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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ben Wagner.md
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---
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. No independent record of his disappearance has been found. He is not the Benjamin B. Wagner who was U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California from 2009 to 2016. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. No independent record of his disappearance has been found. He is not the Benjamin B. Wagner who was U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California from 2009 to 2016.

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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that Weinstein came to Belgium from France in the earl
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its date for his death (November 1995) conflicts with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995, and its placing of An Marchal's and Eefje Lambrecks's bodies with his is contradicted by the reports of their recovery at Jumet; it describes the three victims of November 1995 as teenagers, where the commission's table has adults. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its date for his death (November 1995) conflicts with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995, and its placing of An Marchal's and Eefje Lambrecks's bodies with his is contradicted by the reports of their recovery at Jumet; it describes the three victims of November 1995 as teenagers, where the commission's table has adults.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, the list of files, and the chronologies of November and December 1995; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire...,* rapport complémentaire, Doc. 713/8-96/97, February 16, 1998, pp. 48-49 and the section on the POSA observations of late August 1995, which dates the observation report once to November 30, 1995, and otherwise to August 30, 1995, consistent with Michaux's identification of September 4; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/dutroux/49K0713008.pdf
[^4]: "Sars-la-Buissière: la maison de M. Dutroux vendue à Lobbes." RTBF and Belga, December 12, 2008. https://www.rtbf.be/article/sars-la-buissiere-la-maison-de-m-dutroux-vendue-a-lobbes-5193373

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---
aliases:
- Cyrus R. Vance
- Cyrus Roberts Vance
- Cy Vance
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- CyrusVance
- SecretaryOfState
- JimmyCarter
- IranHostageCrisis
- VELA
- CampDavid
- TrilateralCommission
- RockefellerFoundation
- FederalReserveBankOfNewYork
- Yugoslavia
- Cyprus
- Vietnam
- Detroit1967
summary: "Cyrus Vance was a lawyer and Pentagon official who served as Secretary of State until he resigned in 1980 over the Iran rescue attempt, and later as United Nations envoy for Yugoslavia and Macedonia."
born: 1917-03-27
died: 2002-01
location: "New York, New York"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "general counsel"
start: 1961
end: 1962
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[United States Army]]"
role: "Secretary of the Army"
start: 1962-07-05
end: 1964-01-21
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "Deputy Secretary of Defense"
start: 1964
end: 1967
fn: 2
- type: appointed
with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]"
reverse: true
role: "envoy to Cyprus"
start: 1967-11-22
fn: 9
- type: appointed
with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]"
reverse: true
role: "special representative to South Korea"
start: 1968-02
fn: 11
- type: participant_in
with: "[[1967 Detroit riot]]"
role: "Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, in charge of Federal operations"
start: 1967-07-24
end: 1967-08-02
fn: 5
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam]]"
role: "chief U.S. negotiator (Army biography); telegrams headed From Harriman and Vance"
start: 1968
end: 1969
fn: 12
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]]"
role: "associate from 1947, partner from 1956"
start: 1947
end: 1961
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]]"
role: "partner, 1969 to the 1977 nomination; resumed practice 1980; presiding partner by 1989"
start: 1969
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[Pan American World Airways]]"
role: "director"
start: 1969
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[IBM]]"
role: "member of the board"
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[The New York Times Company]]"
role: "director"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Association of the Bar of the City of New York]]"
role: "president"
start: 1974
fn: 4
- type: member_of
with: "[[Trilateral Commission]]"
role: "member, early 1970s"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
role: "trustee; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977"
start: 1970
end: 1977
fn: 24
- type: director_of
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
role: "trustee again until retirement on June 30, 1982"
start: 1980
end: 1982-06-30
fn: 24
- type: appointed
with: "[[Jimmy Carter]]"
reverse: true
role: "Secretary of State"
start: 1977-01-20
fn: 16
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of State]]"
role: "Secretary of State"
start: 1977-01-23
end: 1980-04-28
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Camp David summit]]"
role: "head of the expert group"
start: 1978-09-05
end: 1978-09-17
fn: 19
- type: director_of
with: "[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]"
role: "Class C director; chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1989 to 1991"
start: 1989-01
fn: 25
- type: head_of
with: "[[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]]"
role: "cochairman"
start: 1990
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
role: "director, term expiring 1987 per the 1984-1985 annual report; member of the Executive Committee"
fn: 27
- type: funded
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
role: "individual donor of 10,000 dollars or more to the council campaign, 1984-1985"
start: 1984
end: 1985
fn: 27
- type: appointed
with: "[[United Nations]]"
reverse: true
role: "Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia"
start: 1991-10-08
end: 1993-05
fn: 28
- type: appointed
with: "[[United Nations]]"
reverse: true
role: "good offices on the differences between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
start: 1993-07
end: 1999-12
fn: 32
---
Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917 to 2002) was an American lawyer who served as general counsel of the [[Department of Defense]], Secretary of the Army, and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and then as [[Secretary of State]] under [[Jimmy Carter]] from 1977 to 1980. He resigned in April 1980 over the rescue attempt in Iran during the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Between 1991 and 1999 he served as a [[United Nations]] envoy on the Yugoslav wars and on the dispute between [[Greece]] and the [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]].[^1]
