vault backup: 2026-10-09 22:00:52

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics.md

@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ At a joint session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Science
 [^1]: "In memory of V. A. Kotel'nikov," *Automation and Remote Control* 66, no. 4 (2005), pp. 674-675. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10513-005-0111-4.pdf
 [^2]: "Yuri Vasilyevich Gulyaev (on his 60th birthday)," *Akusticheskiy Zhurnal* 42, no. 2 (1996), pp. 293-294. https://www.akzh.ru/pdf/1996_2_293-294.pdf
 [^3]: "Kobzarev Yuri Borisovich," Heroes of the Country (Geroi Strany), biography by Sergei Kargapoltsev. http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=14432
-[^4]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory.
+[^4]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
 [^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Technical Intelligence Report DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4, "The Soviet Psychoenergetics Research Program (U)," March 22, 1982, sections I.B, II.A, III.A-B and Appendix II, declassified in part 2011, NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-nsa-rdp96x00790r000100020003-3
 [^6]: Henry E. Shinol, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, DIA note of July 14, 1987 and slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320004-5
 [^7]: "Professor Eduard Godik ob ekstrasensakh s tochki zreniya fiziki," FIAN-Inform, report on the presentation of Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov: chto uvideli fiziki* at the Lebedev Physical Institute. http://www.fian-inform.ru/sobytiya-i-meropriyatiya/item/334-professor-eduard-godik-ob-ekstrasensakh-s-tochki-zreniya-fiziki
 [^8]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9
 [^9]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/
 [^10]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html
-[^11]: Taratorin (note 4). Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^11]: Taratorin (note 4).
 [^12]: A. I. Kozlova, interview with Yu. V. Gulyaev and E. E. Godik, "Fizicheskie polya biologicheskikh obektov," *Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR*, no. 8 (1983), as listed in the bibliography of Serge Kernbach, "Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview," arXiv:1312.1148 (2013). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.1148
 [^13]: Kotelnikov obituary (note 1), listing him as chief editor of *Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR*; Kolodny (note 10) on the *Doklady* paper.
 [^14]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014. https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md

@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ The Army's INSCOM project list for the program records, among three projects use
 [^3]: *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR*, ST-CS-01-169-72, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, July 1972, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300020001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300020001-6, Section II and the literature survey.
 [^4]: *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, Defense Intelligence Agency, September 1975 (authors Louis F. Maire III and Major J. D. LaMothe, U.S. Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency), CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2, section on the Naumov trial. The study attributes the characterization of Naumov's offense to Lev Regelson.
 [^5]: Committee for State Security at the USSR Council of Ministers, "Report on the Work of the Committee for State Security in 1975," No. 709-A/06, March 30, 1976, signed Andropov, U.S. Library of Congress, Dmitrii A. Volkogonov Papers, translated by Svetlana Savranskaya, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB191/KGB%201976-03-30%20Annual%20Report.pdf.
-[^6]: Flora Lewis, "Emigre Tells of Research in Soviet in Parapsychology for Military Use," *The New York Times*, June 19, 1977, pp. 1 and 20, as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080032-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080032-9. Stern is the sole source for the Moscow laboratory under the KGB.
+[^6]: Flora Lewis, "Emigre Tells of Research in Soviet in Parapsychology for Military Use," *The New York Times*, June 19, 1977, pp. 1 and 20, as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080032-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080032-9.
 [^7]: *Project Grill Flame*, Defense Intelligence Agency, January 1983 (SRI/GF-0225, authors including Harold E. Puthoff and Edwin May), sections on the USSR, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800060001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001800060001-7.
 [^8]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5.
 [^9]: Information paper, "GRILL FLAME," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140004-2.
 [^10]: Memorandum for the Deputy Director for Intelligence, "Resources for Assessment of Foreign Developments in Parapsychology," OSWR-054-95, September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100180001-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000100180001-8.
 [^11]: Analysis of a remote viewing experiment of URDF-3, July 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700050003-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700050003-9 (the viewer's name is redacted in the released copy; a copy dated December 4, 1975 is CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040002-1).
 [^12]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4.
-[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997). Schnabel is the sole source for the South Africa case, the Geller account and the Kogan funding.
+[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997).

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Mossad.md

@@ -134,17 +134,17 @@ The Kahan Commission, reporting on the Sabra and Shatila massacres, wrote that I
 
 ### Iran, 1980 and 1981
 
-[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's "acting director" Nachum Admoni to create an Iran-Israel Joint Committee of military intelligence and Mossad to supply arms to Iran; that [[David Kimche]], whom he called head of Tevel, was its senior member; and that after [[Yitzhak Shamir]] became prime minister members including Kimche were forced out and Eitan ran the committee.[^16][^17] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. The Mossad's own list gives Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982, and the Kahan Commission describes Admoni as deputy head until September 12, 1982.[^1][^14] The House October Surprise Task Force wrote that Eitan and Saguy had told the Israeli government they never met Ben-Menashe and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990.[^18] See [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]].
+[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's "acting director" Nachum Admoni to create an Iran-Israel Joint Committee of military intelligence and Mossad to supply arms to Iran; that [[David Kimche]], whom he called head of Tevel, was its senior member; and that after [[Yitzhak Shamir]] became prime minister members including Kimche were forced out and Eitan ran the committee.[^16][^17] The Mossad's own list gives Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982, and the Kahan Commission describes Admoni as deputy head until September 12, 1982.[^1][^14] The House October Surprise Task Force wrote that Eitan and Saguy had told the Israeli government they never met Ben-Menashe and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990.[^18] See [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]].
 
 ### PROMIS, according to Ben-Menashe
 
-Ben-Menashe wrote that Eitan, as counterterrorism adviser to Begin and then to Shamir, took an interest in the software program [[PROMIS]]; that in 1982 [[Earl Brian]] approached Eitan about selling it to foreign intelligence agencies; that Eitan decided to have a "trap door" installed to give Israeli agents access to the computers of any service that bought it; that Ben-Menashe recruited his childhood friend [[Yehuda Ben-Hanan]], of Software and Engineering Consultants in California, to build the external access; that Eitan selected Jordan to test it and that Brian sold it through his company [[Hadron]]; and that [[Robert Maxwell]] "made a fortune out of it" through his companies.[^19] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. See [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].
+Ben-Menashe wrote that Eitan, as counterterrorism adviser to Begin and then to Shamir, took an interest in the software program [[PROMIS]]; that in 1982 [[Earl Brian]] approached Eitan about selling it to foreign intelligence agencies; that Eitan decided to have a "trap door" installed to give Israeli agents access to the computers of any service that bought it; that Ben-Menashe recruited his childhood friend [[Yehuda Ben-Hanan]], of Software and Engineering Consultants in California, to build the external access; that Eitan selected Jordan to test it and that Brian sold it through his company [[Hadron]]; and that [[Robert Maxwell]] "made a fortune out of it" through his companies.[^19] See [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].
 
 ### Vanunu and the Mirror Group, 1986
 
 Hersh wrote that copies of the photographs [[Mordecai Vanunu]] took inside Dimona were made available in London, before the Sunday Times published, to an Israeli intelligence agent masquerading as an American reporter; that they were sent by courier to the office of Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]], who ordered Mossad to get Vanunu out of London and into Israeli custody; that "no kidnapping could take place in England for diplomatic reasons"; and that Vanunu was enticed by a Mossad agent named Cindy Hanin Bentov (a pseudonym; see [[Cindy Hanin Bentov]]) to leave for Rome a few days before publication, where, according to Vanunu's account to relatives, he was drugged and returned to Israel by ship.[^20]
 
-Ben-Menashe told Hersh that after Vanunu's photographs reached the Israeli leadership he and others were told that "Peres said, 'Let's make him an example'" rather than assassinating him; that the foreign editor of the Daily Mirror, [[Nicholas Davies]], "provided the framework" for the Sunday Mirror's hostile story of September 28, which went to Maxwell, publisher of the Mirror Group; and that Maxwell told him "I know what has to happen. I have already spoken to your bosses."[^21] The Sunday Mirror's reporters Tony Frost and Mark Souster were ordered by their editor to take the photographs to the Israeli embassy; the senior deputy editor John C. Parker understood that Maxwell had given the order; the news editor Peter J. Miller said that "the line we were instructed to take cost the Sunday Mirror a world-beating exclusive"; and the editor Michael Malloy acknowledged discussing the story with Maxwell, said there was "nothing sinister or strange" in it, and recalled that Maxwell ordered the photographs shown to the Israelis.[^21] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for his own account of the meeting with Maxwell and of the instructions; the Mirror staff statements are those of the persons named.
+Ben-Menashe told Hersh that after Vanunu's photographs reached the Israeli leadership he and others were told that "Peres said, 'Let's make him an example'" rather than assassinating him; that the foreign editor of the Daily Mirror, [[Nicholas Davies]], "provided the framework" for the Sunday Mirror's hostile story of September 28, which went to Maxwell, publisher of the Mirror Group; and that Maxwell told him "I know what has to happen. I have already spoken to your bosses."[^21] The Sunday Mirror's reporters Tony Frost and Mark Souster were ordered by their editor to take the photographs to the Israeli embassy; the senior deputy editor John C. Parker understood that Maxwell had given the order; the news editor Peter J. Miller said that "the line we were instructed to take cost the Sunday Mirror a world-beating exclusive"; and the editor Michael Malloy acknowledged discussing the story with Maxwell, said there was "nothing sinister or strange" in it, and recalled that Maxwell ordered the photographs shown to the Israelis.[^21] The Mirror staff statements are those of the persons named.
 
 ### Uri Geller
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The CIA's STARGATE collection includes the 1972 paper by [[Stuart J. Freedman]]
 [^8]: "The First American Visit to Dimona," in Avner Cohen, *Israel and the Bomb* documents, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/first/index.html.
 [^9]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6.
 [^10]: John J. Fialka, "Missing-Uranium Report Withheld," *The Washington Star* (1978), CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060006-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060006-9.
-[^11]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the CIA's view of the diversion question.
+[^11]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4.
 [^12]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, *The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974* (CIA History Staff, 1992), chapter 2, "Developing the U-2," pp. 56 to 57, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf.
 [^13]: Minutes, "Conference on Aerial Phenomena," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, February 16, 1949, transcribed at https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/bb/caop16feb1949-01.htm (pages 01, 02, 03, 05 and 18).
 [^14]: FBI New York letter to the Director, NY 62-10139, Sharaf interview of October 11, 1949, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (PDF pages 10 to 13), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/California Attorney General's Office.md

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Three consecutive grand jury foremen sought help from the [[California Attorney
 ---
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md

@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International
 [^4]: Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003 (letter addressed to "DARPA director, Anthony Tether"). https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/
 [^5]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978.
 [^6]: Ray Hyman, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," *The Humanist*, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4.pdf
-[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Sole source for the team's composition as described here and for the Army Kirlian contract; Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf
+[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf
 [^8]: CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.pdf
 [^9]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), p. 138 (index entry "Agency (ARPA), 138-39"); Hyman, who was present at the visit, gives December 8, 1972.
 [^10]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974, cover story, CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8.pdf
-[^11]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. Sole source for the 1976 Targ test. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf
+[^11]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf
 [^12]: David Suter, article for *The Washington Post*, continued from page B5, undated clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf
 [^13]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (Winter 1977), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.pdf
 [^14]: Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International
 [^21]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "SUN STREAK" special access program background, CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5.pdf
 [^22]: Edwin C. May and Wanda L. W. Luke, "A Long-Term, Integrated, Basic and Applied Research Plan (U)" (draft), May 10, 1991, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1; the same passage appears in "A Comprehensive Research Plan for Anomalous Mental Phenomena (U)," CIA-RDP96-00789R003100080001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1.pdf
 [^23]: ARPA memorandum ARPA-AS-TS-67-20, "Project BIZARRE," September 27, 1967, signed Richard S. Cesaro, Acting Director, Advanced Sensors, declassified copy. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/08.pdf
-[^24]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). Sole source for the passage so cited.
+[^24]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017).
 [^25]: Congressional Record, House, September 24, 2003, pp. H8500 to H8550, Conference Report on H.R. 2658, Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2004 (House Report 108-283), Sec. 8131 and Joint Explanatory Statement. https://sgp.fas.org/congress/2003/tia.html
 [^26]: Dan Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/
 [^27]: DARPA, "Bridging the Bio-Electronic Divide," January 19, 2016 (paraphrased). https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/bridging-the-bio-electronic-divide

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DEA.md

@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ A Senate subcommittee report found that the DEA used the former smuggler Barry S
 
 ### Costa Rica: Kelso Investigation
 
-In 1986, [[Joseph Kelso]], a CIA and U.S. Customs informant, gathered testimony from six witnesses willing to testify that DEA agents in Costa Rica were skimming cocaine from seizures, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs including on Contra bases. [[Gary Webb]] wrote that DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]] had Kelso arrested and threatened his life, that Kelso was beaten and deported, that his evidence tapes were turned over to [[Oliver North]] through [[Robert Owen]], who threw them away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke, that the DEA never investigated, and that DEA Administrator Jack Lawn told Congress he had never heard of the case. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^7]
+In 1986, [[Joseph Kelso]], a CIA and U.S. Customs informant, gathered testimony from six witnesses willing to testify that DEA agents in Costa Rica were skimming cocaine from seizures, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs including on Contra bases. [[Gary Webb]] wrote that DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]] had Kelso arrested and threatened his life, that Kelso was beaten and deported, that his evidence tapes were turned over to [[Oliver North]] through [[Robert Owen]], who threw them away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke, that the DEA never investigated, and that DEA Administrator Jack Lawn told Congress he had never heard of the case.[^7]
 
 ### Blandon in DEA Files
 
 The Justice Department Inspector General found the first mention of [[Danilo Blandon]] in DEA files was a March 1983 debriefing of a confidential source in Los Angeles, followed by a January 1985 source report that Blandon supplied cocaine to [[Norwin Meneses]] and a February 1986 report that he had attended a Contra support conference in Miami in December 1982. The Inspector General wrote that this was "treated as background intelligence" and that the DEA opened a case on Blandon in August 1986 when an informant walked into the Riverside office. A judge granted Blandon political asylum on August 19, 1985, after a January 1983 denial.[^8]
 
-Webb wrote that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on Blandon on May 24, 1983, on a tip that he belonged to a cocaine trafficking organization; that in early 1984, while his asylum application was under State Department review, an informant told the DEA he was "the head" of his own Los Angeles distribution organization; that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on his wife [[Chepita Blandon]] on March 15, 1985, before she was granted asylum that year; that State Department policy was to check with the DEA before approving asylum; and that the Inspector General found the Blandons' immigration records "in disarray." Webb is the sole source for the NADDIS dates and the quoted finding.[^9]
+Webb wrote that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on Blandon on May 24, 1983, on a tip that he belonged to a cocaine trafficking organization; that in early 1984, while his asylum application was under State Department review, an informant told the DEA he was "the head" of his own Los Angeles distribution organization; that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on his wife [[Chepita Blandon]] on March 15, 1985, before she was granted asylum that year; that State Department policy was to check with the DEA before approving asylum; and that the Inspector General found the Blandons' immigration records "in disarray."[^9]
 
