Webb wrote that North's courier Robert Owen reported to North in 1985 that a DC-
|
|||
|
||||
Webb wrote that at a 1984 meeting with DEA officials North suggested that $1.5 million in cocaine cash the DEA planned to seize from the Medellín cartel be turned over to the Contras, which the DEA declined; that a White House leak then blew the DEA operation; and that North wrote that Casey did not want the Contras' "unofficial funds" entering U.S. banks for fear Treasury agents would grow suspicious.[^18] Webb also wrote that North relied on fraudulent end-user certificates from Guatemala and Honduras after Boland, quoting Fiers: "an arms broker will get an intermediary country to issue false end-user certificates."[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^12][^20] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^12] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^12][^20] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
Webb quoted North's 1991 memoir, *Under Fire*, as saying that the death squads in El Salvador, "under the guise of anti-Communism," terrorized the entire country and murdered nuns, teachers, labor organizers, political opponents and thousands of other civilians, and that most of the activity was the responsibility of the ARENA party and its leader [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]].[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Seymour wrote that North reportedly attended a White House prayer group that [[N
|
|||
[^8]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74).
|
||||
[^9]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 15, p. 269 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=293); Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992 (memo found in North's safe), https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
|
||||
[^10]: Graham Exhibit 1, Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^11]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^11]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 6, 13 and 20.
|
||||
[^13]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165, December 1988 (Panama chapter; "Barry Seal and the Cartel"; "Bueso-Rosa and the Contras"; Nicaragua chapter). https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
|
||||
[^14]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, section on the "Quid Pro Quo" admission and the "Heads of State" documents.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ The American Institutes for Research report of September 29, 1995 described the
|
|||
[^2]: Carosa, Chris. "Patrick H. Price: Savior, Savant, or Sacrifice?," May 3, 2022, quoting "Story of Crime Questioned," Los Angeles Evening Citizen News, April 30, 1952. https://chriscarosa.com/2022/05/patrick-h-price-savior-savant-or-sacrifice/ The newspaper text is quoted from this web article.
|
||||
[^3]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. *Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities.* New York: Delacorte Press, 1977, chapter "Pat Price: A Man for All Seasons," read in the archive.org full-text copy of the 2005 reprint, https://archive.org/details/mind-reach-scientists-look-at-psychic-abilities-2005-russell-targ-harold-e.-puth
|
||||
[^4]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence,* Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
|
||||
[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapters on the SRI work and "The Shamans," and the discussion of Scientology, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 Schnabel's own notes state that "The anecdote about Price and the police dispatcher comes from Targ 1996"; he does not give a source for the Lockheed and Alaska details. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapters on the SRI work and "The Shamans," and the discussion of Scientology, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 Schnabel's own notes state that "The anecdote about Price and the police dispatcher comes from Targ 1996"; he does not give a source for the Lockheed and Alaska details.
|
||||
[^6]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2, and part one, executive summary, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. All read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^7]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence,* Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0, section on summer 1973.
|
||||
[^8]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers,* 1997, chapter text and notes to the chapter on Sugar Grove; pseudonyms are listed in the book's "Pseudonyms" page (which includes Richard Kennett, Bill O'Donnell, Peter Maris, Norm Everheart, Ed Rogers, Nick Clancy and Bill and Judy Alvarez). https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ When the British delegate [[John Cutten]] asked whether the work implied close c
|
|||
[^2]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Prentice-Hall, 1970), chapters 1 and 3 ("Mind-Link, Body-Link") and Partial Bibliography, read in the archive.org copy of the 1984 printing. https://archive.org/details/shelia-ostrander-psychic-discoveries-behind-the-iron-curtain-1984
|
||||
[^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017).
|
||||
[^4]: I. V. Tsykunov, "Ot fantazii k realnosti: kak istoriya Nautilusa otkryla gonku sverkhestestvennykh vooruzheniy mezhdu SSSR i SShA," *Aliter* (2023). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha
|
||||
[^5]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 32-33. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 32-33.