### Early Career and the Preparedness Subcommittee
Vance was born in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]] on March 27, 1917. He attended the [[Kent School]] in Connecticut, graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1939 and received his law degree there in 1942.[^2] He served in the [[United States Navy]] from 1942 to 1946, as an instructor in naval ordnance and then on destroyers in the Atlantic and Pacific, and completed his service as a lieutenant.[^2] He was assistant to the president of the [[Mead Corporation]] from 1946 to 1947, then joined the [[New York City|New York]] firm of [[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]] in 1947 and became a partner in 1956.[^2] From 1957 to 1960 he was special counsel to the [[Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee]] of the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]], and in 1958 he was consulting counsel to the [[Special Committee on Space and Astronautics]].[^2] Senator [[John Sparkman]] stated in 1977 that Vance had worked in the late 1950s as a staff member of the Armed Services Committee and on the Space and Astronautics committee.[^3]
### Department of Defense and the Army, 1961 to 1967
Vance was general counsel of the Department of Defense from 1961 to 1962 and chairman of the Committee on Adjudication of Claims of the Administrative Conference of the United States in 1961 and 1962.[^4] On July 5, 1962 he became Secretary of the Army under [[John F. Kennedy]], a post he held until January 21, 1964. Under his direction the major reorganization of 1962 was implemented, the Army went on alert during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis|Cuban crisis]], the Reserve Components were realigned, and the Army provided troops "in support of civil authorities during the integration of universities in Mississippi and Alabama."[^2]
From 1964 to 1967 he was Deputy Secretary of Defense under [[Robert S. McNamara]]. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had made him deputy secretary.[^1] Vance was an early supporter of the [[Vietnam War]]. He later came to oppose it and urged Johnson to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam.[^1] Sparkman described him in 1977 as having served as the President's special representative during crises in [[Panama]], the [[Dominican Republic]], Cyprus and South Korea.[^3]
### Detroit, 1967
At about 11:00 a.m. on Monday, July 24, 1967, Vance received a call at home from McNamara, who was at the [[White House]] with Johnson, asking whether he could go to [[Detroit]] during the [[1967 Detroit riot]]. He reached the Cabinet Room at about 11:50 a.m. and read the telegram from Governor [[George Romney]] of [[Michigan]] requesting Federal troops and the President's reply, which stated that Vance was being sent as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense to confer with Romney and Mayor [[Jerome P. Cavanagh|Cavanagh]] and to plan such support and assistance as might be necessary.[^5] He named Deputy Attorney General [[Warren Christopher]], Assistant Attorney General [[John Doar]] and the Community Relations Service director [[Roger Wilkins]] among the party that flew to [[Selfridge Air National Guard Base|Selfridge Air Force Base]], where he arrived at 3:10 p.m. and conferred with General [[John L. Throckmorton|Throckmorton]], who had come from [[Fort Bragg]] to command the Army troops.[^5]
At a meeting at Detroit Police Headquarters at about 4:25 p.m., Vance asked Romney whether he was stating that a condition of insurrection or domestic violence existed that state and local forces could not control; Romney replied that he was not prepared to so state. Vance and Throckmorton, with his staff, "concluded unanimously that there was an insufficient basis at that time to justify the deployment of Federal troops into the city."[^6] The report records a joint press conference at 8:15 p.m. at which Vance said he hoped the situation could be contained without Federal troops, and a private visit from Romney at about 8:30 p.m. in which the governor said he felt strongly that Federal troops should be deployed before nightfall.[^6] After 9:00 p.m. the incident rate rose; at 9:30 p.m. Vance and Throckmorton moved three battalions of paratroopers to the Fairgrounds, and at about 11:10 p.m. Vance recommended to the President, with the concurrence of all members of his team, that Federal troops be deployed. At 11:20 p.m. Johnson signed the proclamation and executive order authorizing the use of Federal troops and federalizing the Michigan Army and Air National Guard.[^7]
Throckmorton took command of all forces. Regular Army units of Task Force 82 took over the part of the city east of Woodward Avenue, a relief completed at 4:10 a.m. on July 25, and the Michigan National Guard kept the west. The rules of engagement issued to troops under Federal control directed commanders to apply force in a stated order, beginning with unloaded rifles with bayonets fixed and sheathed.[^7] On Saturday, July 29, Vance returned to Washington to report to the President and to attend the first meeting of the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, and announced the [[Small Business Administration]]'s declaration of Detroit as a disaster area, which authorized 3 percent, 30-year loans. A final press conference on August 2 announced that law and order had been restored and that responsibility would return to state authorities at noon; Vance left Detroit at 9:10 p.m. that day.[^8] Robert S. McNamara released the final report on September 12, 1967. Its cover gives Vance's title as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense.[^5]
### Cyprus, Korea and the Paris Talks
On November 22, 1967 Johnson asked the former under secretary of defense to serve as his envoy in the [[Cyprus]] crisis.[^9] Between November 23 and December 4 Vance shuttled among [[Ankara]], [[Athens]] and [[Nicosia]]. A telegram from Nicosia dated December 3 describes a two-hour meeting with [[Archbishop Makarios]] and records that "Makarios was adamant, rejecting para 4 as revised during the night, and refusing any further efforts at compromise."[^10]
In February 1968, during the crisis that followed the seizure of the [[USS Pueblo]] by [[North Korea]], Vance was sent to [[South Korea]]. He served as the President's special representative to Korea in 1968.[^2] In a memorandum to Johnson dated February 20, 1968 he stated that the objective of his mission was to persuade [[Park Chung-hee]] "that we intend to stand firmly with them in the current crisis," and wrote, "I believe that these objectives were essentially realized." The memorandum records that he arrived in [[Seoul]] on February 11 and found Park incensed over the North Korean raid of January 21 on the presidential mansion and the seizure of the Pueblo on January 23.[^11]