 Webb wrote that after Blandon's 1992 arrest the government dropped charges against Chepita Blandon, granted her citizenship, reduced his sentence to twenty-eight months and released him on unsupervised probation as a full-time paid informant. The Inspector General found Blandon was sentenced to 48 months, reduced to 28 on a government motion for substantial cooperation, found no sign the leniency rested on anything but his cooperation, and concluded an INS agent improperly obtained him a green card in 1994 despite his felony conviction because the agent wanted to avoid the effort of obtaining travel documents the proper way.[^8]
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Webb wrote that after Blandon's 1992 arrest the government dropped charges again
 
 Norwin Meneses approached the DEA Costa Rica office in July 1986. The Inspector General found that the agent, [[Sandalio Gonzalez]], checked DEA databases, found no warrants, and in December 1986 sent Meneses and a DEA informant ("DEA CI-1") to Los Angeles, where in January 1987 they met Blandon, [[Ivan Torres]] and others. The San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office, and FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]], were surprised. On July 24, 1987, the Costa Rica office formally established Meneses as an informant, noted "no pending charges known at this time," obtained a 45-day visa for him in September 1987 and another in November, deactivated him on December 23, 1989, reactivated him briefly in May 1990 and paid him $7,377.50 over thirteen payments. Meneses had been indicted under seal in San Francisco in February 1989. In a debriefing on February 10, 1987, Meneses told Gonzalez he had personally paid $5,000 "on numerous occasions" to a DEA agent in the San Francisco area three to four years earlier "for protection," and that the agent worked with corrupt San Francisco police officials. Gonzalez forwarded the memorandum to headquarters; a DEA Office of Professional Responsibility official replied by telephone on March 16, 1987, that the allegation had been made in June 1985, investigated and found false (the office had issued a clearance letter to the agent on February 3, 1986), and no further action was taken. The FBI had polygraphed two persons who made the earlier allegation, Jairo Meneses and Renato Pena, in July 1986 and its examiner concluded they were deceptive in denying they had lied.[^10]
 
-Webb called the January 1987 operation "Operation Perico" and wrote that the CIA operative "Roberto" accompanied Meneses, that the DEA conducted it without informing Aukland, that the debriefing reports captured admissions that CIA representatives were aware of Contra drug activity and did not mind, that the San Francisco office cabled Costa Rica that it did not know "who was being targeted," and that headquarters was asked "whether an indictment of Meneses by the San Francisco FBI will result in national security problems with other agencies." Webb also wrote that Meneses worked as a DEA informant from 1985 to 1991 despite the 1989 indictment, that Nieves was his control agent, and that the DEA public affairs chief James McGivney offered an interview with Meneses on condition that reporters omit Blandon's DEA ties. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^11]
+Webb called the January 1987 operation "Operation Perico" and wrote that the CIA operative "Roberto" accompanied Meneses, that the DEA conducted it without informing Aukland, that the debriefing reports captured admissions that CIA representatives were aware of Contra drug activity and did not mind, that the San Francisco office cabled Costa Rica that it did not know "who was being targeted," and that headquarters was asked "whether an indictment of Meneses by the San Francisco FBI will result in national security problems with other agencies." Webb also wrote that Meneses worked as a DEA informant from 1985 to 1991 despite the 1989 indictment, that Nieves was his control agent, and that the DEA public affairs chief James McGivney offered an interview with Meneses on condition that reporters omit Blandon's DEA ties.[^11]
 
 Webb quoted Senator [[John Kerry]] telling Lawn in 1987 that the head of the Costa Rica office told the committee "the infrastructure that was used to supply the Contras was used to smuggle drugs," and quoted the Costa Rican prosecutor Jorge Chavarria saying the DEA "knew about the Contras and drugs... They were looking in the other direction."[^12] The subcommittee's own report of December 1988 stated that despite "obvious and widespread trafficking through the war zones of northern Costa Rica" it was "unable to find a single case against a drug trafficker operating in those zones which was made on the basis of a tip or report by an official of a U.S. intelligence agency."[^6]
 
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ The Inspector General reproduced CIA memoranda of October 25, November 5 and Dec
 
 DEA agent [[Celerino Castillo]], assigned to the Guatemala City office, which covered El Salvador, from 1985 to 1990, opened an investigation of the pilot Grasheim, who Castillo wrote had crash-landed near Tamiami, Florida, in May 1986 claiming to be a "secret agent," and whose Salvadoran home was searched on September 1, 1986. At a briefing on October 30, 1986, U.S. Customs agent Richard Rivera told Ambassador [[Edwin Corr]] Customs had investigated Grasheim for years for illegal export of weapons and "hi-tech" equipment; Corr asked that any investigation be "very discreet." On November 21, 1986, the Guatemala country attache Robert Stia closed the DEA case, recording that "the drug aspect" was concluded and that the information went to Customs and the [[Internal Revenue Service]].[^13]
 
-Webb wrote that Castillo discovered Contra cocaine trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], began sending reports to DEA headquarters in January 1986 listing names, destinations, tail numbers and criminal records without reply, that Corr requested an internal review and the DEA told him Castillo's information was "totally inaccurate" and ordered the investigation closed, that Castillo was forced to retire, and that the DEA later claimed under the Freedom of Information Act it had no such reports, a claim Webb said the Inspector General exposed as false. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^14] The Inspector General reported that Castillo refused an interview unless he could record it and have Representative [[Maxine Waters]] present, found that Castillo had passed such information in 1986 and that the Ilopango investigation was closed amid sensitive covert supply operations, found his broader conclusions unsupported, and recorded that Castillo resigned in 1992.[^13]
+Webb wrote that Castillo discovered Contra cocaine trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], began sending reports to DEA headquarters in January 1986 listing names, destinations, tail numbers and criminal records without reply, that Corr requested an internal review and the DEA told him Castillo's information was "totally inaccurate" and ordered the investigation closed, that Castillo was forced to retire, and that the DEA later claimed under the Freedom of Information Act it had no such reports, a claim Webb said the Inspector General exposed as false.[^14] The Inspector General reported that Castillo refused an interview unless he could record it and have Representative [[Maxine Waters]] present, found that Castillo had passed such information in 1986 and that the Ilopango investigation was closed amid sensitive covert supply operations, found his broader conclusions unsupported, and recorded that Castillo resigned in 1992.[^13]
 
 ### San Diego Reverse Sting
 
-Webb wrote that Blandon, recruited as a full-time paid informant, reestablished contact with [[Ricky Ross]], released in 1993 and attempting to go straight with the Freeway Academy youth center, calling and paging him constantly, and that Ross's probation officer James Galipeau said, "The son-of-a-bitch called him while he was in the car with his probation officer!" On March 2, 1995, at the Bonita Plaza Mall in Chula Vista, DEA agents watched [[Leroy Brown|"Chico" Brown]] hand $169,445 to Blandon's Colombian associate for 100 kilos of cocaine in a booby-trapped Chevy Blazer, and agent Charles Jones said agents blocked the vehicle and activated a kill switch. Webb is the sole source.[^15] The Inspector General found the DEA opened its investigation of Ross in October 1994 after Ross contacted Blandon, that Ross was convicted over an entrapment defense and, with two prior felony drug convictions, received a mandatory life sentence, and that Ross's claim of retaliation for his 1991 testimony against sheriff's deputies was not supported.[^8]
+Webb wrote that Blandon, recruited as a full-time paid informant, reestablished contact with [[Ricky Ross]], released in 1993 and attempting to go straight with the Freeway Academy youth center, calling and paging him constantly, and that Ross's probation officer James Galipeau said, "The son-of-a-bitch called him while he was in the car with his probation officer!" On March 2, 1995, at the Bonita Plaza Mall in Chula Vista, DEA agents watched [[Leroy Brown|"Chico" Brown]] hand $169,445 to Blandon's Colombian associate for 100 kilos of cocaine in a booby-trapped Chevy Blazer, and agent Charles Jones said agents blocked the vehicle and activated a kill switch.[^15] The Inspector General found the DEA opened its investigation of Ross in October 1994 after Ross contacted Blandon, that Ross was convicted over an entrapment defense and, with two prior felony drug convictions, received a mandatory life sentence, and that Ross's claim of retaliation for his 1991 testimony against sheriff's deputies was not supported.[^8]
 
 ### October 1995 Meeting With Webb
 
-Webb wrote that in October 1995 Assistant U.S. Attorney David Hall warned him his reporting could endanger Blandon; that on October 19 Special Agent in Charge [[Craig Chretien]] and six agents met him at the National City regional office and asked him to omit Blandon's DEA ties; that agent [[Chuck Jones]] denied knowing of Blandon's Contra drug history yet confirmed the DEA knew; that Chretien offered information about Meneses in exchange; that eight days later Nieves resigned as head of the International Division and Chretien was promoted to replace him; and that Nieves later joined Guardian Technologies, a company associated with Oliver North. Freelance journalist [[Georg Hodel]] located Meneses in a Nicaraguan prison before the DEA's brokered interview materialized. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^16]
+Webb wrote that in October 1995 Assistant U.S. Attorney David Hall warned him his reporting could endanger Blandon; that on October 19 Special Agent in Charge [[Craig Chretien]] and six agents met him at the National City regional office and asked him to omit Blandon's DEA ties; that agent [[Chuck Jones]] denied knowing of Blandon's Contra drug history yet confirmed the DEA knew; that Chretien offered information about Meneses in exchange; that eight days later Nieves resigned as head of the International Division and Chretien was promoted to replace him; and that Nieves later joined Guardian Technologies, a company associated with Oliver North. Freelance journalist [[Georg Hodel]] located Meneses in a Nicaraguan prison before the DEA's brokered interview materialized.[^16]
 
 ### Footnotes
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ In *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency and George H. Bush, Director* the C
 
 ### NUMEC, Israel and the Director's knowledge
 
-The Washington Star reported on March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]], whom the Star called the CIA's former chief of research and technology and the Post the CIA's third-ranking official at the time, told [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that Helms had told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1968 that the CIA had evidence [[Israel]] possessed atomic bombs, and that Johnson replied "Don't tell anyone else, even [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Robert McNamara]]." Helms, then operating a private consulting firm, said "I have no recollection of any such conversation," and when asked whether he would deny any of the events Duckett described said "I don't say they didn't happen." The Washington Post of the same date reported that, according to the classified record of the briefing, Duckett also said the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that "if any such scheme was under consideration, he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor." Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation; [[Walt Rostow]], Johnson's national security adviser in 1968, told the Times he could not remember the events.[^9] A Washington Star article of March 23, 1978 reported that the Atomic Energy Commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Apollo plant from the public, according to a document released by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.[^10]
+The Washington Star reported on March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]], whom the Star called the CIA's former chief of research and technology and the Post the CIA's third-ranking official at the time, told [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that Helms had told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1968 that the CIA had evidence [[Israel]] possessed atomic bombs, and that Johnson replied "Don't tell anyone else, even [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Robert McNamara]]." Helms, then operating a private consulting firm, said "I have no recollection of any such conversation," and when asked whether he would deny any of the events Duckett described said "I don't say they didn't happen." The Washington Post of the same date reported that, according to the classified record of the briefing, Duckett also said the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that "if any such scheme was under consideration, he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor." [[Walt Rostow]], Johnson's national security adviser in 1968, told the Times he could not remember the events.[^9] A Washington Star article of March 23, 1978 reported that the Atomic Energy Commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Apollo plant from the public, according to a document released by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.[^10]
 
 ### Bush, Turner and psychic research
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ William J. Casey served from January 28, 1981 until he resigned on January 29, 1
 [^6]: "Biography, James R. Schlesinger," Central Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP75B00380R000400150017-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75b00380r000400150017-8; Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence*, table of Directors.
 [^7]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, *Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, 95th Cong., 1st sess., August 3, 1977 (prepared statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner; Church Committee summary of MKULTRA), https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/9D/9D9A27BD7241E2074EAF81C7FC2C86CF_MK.Ultra_Senate.Hearings.pdf.
 [^8]: *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency*, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976), https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/546/546.F2d.1009.76-1004.html.
-[^9]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation.
+[^9]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4.
 [^10]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6.
 [^11]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103.
 [^12]: Michael E. Zarbo, *Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?*, Defense Intelligence College thesis, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002600250001-6.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Alvin Johnson]]"
     reverse: true
     start: 1930
-    role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the New School faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters; sole source"
+    role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the New School faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters"
     fn: 20
 ---
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ The Justice Department Inspector General's 1997 review found five FBI files on [
 
 On December 12, 1986, the Los Angeles FBI office teletyped headquarters that it saw no connection between Lister and "Front Door," the Bureau's investigation of alleged neutrality violations in the covert arms sales to Iran, which the Independent Counsel later took over. Headquarters asked that Lister be questioned about [[Richard Secord]], [[Albert Hakim]] and Stanford Technology, and on December 22, 1986, Lister denied knowing them. On December 23 the Bureau suspended Front Door inquiries pending the appointment of Special Counsel [[Lawrence Walsh]]. On February 3, 1987, an informant reported that Lister had told a neighbor over drinks that he worked for [[Oliver North]] and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras. Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Crossan Andersen]] reported this to Public Integrity Section attorney William Hendricks III, who advised that the drug investigation could continue so long as it did not conflict with Front Door, and Andersen asked that Lister and the neighbor not be interviewed, citing the effect on the drug case.[^6]
 
-[[Gary Webb]] wrote that FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]] was assigned to Operation Front Door in November 1986 and investigated connections between Lister and North's arms ring, and that the Los Angeles office declared "no connection." Webb is the sole source for the November 1986 assignment date.[^7]
+[[Gary Webb]] wrote that FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]] was assigned to Operation Front Door in November 1986 and investigated connections between Lister and North's arms ring, and that the Los Angeles office declared "no connection."[^7]
 
 ### Meneses, Blandon and the San Francisco Case
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Webb wrote that in 1982 the FBI identified [[Fernando Sanchez]] and [[Horacio Pe
 
 The Inspector General found that the San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office were surprised in early 1987 to learn that the DEA's Costa Rica office had taken Meneses and a DEA informant to Los Angeles in December 1986 to meet [[Danilo Blandon]]; Aukland, the lead FBI agent on the Los Angeles Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force case, was upset not to have interviewed Meneses first. In February 1987 the agencies agreed Meneses could be used as a source if he pleaded guilty to a cocaine charge in San Francisco; the San Francisco FBI opened a case and held it inactive. The Los Angeles case closed in July 1987. In February 1989, shortly before the statute of limitations expired, the San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office obtained a sealed indictment of Meneses; the Inspector General found the warrant was entered in the FBI database, contrary to the Mercury News account, and that Meneses was not arrested while working for the DEA. An FBI informant had told Special Agent Donald Hale in October 1987 that Meneses was telling associates he was a CIA informant, which was why he had not been arrested. The Inspector General found no evidence of a CIA connection and attributed the outcome to poor coordination and shifting views on whether Meneses was a target or an informant.[^9]
 