|
||||
[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,5 +103,5 @@ Ober testified to the Rockefeller Commission on March 28, 1975, and to the Churc
|
|||
[^3]: Rockefeller Commission, *Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States* (June 1975), Chapter 11, "Special Operations Group, 'Operation CHAOS,'" pp. 130 to 151, discussion of compartmentation and supervision. https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/rockcomm/pdf/RockComm_Chap11_CHAOS.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Richard Ober, Memorandum for the Record, "Procedures for Restricted Handling of RYBAT MHCHAOS Traffic," May 29, 1969, CIA Reading Room doc. C01475738. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01475738
|
||||
[^5]: CIA cable from Richard Ober, September 10, 1971, "RYBAT MHCHAOS," CIA Reading Room doc. C01482292. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01482292
|
||||
[^6]: Deborah Davis, *Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and Her Washington Post Empire* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), as quoted in "Richard Ober," Spartacus Educational. https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKober.htm Sole source for the passages so cited on a White House office.
|
||||
[^6]: Deborah Davis, *Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and Her Washington Post Empire* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), as quoted in "Richard Ober," Spartacus Educational. https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKober.htm
|
||||
[^7]: Eve Pell, "Private Censorship: Killing 'Katharine the Great,'" *The Nation*, November 12, 1983, as clipped in CIA-RDP90-00845R000201250018-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00845R000201250018-9
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
|
||||
role: "director, senior vice president, chairman of the investment committee (sole source: Seymour)"
|
||||
role: "director, senior vice president, chairman of the investment committee, per Seymour"
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-08
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ In the spring of 2004 Nichols offered [[Samuel Israel III]], manager of the Bayo
|
|||
[^1]: Annis, Stephen Robert, Assets Recovery Agency. Witness statement in support of an application for a restraint order, *In the Matter of Robert Booth Nichols,* Crown Court at Blackfriars, PCA 2007/0003; Financial and Security Consultancy Agreement, July 11, 2004; Answer of Robert B. Nichols and Ellen M. Nichols, June 12, 2008; all filed in *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols,* No. 08-cv-06036 (S.D.N.Y.). https://archive.org/details/SamIsraelIII-BayouManagement-RobertBoothNicholsCourtFilings
|
||||
[^2]: *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. United States,* 939 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. 1991). https://openjurist.org/939/f2d/740
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, section on Earl Brian, Michael Riconosciuto, Robert Booth Nichols and the Cabazon Indian Reservation, and memorandum of interview with Nichols, January 21, 1992. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the claims so attributed, many of them from Michael Riconosciuto.
|
||||
[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 3, 5, 9-13, 46, 79 and 84. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo.
|
||||
[^6]: OpenCorporates, record and filing list for Meridian International Logistics, Inc., Nevada company C417-1961 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_nv/C417-1961/filings
|
||||
[^7]: OpenCorporates, record for Meridian Arms Corporation, California company 0853005 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0853005
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993 (Riconosciuto's credibility), and section "Involvement of Robert Booth Nichols," pp. 157-159 and note 58 (p. 159), citing *Booth Nichols v. City of Los Angeles,* No. NCC 31322B, trial transcript, March 11, 1993. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22.
|
||||
[^10]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine
|
||||
[^11]: Nichols, Robert Booth. Videotaped deposition, December 16, 2008, *United States v. Samuel Israel III,* 05 Cr. 1039 (S.D.N.Y.), and *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols.* https://archive.org/details/robert-booth-nichols ; docket, *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols,* 1:08-cv-06036 (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 2, 2008, terminated April 28, 2010, CourtListener.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ Parry confirmed the authenticity of letters of recommendation for [[Ari Ben-Mena
|
|||
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998.
|
||||
[^3]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces." *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011; Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011.
|
||||
[^4]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/
|
||||
[^5]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Barcella e-mail quoted.
|
||||
[^5]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
|
||||
[^6]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html
|
||||
[^7]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups." *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html
|
||||
[^8]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the fee figure and the omissions as reported by Parry.