The Army's official biography calls Vance chief U.S. negotiator at the [[Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam]] from 1968 to 1969.[^2] The delegation's telegrams, however, went out in joint names: a telegram from Paris of October 9, 1968 is headed "From Harriman and Vance," with [[W. Averell Harriman]] as the other name on it.[^12] In December 1968 [[Walt Rostow]] attached to a report for Johnson a note that begins "Cy Vance reports from Paris by secure phone."[^13] Vance received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969.[^2]
### Private Practice, Boards and the Trilateral Commission
After 1969 Vance returned to the practice of law in New York.[^1] The biographical sketch printed in the Senate record from the International Who's Who of 1976 to 1977 lists him as a partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett from 1956 to 1961 and again from 1969, a director of [[Pan American World Airways]] from 1969, a member of the board of [[IBM]], a director of [[The New York Times Company]], chairman of the board of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and president of the [[Association of the Bar of the City of New York]] from 1974.[^4] Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] told the Foreign Relations Committee in January 1977 that Vance had been president of the bar for the past two years.[^14] In October 1975 Vance headed a world affairs delegation that visited [[China]]; the Rockefeller Foundation's president later published a working paper, "China Diary," recounting the trip.[^15]
In the early 1970s he became a member of the [[Trilateral Commission]], a private organization founded in 1973 to create closer cooperation among Americans, Europeans and Asians.[^1] In 1976 Carter, also a member, asked Vance to become Secretary of State.[^1]
### Nomination Hearing, January 1977
The Senate table of Carter cabinet nominations records the announcement of Vance as nominee on December 3, 1976, the [[Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] hearing on January 11, 1977, and confirmation by voice vote on January 20, 1977.[^16] The committee chairman announced that the committee would hold Vance's financial statement in its confidential files.[^4] Senator [[Frank Church]] questioned him first.
Among the witnesses was [[Edward Korry]], the former ambassador to [[Chile]]. Korry testified that he appealed to Vance on December 26, 1975, as one of seven Americans from whom he sought support, after the Senate select committee had issued reports on assassinations and on Chile that named him, and that Vance, then president of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, never acknowledged the letter. He testified that at the [[Century Association|Century Club]] in New York on Friday, February 13, 1976, Vance, "also a member of the Century and a director of the New York Times," approached his luncheon table and said, "The trouble with you, Ed, is that you do not know the difference between a political process and a legal process." Korry asked whether the author [[Ken Kesey]] had in mind "the system of old boy networks" of "a Mr. Geneen, Mr. McCone, Mr. Helms, the brothers Bundy, Mr. Rockefeller, and even a Mr. Vance," and added that he was "not accusing the nominee or Mr. Rockefeller or the Bundys of any prosecutable crime." Church told Korry that the charges were "completely baseless."[^17]
### Secretary of State, 1977 to 1980
The Office of the Historian records that Carter appointed Vance on January 21, 1977, that he entered the office on January 23, and that his appointment terminated on April 28, 1980.[^1] He emphasized negotiation over military confrontation. Over the following two years Vance helped negotiate the [[Panama Canal Treaty]], an Israel-Egypt peace treaty, the restoration of full diplomatic relations with China and a settlement in [[Zimbabwe]].[^1] His resignation letter lists, among the administration's achievements, the Panama Canal Treaty, the Camp David Accords, the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, normalization with China, the [[SALT II]] negotiations and the Zimbabwe settlement.[^18]
### Camp David
At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^19] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^19]
### Vela, 1979
A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^20] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^20] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^20] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^20]
On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^20]
### Iran and the Resignation
Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^21]
The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^21][^22] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^21] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^22] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^21]
Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^21] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^23] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^21] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^21] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1]
### Return to Private Practice and Later Boards
Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^24]
Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^25] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^26] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2]
The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^27]
### United Nations Envoy on Yugoslavia
On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^28] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^29] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^28]
Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^30] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^28] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^28]
### Nagorno-Karabakh, 1992
On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^31]
### Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^32] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^28]
Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917-2002)." https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/vance-cyrus-roberts
[^2]: U.S. Army Center of Military History, "Cyrus Roberts Vance," Secretaries of the Army biographical sketch. Copy at https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/CMH_2/www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/sw-sa/vance.htm
[^3]: Vance Nomination, hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 95th Cong., 1st sess., on the nomination of Hon. Cyrus R. Vance to be Secretary of State, January 11, 1977 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1977), opening statement of Chairman John Sparkman, p. 1. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
[^4]: Vance Nomination (1977), "Biographical Sketch of Cyrus Vance," p. 4, and the exchange on "Mr. Vance's Financial Statement," p. 4. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