-Webb gave a different account of the same February 1987 events: San Francisco FBI agents presented U.S. Attorney [[Joseph Russoniello]] a memo charging Meneses with running a continuing criminal enterprise, and Russoniello's office rejected it within a week, citing a "cooperation agreement" that Justice Department investigators later determined never existed. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^10]
+Webb gave a different account of the same February 1987 events: San Francisco FBI agents presented U.S. Attorney [[Joseph Russoniello]] a memo charging Meneses with running a continuing criminal enterprise, and Russoniello's office rejected it within a week, citing a "cooperation agreement" that Justice Department investigators later determined never existed.[^10]
 
 ### Contra Drug Information in FBI Hands
 
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in ea
 [^2]: HSCA Outside Contact Report 008624, FBI notes of January 26, 1978, request on "Fred Lee Crisman Vol. 1 of 3," NARA record 180-10085-10264, dated May 18, 1978, https://archive.org/details/crisman_fbifile ; same record at https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=149142
 [^3]: FBI Office Memorandum, March 22, 1950, FBI FOIA cover sheet "Guy Hottel (3-22-1950)," https://archive.org/details/GuyHottel
 [^4]: Department of the Army, ACSI (DAMI-ISH) action memorandum "FBI Support of GRILL FLAME," April 30, 1979, and memorandum thru Director FBI for Assistant Director, Training Division, "Nomination of FBI Member to Assist on Army Project," signed E. R. Thompson, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440022-9, -0023-8 and -0024-7, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440022-9
-[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
 [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997), Chapter V (Ronald Lister), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch05p1.htm
-[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter."
+[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know."
 [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Executive Summary section III, and Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/exsump1.htm and https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch03p2.htm
-[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter."
 [^11]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
 [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter XI, section D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch11p1.htm
 [^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair*, report by Senators John Kerry and Hank Brown (December 1992), section on Operation C-Chase, https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in ea
 [^17]: SAC, Washington Field Office, memorandum to the Director, file 100-1849, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (PDF pages 129 and 130), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
 [^18]: Witkin to the Director, December 9, 1957, with autopsy report of November 26, 1957 and FBI Laboratory report of January 2, 1958, same file, Part 6 (PDF pages 21 to 24).
 [^19]: Boston airtel of March 12, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
-[^20]: Peter Rutkoff and William Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 226. Sole source for the FBI reporting.
-[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226 and note 22, p. 296: "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring.
+[^20]: Peter Rutkoff and William Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 226.
+[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226 and note 22, p. 296: "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives." The note names no author for the memorandum.
 [^22]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135.
 [^23]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
 [^24]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), p. 370.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.md

@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc
 [^3]: Helena Huntington Smith, "It Pays to Listen," *Collier's*, January 30, 1943, pp. 43-44, which states "Its godfather was Breckinridge Long of the State Department, who foresaw that we might one day be cut off from accustomed sources of news in foreign countries. He took it up with Chairman Fly of the FCC." https://archive.org/details/colliers111janspri_201908. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long, "godfather" of FBIS, and his letter of September 10, 1941 to FCC chairman James L. Fly. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
 [^4]: Federal Communications Commission, Seventh Annual Report, fiscal year 1941, section on the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service, "created February 26, 1941, by the Federal Communications Commission in cooperation with the Defense Communications Board." https://archive.org/details/fcc_DOC-308657A1.
 [^5]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the President's allotment of $150,000 on February 25, 1941, its transfer the next day, the "birth date" of the service on February 26, 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
-[^6]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 132, which describes "a late 1940 meeting between Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and FDR" and the allocation of $150,000 on February 25, 1941. Stimson was Secretary of War from July 1940; Roop (note 7) gives the Secretary of State without naming him. Sole source for the Stimson meeting. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
+[^6]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 132, which describes "a late 1940 meeting between Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and FDR" and the allocation of $150,000 on February 25, 1941. Stimson was Secretary of War from July 1940; Roop (note 7) gives the Secretary of State without naming him. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
 [^7]: Roop, Part I, pp. 5-6, quoting the account that "Toward the end of 1940 the Secretary of State, in an informal discussion with President Roosevelt, suggested that a government unit should be established to monitor and analyze propaganda beamed to the United States." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
 [^8]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the FCC's Radio Intelligence Division and its National Defense Activities, quoting the FCC as "the only group staffed and equipped" for the monitoring work. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
 [^9]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the service's beginnings "in an old garage at 316 F Street Northeast," and p. 49, "In April a move was made to 1424 K St., N.W., where four floors were assigned to FBMS." Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," photograph caption, "FBIS headquarters from 1942-1947 at 1424 K Street, NW, in Washington." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc
 [^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 46, that Watson and Leites "were sent to London in September 1942" to set up analysis, and that "a two-man analysis staff remained" through the war. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
 [^31]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the Central European Radio Analysis, begun January 1943 by the German Section, and the Radio Report on the Far East, first published August 24, 1942 (RG 262, Entry 34, Box 1). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/.
 [^32]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121-122 (Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943; Graves on May 13, 1943; Eugene Katz's letter of June 18, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
-[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service. Sole source for the offer and its date.
+[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service.
 [^34]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 132, note 51, citing Harold Graves to Hans Speier and Ernst Kris, December 23, 1941, and Lloyd Free to Hans Speier, January 31, 1942, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
 [^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 134, which places the letter of May 26, 1942 two months after Speier entered the Analysis Division and quotes it as stating that, "as a result of investigation," he had "been rated eligible on suitability for the position of Senior Political Analyst" (note 59: United States Civil Service Commission to Hans Speier, May 26, 1942, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
-[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62). Sole source for these quotations.
-[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138 and p. 143 (note 90), on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people. Sole source for the sequence.
+[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62).
+[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138 and p. 143 (note 90), on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people.
 [^38]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 143 and note 90 (Theodore Newcomb to Col. S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943; Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5): "Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst."
 [^39]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145, on Speier's transfer on "May 22, 1944" from the Analysis Division to the Office of War Information, with Wallace Carroll as his immediate superior.
-[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley. Sole source for these claims.
+[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley.
 [^41]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Dies's letter to Fly of November 18, 1941, which expressed "deep concern" and named thirteen organizations. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
 [^42]: Roop, Part I, pp. 190-191, on Fly's reply that Watson "belonged to only one of the 13 organizations Dies named," the Senate Appropriations Committee's deletion of the rider, Dodd's hiring as an editor in December 1941, and Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Roop and Mercado spell the analyst's surname "Schumann"; Bessner writes "Schuman."
 [^43]: Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, on Dies's House speech of February 1, 1943, listing 39 "communists," with Dodd, Watson and Schumann at the head of the list. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
@@ -312,13 +312,13 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc
 [^49]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89
 [^50]: Roop, Part I, pp. 192-193, on the subcommittee under Congressman Kerr, which started hearings on April 2, 1943 and reported on 21 April, the findings of "subversive activity" and "unfit," the three named men, and the statement that the subcommittee "was later accused of having its final report prepared before the men were called to testify." Roop states that the subcommittee was named by the Un-American Activities Committee. The printed hearings give the authority as House Resolution 105, adopted February 9, 1943, directed to the Committee on Appropriations (Hearings, pp. iii-v), and give the sitting at which Watson's testimony begins as April 9, 1943, against Roop's April 2. *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), likewise describes a special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, appointed under a House resolution, whose report is H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. The Monthly Catalog lists H. Rept. 448 (May 14, 1943, pursuant to H. Res. 105, "submitted by Mr. Kerr") on Watson, Dodd and Lovett; a February 1943 newspaper report names Kerr, a North Carolina Democrat, as chairman of the subcommittee. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
 [^51]: Hearings (as above), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 327-334, including the finding that Schuman's case did not support a recommendation of unfitness and the findings on Watson and Dodd.
-[^52]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
+[^52]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
 [^53]: Hearings (as above), pp. 100-105 and 118-119.
 [^54]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943), the page cited in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946).
 [^55]: Roop, Part I, p. 193, on the Senate's four rejections, its approval of the rider by 48 to 32, and the President's signature while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional.
 [^56]: Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, section 304, 57 Stat. 431, 450, as quoted in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). Roop, Part I, p. 193, note, gives the effective cutoff as November 21, 1943, where the statute as quoted gives 15 November. The enacted text also excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for jury or armed-forces service; the text proposed in the subcommittee's report (Hearings, p. 328) omitted the November 15 date and the reappointment clause. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303.
 [^57]: *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3-6, 1946, decided June 3, 1946, opinion of Justice Black. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. Mercado's article gives the middle name as "Morse."
-[^58]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities." Sole source for the informant reports is Roop's account of the FBIS file.
+[^58]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities."
 [^59]: Roop, Part I, p. 196, on Cox, the Atlanta station case, the FCC's referral to the Justice Department, the House's naming of Cox as chairman in early 1943, and the appointment of Eugene Garey as investigator.
 [^60]: Roop, Part I, p. 197, on the removal of "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," the subpoena of ten employees at 8:00 a.m., and "Star Chamber testimony," citing Leigh's article "Politicians vs. Bureaucrats" (subtitle "The case of FCC Chairman Fly and Congressman Cox"), *Harper's Magazine*, January 1945. https://harpers.org/archive/1945/01/politicians-vs-bureaucrats. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
 [^61]: Roop, Part I, p. 198, on the single irregularity found at FBIS and the list of charges, including "masquerading," "intelligence" and "glorified news gathering agency." Mercado renders the last phrase as "glorified news agency."

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Department of Defense spokesperson Sue Gough told The War Zone, in an article of
 [^8]: Air Force Regulation 80-17, 19 September 1966, paragraphs 3b to 3e, Condon Report Appendix B, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-b.htm
 [^9]: Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project "Blue Book," March 1966, with Tab A (LeBailly memorandum of September 28, 1965) and distribution list, Condon Report Appendix A and Section V, chapter 2, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm and https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm
 [^10]: Condon Report, Section VI, chapter 4, references, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s6chap04.htm
-[^11]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), chapter on the origin of stealth, https://archive.org/details/skunk-works-apersonal-memoir-of-my-years-at-lockheed-ben-rrich (text lines 437 to 440 and 516 to 552). Sole source for the passage so cited.
+[^11]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), chapter on the origin of stealth, https://archive.org/details/skunk-works-apersonal-memoir-of-my-years-at-lockheed-ben-rrich (text lines 437 to 440 and 516 to 552).
 [^12]: Billy Cox, "The hunt for missing pieces," Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 3, 2015, reproduced at https://mail.project1947.com/articles/The_hunt_for_missing_pieces.pdf.
 [^13]: USAspending.gov award records, contracts FA860409D7975, FA860409D7976, FA860409D7977 and Ball Aerospace order 0182 under FA860409D7976, retrieved October 4, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_IDV_FA860409D7976_9700/
 [^14]: USAspending.gov award records, Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II contracts FA860415D7975, FA860415D7976, FA860415D7977 and NOVASTAR contracts FA860422DB005 through FA860422DB009, with task-order and subaward lists, retrieved October 4, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_IDV_FA860422DB008_9700/ (pattern; substitute each contract number).
@@ -183,4 +183,4 @@ Department of Defense spokesperson Sue Gough told The War Zone, in an article of
 [^21]: "Contracts for May 6, 2026," Air Force section, U.S. Department of Defense contract announcements, reproduced at https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2026/05/dod-contracts_4479042.htm
 [^22]: WiSC Enterprises, "Program Management Analyst - Junior," ClearanceJobs listing 8962579, posted June 8, 2026, https://api.clearancejobs.com/jobs/8962579/program-management-analyst-junior ; https://careers-wiscenterprises.icims.com/jobs/1675/program-management-analyst---junior/job
 [^23]: Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023, https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing
-[^24]: Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/ . Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^24]: Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/ .

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House October Surprise Task Force.md

@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ On February 4, 1992, the day before the House debate on House Resolution 258, Re
 [^3]: Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, *Rules of the Task Force*, adopted March 11, 1992, Rules 6 and 9. https://archive.org/details/RulesOfTheOctoberSurpriseTaskForce
 [^4]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm
 [^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585; text of the resolution and floor statements). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
-[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally and Barnes statements as reported by Parry.
-[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012; and "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ and https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Russian report details as reported by Parry.
-[^8]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo and the October Surprise Group claims as reported by Parry.
-[^9]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request as reported by Parry.
+[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html
+[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012; and "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ and https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
+[^8]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html
+[^9]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
 [^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum, CIA reading room document 0000984226 (undated), titled "BCCI and October Surprise Task Force", https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000984226
-[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Rep. McEwen of a privileged resolution; reprinted account of the Stoffberg letter). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in the reprinted article.
+[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Rep. McEwen of a privileged resolution; reprinted account of the Stoffberg letter). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Internal Revenue Service.md

@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ In 1994 [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and [[William Herbert Hunt]] paid about 160 milli
 [^10]: Gwynne, S.C. "Bunker Hunt," *Texas Monthly,* September 2001. https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/bunker-hunt/
 [^11]: U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, "Wyden Unveils Ongoing Investigation into Private Equity Billionaire Leon Black's Tax Planning and Financial Ties with Jeffrey Epstein," July 25, 2023, https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/wyden-unveils-ongoing-investigation-into-private-equity-billionaire-leon-blacks-tax-planning-and-financial-ties-with-jeffrey-epstein ; "Leon Black's $158 Million Sent to Epstein Draws Senate Probe." *Bloomberg,* July 25, 2023.
 [^12]: Witkin, Gordon, Peter Cary, and Angel Martinez. "Through a glass, very darkly: Cops, spies and a very odd investigation." *U.S. News & World Report,* December 27, 1993 / January 3, 1994; Dean, Eddie. "Finders' Keeper." *Washington City Paper*, May 24, 1996. https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/287890/finders-keeper/
-[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ relations:
     with: "[[NASA]]"
     start: 1958-12-03
     role: "formally transferred from the Army to NASA"
-    fn: 6
+    fn: 7
   - type: director_of
     with: "[[Frank Malina]]"
     start: 1944-06
@@ -49,42 +49,43 @@ relations:
     start: 1944
     end: 1950
     role: "section chief and theoretician, Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
-    fn: 3
+    fn: 4
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Sidney Weinbaum]]"
     reverse: true
     end: 1950-06
     role: "laboratory employee, reported by FBI informants as county organizer of Professional Unit 122"
-    fn: 3
+    fn: 4
 created: 2026-10-05
-updated: 2026-10-05
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a laboratory of the [[California Institute of Technology]] in the Arroyo Seco at Pasadena. Its historian, Erik Conway, writes that GALCIT Project No. 1 "officially became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in June 1944," remaining a Caltech organization though not yet a division of the Institute, with [[Theodore von Kármán]] as chair of its executive board.[^1] The project's history is given at [[GALCIT Rocket Research Project]].
 