|
||||
[^8]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html
|
||||
[^9]: Parry, Robert. "Russian Report on 1980 'October Surprise' Case" (translation page). https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that nurses at Fremont Hospital, where Sinclair w
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Its description of a civil ruling ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim, and of Eckerson as appointed to replace the CHP report, is contradicted by the court record and by contemporaneous reporting. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Its description of a civil ruling ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim, and of Eckerson as appointed to replace the CHP report, is contradicted by the court record and by contemporaneous reporting.
|
||||
[^2]: *LaBarge v. County of Mariposa,* 798 F.2d 364 (9th Cir. 1986).
|
||||
[^3]: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned." United Press International, September 25, 1983. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Jacobsen places the tests in the winter of 1975 in a laboratory adjacent to Live
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), pp. 178-180. Sole source for the barracks, the lead container, the call to Green and the quoted descriptions.
|
||||
[^2]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapter on scientific research, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (New York: Pocket Books, 1976). PDF at http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for the characterization of Wilhelm's quotation.
|
||||
[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the call.
|
||||
[^1]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), pp. 178-180.
|
||||
[^2]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapter on scientific research, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (New York: Pocket Books, 1976). PDF at http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf.
|
||||
[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
|
||||
[^4]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted in Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]], quoted by [[Jason Colavito]] in 2019, reported
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosed with Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf (digitized by Grant Cameron). The transcript is described in the cover letter as "purported"; its authenticity is not otherwise established.
|
||||
[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letters to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46) and March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/. Sole source for Farley's statements about Smith, Jones and Green.
|
||||
[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letters to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46) and March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/.
|
||||
[^3]: Maccabee, Bruce, letter to John H. Gibbons, January 2, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 73b, same collection.
|
||||
[^4]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html (Shelby statement of September 2000 at note 77); and CRS report RL30220, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19990608_RL30220_8a89fcc3410f43e494c171a03c54353429cabd96.html.
|
||||
[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, *Report* (Cox Report), 1999, section "Issues" on CIA and Hughes, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/congress/1999_r/cox/appbod.htm.
|
||||
[^6]: Gerth, Jeff. "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, reproduced at https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/pandolfi-ron/.
|
||||
[^7]: "CIA being investigated for information given to Hughes," *The Kansas City Star* (Washington Post wire), December 5, 1998, p. A10, https://www.newspapers.com/image/685529422/.
|
||||
[^8]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the code name.
|
||||
[^8]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.
|
||||
[^9]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1024 and UFO1030, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo; Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men,* 2010, PDF at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf.
|
||||
[^10]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
|
||||
[^11]: Basterfield, Keith. "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 480 (the quoted note refers to Alexander's February 2011 book), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. For Shannon's list, Loose Threads Report p. 15.
|
||||
[^12]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^13]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert, March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^12]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
|
||||
[^13]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert, March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ The House Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding o
|
|||
|
||||
### Osirak, June 1981
|
||||
|
||||
The journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that when national security adviser [[Richard V. Allen]] informed Reagan of the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi reactor at Osirak in June 1981, Reagan privately remarked, "Well. Boys will be boys," and that, despite State Department condemnation and proposals from [[Caspar Weinberger]] and others to cancel F-16 sales to [[Israel]], Reagan had no intention of doing so; the suspension of F-16 deliveries was lifted two months later. Hersh is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^4] See [[Osirak bombing]].
|
||||
The journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that when national security adviser [[Richard V. Allen]] informed Reagan of the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi reactor at Osirak in June 1981, Reagan privately remarked, "Well. Boys will be boys," and that, despite State Department condemnation and proposals from [[Caspar Weinberger]] and others to cancel F-16 sales to [[Israel]], Reagan had no intention of doing so; the suspension of F-16 deliveries was lifted two months later.[^4] See [[Osirak bombing]].
|
||||
|
||||
### Executive Order 12333 and the 1982 reporting agreement
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ The May 1988 disclosures that the Reagans consulted the San Francisco astrologer
|
|||
[^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "Ronald Reagan: Life Before the Presidency" and facts page (birth February 6, 1911, Tampico, Illinois; inaugurated January 20, 1981; term ended January 20, 1989; died June 5, 2004). https://millercenter.org/president/reagan
|
||||
[^2]: Slosser, Bob. "A Prophecy," from *Reagan Inside Out* (Word Books, 1984), reproduced by the Christian Broadcasting Network. https://cbn.com/article/relationships/prophecy
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980* ("October Surprise Task Force"), H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, Executive Summary, sections A.1 to A.4. https://archive.org/details/14148-h.rp.-1102
|
||||
[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991.