[^5]: Cyrus R. Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots, July 23 through August 2, 1967" (Department of Defense, released by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara September 12, 1967, press release 856-67), cover and pp. 1-8. National Criminal Justice Reference Service copy. https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf
[^6]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 8-16 (arrival at Selfridge, meeting at Police Headquarters, press conference, conversation with Governor Romney). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf
[^7]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 16-20 (deployment decision, proclamation and executive order, Task Force 82, rules of engagement). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf
[^8]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 20-26 (July 25 to August 2, including the Saturday, July 29 return to Washington and the departure on August 2). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf
[^9]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, document 307, editorial note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16/d307
[^10]: Telegram 875, Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, December 3, 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVI, document 340. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16/d340
[^11]: Memorandum, Cyrus R. Vance to President Johnson, Washington, February 20, 1968, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXIX, part 1, document 181. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v29p1/d181
[^12]: Telegram 805 (Delto), Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, October 9, 1968, "From Harriman and Vance," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. VII, document 54. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d54
[^13]: Situation report by the Executive Secretary of the Department of State, December 4, 1968, with Walt Rostow's covering note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. VII, document 245. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d245
[^14]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement of Senator Patrick Moynihan, p. 3. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
[^15]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1976, "Trustees and Trustee Committees," December 31, 1976, and President's report. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1976-1.pdf
[^16]: U.S. Senate, "Jimmy Carter Cabinet Nominations" (table of announcement, hearing, receipt and confirmation dates and votes). https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/Carter_cabinet.htm
[^17]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement and prepared statement of Edward M. Korry, and the exchange with Senator Church, pp. 56-61. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
[^18]: Letter, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to President Carter, Washington, April 21, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 22. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d22
[^19]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf
[^20]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21
[^22]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254
[^23]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23
[^24]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
[^25]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf
[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf
[^27]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
[^28]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm
[^29]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991)
[^30]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf
[^31]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926
[^32]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942

2
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md
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@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ She died in 1968.[^1] The FBI's 1969 summary of her son's background lists her a
[^10]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 280.
[^11]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, Johnson's letter of April 1922 to Dorothy Straight.
[^12]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 35.
[^13]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^13]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review.
[^14]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records (MssCol 922), Series IV, box 171, folder 15, "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
[^15]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^16]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frank Wisner.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-16
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Frank Wisner
aliases:
- Frank Gardiner Wisner
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
- 1940s
- 1950s
category: "Intelligence & Government"
summary: "Frank Wisner was the CIA officer who founded and directed the Office of Policy Coordination - the agency's political warfare arm - from 1948 to 1958, organized the stay-behind networks across Europe (Operation Gladio), and suffered a mental breakdown after the Hungarian Revolution's failure, eventually committing suicide with a shotgun at his Maryland farm on October 29, 1965."
summary: "Frank Wisner founded and directed the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination from 1948 to 1958, organized the stay-behind networks across Europe, broke down after the Hungarian Revolution and shot himself in 1965."
born: 1909-06-23
died: 1965-10-29
location: "Washington, D.C."
@ -32,19 +32,21 @@ The OPC was established in 1948 under National Security Council directive NSC 10
Under Wisner the OPC became the dominant organization within the CIA, eventually absorbing the clandestine collection functions and becoming the Directorate of Plans (the clandestine service) under Wisner as Deputy Director for Plans from 1952. The programs he organized included:
[[Operation Gladio|Stay-behind networks]]: The OPC organized "stay-behind" networks in West European countries - primarily Italy, France, West Germany, and smaller NATO members - which were designed to conduct resistance and sabotage operations if the Soviet Union occupied Western Europe. These networks, known in Italy as Gladio, were staffed with former resistance fighters, intelligence personnel, and in some cases former fascists retained for their paramilitary skills and anti-communist reliability.
Stay-behind networks: The OPC organized "stay-behind" networks in West European countries - primarily Italy, France, West Germany, and smaller NATO members - which were designed to conduct resistance and sabotage operations if the Soviet Union occupied Western Europe. These networks, known in Italy as Gladio, were staffed with former resistance fighters, intelligence personnel, and in some cases former fascists retained for their paramilitary skills and anti-communist reliability.