 ### Army period
 
-[[Frank Malina]] drew on Caltech faculty and outside hires: the electrical engineer [[William Pickering]] set up guidance and controls, the aeronautics professor [[Louis Dunn]] became assistant director and later director, and [[Homer J. Stewart]] headed research and analysis.[^1] The laboratory built three series of complete rockets: the Private (about eight feet tall, range about ten miles, first complete rocket), the WAC Corporal (first fired October 11, 1945 at [[White Sands Proving Ground]], New Mexico) and the guided Corporal, which the Army in 1950 asked to be made a deployable nuclear-weapon system; in May 1952 the Army ordered 200 Corporal missiles.[^1] Conway records that Malina and [[Qian Xuesen]] enlarged some of the Private's fins into wings, with unsuccessful results.[^1] The Sergeant contract followed in 1954, shortly before Pickering became the third director.[^1] The laboratory worked with the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] at [[Redstone Arsenal]], where Army leaders had settled [[Wernher von Braun]]'s group, and the launch of Explorer 1 took place at about 2:00 a.m. on February 1, 1958.[^2]
+[[Frank Malina]] drew on Caltech faculty and outside hires: the electrical engineer [[William Pickering]] set up guidance and controls, the aeronautics professor [[Louis Dunn]] became assistant director and later director, and [[Homer J. Stewart]] headed research and analysis.[^1] The laboratory built three series of complete rockets: the Private (about eight feet tall, range about ten miles, first complete rocket), the WAC Corporal (first fired October 11, 1945 at [[White Sands Proving Ground]], New Mexico) and the guided Corporal, which the Army in 1950 asked to be made a deployable nuclear-weapon system; in May 1952 the Army ordered 200 Corporal missiles.[^1] Conway records that Malina and [[Qian Xuesen]] enlarged some of the Private's fins into wings, with unsuccessful results.[^1] The Sergeant contract followed in 1954, shortly before Pickering became the third director.[^1] The laboratory worked with the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] at [[Redstone Arsenal]], where Army leaders had settled [[Wernher von Braun]]'s group, and the launch of Explorer 1 took place at 10:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on January 31, 1958.[^2][^3]
 
 ### Security cases of 1950 to 1952
 
 The laboratory's staff and records appear in the FBI files of 1950 to 1952.
 
-The FBI's Los Angeles reports on [[Sidney Weinbaum]], a Jet Propulsion Laboratory employee, record Informant T-2 as stating that he was a member of Professional Unit 122 of the Communist Party in Pasadena and its county organizer, and that Qian, then section chief at the laboratory, had been entertained at the Weinbaum home and had corresponded with the Weinbaums before Weinbaum's hiring.[^3] The report also notes that "as of a recent date" Weinbaum had been terminated from the laboratory; he was arrested for perjury on June 16, 1950, the same date on which the "denial of consent" to Qian dated June 6, 1950 was delivered to Caltech.[^3] Weinbaum was convicted.[^3]
+The FBI's Los Angeles reports on [[Sidney Weinbaum]], a Jet Propulsion Laboratory employee, record Informant T-2 as stating that he was a member of Professional Unit 122 of the Communist Party in Pasadena and its county organizer, and that Qian, then section chief at the laboratory, had been entertained at the Weinbaum home and had corresponded with the Weinbaums before Weinbaum's hiring.[^4] The report also notes that "as of a recent date" Weinbaum had been terminated from the laboratory; he was arrested for perjury on June 16, 1950, the same date on which the "denial of consent" to Qian dated June 6, 1950 was delivered to Caltech.[^4] Weinbaum was convicted.[^4]
 
-When the FBI recovered seven GALCIT Project No. 1 reports from [[Jack Parsons]] in December 1950, the laboratory advised the FBI by letter of December 29, 1950 that, in the present active sense, three were confidential, one restricted and three unclassified, and that all could be downgraded to unclassified; it stated that it had no authority to downgrade them because the Air Force had sponsored the research. The FBI recorded a statement that security regulations at the laboratory during Parsons's employment had been lax, with no charge-out system for reports.[^4] The Army's Counter Intelligence Division advised in 1951 that the work had continued under the administrative direction of the Army Chief of Ordnance and that some papers contained proprietary information of [[Aerojet]] and [[Thiokol]].[^4]
+When the FBI recovered seven GALCIT Project No. 1 reports from [[Jack Parsons]] in December 1950, the laboratory advised the FBI by letter of December 29, 1950 that, in the present active sense, three were confidential, one restricted and three unclassified, and that all could be downgraded to unclassified; it stated that it had no authority to downgrade them because the Air Force had sponsored the research. The FBI recorded a statement that security regulations at the laboratory during Parsons's employment had been lax, with no charge-out system for reports.[^5] The Army's Counter Intelligence Division advised in 1951 that the work had continued under the administrative direction of the Army Chief of Ordnance and that some papers contained proprietary information of [[Aerojet]] and [[Thiokol]].[^5]
 
-Malina, the laboratory's first director, was the subject of the 1952 sealed indictment described on his page.[^5]
+Malina, the laboratory's first director, was the subject of the 1952 sealed indictment described on his page.[^6]
 
 ### Transfer to NASA
 
-The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed July 29, did not change the status of JPL or the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]]. Pickering and the NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan wanted the laboratory moved into [[NASA]], the Army resisted, and JPL was formally transferred on December 3, 1958. Pickering said the principal consideration for Caltech was the opportunity to leave classified military research for space science.[^6]
+The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed July 29, did not change the status of JPL or the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Pickering and the NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan wanted the laboratory moved into [[NASA]], the Army resisted, and JPL was formally transferred on December 3, 1958. Pickering said the principal consideration for Caltech was the opportunity to leave classified military research for space science.[^7]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Conway, Erik M., "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," Engineering & Science (Caltech), no. 4 (2007), pp. 4-8, calteches.library.caltech.edu/702/2/Spacecraft.pdf.
 [^2]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), pp. 8-10.
-[^3]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien," Los Angeles file 65-4857, reports of 1949 and 1950 (Informant T-2; Weinbaum; denial of consent letter of June 6, 1950; Weinbaum arrest June 16, 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1 and Part2).
-[^4]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2 (reports of December 1950 and January 1951; Army and Air Force memoranda of 1951), archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
-[^5]: FBI, "Frank J. Malina," Los Angeles file 100-8196, memoranda of 1952 and 1953, archive.org/details/FrankMalina (Frank Malina 02).
-[^6]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), p. 10.
+[^3]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch" (Cape Canaveral, Florida, 10:48 p.m. EST, Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Explorer 1" (launch date Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-1/; U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1958," entry for 31 January 1958 (Jupiter C missile RS-29 placed Explorer I into orbit), https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html
+[^4]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien," Los Angeles file 65-4857, reports of 1949 and 1950 (Informant T-2; Weinbaum; denial of consent letter of June 6, 1950; Weinbaum arrest June 16, 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1 and Part2).
+[^5]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2 (reports of December 1950 and January 1951; Army and Air Force memoranda of 1951), archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
+[^6]: FBI, "Frank J. Malina," Los Angeles file 100-8196, memoranda of 1952 and 1953, archive.org/details/FrankMalina (Frank Malina 02).
+[^7]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), p. 10.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LASD Major Violators.md

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ The [[Los Angeles Police Department]] Inspector General reported to the City Cou
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14, "It's bigger than I can handle." Sole source for the passages so cited (trailers, staffing, Fossey, the Guzzetta, Lichtman and Garner anecdotes).
+[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14, "It's bigger than I can handle."
 [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997), chapter II.E, "Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Investigation of Blandon"; chapter on Lister; and chapter IV on the Big Spender cases. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p2.htm (text copy at https://archive.org/details/crack-oigreport).
 [^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, paragraphs 83 to 88 and 222 to 224. https://archive.org/details/ciaig-contra-crack-vols
 [^4]: "Scandals Damage LA Sheriff's Department," Associated Press, in *The Seattle Times*, December 16, 1990. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19901216/1109823/scandals-damage-la-sheriffs-department

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ In January 1979 Hawke wrote an outline of acoustic emission experiments with two
 
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11.
-[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
 [^4]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986).
 [^5]: Geller and Playfair, *The Geller Effect*, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (Pocket Books, 1976).
 [^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017).

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Missile and Space Intelligence Center.md

@@ -33,106 +33,113 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Dynetics]]"
     start: 2015-01
     role: "$172 million support contract reported January 26, 2015 (work expected complete January 25, 2020); HHM402-19-D-0023, $737,992,267 ceiling, reported November 6, 2019"
-    fn: 16
+    fn: 21
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[Parsons Government Services]]"
     start: 2018-05
     role: "HHM402-18-D-0004, $164,693,682 ceiling; Parsons Corporation 2026 position on COMET announced August 25, 2026"
-    fn: 3
+    fn: 8
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]"
     start: 2016-09-28
     role: "potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract announced September 28, 2016"
-    fn: 17
+    fn: 22
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]"
     start: 2021-09-28
     role: "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications contract HHM402-21-D-0151; total contract ceiling value stated as $217,439,429.92 in the justification dated August 31, 2023"
-    fn: 22
+    fn: 27
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[Science Applications International Corporation]]"
     start: 2026-08-31
     role: "position on COMET stated in Form 8-K exhibit of August 31, 2026"
-    fn: 9
+    fn: 14
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[Integration Innovation]]"
     start: 2026-09-08
     role: "announced Small Business position on COMET"
-    fn: 11
+    fn: 16
   - type: contractor_to
     with: "[[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]]"
     start: 2026-09-17
     role: "announced prime position on COMET"
-    fn: 13
+    fn: 18
 created: 2026-10-04
-updated: 2026-10-04
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 ### Organization and history
 
 The Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) is a component of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] located at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. A December 2025 DIA overview briefing posted by the Huntsville chamber of commerce gives its mission as "Provide premier technical and foundational analysis of foreign weapon systems to prevent and decisively win wars," and its lineage as three stages: [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] (Army research and development), 1956; [[Army Intelligence Agency]], 1985; Defense Intelligence Agency, 1992.[^1] The briefing lists threat systems by initial operating capability from the SA-2 (1959) and the AT-1 antitank guided missile (1956) through a "DEW System" and the S-400 (both 2018), and lists "Ballistic Missile Systems," "Anti-Tank Guided Missile Systems," "Anti-Satellite Systems," "Command and Control Systems," "Directed Energy Weapons" and "Air and Missile Defense Systems" as its categories.[^1]
 
+Between the 1956 and 1985 stages, the record shows a Missile Intelligence Office and then a Missile Intelligence Agency under the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and later [[U.S. Army Missile Command|MICOM]] at Redstone Arsenal. An Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence joined Army Ordnance Missile Command headquarters on April 1, 1960, and on February 9, 1956 the 283d Ordnance Detachment (Technical Intelligence) was assigned to Redstone Arsenal.[^2] The Missile Intelligence Office revised a Soviet SS-1 (SCUD) study in the first half of 1962.[^3] During the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis representatives of MICOM's Missile Intelligence Agency supplied the missile expertise used to identify the type and threat of the bases under construction.[^4] A July 1985 agency recruiting brochure traces the lineage to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency of February 1956, an Army Special Security Office established in June 1956, a six-person Technical Intelligence Division, redesignation as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence on March 31, 1960 (the Army chronology gives April 1, 1960), the Directorate of Missile Intelligence on August 1, 1962, one of six major production elements of the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1967, and the Missile Intelligence Agency on June 17, 1970.[^5] On April 30, 1985 the Army Chief of Staff directed the Army Intelligence Agency to assume command of the Missile Intelligence Agency, which had operated under the MICOM commander. On August 1, 1985 the Missile Intelligence Agency was redesignated the U.S. Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center.[^6]
+
 The same briefing describes the analytic cycle as "Technical analysis to characterize threat weapon systems, quantify their performance, understand operational employment, and identify vulnerabilities to enable their defeat," drawing on HUMINT, COMINT, OSINT, GEOINT, MASINT, [[ELINT]] and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence together with modeling and simulation.[^1] It states that the Huntsville campus is the largest in DIA's real property portfolio: 52 buildings on Redstone Arsenal, 341,000 square feet of workspace and 305 acres under management, with the Shelby Center constructed in 1999. It records about 15,000 square feet of contractor SCIF space supporting the center, "growing to ~43K sq ft in near future," and lists planned military construction including a Material Exploitation Center of 102,000 square feet and a Modeling Analysis and Computing Exploitation facility of 154,000 square feet.[^1]
 
 ### Materiel Exploitation Center
 
-On August 25, 2026 DIA leaders held a ribbon-cutting for the Materiel Exploitation Center, which [[256 Today]] described as "nearly 92,000-square-foot," and as Phase I of the center's Advanced Analysis Complex, "a project more than 20 years in the making." The report states that "Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems, specialized scientific laboratories, secure intelligence spaces, logistics capabilities, vehicle maintenance and supporting infrastructure." MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] is quoted: "We're responsible for over 700 weapons systems to analyze, exploit and inform the intelligence community and acquisition community for impact to the warfighter." DIA Deputy Director [[Sharon Rose]] is quoted: "A lot of what we'll do behind these walls is highly sensitive and we can't get into the details." Only select government and military personnel were admitted to the event.[^2] Parsons Corporation announced its position on the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing vehicle on the same date.[^2][^3]
+On August 25, 2026 DIA leaders held a ribbon-cutting for the Materiel Exploitation Center, which [[256 Today]] described as "nearly 92,000-square-foot," and as Phase I of the center's Advanced Analysis Complex, "a project more than 20 years in the making." The report states that "Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems, specialized scientific laboratories, secure intelligence spaces, logistics capabilities, vehicle maintenance and supporting infrastructure." MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] is quoted: "We're responsible for over 700 weapons systems to analyze, exploit and inform the intelligence community and acquisition community for impact to the warfighter." DIA Deputy Director [[Sharon Rose]] is quoted: "A lot of what we'll do behind these walls is highly sensitive and we can't get into the details." Only select government and military personnel were admitted to the event.[^7] Parsons Corporation announced its position on the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing vehicle on the same date.[^7][^8]
 
 ### Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing
 
-The Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET) vehicle was solicited by the DIA Virginia Contracting Activity, 4545 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, under presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); a special notice of September 9, 2025 invited small businesses to an industry technical exchange meeting, and the final request for proposals, numbered HHM40226COMET, was posted April 23, 2026 under NAICS 541715. The December 2025 briefing states "10 years (base 5 years with 5 x 1-year options) with $14B ceiling," lists the five areas as "Foundational & Technical Intelligence Analysis, Foreign Material Exploitation, IT Operations, Modeling & Simulation, and Business Processes," and notes "COMET - Delayed release due to furlough."[^1][^4]
+The Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET) vehicle was solicited by the DIA Virginia Contracting Activity, 4545 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, under presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); a special notice of September 9, 2025 invited small businesses to an industry technical exchange meeting, and the final request for proposals, numbered HHM40226COMET, was posted April 23, 2026 under NAICS 541715. The December 2025 briefing states "10 years (base 5 years with 5 x 1-year options) with $14B ceiling," lists the five areas as "Foundational & Technical Intelligence Analysis, Foreign Material Exploitation, IT Operations, Modeling & Simulation, and Business Processes," and notes "COMET - Delayed release due to furlough."[^1][^9]
 