|
||||
[^5]: Executive Order 12333, "United States Intelligence Activities," December 4, 1981, section 1.7, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions*, December 1997, ch. XI, "DEA's Response to Information About Contra Drug Trafficking," discussion of the 1982 memorandum of understanding and Smith's letter of February 11, 1982. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch11p1.htm
|
||||
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9 ("He would have had me by the tail"), the epilogue and chapter 27. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9 ("He would have had me by the tail"), the epilogue and chapter 27.
|
||||
[^8]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, Volume I, August 4, 1993, ch. 27, "President Reagan," including notes 6, 7, 10, 15, 45 and 50 to 53, 64 and 103 to 119. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm
|
||||
[^9]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," section on the "Heads of State" documents and note 55. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
|
||||
[^10]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Ostrander and Schroeder's work, which included accounts from figures like [[Edua
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-8 and 32-33. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-8 and 32-33.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ On January 10, 1992, Oliver, chief counsel of the House Foreign Affairs Committe
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Representative McEwen; reprinted letter of January 10, 1992; amended memorandum and order of the Eastern District of New York). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm
|
||||
[^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above. Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in that article.
|
||||
[^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Shaw's website describes him as a former president of the [[James Randi Educatio
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Banachek, "About," https://banachek.com/about/ (self-published biography; sole source for the passages so cited on birth, upbringing, JREF role, the bullet catch and the burial escape).
|
||||
[^1]: Banachek, "About," https://banachek.com/about/ (self-published biography).
|
||||
[^2]: Randi, James, "The Project Alpha Experiment: Part 1. The First Two Years," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Summer 1983, and "Part 2. Beyond the Laboratory," Fall 1983, https://archive.org/details/JamesRandiTheProjectAlpha
|
||||
[^3]: Truzzi, Marcello, "Reflections on 'Project Alpha': Scientific Experiment or Conjuror's Illusion?," *Zetetic Scholar,* nos. 12 and 13 (issue numbers printed 11 and 12), August 1987, https://archive.org/details/alpha-project-zetetic-scholar-nos-12-13
|
||||
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ His wife, Elspeth Davies Rostow (1917-2007), is listed as his spouse in the same
|
|||
[^15]: *The Harvard Crimson*, June 1, 1977, article on Harvard's offer to Henry Kissinger, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/6/1/kissinger-is-cool-to-harvard-offer/ (the statement about Rostow and MIT carries no attribution to a named person).
|
||||
[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 (eleven experts, June 5-10, 1955; membership list; Rostow "designated the panel chairman"); Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rostow's transmittal letter signed as Panel Chairman and Tab 3(b), "Asia Policy" by W. W. Rostow, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
|
||||
[^17]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, "Dwight D. Eisenhower: Papers as President, Miscellaneous Series," container list, "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955 (1)(2)," https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/miscellaneous-series.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf. The C. D. Jackson Papers finding aid (A72-26) places Log-1955 (1) in Box 68 and the Quantico II papers in Box 91, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf.
|
||||
[^19]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Garden City: Doubleday, 1961), "Consultants and Authors" (listing "Walt W. Rostow") and the Panel IV member list ("Eugene Rostow, dean, Yale University Law School"), https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports
|
||||
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume I, Vietnam, 1961*, document 4, memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Rostow) to McGeorge Bundy, January 30, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d4
|
||||
[^21]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 88 (Rostow to Rusk, July 13, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d88 ; document 102 (paper by Rostow, July 21, 1961, "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d102
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941 (case 100-1849), in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI (reich1). Sole source for the passages so cited: immigration record of admission August 28, 1939, visa No. 19 of August 11, 1939, destination 66 West 12th Street, birth at Dobrzanice, children Eva and Lore.
|
||||
[^1]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941 (case 100-1849), in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI (reich1).