Anti-Soviet operations in Eastern Europe: The OPC organized programs to support anti-Soviet resistance movements in Poland, Ukraine, Albania, and other countries, parachuting agents and supplies into Soviet-controlled territory. Most of these operations were penetrated by Soviet intelligence from early stages - partly through the [[Kim Philby]] connection - and resulted in the death or capture of the inserted agents.
Political action: In Italy and France, the OPC organized substantial programs to support non-communist political parties, labor unions, and media, counteracting Soviet-funded communist party influence. These programs were more successful than the paramilitary operations.[^1]
In 1950 Wisner approved a 50,000-dollar project for a Berlin conference of non-Communist intellectuals, the event that became the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]. The project outline, which essentially reiterated a December proposal by [[Michael Josselson]], was approved on April 7, 1950 on the condition, in Wisner's words, "that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation": he wanted the project's initiator, the former Army historian [[Melvin J. Lasky|Melvin Lasky]], and [[James Burnham]] kept out of sight in Berlin.[^2] Josselson defended Lasky when the request reached him, cabling that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^3] On August 4, 1950 a memorandum from Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay recorded Lasky's activities in connection with the congress under the project name PDQUICK.[^4] On August 8, 1950 Wisner wrote to C. D. G. Breckinridge that he remained "very disturbed" at the non-observance of his April memorandum, called Lasky's conduct "a major blunder," and stated: "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization, then I am unwilling to have OPC continue its backing." A postscript recorded that General Magruder had shown a report on the congress to Secretary Johnson, who showed it to the President, "who expressed himself as being very well pleased."[^5] The CIA history states that Burnham was happy to step aside, that Wisner described Lasky's visibility as "a major blunder," recognized as such "by our best friends in the Department of State," and that "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance." The steering committee made the congress a permanent body on November 27, 1950.[^6]
### Hungary and Breakdown
The [[Hungarian Revolution]] of October-November 1956 was the defining catastrophe of Wisner's career. Radio Free Europe, which the OPC had established and which operated under CIA direction, had broadcast material encouraging Hungarian resistance with language that could reasonably have been interpreted as implying the United States would provide military support if Hungarians revolted. When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the United States did not intervene.
The Hungarian Revolution of October-November 1956 was the defining catastrophe of Wisner's career. Radio Free Europe, which the OPC had established and which operated under CIA direction, had broadcast material encouraging Hungarian resistance with language that could reasonably have been interpreted as implying the United States would provide military support if Hungarians revolted. When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the United States did not intervene.
Wisner had traveled to Europe to observe the situation and was in Budapest as the uprising was crushed. The experience - watching Soviet armor destroy a popular uprising that American broadcasts had encouraged while the United States did nothing - produced a psychological breakdown from which he never fully recovered. He was diagnosed with manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and hospitalized. He returned to the CIA but never regained his operational authority.
He was assigned as London station chief in 1959, a posting that reflected his diminished status within the agency hierarchy. He resigned in 1962.[^2]
He was assigned as London station chief in 1959, a posting that reflected his diminished status within the agency hierarchy. He resigned in 1962.[^7]
### Death
@ -55,4 +57,9 @@ Evan Thomas's 1995 account *The Very Best Men* placed Wisner alongside [[Richard
### Footnotes
[^1]: Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.* Doubleday, 2007. Mitrovich, Gregory. *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956.* Cornell University Press, 2000.
[^2]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Pisani, Sallie. *The CIA and the Marshall Plan.* University Press of Kansas, 1991.
[^2]: CIA history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom's origins, National Archives, ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12; and Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (project outline reiterating Josselson's December proposal; approval of April 7, 1950). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf and https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^3]: ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12 (Josselson's cable). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^4]: Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay, "Activities of Mr. Melvin Lasky in connection with Congress for Cultural Freedom (Project PDQUICK)," August 4, 1950, Political and Psychological Staff Job 78-016R, box 1, folder 4, as cited in ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3.
[^5]: Memorandum for Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," signed F.G.W., August 8, 1950, with postscript, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
[^6]: ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12 (Burnham stepping aside, the August memorandum, "Lasky had to go," the November 27, 1950 establishment of the congress). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^7]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Pisani, Sallie. *The CIA and the Marshall Plan.* University Press of Kansas, 1991.

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Gerald S. Walker.md
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ A Gerald S. Walker is named, with [[Carter Cornick]] and [[Eugene Propper]], on
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Salvador officer implicated in deaths," Associated Press, in Sun Herald (Biloxi, Mississippi), June 27, 1985, p. 28, https://www.newspapers.com/image/743543906/. Sole source for the passages so cited (the account attributes them to an unnamed U.S. Embassy official).
[^1]: "Salvador officer implicated in deaths," Associated Press, in Sun Herald (Biloxi, Mississippi), June 27, 1985, p. 28, https://www.newspapers.com/image/743543906/. The account attributes the passages to an unnamed U.S. Embassy official.