-The 355-page request for proposals prices its contract line items 0001 through 0005 as "Informational CLIN Only: Labor for Offensive Missile System Analysis Support, in accordance with the Performance Work Statement," with a base ordering period of July 5, 2026 to July 4, 2031, an option period of July 5, 2031 to July 4, 2036 and a second option of July 5, 2036 to January 4, 2037.[^5] Its background section defines the exploitation area: "Foreign Materiel Exploitation (FME) involves the reverse-engineering of foreign weapon systems to analyze and understand their capabilities and vulnerabilities. MSIC's exploitation laboratories are equipped with advanced capabilities in several critical areas, including software reverse-engineering (SWRE), radiofrequency (RF) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) analysis, materials science, adversarial-AI, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and microelectronics." Evaluation item 7.2.2.4 asks offerors to describe expertise "in reverse engineering of foreign weapon systems to characterize the capabilities, characteristics, performance, and vulnerabilities of the weapon systems," with techniques named as "software reverse engineering, RF analysis, EO/IR analysis, materials science, inertial measurement unit testing, 3D X-Ray computed tomography imaging, microelectronics, and Field Programable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)." Another item asks for expertise "in handling, storage, and disposal of explosives, caustic materials, and other hazards inherent in weapon systems; execution of explosive ordnance disassembly and render-safe; and live-fire support."[^5]
+The 355-page request for proposals prices its contract line items 0001 through 0005 as "Informational CLIN Only: Labor for Offensive Missile System Analysis Support, in accordance with the Performance Work Statement," with a base ordering period of July 5, 2026 to July 4, 2031, an option period of July 5, 2031 to July 4, 2036 and a second option of July 5, 2036 to January 4, 2037.[^10] Its background section defines the exploitation area: "Foreign Materiel Exploitation (FME) involves the reverse-engineering of foreign weapon systems to analyze and understand their capabilities and vulnerabilities. MSIC's exploitation laboratories are equipped with advanced capabilities in several critical areas, including software reverse-engineering (SWRE), radiofrequency (RF) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) analysis, materials science, adversarial-AI, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and microelectronics." Evaluation item 7.2.2.4 asks offerors to describe expertise "in reverse engineering of foreign weapon systems to characterize the capabilities, characteristics, performance, and vulnerabilities of the weapon systems," with techniques named as "software reverse engineering, RF analysis, EO/IR analysis, materials science, inertial measurement unit testing, 3D X-Ray computed tomography imaging, microelectronics, and Field Programable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)." Another item asks for expertise "in handling, storage, and disposal of explosives, caustic materials, and other hazards inherent in weapon systems; execution of explosive ordnance disassembly and render-safe; and live-fire support."[^10]
 
-The title used for the labor lines matches that of an earlier MSIC requirement, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support" (MSIC-OMS-2021, presolicitation posted March 4, 2021), described in its notice as "model development, simulation, and hardware & analysis activities related to Offensive Missile Sysrems Support & Analysis, including extensive hardware exploitation." The performance work statement for that requirement, dated August 8, 2019, states: "Efforts to test, analyze, evaluate, document, and reproduce missile system hardware obtained by the U.S. shall also be required."[^6]
+The title used for the labor lines matches that of an earlier MSIC requirement, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support" (MSIC-OMS-2021, presolicitation posted March 4, 2021), described in its notice as "model development, simulation, and hardware & analysis activities related to Offensive Missile Sysrems Support & Analysis, including extensive hardware exploitation." The performance work statement for that requirement, dated August 8, 2019, states: "Efforts to test, analyze, evaluate, document, and reproduce missile system hardware obtained by the U.S. shall also be required."[^11]
 
-The solicitation's questions-and-answers matrix records the following exchange. Asked whether the Government planned to award to all offerors meeting the FAR 2.101 definition of qualifying offeror, the Government answered: "Yes, the Government confirms that we intend to award IDIQ contracts to ALL 'Qualifying Offerors' who meet the requirements defined in FAR 2.101 and this solicitation. There is no predetermined ceiling on the number of awards, and the Government will not limit awards based on numerical quotas or competitive ranking." A second answer states that "Twenty (20) percent of the total IDIQ awards are set aside exclusively for Small Business concerns."[^7] [[Washington Technology]] reported in March 2026 that "COMET is a new requirement with no incumbents."[^8]
+The solicitation's questions-and-answers matrix records the following exchange. Asked whether the Government planned to award to all offerors meeting the FAR 2.101 definition of qualifying offeror, the Government answered: "Yes, the Government confirms that we intend to award IDIQ contracts to ALL 'Qualifying Offerors' who meet the requirements defined in FAR 2.101 and this solicitation. There is no predetermined ceiling on the number of awards, and the Government will not limit awards based on numerical quotas or competitive ranking." A second answer states that "Twenty (20) percent of the total IDIQ awards are set aside exclusively for Small Business concerns."[^12] [[Washington Technology]] reported in March 2026 that "COMET is a new requirement with no incumbents."[^13]
 
 ### Contractor announcements of COMET positions
 
-[[Parsons Corporation]] announced on August 25, 2026 that it had been awarded a position on COMET, "valued at an estimated $14 billion."[^3] [[Science Applications International Corporation]] stated in a Form 8-K exhibit dated August 31, 2026: "SAIC was awarded a position on the estimated $14 billion Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing ('COMET') multiple-award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity ('IDIQ') contract with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center ('MSIC')," adding that backlog "does not include estimates of revenues to be derived from multiple-award, IDIQ contracts, but rather we record backlog and bookings when task orders are awarded."[^9] [[Modern Technology Solutions]] announced a position on September 2, 2026.[^10] [[Integration Innovation]] (i3) announced on September 8, 2026 that it "has secured a Small Business position" and named four mission areas, including "Foreign Materiel Exploitation."[^11] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on September 9, 2026 that it leads its own team and "holds positions on two other winning COMET teams: one led by SAIC and one through its [[Radiance Ignite Technologies]] joint venture," with a performance period of July 21, 2026 to January 1, 2037.[^12] [[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]] announced on September 17, 2026 "a prime position," giving "an estimated ceiling of more than $14 billion."[^13]
+[[Parsons Corporation]] announced on August 25, 2026 that it had been awarded a position on COMET, "valued at an estimated $14 billion."[^8] [[Science Applications International Corporation]] stated in a Form 8-K exhibit dated August 31, 2026: "SAIC was awarded a position on the estimated $14 billion Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing ('COMET') multiple-award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity ('IDIQ') contract with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center ('MSIC')," adding that backlog "does not include estimates of revenues to be derived from multiple-award, IDIQ contracts, but rather we record backlog and bookings when task orders are awarded."[^14] [[Modern Technology Solutions]] announced a position on September 2, 2026.[^15] [[Integration Innovation]] (i3) announced on September 8, 2026 that it "has secured a Small Business position" and named four mission areas, including "Foreign Materiel Exploitation."[^16] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on September 9, 2026 that it leads its own team and "holds positions on two other winning COMET teams: one led by SAIC and one through its [[Radiance Ignite Technologies]] joint venture," with a performance period of July 21, 2026 to January 1, 2037.[^17] [[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]] announced on September 17, 2026 "a prime position," giving "an estimated ceiling of more than $14 billion."[^18]
 
-The [[Government Accountability Office]] docket B-424401.1 records a protest by Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. against solicitation HHM40225R0025, agency Defense Intelligence Agency, filed April 9, 2026 and dismissed April 22, 2026; the proposal due date in the solicitation was April 27, 2026.[^14][^4]
+The [[Government Accountability Office]] docket B-424401.1 records a protest by Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. against solicitation HHM40225R0025, agency Defense Intelligence Agency, filed April 9, 2026 and dismissed April 22, 2026; the proposal due date in the solicitation was April 27, 2026.[^9][^19]
 
 ### Predecessor contracts
 
-MSIC contracting has run through the Virginia Contracting Activity under PIID prefix HHM402. A 2012 notice for "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations" (HHM402-12-R-0084) describes the Joint Research Assessment and Analysis Center as "a digital computer laboratory" developed "to provide a simulation infrastructure that supports the analysis of the capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of threat systems," names threat systems in the center's mission area as "surface-to-air-missiles (SAMS), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs), anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), and directed energy weapon (DEW) systems," and calls the requirement a follow-on to HHM402-07-D-0016 with [[Sparta, Inc.]][^15]
+MSIC contracting has run through the Virginia Contracting Activity under PIID prefix HHM402. A 2012 notice for "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations" (HHM402-12-R-0084) describes the Joint Research Assessment and Analysis Center as "a digital computer laboratory" developed "to provide a simulation infrastructure that supports the analysis of the capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of threat systems," names threat systems in the center's mission area as "surface-to-air-missiles (SAMS), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs), anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), and directed energy weapon (DEW) systems," and calls the requirement a follow-on to HHM402-07-D-0016 with [[Sparta, Inc.]][^20]
 
-Washington Technology reported on January 26, 2015 that [[Dynetics]] had won a $172 million Defense Intelligence Agency contract to support the center, with work at Redstone Arsenal expected to be completed by January 25, 2020.[^16] [[Parsons Government Services]] was awarded, as reported by AFCEA SIGNAL on May 9, 2018, HHM402-18-D-0004, a five-year contract with a potential five-year option and a ceiling of $164,693,682, for "modeling and simulation architecture analytical tools, model development and integration, integrated forces analysis, and C4 exploitation and analysis," completion expected May 7, 2028, awarded through full and open competition with two offers.[^3] [[GovConWire]] reported on September 29, 2016, citing the [[Department of Defense]] announcement of September 28, that [[COLSA Corp.]] had won a potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract, with three proposals received and completion expected September 27, 2021.[^17]
+Washington Technology reported on January 26, 2015 that [[Dynetics]] had won a $172 million Defense Intelligence Agency contract to support the center, with work at Redstone Arsenal expected to be completed by January 25, 2020.[^21] [[Parsons Government Services]] was awarded, as reported by AFCEA SIGNAL on May 9, 2018, HHM402-18-D-0004, a five-year contract with a potential five-year option and a ceiling of $164,693,682, for "modeling and simulation architecture analytical tools, model development and integration, integrated forces analysis, and C4 exploitation and analysis," completion expected May 7, 2028, awarded through full and open competition with two offers.[^8] [[GovConWire]] reported on September 29, 2016, citing the [[Department of Defense]] announcement of September 28, that [[COLSA Corp.]] had won a potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract, with three proposals received and completion expected September 27, 2021.[^22]
 
-A February 26, 2019 synopsis for "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)" states that "required expertise shall include detailed knowledge of missile structures, propulsion systems," guidance and control techniques, position, navigation and timing techniques, advanced upper stage systems, and, in its words, "countermeasures, and counter-countermeasures, radar systems, electronic designs, antenna designs, transmitters, aerodynamic principles, sensors, computers, power sources, and optics."[^18] On November 6, 2019 [[AFCEA SIGNAL]] reported that Dynetics (HHM402-19-D-0023) was awarded a five-year base, five-year option contract with a ceiling of $737,992,267 for support services to the center, work at Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, completion October 31, 2029, "full and open solicitation, and one offer was received."[^16]
+A February 26, 2019 synopsis for "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)" states that "required expertise shall include detailed knowledge of missile structures, propulsion systems," guidance and control techniques, position, navigation and timing techniques, advanced upper stage systems, and, in its words, "countermeasures, and counter-countermeasures, radar systems, electronic designs, antenna designs, transmitters, aerodynamic principles, sensors, computers, power sources, and optics."[^23] On November 6, 2019 [[AFCEA SIGNAL]] reported that Dynetics (HHM402-19-D-0023) was awarded a five-year base, five-year option contract with a ceiling of $737,992,267 for support services to the center, work at Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, completion October 31, 2029, "full and open solicitation, and one offer was received."[^21]
 
-A synopsis posted December 28, 2020 for "FME Laboratory Operations" states that the center "requires contractor support to accomplish diverse scientific and technical intelligence missions associated with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, Program Management Division (MSIC4) and the Joint Foreign Material Program Office (JFMPO)," and that the scope "addresses laboratory operation, laboratory support requirements, cross-functional logistic support requirements, and [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation|Joint Captured Material Exploitation Center]] (JCMEC) support for the JFMPO," as a single-award indefinite-delivery contract with a five-year base and five-year option ordering period.[^19]
+A synopsis posted December 28, 2020 for "FME Laboratory Operations" states that the center "requires contractor support to accomplish diverse scientific and technical intelligence missions associated with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, Program Management Division (MSIC4) and the Joint Foreign Material Program Office (JFMPO)," and that the scope "addresses laboratory operation, laboratory support requirements, cross-functional logistic support requirements, and [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation|Joint Captured Material Exploitation Center]] (JCMEC) support for the JFMPO," as a single-award indefinite-delivery contract with a five-year base and five-year option ordering period.[^24]
 
-A 2024 sources-sought notice for Defensive Systems Analysis (April 24, 2024; response due June 3, 2024) describes market research on industry capability to support a possible multiple-award contract with a five-year base and five-year option, and states that "the contractor shall support the acquisition/exploitation of defensive systems foreign materiel." Its performance work statement, section 3.2.1 (Hardware Examination and Characterization), reads: "The contractor shall extract firmware and data from digital electronic devices contained in key hardware subsystems, document findings and reverse engineer firmware," and "shall evaluate firmware and software devices for vulnerabilities to electronic attack including cyber operations." Section 3.4.1 covers "Radar and Missile Hardware Prototypes."[^20]
+A 2024 sources-sought notice for Defensive Systems Analysis (April 24, 2024; response due June 3, 2024) describes market research on industry capability to support a possible multiple-award contract with a five-year base and five-year option, and states that "the contractor shall support the acquisition/exploitation of defensive systems foreign materiel." Its performance work statement, section 3.2.1 (Hardware Examination and Characterization), reads: "The contractor shall extract firmware and data from digital electronic devices contained in key hardware subsystems, document findings and reverse engineer firmware," and "shall evaluate firmware and software devices for vulnerabilities to electronic attack including cyber operations." Section 3.4.1 covers "Radar and Missile Hardware Prototypes."[^25]
 
-In June 2023 Radiance announced that [[Peraton]] had been awarded a $284 million task order, "SCAR" (Countering Advanced Conventional Weapons Analytical Requirements), under the DIA Solutions for Intelligence Analysis 3 program, with a one-year base and four option years, and that Radiance was a team member; the release describes "analysis of foreign weapon systems across all MSIC's missions and disciplines, including air and missile defense systems, ballistic missiles, anti-tank guided missiles, and directed energy weapons." Radiance executive vice president Karl Walli is quoted: "While Radiance has supported MSIC for over 15 years."[^21]
+In June 2023 Radiance announced that [[Peraton]] had been awarded a $284 million task order, "SCAR" (Countering Advanced Conventional Weapons Analytical Requirements), under the DIA Solutions for Intelligence Analysis 3 program, with a one-year base and four option years, and that Radiance was a team member; the release describes "analysis of foreign weapon systems across all MSIC's missions and disciplines, including air and missile defense systems, ballistic missiles, anti-tank guided missiles, and directed energy weapons." Radiance executive vice president Karl Walli is quoted: "While Radiance has supported MSIC for over 15 years."[^26]
 