|
||||
[^2]: Leon A. Witkin, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, U.S. Penitentiary, Lewisburg, to the Director of the FBI, December 9, 1957 ("who died suddenly on November 3, 1957"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 21 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. A Bureau memorandum in Part 3 and Time, "Milestones," November 1957, p. 110, as quoted in it, give the death as November 1957 and the cause as a heart attack.
|
||||
[^3]: Witkin to the Director, December 9, 1957; autopsy report of November 26, 1957 signed by L. L. Ashburn, M.D., Chief, Section on Pathologic Anatomy; FBI Laboratory report to Witkin, January 2, 1958 (FBI file 95-72739; Laboratory No. PC-51232 II), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (pages 21 to 24 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^4]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, synopsis of facts, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
|
|
@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar
|
|||
[^7]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^8]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, NY file 100-8422, page 7 (visa under Section 4(D); the Bureau's account of the State Department's statement on the Norwegian party), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1 (page 42 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^9]: Edward A. Tamm, memorandum for Mr. Kramer, May 7, 1941; R. P. Kramer, memorandum for Mr. E. A. Tamm, May 8, 1941 (Bufile 100-14601), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1 (pages 16 and 17 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Biographical Material, History of the Discovery of the Life Energy, Documentary Supplement No. 2, "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), p. 10, forwarded by the New York office with a memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (page 64 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^11]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 8 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), as reproduced in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Biographical Material, History of the Discovery of the Life Energy, Documentary Supplement No. 2, "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), p. 10, forwarded by the New York office with a memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (page 64 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^11]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 8 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), as reproduced in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^12]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, NY file 100-8422, interview pages 8 and 9 (names redacted), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^13]: M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, memorandum of February 14, 1957 (Part 2, pages 123 and 124 of the PDF), "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alban Towers Apartments," Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (reich2), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^14]: "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," New School Archives, box Mixed k_24 (R), folder 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166.
|
||||
|
|
@ -167,26 +167,26 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar
|
|||
[^20]: Reich to the Police Commissioner, June 2, 1942; Wendell Berge memorandum of June 10, 1942; Bureau letter of July 15, 1942; FBI New York letter of July 27, 1942 signed by P. E. Foxworth, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^21]: Attorney General memorandum of July 16, 1943 (Part 1, page 76 of the PDF); Hoover to the SAC, Newark, July 21, 1943; SAC Newark to the Director, August 10, 1943, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^22]: FBI correspondence of 1947 with the Food and Drug Administration, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^23]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 9 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^23]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 9 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^24]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 9 to 10 and 28 to 29, sent to the Director with a New York memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (pages 63 to 66 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Brady's article, "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich," The New Republic, May 26, 1947, is quoted there; the date also appears in Sharaf's statement to the Bureau (Part 2, page 11 of the PDF).
|
||||
[^25]: Ilse Ollendorff, secretary, for the Wilhelm Reich Foundation, to J. Edgar Hoover, August 5, 1952, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 20 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The Bureau's reply of August 19, 1952 referred the matter to the FDA Commissioner.
|
||||
[^26]: Wilhelm Reich, The Oranur Experiment, First Report (1947-1951) (Orgonon, Rangeley, Maine: Wilhelm Reich Foundation, 1951), chapter "Orgone Energy Runs Amok (DOR): The Oranur Sickness," https://archive.org/details/the-oranur-experiment-first-report-1947-1951. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^26]: Wilhelm Reich, The Oranur Experiment, First Report (1947-1951) (Orgonon, Rangeley, Maine: Wilhelm Reich Foundation, 1951), chapter "Orgone Energy Runs Amok (DOR): The Oranur Sickness," https://archive.org/details/the-oranur-experiment-first-report-1947-1951.
|
||||
[^27]: FBI New York letter to the Director, NY 62-10139, pages 1 to 6 (Part 2, pages 10 to 13 of the PDF; Sharaf interview of October 11, 1949), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The student's name is given in the file as William Washington; the account is Sharaf's report to the Bureau.