[^2]: U.S. Department of State, *Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts*, Panama (E) entries, editions of 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1983wash_1, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1984wash_1, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffor1985wash and https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1986wash_1.
[^3]: Report on the Avila depositions, The Mercury (Manhattan, Kansas), June 28, 1985, p. 8, https://www.newspapers.com/image/424690396/.
[^4]: Miami Herald, June 27, 1985, p. 21, https://www.newspapers.com/image/631400709/.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Goodwin Watson.md
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@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19
[^15]: CIA Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." The same description states that the division was set up as a section in the fall of 1941. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1
[^16]: CIA Reading Room 0000624360, Listening to the World for 50 Years: "On 17 November, Dr. Goodwin Watson, a social psychologist from Columbia University, became the first chief of the analysis section." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000624360
[^17]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 122 (Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). Sole source for Speier's title.
[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5).
[^19]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942; "Watson remained in London only a short time, but a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^20]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 58 (Watson's memorandum to Graves of April 27, 1942; his London memorandum on the BBC monitoring system and his list of posts; Graves's memorandum to Leigh of November 17, 1942, calling the recommendation "not feasible"; the Bureau of the Budget's disallowance of funds for expansion of the Analysis Division). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^21]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 39 and 45 (Watson to the Portland office, March 23, 1942; Watson to Free, April 4, 1942). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19
[^37]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 4-6 (Watson's statement: Dean William F. Russell's letter, the 57 signers, the 188 students, the psychologists who wrote, the educators, and the Eastern Sociological Society resolution of April 25, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^38]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 8-9 (Watson's list of 36 organizations in which he paid dues, attended conventions, held office or gave time; his statement that he was never a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^39]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 14, 1943), pp. 327-334, with the subcommittee report of April 21, 1943 (the "inquest of office"; the definition of subversive activity; the twelve organizations; the findings on Watson, Schuman and Dodd; the proposed text of Section 304). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett
[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson in the passage so cited. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^41]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943, Rep. Kerr on Section 304; page as cited in United States v. Lovett). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^42]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 and note (the two men's work after the cutoff and their resignations; Schuman's earlier resignation and return to Williams College; the note prints the effective date as 21 November 1943, against the November 15, 1943 date in the statute as quoted in United States v. Lovett; the Senate approving the rider "4 8 to 32" after four votes against, as the text prints it, against the Senate vote of 69 to 0 on an earlier conference report recorded in Lovett). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^43]: Youth After Conflict (New York: Association Press, 1947), https://archive.org/details/youthafterconfli0000good; Action for Unity (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), https://archive.org/details/actionforunity0000good
@ -246,5 +246,5 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19
[^46]: Teachers College, Columbia University, annual report 2010, "Bringing It All Back Home" (the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, "founded in 1965 under the editorship of TC psychology professor Goodwin Watson"). https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/annual-report/2010/articles/bringing-it-all-back-home/
[^47]: Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Goodwin Watson and James P. Dixon, Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, New Dimensions in Higher Education no. 19, ed. Everett H. Hopkins (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, April 1967; Duke University, contract OEC-2-6-061722-1742), "About the Authors" (p. iii) and Watson's section III, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research" (pp. 66-82). ERIC ED013380. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013380.pdf
[^48]: Union Institute & University, "History" (captured by the Internet Archive in 2023 and 2024): "1964 Founded as the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education (UREHE) by 10 college presidents. Royce (Tim) Pitkin named first chairman. 1965 The UREHE consortium was first headquartered in Yellow Springs, OH., Antioch faculty member Dr. Samuel Baskin became the consortium's first president in 1965. 1969 The name "The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities" is adopted." https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://myunion.edu/who-is-union-institute-university/
[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). Sole source for the passage so cited. https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html
[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html
[^50]: Theodore M. Newcomb, "Goodwin Watson (1899-1976)," American Psychologist 34, no. 5 (May 1979): 433-434 (bibliographic record). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078567

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/James D. Theberge.md
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@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ The New York Times obituary of January 24, 1988 states that he "died of a heart
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," Department History, People, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel. Appointment, credential and termination dates for Nicaragua and Chile.
[^2]: "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a. Born December 28, 1930 in Oceanside, N.Y.; Marine Corps, Buenos Aires, Inter-American Development Bank, CSIS, Ambassador to Nicaragua 1975-77, Institute for Conflict and Policy Studies 1977-79, Planning Research Corp. 1979-81, special adviser at the Department of Defense since 1981.
[^3]: "Nomination of James D. Theberge To Be Ambassador to Nicaragua," White House press release, May 30, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19750530-004.pdf. Gives birth in New York, New York, and the Oxford and Harvard degrees and Heidelberg study. Sole source for the Oxford instructorship and Heidelberg years, which the 1981 announcement does not repeat.
[^3]: "Nomination of James D. Theberge To Be Ambassador to Nicaragua," White House press release, May 30, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19750530-004.pdf. Gives birth in New York, New York, and the Oxford and Harvard degrees and Heidelberg study.