 ### Scientific computing and congressional funding
 
-The 2021 competition for "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications" (SCOAA), contract HHM402-21-D-0151, went to COLSA. A justification for other than full and open competition, control number J-FV23 0010, dated August 31, 2023, states that the requested increase is $85,000,000 for the base ordering period, "approximately 39% of the total contract ceiling value of $217,439,429.92 (base plus option periods)." It continues: "In the acquisition planning phase, the ceiling was contemplated at $345,000,000 and the acquisition plan was approved at this amount. A large influx of Congressionally Directed funding (approximately $45,000,000 in FY23) resulted in the award of numerous Task Orders that were not originally anticipated. An additional $40,000,000 is anticipated by MSIC Resource Managers in FY24." The base period "ends 27 September 2026"; the option period runs through September 27, 2031 and a six-month extension through March 27, 2032. The services support production of assessments of "foreign ground-based air defense missiles, ballistic missiles, ballistic missile defense systems, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-satellite and directed energy weapons, as well as their associated command, control, communications, and computer (C4) systems." Section 8 records that "a competitive solicitation issued in 2021 yielded three proposal submissions." Section 11 states: "Congressionally directed awards are anticipated in the future" and "Any follow-on actions are anticipated to be full and open competition."[^22]
+The 2021 competition for "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications" (SCOAA), contract HHM402-21-D-0151, went to COLSA. A justification for other than full and open competition, control number J-FV23 0010, dated August 31, 2023, states that the requested increase is $85,000,000 for the base ordering period, "approximately 39% of the total contract ceiling value of $217,439,429.92 (base plus option periods)." It continues: "In the acquisition planning phase, the ceiling was contemplated at $345,000,000 and the acquisition plan was approved at this amount. A large influx of Congressionally Directed funding (approximately $45,000,000 in FY23) resulted in the award of numerous Task Orders that were not originally anticipated. An additional $40,000,000 is anticipated by MSIC Resource Managers in FY24." The base period "ends 27 September 2026"; the option period runs through September 27, 2031 and a six-month extension through March 27, 2032. The services support production of assessments of "foreign ground-based air defense missiles, ballistic missiles, ballistic missile defense systems, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-satellite and directed energy weapons, as well as their associated command, control, communications, and computer (C4) systems." Section 8 records that "a competitive solicitation issued in 2021 yielded three proposal submissions." Section 11 states: "Congressionally directed awards are anticipated in the future" and "Any follow-on actions are anticipated to be full and open competition."[^27]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Missile and Space Intelligence Center," overview briefing, December 2025 (UNCLASSIFIED), slides "MSIC Mission, Vision & Values," "MSIC Long History of Protecting Warfighters," "MSIC in Huntsville," "MSIC Major Changes." https://hsvchamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/DIA-MSIC-Redstone-Update-2025.pdf
-[^2]: "What happens behind these walls? DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/
-[^3]: "Parsons Supporting DIA's Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, May 9, 2018. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/parsons-supporting-dias-missile-and-space-intelligence-center ; Loren Blinde, "Parsons wins spot on COMET contract," Intelligence Community News, August 28, 2026. https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-wins-spot-on-comet-contract/
-[^4]: SAM.gov notices: "Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET)," presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); special notice "Opportunity for Small Business Participation in COMET" (September 9, 2025); solicitation HHM40226COMET (April 23, 2026). https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view
-[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, Request for Proposals HHM40225R0025 (COMET), schedule pages 2 to 6 of 355 and Amendment 5, sections 1.1.2 and 7.2.2.4. https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view
-[^6]: SAM.gov, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support," MSIC-OMS-2021 (posted March 4, 2021), with "Performance Work Statement for Offensive Missile System Analysis and Support," August 8, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/f006072d810c4ec28a1cd14980bdf9f3/view
-[^7]: COMET presolicitation questions-and-answers matrix (Section M, "Evaluation Criteria," and "Section 9.3.1" rows), attached to SAM.gov notice HHM402-25-R-0025. https://sam.gov/opp/c3462f4d4988435694f9d28fc53b7127/view
-[^8]: "DIA starts bidding $14B analysis support contract," Washington Technology, March 2026. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/companies/2026/03/dia-starts-bidding-14b-analysis-support-contract/411842/
-[^9]: Science Applications International Corporation, Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, August 31, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001571123/000157112326000131/saic08312026ex991earningsr.htm
-[^10]: Jane Edwards, "MTSI Wins Spot on DIA COMET Missile & Space Intel Support Contract," GovConWire, September 3, 2026. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/mtsi-dia-comet-missile-space-intel-contract-spot
-[^11]: "i3 Awarded Small Business Position on $14 Billion COMET Contract Supporting the Missile and Space Intelligence Center," Integration Innovation, Inc., September 8, 2026. https://orangeslices.ai/i3-awarded-small-business-position-on-14-billion-comet-contract-supporting-the-missile-and-space-intelligence-center/
-[^12]: "Radiance Technologies Wins Position on $14B MSIC COMET Contract," PR Newswire, September 9, 2026. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-wins-position-on-14b-msic-comet-contract-302874291.html
-[^13]: "INTUITIVE Awarded Position on DIA MISC COMET IDIQ," Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation, September 17, 2026. https://irtc-hq.com/intuitive-awarded-position-on-dia-misc-comet-idiq/
-[^14]: Government Accountability Office, bid protest docket B-424401.1, Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-424401.1
-[^15]: SAM.gov, "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations," HHM402-12-R-0084 (posted May 4, 2012). https://sam.gov/opp/d1ce1d9f0c1c8a521e578b659de55299/view
-[^16]: Mark Hoover, "Dynetics wins $172M contract to support DIA space intelligence center," Washington Technology, January 26, 2015. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/2015/01/dynetics-wins-172m-contract-to-support-dia-space-intelligence-center/342184/ ; "DIA Selects Dynetics to Support its Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, November 6, 2019. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/dia-selects-dynetics-support-its-missile-and-space-intelligence-center
-[^17]: Mary-Louise Hoffman, "DIA Taps Colsa for $103M Missile & Space Intell Center Support Contract," GovConWire, September 29, 2016. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/colsa-wins-potential-103m-idiq-for-dia-missile-space-intell-center-tech-support
-[^18]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)," synopsis posted February 26, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/680db3eb2ad3adfce382cd3c1446d80f/view
-[^19]: SAM.gov, "SYNOPSIS: FME Laboratory Operations," posted December 28, 2020. https://sam.gov/opp/ab8c769f1afd4a13960adf006100412d/view
-[^20]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis" sources sought HHM402_DSA (April 24, 2024) and "Defensive Systems Analysis PWS Rev1," section 3.2.1 and 3.4.1. https://sam.gov/opp/a84ff165d27e450bafeb3f41105b33a8/view
-[^21]: "Radiance Technologies Joins Peraton to Deliver S&TI Solutions to MSIC," PR Newswire, June 2, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-joins-peraton-to-deliver-sti-solutions-to-msic-301841456.html
-[^22]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, "Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition," control number J-FV23 0010, August 31, 2023, sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 (SAM.gov notice, attachment JOFOC.pdf). https://sam.gov/opp/2a9b36a56ea74d919b3efb6e1d2c911a/view
+[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1956," entry for 9 February 1956, and "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956.html and https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html (entry for 1 April 1960)
+[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part a), entry for January to June 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962a.html
+[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part b), entry for October 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962b.html
+[^5]: U.S. Army Missile Intelligence Agency, recruiting brochure, July 1985, "History of the Missile Intelligence Agency," p. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/33
+[^6]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1985," entries for 30 April 1985 and 1 August 1985. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1985.html
+[^7]: "What happens behind these walls? DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/
+[^8]: "Parsons Supporting DIA's Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, May 9, 2018. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/parsons-supporting-dias-missile-and-space-intelligence-center ; Loren Blinde, "Parsons wins spot on COMET contract," Intelligence Community News, August 28, 2026. https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-wins-spot-on-comet-contract/
+[^9]: SAM.gov notices: "Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET)," presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); special notice "Opportunity for Small Business Participation in COMET" (September 9, 2025); solicitation HHM40226COMET (April 23, 2026). https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view
+[^10]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, Request for Proposals HHM40225R0025 (COMET), schedule pages 2 to 6 of 355 and Amendment 5, sections 1.1.2 and 7.2.2.4. https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view
+[^11]: SAM.gov, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support," MSIC-OMS-2021 (posted March 4, 2021), with "Performance Work Statement for Offensive Missile System Analysis and Support," August 8, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/f006072d810c4ec28a1cd14980bdf9f3/view
+[^12]: COMET presolicitation questions-and-answers matrix (Section M, "Evaluation Criteria," and "Section 9.3.1" rows), attached to SAM.gov notice HHM402-25-R-0025. https://sam.gov/opp/c3462f4d4988435694f9d28fc53b7127/view
+[^13]: "DIA starts bidding $14B analysis support contract," Washington Technology, March 2026. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/companies/2026/03/dia-starts-bidding-14b-analysis-support-contract/411842/
+[^14]: Science Applications International Corporation, Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, August 31, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001571123/000157112326000131/saic08312026ex991earningsr.htm
+[^15]: Jane Edwards, "MTSI Wins Spot on DIA COMET Missile & Space Intel Support Contract," GovConWire, September 3, 2026. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/mtsi-dia-comet-missile-space-intel-contract-spot
+[^16]: "i3 Awarded Small Business Position on $14 Billion COMET Contract Supporting the Missile and Space Intelligence Center," Integration Innovation, Inc., September 8, 2026. https://orangeslices.ai/i3-awarded-small-business-position-on-14-billion-comet-contract-supporting-the-missile-and-space-intelligence-center/
+[^17]: "Radiance Technologies Wins Position on $14B MSIC COMET Contract," PR Newswire, September 9, 2026. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-wins-position-on-14b-msic-comet-contract-302874291.html
+[^18]: "INTUITIVE Awarded Position on DIA MISC COMET IDIQ," Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation, September 17, 2026. https://irtc-hq.com/intuitive-awarded-position-on-dia-misc-comet-idiq/
+[^19]: Government Accountability Office, bid protest docket B-424401.1, Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-424401.1
+[^20]: SAM.gov, "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations," HHM402-12-R-0084 (posted May 4, 2012). https://sam.gov/opp/d1ce1d9f0c1c8a521e578b659de55299/view
+[^21]: Mark Hoover, "Dynetics wins $172M contract to support DIA space intelligence center," Washington Technology, January 26, 2015. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/2015/01/dynetics-wins-172m-contract-to-support-dia-space-intelligence-center/342184/ ; "DIA Selects Dynetics to Support its Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, November 6, 2019. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/dia-selects-dynetics-support-its-missile-and-space-intelligence-center
+[^22]: Mary-Louise Hoffman, "DIA Taps Colsa for $103M Missile & Space Intell Center Support Contract," GovConWire, September 29, 2016. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/colsa-wins-potential-103m-idiq-for-dia-missile-space-intell-center-tech-support
+[^23]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)," synopsis posted February 26, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/680db3eb2ad3adfce382cd3c1446d80f/view
+[^24]: SAM.gov, "SYNOPSIS: FME Laboratory Operations," posted December 28, 2020. https://sam.gov/opp/ab8c769f1afd4a13960adf006100412d/view
+[^25]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis" sources sought HHM402_DSA (April 24, 2024) and "Defensive Systems Analysis PWS Rev1," section 3.2.1 and 3.4.1. https://sam.gov/opp/a84ff165d27e450bafeb3f41105b33a8/view
+[^26]: "Radiance Technologies Joins Peraton to Deliver S&TI Solutions to MSIC," PR Newswire, June 2, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-joins-peraton-to-deliver-sti-solutions-to-msic-301841456.html
+[^27]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, "Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition," control number J-FV23 0010, August 31, 2023, sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 (SAM.gov notice, attachment JOFOC.pdf). https://sam.gov/opp/2a9b36a56ea74d919b3efb6e1d2c911a/view

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 title: NASA
 aliases:
   - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
@@ -106,33 +106,37 @@ On January 16, 2013, NASA announced a $17.8 million contract to [[Bigelow Aerosp
 
 [[Wernher von Braun]], recruited through [[Operation Paperclip]], was the first director of the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]], serving from 1960 to 1970.[^29] [[Alan Filreis]] wrote that von Braun's admissions in U.S. Army records show him to have been "an S.S. major" who frequently visited the underground rocket factory at Dora, that during one visit, according to documents shown on CNN, von Braun attended a meeting that discussed rounding up citizens off the streets of France to be brought to Dora, and that on March 23 NASA held a "Wernher von Braun birthday reception" at Marshall in Huntsville, Alabama.[^30]
 
+The Marshall center opened at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]], on July 1, 1960, when the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] and Army Ordnance Missile Command lost their space missions, about 4,000 civilian employees and $100 million in buildings and equipment at Redstone and Cape Canaveral.[^31] President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] dedicated the center on September 8, 1960.[^31]
+
 [[Arthur Rudolph]], Operations Director at the Mittelwerk underground V-2 factory, became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1954, worked in the U.S. rocket program until his retirement from NASA in 1969, and received NASA's Distinguished Service Award at his retirement.[^29] Filreis described the 1969 award as going to Rudolph "for his work as project director of the Saturn V moon rocket."[^30] The [[Office of Special Investigations]] (OSI) of the Justice Department interviewed Rudolph twice and recommended a denaturalization action; a prosecution memorandum dated April 21, 1983 went to the Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and a memorandum of December 2, 1983 concerned the "Agreement in Rudolph Case." Under the written agreement he would leave the United States and renounce his citizenship, and he agreed not to contest allegations that he participated in the persecution of unarmed civilians at Mittelwerk; the government agreed to withhold any announcement until he had departed.[^29] Rudolph went to Germany in October 1984. He denied wrongdoing, and said that he "tried to help the poor forced laborers to have their conditions improved" and that he renounced his citizenship only to avoid the sensationalism and cost of litigation in light of his health and age.[^29] Former Congresswoman [[Elizabeth Holtzman]] asked NASA to rescind the medal, and the agency refused.[^29] Filreis reports that [[Eli Rosenbaum]], who negotiated the agreement for the OSI, said that any contention that the agreement bars the government from revoking Rudolph's medals "is utter nonsense."[^30]
 
-In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^31]
+In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^32]
 
 ### Space Shuttle Program Leadership, 1973 to 1980
 
-"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^32] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^33] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^34] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^35]
+"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^33] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^34] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^35] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^36]
 
 ### Jack Parsons and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 
-The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^36]
+The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^37]
 
 ### Brookings Institution 1960 Report
 
-The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^37]
+The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^38]
 
-A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^37]
+A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^38]
 
 ### NASA Response to the 1977 White House UFO Inquiry
 
-In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^38] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^38]
+In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^39] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^39]
 
-NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^38]
+NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^39]
+
+### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: NASA, "NASA History" (nasa.gov/history/: "Since October 1, 1958, when NASA opened for business"; NASA "was built on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)"); National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed by the President July 29, 1958, NASA History Office, history.nasa.gov/spaceact.html (National Archives Record Group 255).
 [^2]: Targ, Russell, Phyllis Cole and Harold Puthoff, "Development of Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication," Final Report, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, August 1974, NASA CR-157886, contract 953653 under NAS7-100, SRI project 2613; foreword by NASA and JPL; abstract on the NASA Technical Reports Server, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790003559 (accession N79-11730; full text at ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19790003559/downloads/19790003559.pdf).
-[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40."
 [^4]: Puthoff, H. E., and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1976, NTRS 19760042112 (funding NAS7-100), ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760042112.
 [^5]: NASA, "Edgar Dean Mitchell (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (Former)," biographical data, nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/mitchell_edgar.pdf (Group 5, April 1966; lunar module pilot, launch January 31, 1971, return February 9, 1971; "founded the Institute of Noetic Sciences in 1973, one year after retiring from government service").
 [^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "Introduction: From Outer Space to Inner Space," in Mitchell, ed. John White, *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974, pp. 32-34 (archive.org lending copy psychicexplorati0000unse).
@@ -140,31 +144,32 @@ NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA i
 [^8]: Mitchell, Edgar, with Dwight Williams, *The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996, pp. 48-49 and 60-61, with a footnote on p. 61 stating that "The results of the experiment were published in the June 1971 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology" (archive.org lending copy wayofexplorer00mitc).
 [^9]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "An ESP Test From Apollo 14," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 35, no. 2 (June 1971), pp. 89-107; the page range is confirmed in the journal's 1971 index, archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1971_35_index.
 [^10]: Puharich, Andrija, ed., proposal on "direct brain action" based on a submission by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, undated (c. 1972), CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, section on the Apollo 14 experiment.
-[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971." Sole source for the 150 attempts figure.
-[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan). Sole source for the passage so cited.
+[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971."
+[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan).
 [^13]: "An Experimental Psychic Probe of the Planet Jupiter, 1973," transcript of the Swann and Sherman sessions of April 27, 1973 (Annex A, Sherman; Annex B, Swann, "Swann-Sherman Jupiter Touchdown Probe," printed pp. 12-13 of the PDF), Stargate collection, CIA reference NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3, hosted by The Black Vault at documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/cia/NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3.pdf.
 [^14]: NASA, "Pioneer 10," science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/ (key dates: "Dec. 4, 1973: Pioneer 10's closest approach to Jupiter"); NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Pioneer 10, nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A.
 [^15]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, photojournal PIA01484, "First Evidence of Jupiter Ring," "taken by Voyager 1 on March 4, 1979," photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01484.
-[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered). Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event). Sole source for the passage so cited.
-[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered).
+[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3.
+[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event).
+[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997.
 [^20]: NASA, "UAP: NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study," science.nasa.gov/uap (Statement of Task; Appointment of Members; Terms of Reference), as archived by the Wayback Machine, snapshot of January 8, 2023, web.archive.org/web/20230108061915/https://science.nasa.gov/uap.
 [^21]: NASA, "NASA Announces Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Study Team Members," October 21, 2022, nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-study-team-members/.
 [^22]: NASA UAP Independent Study Team, *UAP Independent Study Team Final Report*, NASA, September 14, 2023, foreword (printed p. 6), "Organization of this report" and recommendations, science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf.
 [^23]: NASA, press release "NASA Shares UAP Independent Study Report; Names Director," release 23-106, September 14, 2023, nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-shares-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-independent-study-report.
-[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando.
+[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings."
 [^26]: NASA, "NASA To Test Bigelow Expandable Module On Space Station," release 13-024, January 16, 2013, nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-test-bigelow-expandable-module-on-space-station/.
 [^27]: NASA, "Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)," nasa.gov/international-space-station/bigelow-expandable-activity-module-beam/ (mission overview: launch 4/8/16, installation 4/16/16).
 [^28]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Standard Form 1449, order HHM402-08-C-0072, signed September 22, 2008, awardee Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC, released in FOIA-00269-2018, documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/FOIA-00269-2018-.pdf.
 [^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, *Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust: The Office of Special Investigations*, chapter "Arthur Rudolph - An Honored Rocket Scientist," pp. 331-340 and notes 4-6, 10, 13-15 (note 6: von Braun, "first Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, serving from 1960 to 1970"; note 13: "Dec. 2, 1983 memo to DAAG Richard from Director Sher re 'Agreement in Rudolph Case'"; note 15: "NASA Refuses to Rescind Award," Washington Post, February 12, 1985), justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2011/03/14/12-2008osu-accountability.pdf.
-[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year"). Sole source for the von Braun reception and the Rosenbaum statement.
-[^31]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine). Sole source for the San Jose dismissal.
-[^32]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html
-[^33]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
-[^34]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7
-[^35]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S."
-[^36]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
-[^37]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
-[^38]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.
+[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year").
+[^31]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," entries for 1 July 1960 and 8 September 1960. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html
+[^32]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine).
+[^33]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html
+[^34]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
+[^35]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7
+[^36]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S."
+[^37]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
+[^38]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
+[^39]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md

@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ The NSA released transcripts of intercepts made after the June 8, 1967, attack o
 [^4]: U.S. Senate, Report of the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, S. Rept. 103-1, Executive Summary, January 13, 1993. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_rpt/pow-exec.html
 [^5]: "Proposed Grill Flame Protocol: Proposed SRI International Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," SRI 9-4107, March 23, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070001-1, biography of Harold E. Puthoff, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300070001-1.
 [^6]: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part Two: Research Report," final report covering January 1974 through February 1975, SRI International, December 1, 1975, section on "West Virginia Site (S3)," "West Virginia Site (S1)" and "Urals Site," CIA-RDP96-00788R001300030001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300030001-5; and SRI Proposal for Research ISH 73-146, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part One," October 1, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700100001-5, which names Price in the same passage.
-[^7]: John L. Wilhelm, "The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians: The Military Potential of Parapsychology," *The Washington Post* (c. 1977), as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. Wilhelm is the sole source for the NSA monitor, the "satellite interrogation station," the exclamation and the security investigation.
+[^7]: John L. Wilhelm, "The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians: The Military Potential of Parapsychology," *The Washington Post* (c. 1977), as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3.
 [^8]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5.
 [^9]: Staff paper on termination of the Army Grill Flame program, 1982, and "Center Lane Historical Overview," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500180001-7 and CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2.
 [^10]: Memorandum, "Detachment G Reorganization," 902d Military Intelligence Group Security Support Detachment, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700350013-3.
 [^11]: Memorandum for the record, "NSA Involvement in GRILL FLAME," Lt. Col. Robert J. Jachim, August 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230009-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700230009-1.
 [^12]: INSCOM commanding general's memorandum and talking paper, May 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.
 [^13]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc. (1993), pp. 73 to 80, released by the Department of Justice Office of Information Policy on September 30, 2013 (AG/13-00675 (F)), https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf.
-[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Aviv is the sole source for these statements, which the report records as his account to committee investigators.
+[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. The report records these statements as Aviv's account to committee investigators.
 [^15]: Affidavit of Eugene F. Yeates, Chief, Office of Policy, National Security Agency, *Citizens Against Unidentified Flying Objects Secrecy v. National Security Agency*, Civil Action No. 80-1562 (D.D.C. 1980), https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf).
 [^16]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991). Hersh attributes the account of the KH-11 scheduling to an unnamed former NSA official.
 [^17]: National Security Agency, letter from Louis F. Giles, Director of Policy, to A. Jay Cristol, FOIA Case 40039A, July 2, 2003. https://irp.fas.org/nsa/liberty.html

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National Reconnaissance Office.md

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Congress created the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnai
 [^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555, November 5, 1999, joint explanatory statement, Title VII ("Neither the House bill nor the Senate amendment contained a similar provision"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm
 [^7]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, approved December 3, 1999, Title VII, secs. 701 to 709. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ120/pdf/PLAW-106publ120.pdf
 [^8]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, cover page and Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
-[^9]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, August 11, 2003, NRO press release 2003-03. Sole source for Kerrey's statement that he wrote the Act and recruited Goss. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
+[^9]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, August 11, 2003, NRO press release 2003-03. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
 [^10]: In-Q-Tel, "Our Milestones." https://www.iqt.org/about/our-milestones
 [^11]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent.* William Morrow, 2024.
 [^12]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs. *Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency,* hearing, July 26, 2023.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md

@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff
 [^17]: Department of Defense, "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020, archived capture of https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (Wayback Machine, August 10, 2025)
 [^18]: Greenewald, John, Jr., "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing," The Black Vault, June 14, 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing
 [^19]: Greenewald, John, "The DoD Inspector General Complaint of Luis Elizondo: A Document Archive," The Black Vault, March 18, 2025, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-dod-inspector-general-complaint-of-luis-elizondo-a-document-archive/
-[^20]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited.
-[^21]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024, pp. 80 to 84. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^22]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited.
+[^20]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024.
+[^21]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024, pp. 80 to 84.
+[^22]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024.
 [^23]: Department of the Navy, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020, archived capture of https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2314280/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/
 [^24]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 13, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
 [^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 15, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff
 [^27]: Department of Defense, "DoD Announces the Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG)," press release, November 23, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-the-establishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/
 [^28]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF
 [^29]: 50 U.S.C. 3373, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373
-[^30]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^30]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2.
 [^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html
 [^32]: Boyd, Charles Graham, oral history interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Boyd.Charles.Graham.pdf
 [^33]: "This Week in Universal News: The March on the Pentagon, 1967," National Archives, Unwritten Record blog, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/?p=4211

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Air Force.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ relations:
     role: "Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, concurred on September 29, 1978 in a Defense Department remote viewing working group and kept a focal point"
     fn: 3
 ---
-The [[U.S. Air Force]] is the aerial service of the [[Department of Defense]]. In this vault's records it appears in the remote viewing program, the detection of a 1979 flash over the South Indian Ocean, the recruitment of the Nicaraguan Contra commander, and the investigations office whose agent [[Richard Doty]] figures in the UFO record.
+The [[U.S. Air Force]] is the aerial service of the [[Department of Defense]]. In this vault's records it appears in the remote viewing program, the detection of a 1979 flash over the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the recruitment of the Nicaraguan Contra commander, and the investigations office whose agent [[Richard Doty]] figures in the UFO record.
 
 ### Foreign Technology Division and the psychoenergetics program
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Air Force accounted for 12 percent of SAIC's consolidated revenue in fiscal
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, *Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics,* February 1989, section 2 ("The Service Years"), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, *Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics,* February 1989, section 2 ("The Service Years"), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9.
 [^2]: Same, section on the Air Force Foreign Technology Division.
 [^3]: Headquarters United States Air Force, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, letter to Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA/DT, "DOD Program on Remote Viewing," September 29, 1978, signed James L. Brown, Major General, USAF, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7.
 [^4]: "Key Players Grill Flame," list, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Customs.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The same report described the arms dealer [[Richard Brenneke]] as a man who bega
 
 ### Joseph Kelso
 
-[[Joseph Kelso]] was, in [[Gary Webb]]'s account, a CIA informant who worked for Customs after being arrested by the service for trying to buy Harpoon missiles for Iraq, given a new identity as "Richard Williams," and sent worldwide for four years. In 1986 he gathered testimony in [[Costa Rica]] from six witnesses willing to testify that [[DEA]] agents were skimming cocaine, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs on Contra bases. Webb wrote that a junior Customs agent mistakenly reported the findings to the DEA agents under investigation, that Kelso was arrested and threatened by DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]], and that after Kelso gave tapes of the witness interviews to his lawyer, Customs enforcement chief William Rosenblatt telephoned [[Oliver North]] "to find out whether Kelso/Williams was working with the intelligence community," with North sending [[Robert Owen]] to collect the tapes, which Owen threw away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke. Kelso was imprisoned for violating probation by going to Costa Rica. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^4]
+[[Joseph Kelso]] was, in [[Gary Webb]]'s account, a CIA informant who worked for Customs after being arrested by the service for trying to buy Harpoon missiles for Iraq, given a new identity as "Richard Williams," and sent worldwide for four years. In 1986 he gathered testimony in [[Costa Rica]] from six witnesses willing to testify that [[DEA]] agents were skimming cocaine, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs on Contra bases. Webb wrote that a junior Customs agent mistakenly reported the findings to the DEA agents under investigation, that Kelso was arrested and threatened by DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]], and that after Kelso gave tapes of the witness interviews to his lawyer, Customs enforcement chief William Rosenblatt telephoned [[Oliver North]] "to find out whether Kelso/Williams was working with the intelligence community," with North sending [[Robert Owen]] to collect the tapes, which Owen threw away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke. Kelso was imprisoned for violating probation by going to Costa Rica.[^4]
 
 ### The Lister Flow Chart
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ In a July 2007 email to her superior Matthew Menchel, Assistant U.S. Attorney An
 [^1]: Drug Enforcement Administration, "DEA History: The Early Years," https://www.dea.gov/es/node/1045
 [^2]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), chapters on Panama, the Southern Front and the Contra supply network, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
 [^3]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), section on Richard Brenneke and the chapter on the Contra supply network, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
-[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off."
 [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter V (Ronald Lister) and note 46, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch05p1.htm
 [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter X (Celerino Castillo), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch10p2.htm
 [^7]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair*, report by Senators John Kerry and Hank Brown (December 1992), sections on Operation C-Chase and on BCCI's intelligence and security operations, https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md

@@ -194,16 +194,16 @@ The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collecto
 [^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2nd session (1976), chapter XVII, p. 387. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
 [^9]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, colloquy of Admiral Turner and Senator Schweiker on subproject 54 (PDF pp. 44 to 45). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
 [^10]: *Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977*, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, on S. 1893, September 20 and 21, 1977, pp. 130 to 131 (running headers of the reprint). https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/human_drug_testing_by_the_cia_1977_hearings_before_us_senate.pdf
-[^11]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research). Sole source for the Air Force and skipper denials and for the Bergier and Messadie account.
-[^12]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973). Sole source for the security investigation passages.
+[^11]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research).
+[^12]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973).
 [^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, OTS/CB Memo #76-18, memorandum for the record, "Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Investigation into Parapsychology," February 4, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090006-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200090006-7
 [^14]: Stanford Research Institute, undated research summary on psychoenergetic processes, with tasks including shielded rooms, submarine tracking and physical effects, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010004-6 (undated; its references run to 1977 publications). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010004-6
 [^15]: Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, Ser 01/8116, memorandum to Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, "DoD Program on Remote Viewing," September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200410025-8
 [^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, response to Senate Appropriations Committee congressionally directed action on STAR GATE, undated, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900010001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900010001-9
-[^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking). Sole source for the A-6 passage.
+[^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking).
 [^18]: David Fravor, oral statement, in *Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency*, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, House of Representatives, July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
 [^19]: Ryan Graves, oral statement, same hearing, July 26, 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
-[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145. Sole source for the twenty-two encounters and the videos' transmittal.
+[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145.
 [^21]: U.S. Navy Chief of Information and N2/N6 Public Affairs, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena RTQ," internal working document, statement attributed to Joseph Gradisher, April 2019 (updated April 24, 2019, 1525), released through The Black Vault. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/RTQ_Unidentified-Aerial-Phenomen.pdf
 [^22]: Deanna Paul, "How frustrated pilots got the Navy to stop dismissing their UFO sightings," *The Washington Post*, April 25, 2019, reprinted by the *Anchorage Daily News*: https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/04/25/how-frustrated-pilots-got-the-navy-to-stop-dismissing-ufo-sightings/
 [^23]: "Navy Confirms UFO Videos Posted by Blink 182 Rocker Are Real and Should Not Have Been Released," NBC San Diego, September 18, 2019, quoting Navy spokesman Joseph Gradisher. https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/national-international/navy-confirms-ufo-videos-are-real-and-should-not-have-been-released/1965555/
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collecto
 [^33]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, executive summary, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
 [^34]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 4, "Paul B. Thompson," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_04.htm
 [^35]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
-[^36]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Sole source for the Barbour passages; Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes.
+[^36]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes.
 [^37]: U.S. Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 8 June 1967, with endorsements, as released by the Judge Advocate General: summary of events (PDF pp. 8 to 10), CINCUSNAVEUR first endorsement of June 18, 1967 (PDF pp. 34 to 38, paragraphs 2 and 15), and Naval Communications Command sixth endorsement (PDF p. 3). https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf (the original is held by the U.S. Government; a photocopy is held as Liberty (Ship) Court of Inquiry records, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, collection 86041, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4p30341f).
 [^38]: Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, "USS Liberty Incident," June 1967, introduction and roster of persons visited. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/liberty/173.pdf
 [^39]: National Security Agency, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," U.S. Cryptologic History, Special Series, Crisis Collection, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 34 to 35 (declassified November 8, 2006, MDR 51712), copy at the National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa10.pdf; release summary at https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-s-liberty-attack/