|
||||
[^28]: Wilhelm Reich to the Justice Department, July 22, 1952, copy in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^29]: Reich to Judge John D. Clifford, February 25, 1954, and the Decree of Injunction of March 19, 1954 with FDA press release, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 4c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^30]: Reich v. United States, 239 F.2d 134 (1st Cir. 1956) (decided December 11, 1956), https://static.case.law/f2d/239/cases/0134-01.json. The opinion states that the individual defendants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment; the length of each sentence is from the Bureau memorandum cited in a later note.
|
||||
[^31]: M. A. Jones to Mr. Nichols, memoranda of March 25, 1954 (pages 1 to 3) on the visit of William Moise to the Crime Records Division, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^32]: William Moise, "Information to be transmitted to the FBI," February 26, 1957 (two pages, signed; Part 3, pages 27 and 28 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^33]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE (Cosmic Orgone Engineering) vol. 6, nos. 1 to 4, July 1954, "OROP Desert, Part 1: Space Ships, DOR and Drought," https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^34]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space (letters of 29 January, 10 March, 16 March and March 19, 1954 reproduced from the Archives of the Orgone Institute). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^32]: William Moise, "Information to be transmitted to the FBI," February 26, 1957 (two pages, signed; Part 3, pages 27 and 28 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^33]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE (Cosmic Orgone Engineering) vol. 6, nos. 1 to 4, July 1954, "OROP Desert, Part 1: Space Ships, DOR and Drought," https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich.
|
||||
[^34]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space (letters of 29 January, 10 March, 16 March and March 19, 1954 reproduced from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
|
||||
[^35]: Letter of William Moise, October 9, 1954, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 4c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
|
||||
[^36]: Petition for a writ of certiorari of Wilhelm Reich and Michael Silvert, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Parts 5b and 5c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^37]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, "First Direct Contact with the Air Force Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) in Dayton, Ohio," and "Report to WR of conference at Air Force Technical Intelligence Center," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. Sole source for the passages so cited; the report is Moise's, published by Reich.
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[^36]: Petition for a writ of certiorari of Wilhelm Reich and Michael Silvert, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Parts 5b and 5c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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[^37]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, "First Direct Contact with the Air Force Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) in Dayton, Ohio," and "Report to WR of conference at Air Force Technical Intelligence Center," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. The report is Moise's, published by Reich.
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[^38]: L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson, office memorandum of October 7, 1955, "Wilhelm Reich" (Part 2, page 109 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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[^39]: M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, memorandum of February 14, 1957 (Part 2, page 124 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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[^40]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space (1957), passage on the transmission of the 1945 pendulum-law manuscript to the CIA in April 1956 ("my unlawful arrest in Washington on May 1, 1956"), https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space; William Moise statement of February 26, 1957, item 13, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3 ("May 2nd, 1956"). Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^40]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space (1957), passage on the transmission of the 1945 pendulum-law manuscript to the CIA in April 1956 ("my unlawful arrest in Washington on May 1, 1956"), https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space; William Moise statement of February 26, 1957, item 13, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3 ("May 2nd, 1956").
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[^41]: Reich et al. v. United States, No. 688, 352 U.S. 1004 (February 25, 1957) ("C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied"; petitioners pro se), https://static.case.law/us/352/cases/1004-02.json.
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[^42]: David Rosen, review of Christopher Turner, Adventures in the Orgasmatron (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), The Brooklyn Rail, February 2012, https://brooklynrail.org/2012/02/books/wr-the-wanderings-of-a-lost-soul. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^42]: David Rosen, review of Christopher Turner, Adventures in the Orgasmatron (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), The Brooklyn Rail, February 2012, https://brooklynrail.org/2012/02/books/wr-the-wanderings-of-a-lost-soul.
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[^43]: SAC, Washington Field Office, memorandum to the Director, "Wilhelm Reich aka Dr. Walter Roner," file 100-1849, on the interview of February 25, 1957 (Part 2, pages 129 and 130 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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[^44]: SAC, Boston, airtel to the Director, March 12, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 18 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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[^45]: William S. Moise to Senator Margaret Chase Smith, March 21, 1957, as transmitted with the Bureau memoranda of 25 and March 27, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
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