[^4]: Georgetown University Library, "James Theberge Papers," Archival Resources, finding aid for collection 10585, https://findingaids.library.georgetown.edu/repositories/15/resources/10585. Born "in Oceanside, Long Island, New York circa 1931"; died "of a heart attack on a visit to Jamaica in January, 1988. He was 57 years old."
[^5]: "James D. Theberge; Former Ambassador, 56," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1988, section 1, page 34, https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/obituaries/james-d-theberge-former-ambassador-56.html.
[^6]: Hoover Institution Library and Archives, "James Daniel Theberge papers, 1963-1988," Online Archive of California, collection 88016, biographical chronology, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2k400284. Chronology cites Contemporary Authors Online (Gale, 2000) and records the death at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on January 20, 1988.

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John L. Wilhelm.md
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@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ After Time, Wilhelm was managing editor of the American Association for the Adva
[^6]: Hanlon, Joseph. "Spoon-bending science," *New Scientist,* 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080018-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^7]: Hyman, Ray. "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," review of Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, *Mind-Reach* (Delacorte, 1977), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^8]: Wilhelm, John L. "Psychic Spying? The Central Intelligence Agency, the Pentagon and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of Parapsychology," *Washington Post,* August 7, 1977 (title and date as given in Jacobsen and in the CIA memorandum cited at note 10).
[^9]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Koslov's statements).
[^9]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^10]: OTS/BAB Memo 287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8 and sanitized copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^11]: "John Wilhelm, Longtime AFIO Member and Journalist," Association of Former Intelligence Officers, October 17, 2025. https://www.afio.com/obituaries/2025/10/17/john-wilhelm-longtime-afio-member-and-journalist/

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonard N. Weigner.md
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@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ Colonel Leonard N. Weigner was a U.S. military officer whose CIA career is confi
The unsigned "Investigative Leads" memo, whose author, date, and provenance are unknown, claims that Weigner was the senior officer who directed [[Marion Pettie]] to embed within Washington counterculture circles as an intelligence asset beginning in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The memo describes this as part of an arrangement also involving newspaper publisher [[Charles Marsh]] and [[Ira Eaker|General Ira Eaker]], in which Pettie's alleged counterintelligence training was arranged and his subsequent activities in Washington's bohemian milieu were directed by Weigner.[^1]
No corroborating primary source for this specific claim exists. The anonymous memo is the sole source for Weigner's alleged relationship with Pettie. The Finders investigation documents in the 2019 FBI Vault release (FOIA case number 1372462-0) do not mention Weigner.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Minnick, Wendell L. "The Finders: The CIA and the Cult of Marion David Pettie." *Unclassified*, No. 35, Winter 1995. Unsigned "Investigative Leads" memo, no author or date, mid-1990s circulation.

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonid Vasiliev.md
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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ A [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] briefing on "Soviet Activities in Psychoen
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^3]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7.
[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. Quoting Vinokurov and Gurtovoy, Психотронная война, pp. 147-149.
[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Quoting Vinokurov and Gurtovoy, Психотронная война, pp. 147-149.
[^5]: Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" *The Soviet Review*, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6
[^6]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2.
[^7]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 26-27.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Zokosky.md
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@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ He was an investor in the Cabazon Indian Reservation and a skeet range, though h
---
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The special counsel's report records the Picatinny meeting date as disputed and found no support for the presence of Contra leaders or Earl Brian at Lake Cahuilla. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The special counsel's report records the Picatinny meeting date as disputed and found no support for the presence of Contra leaders or Earl Brian at Lake Cahuilla.
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 56-64.