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP Task Force.md

@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Jay Stratton]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "first director, per Luis Elizondo and a Radiance Technologies release of May 12, 2022"
-    fn: 18
+    fn: 21
   - type: member_of
     with: "[[David Grusch]]"
     reverse: true
     start: 2019
     end: 2021
     role: "member as National Reconnaissance Office reservist, per his statement of July 26, 2023"
-    fn: 20
-updated: 2026-10-08
+    fn: 23
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 The UAP Task Force (UAPTF) was a Navy-led interagency unit for the collection and analysis of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) reports. Its establishment was approved by [[David L. Norquist]], Deputy Secretary of Defense, on August 4, 2020, and announced by the [[Department of Defense]] on August 14, 2020.[^1] Its charter, issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]] on September 1, 2020, calls it a "Congressionally mandated, Deputy Secretary of Defense directed" entity.[^2] The unit was succeeded by the [[Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group]] (AOIMSG) in November 2021 and by the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) under a memorandum dated July 15, 2022.[^3][^4]
 
@@ -67,37 +67,43 @@ The May 17, 2021 briefing gives the multi-sensor share as 55 percent of the 144
 
 ### Public claims and Pentagon responses
 
-On April 10, 2021 [[The Debrief]] reported on leaked photographs and video attributed to the task force. The [[Pentagon]] spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told the outlet: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to comment on whether any objects in the images had been identified and cited operations security.[^15] [[Jeremy Corbell]] reported that the night-vision video relates to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^15]
+On April 10, 2021 [[The Debrief]] reported on leaked photographs and video attributed to the task force. The [[Pentagon]] spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told the outlet: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to comment on whether any objects in the images had been identified and cited operations security.[^15] [[Jeremy Corbell]] reported that the night-vision video, which Corbell published on April 8, 2021, relates to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^15]
 
-A December 2020 article in The Debrief described a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to Susan Gough that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^16] In a statement to The Black Vault, [[Jay Stratton]] said "I was handling multiple cases" at the time, and "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." He said that no such photograph was received by the task force.[^16] The article's author, [[Tim McMillan]], told the same outlet that its information "came from multiple sources with direct access to early UAPTF intelligence documents."[^16]
+On April 21, 2021 [[The Black Vault]] asked Gough whether her statement covered the leaked briefing slides. [[John Greenewald]] wrote that she replied: "The only thing that my statement confirms is that the photos and videos in that Mystery Wire article are photos and videos taken by Navy personnel. I have nothing for you on anything else in the article."[^16] The statement she forwarded said she was confirming that the cockpit photographs and videos the Mystery Wire article calls "Sphere," "Acorn" and "Metallic Blimp," and the videos taken with a night-vision device in the Extraordinary Beliefs article, "were taken by Navy personnel," and: "I have nothing for you regarding any other images or depictions in those articles." Greenewald wrote that in his reading the original statement applied to the briefing slides as well.[^16]
+
+Corbell told [[Fox News]] on May 28, 2021: "The Pentagon did actually confirm that the footage that I obtained and released is authentic Navy footage."[^17]
+
+At the May 17, 2022 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence [[Scott Bray]] showed a night-vision video of triangles and said the Navy was "now reasonably confident that these triangles correlate to unmanned aerial systems in the area," the triangular appearance being "a result of light passing through the night vision goggles and then being recorded by an SLR camera." Committee chairman [[André Carson]] named "Mr. Corbell" in his opening statement.[^18]
+
+A December 2020 article in The Debrief described a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to Susan Gough that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^19] In a statement to The Black Vault, [[Jay Stratton]] said "I was handling multiple cases" at the time, and "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." He said that no such photograph was received by the task force.[^19] The article's author, [[Tim McMillan]], told the same outlet that its information "came from multiple sources with direct access to early UAPTF intelligence documents."[^19]
 
 ### Leadership and testimony
 
-[[Luis Elizondo]]'s account identifies Jay Stratton as the task force's first director.[^17] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 that Stratton had joined as a subject matter expert and described him as the first director of the UAPTF.[^18] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 24, 2022 that in January 2021 Stratton was "surprisingly transferred out of the job."[^19] Elizondo, in his 2024 book, says that Stratton built the task force from the ground up, that Stratton was named its first director after the Secretary of Defense announced it, and that the task force briefed members of Congress and the National Security Council. He also says that the [[Legacy Program]] pushed back against the task force's work.[^17]
+[[Luis Elizondo]]'s account identifies Jay Stratton as the task force's first director.[^20] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 that Stratton had joined as a subject matter expert and described him as the first director of the UAPTF.[^21] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that in January 2021 Stratton was "surprisingly transferred out of the job."[^22] Elizondo, in his 2024 book, says that Stratton built the task force from the ground up, that Stratton was named its first director after the Secretary of Defense announced it, and that the task force briefed members of Congress and the National Security Council. He also says that the [[Legacy Program]] pushed back against the task force's work.[^20]
 
-The witness record of the July 26, 2023 House Oversight subcommittee hearing lists [[David Grusch]] as "Former National Reconnaissance Office Representative, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, Department of Defense." In his written statement Grusch said that he was "my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis" and was responsible for "reporting to the UAP Task Force." He said that he served as a reservist for the National Reconnaissance Office and "was a member of the UAP Task Force from 2019 to 2021."[^20] He said that "In 2019, the UAP Task Force Director asked me to identify all special access programs and controlled access programs," and that he was "informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access."[^20]
+The witness record of the July 26, 2023 House Oversight subcommittee hearing lists [[David Grusch]] as "Former National Reconnaissance Office Representative, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, Department of Defense." In his written statement Grusch said that he was "my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis" and was responsible for "reporting to the UAP Task Force." He said that he served as a reservist for the National Reconnaissance Office and "was a member of the UAP Task Force from 2019 to 2021."[^23] He said that "In 2019, the UAP Task Force Director asked me to identify all special access programs and controlled access programs," and that he was "informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access."[^23]
 
-Asked by [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] whether he sat on "the unidentified anomalous phenomenon task force created in the 2020 NDAA," Grusch answered "Yes." He also said that he "did actually help author" the task force's 2019 security classification guide, which he described as written "with the Director."[^20]
+Asked by [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] whether he sat on "the unidentified anomalous phenomenon task force created in the 2020 NDAA," Grusch answered "Yes." He also said that he "did actually help author" the task force's 2019 security classification guide, which he described as written "with the Director."[^23]
 
-At the May 17, 2022 hearing, [[Scott Bray]] said that "Almost 2 years ago, in August of 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense Norquist directed the establishment of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force within the Department of the Navy." The subcommittee chairman, [[André Carson]], called it "the third version of this task force in DOD."[^21] Asked about a reported incident at [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]], [[Ronald Moultrie]] passed the question to Bray. Bray said "That data is not within the holdings of the UAP Task Force," "I have not seen the official data on that," and "We have not looked at that incident."[^21] Asked about any government study between [[Project Blue Book]] and the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]], Moultrie said "I am familiar with Blue Book. I am familiar with AATIP. I haven't seen other documented studies that have been done by DOD in that regard."[^21]
+At the May 17, 2022 hearing, Scott Bray said that "Almost 2 years ago, in August of 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense Norquist directed the establishment of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force within the Department of the Navy." The subcommittee chairman, André Carson, called it "the third version of this task force in DOD."[^18] Asked about a reported incident at [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]], [[Ronald Moultrie]] passed the question to Bray. Bray said "That data is not within the holdings of the UAP Task Force," "I have not seen the official data on that," and "We have not looked at that incident."[^18] Asked about any government study between [[Project Blue Book]] and the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]], Moultrie said "I am familiar with Blue Book. I am familiar with AATIP. I haven't seen other documented studies that have been done by DOD in that regard."[^18]
 
 ### AATIP and the official account
 
-Elizondo's account, which places him in charge of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), treats the UAPTF as its successor.[^17] An undated information memorandum from [[Garry Reid]], Director for Defense Intelligence in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, refers to events of December 18, 2017 and states: "To the best of my knowledge, he had no job responsibilities related to the AATIP. The AATIP was terminated in 2012." The same memorandum says that Elizondo "has provided three different explanations for his sudden resignation."[^22] Elizondo's resignation letter, dated October 3, 2017, took effect October 4, 2017, and is in the same release.[^22]
+Elizondo's account, which places him in charge of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), treats the UAPTF as its successor.[^20] An undated information memorandum from [[Garry Reid]], Director for Defense Intelligence in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, refers to events of December 18, 2017 and states: "To the best of my knowledge, he had no job responsibilities related to the AATIP. The AATIP was terminated in 2012." The same memorandum says that Elizondo "has provided three different explanations for his sudden resignation."[^24] Elizondo's resignation letter, dated October 3, 2017, took effect October 4, 2017, and is in the same release.[^24]
 
-The AARO historical record report of March 2024 says that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program," and that "AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables due to DIA and DoD concerns about the project." The report lists the UAPTF separately under the heading "August 2020-November 2021." It says the task force "helped standardize, destigmatize, and increase the volume of UAP reporting," and that its "methods and processes directly led to the identification of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) high altitude balloons that traversed over the continental United States." It attributes that last claim to "AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership."[^23]
+The AARO historical record report of March 2024 says that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program," and that "AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables due to DIA and DoD concerns about the project." The report lists the UAPTF separately under the heading "August 2020-November 2021." It says the task force "helped standardize, destigmatize, and increase the volume of UAP reporting," and that its "methods and processes directly led to the identification of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) high altitude balloons that traversed over the continental United States." It attributes that last claim to "AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership."[^25]
 
 ### Successor offices and the statute
 
 Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security on November 23, 2021 to establish the AOIMSG "as the successor to the U.S. Navy's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," with an Airborne Object Identification and Management Executive Council (AOIMEXEC) to oversee it.[^3]
 
-Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, enacted December 27, 2021, required the Secretary of Defense, within 180 days, to establish an office "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^24]
+Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, enacted December 27, 2021, required the Secretary of Defense, within 180 days, to establish an office "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^26]
 
 A memorandum dated July 15, 2022 established the AARO "to carry out the duties that were to be fulfilled by the AOIMSG." It directed the Secretary of the Navy to "disestablish the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) no later than the date the AARO is established," and to support "the transfer of any data, analysis, or other relevant material, to the AARO."[^4]
 
-Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, required an office, to be established within 120 days, "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on December 26, 2021." The office was to be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^25] Section 1673 of the same act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^25]
+Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, required an office, to be established within 120 days, "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on December 26, 2021." The office was to be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^27] Section 1673 of the same act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^27]
 
-The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO."[^23] The July 15, 2022 memorandum states that its amendments were approved "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022."[^4]
+The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO."[^25] The July 15, 2022 memorandum states that its amendments were approved "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022."[^4]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -116,13 +122,15 @@ The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability
 [^13]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," June 25, 2021, pp. 2 to 9. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf
 [^14]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, transcript, remarks of [[Adam Schiff]], who said the ODNI reported "144 UAPs between 2004 and 2021, 80 percent of which were recorded on multiple instruments"; the ODNI report counts 80 of 144. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
 [^15]: Susan Gough as quoted in Tim McMillan's report "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," The Debrief, April 10, 2021. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/
-[^16]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299, reproducing emails of December 3 and 4, 2020 and a statement from Jay Stratton. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/
-[^17]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024). Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^18]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
-[^19]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519
-[^20]: David Grusch, statement, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, witness list and question period. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
-[^21]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, statements of Ronald S. Moultrie and Scott W. Bray, the chairman's opening remarks, and the question period. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
-[^22]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, information memoranda from Garry Reid, Director for Defense Intelligence, "Response to Your Questions on the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and Actions of Former DoD Employee Luis Elizondo," and "Update on Media Reporting Related to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," both undated, with Elizondo's resignation letter at Tab B. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/18-F-0324_Docs.pdf
-[^23]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 24 and notes 69 to 70. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
-[^24]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm
-[^25]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures" (50 U.S.C. 3373b). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm
+[^16]: John Greenewald, "Confusion Surrounds Leaked UFO Images; Pentagon Declines to Comment," The Black Vault, April 22, 2021. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/confusion-surrounds-leaked-ufo-images-pentagon-declines-to-comment/
+[^17]: Charles Creitz, Fox News, May 28, 2021, "Leaked footage of UFO 'harassing' US warship is 'authentic': Jeremy Corbell." https://www.foxnews.com/media/leaked-footage-ufo-harassing-us-warship-authentic.amp
+[^18]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, statements of Ronald S. Moultrie and Scott W. Bray, the chairman's opening remarks, and the question period. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
+[^19]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299, reproducing emails of December 3 and 4, 2020 and a statement from Jay Stratton. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/
+[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024).
+[^21]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
+[^22]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
+[^23]: David Grusch, statement, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, witness list and question period. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
+[^24]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, information memoranda from Garry Reid, Director for Defense Intelligence, "Response to Your Questions on the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and Actions of Former DoD Employee Luis Elizondo," and "Update on Media Reporting Related to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," both undated, with Elizondo's resignation letter at Tab B. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/18-F-0324_Docs.pdf
+[^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 24 and notes 69 to 70. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
+[^26]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm
+[^27]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures" (50 U.S.C. 3373b). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Witness Protection Program.md

@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ The Witness Security Program, which the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Ma
 [^1]: U.S. Marshals Service, "Witness Security," archived September 22, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260922082044/https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/witness-security
 [^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive, November 22, 2023. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-11-22/pinochet-dictatorship-declassified-confessions-dina-hit-man
 [^3]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Regime at 50: The Assassination of General Carlos Prats and Sofía Cuthbert," National Security Archive, October 1, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2024-10-01/pinochet-regime-50-assassination-general-carlos-prats-and-sofia
-[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.