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, p. 11. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument

16
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Philip Arthur Thompson.md
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@ -159,24 +159,24 @@ The Third District affirmed the conviction in an unpublished opinion filed Decem
[^1]: People v. Thompson, No. A025390 (Cal. Ct. App., 1st Dist., Div. 4, Jan. 13, 1986). https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ca-court-of-appeal/1843801.html
[^2]: Findings and Recommendations, Thompson v. Dickinson, No. 2:11-cv-1318 GEB AC (E.D. Cal., dated May 28, 2014, filed May 29, 2014), Doc. 35. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-caed-2_11-cv-01318/pdf/USCOURTS-caed-2_11-cv-01318-3.pdf
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^4]: Eric Laughlin, "Thompson guilty of murder," Mountain Democrat (Placerville), April 9, 2008 (Wayback copy of newsmakingnews.com reprint). https://web.archive.org/web/20110414121657/http://www.newsmakingnews.com/laughlin,eric,phillip,arthur,thompson,verdict,4,8,08.htm
[^5]: Larry Maatz, "The mystery of the disappearing actress deepens," San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle, January 11, 1981, p. B2 (transcription). http://www.maebrussell.com/SF-Wash.%20State%20crime/Mystery%20of%20Disappearing%20Actress.html
[^6]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: What Happened to Valerie McDonald?", SF Weekly, May 5, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-what-happened-to-valerie-mcdonald/
[^7]: Seattle Post-Intelligencer special report on the national missing, February 26, 2003 (Wayback copy). https://web.archive.org/web/20091127110111/http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/109939_nationalmissing26.shtml
[^8]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: CIA Plots, Canadian Shootouts and the Disappearance of Valerie McDonald", SF Weekly, May 13, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-cia-plots-canadian-shootouts-and-the-disappearance-of-valerie-mcdonald/
[^9]: People v. Thompson (1983) 145 Cal.App.3d 918, 193 Cal.Rptr. 782, Crim. No. 42215 (Cal. Ct. App., 2d Dist., Div. 1, Aug. 11, 1983). https://static.case.law/cal-app-3d/145/cases/0918-01.json
[^10]: Kenn Thomas and Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House), appendix reproducing Casolaro's file index, file codes PR\CW\CR-03 to CR-06. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^11]: Danny Casolaro papers, Folder 7 (Acc. 5516): transcript headed "TAPE TRANSCRIPTION FROM 3-28-84" (Riconosciuto interviewed by Ted Gunderson) and Casolaro's notes of a telephone conversation with Riconosciuto. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^12]: Unsigned letter to "Dear Pat" (Patrick Moriarty), c. April 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, Wackenhut correspondence file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^10]: Kenn Thomas and Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House), appendix reproducing Casolaro's file index, file codes PR\CW\CR-03 to CR-06. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus
[^11]: Danny Casolaro papers, Folder 7 (Acc. 5516): transcript headed "TAPE TRANSCRIPTION FROM 3-28-84" (Riconosciuto interviewed by Ted Gunderson) and Casolaro's notes of a telephone conversation with Riconosciuto. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^12]: Unsigned letter to "Dear Pat" (Patrick Moriarty), c. April 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, Wackenhut correspondence file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^13]: Whitney Alyse Webb, *One Nation Under Blackmail*, endnote quoting Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle* (TrineDay, 2010), p. 301. https://archive.org/details/one-nation-under-blackmail-all
[^14]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 404-405. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^14]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 404-405. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution
[^15]: Thomas and Keith, *The Octopus*, text near pp. 28-36, citing Jonathan Littman and Taylor, "Bizarre Murders Puzzle Cops," San Francisco Chronicle, December 30, 1991. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus
[^16]: Ted L. Gunderson to Hon. Victor Dahman, October 6, 1983, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^17]: "Statement of Michael J. Riconosciuto," February 16, 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^16]: Ted L. Gunderson to Hon. Victor Dahman, October 6, 1983, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^17]: "Statement of Michael J. Riconosciuto," February 16, 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^18]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 17, "The Inslaw Affair," p. 344. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair
[^19]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," Desert Sun (Palm Springs), March 21, 1985, p. 1 (reprint). https://www.maebrussell.com/Inslaw/Desert%20Sun%203-21-85.html
[^20]: "Transcript of Meeting," Alan D. Boyack, Ted Gunderson and Michael James Riconosciuto, May 5, 1991, Tacoma, Washington, pp. 19-21. https://archive.org/details/CasolaroTranscriptBoyackGundersonRiconsosciuto Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^20]: "Transcript of Meeting," Alan D. Boyack, Ted Gunderson and Michael James Riconosciuto, May 5, 1991, Tacoma, Washington, pp. 19-21. https://archive.org/details/CasolaroTranscriptBoyackGundersonRiconsosciuto
[^21]: Cheri Seymour, "VORTEX" summary dated February 24, 1992, attached to her affidavit notarized in Mariposa County, October 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument
[^22]: United States Department of Justice, report of investigation into the death of Daniel J. Casolaro. https://archive.org/details/DOJReportOnDanielJCasolaro
[^23]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: A Box of Bones and the Disappearance of Valerie McDonald", SF Weekly, May 19, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/archives/yesterdays-crimes-a-box-of-bones-and-the-disappearance-of-valerie-mcdonald/article_54507c94-4364-51d0-968e-f93582d23a9c.html

2
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Raymond Woodall.md
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@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that Woodall ran an escort service that began with adu
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record.
[^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041

2
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell Targ.md
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@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ Targ requested his CIA files in May 1994, "moved from number 540 in line to numb
[^4]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
[^5]: Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf
[^6]: Proceedings, International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, Washington, D.C., September 19 to 21, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4.pdf
[^7]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, citing William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *The New York Times,* January 10, 1984, section C. Sole source for the account of the 1976 test as carried here. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf
[^7]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, citing William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *The New York Times,* January 10, 1984, section C. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf
[^8]: Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF.

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10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Sue Todd.md
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@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ Sue Todd was a police detective in Hercules, [[California]]. According to [[Cher
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source; no record of Todd or of the Hercules homicide case was found in the congressional or Justice Department reports or in the *Toronto Star*'s coverage of 2000.
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.