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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md
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---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-08
updated: 2026-10-09
title: NASA
aliases:
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
@ -106,33 +106,37 @@ On January 16, 2013, NASA announced a $17.8 million contract to [[Bigelow Aerosp
[[Wernher von Braun]], recruited through [[Operation Paperclip]], was the first director of the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]], serving from 1960 to 1970.[^29] [[Alan Filreis]] wrote that von Braun's admissions in U.S. Army records show him to have been "an S.S. major" who frequently visited the underground rocket factory at Dora, that during one visit, according to documents shown on CNN, von Braun attended a meeting that discussed rounding up citizens off the streets of France to be brought to Dora, and that on March 23 NASA held a "Wernher von Braun birthday reception" at Marshall in Huntsville, Alabama.[^30]
The Marshall center opened at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]], on July 1, 1960, when the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] and Army Ordnance Missile Command lost their space missions, about 4,000 civilian employees and $100 million in buildings and equipment at Redstone and Cape Canaveral.[^31] President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] dedicated the center on September 8, 1960.[^31]
[[Arthur Rudolph]], Operations Director at the Mittelwerk underground V-2 factory, became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1954, worked in the U.S. rocket program until his retirement from NASA in 1969, and received NASA's Distinguished Service Award at his retirement.[^29] Filreis described the 1969 award as going to Rudolph "for his work as project director of the Saturn V moon rocket."[^30] The [[Office of Special Investigations]] (OSI) of the Justice Department interviewed Rudolph twice and recommended a denaturalization action; a prosecution memorandum dated April 21, 1983 went to the Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and a memorandum of December 2, 1983 concerned the "Agreement in Rudolph Case." Under the written agreement he would leave the United States and renounce his citizenship, and he agreed not to contest allegations that he participated in the persecution of unarmed civilians at Mittelwerk; the government agreed to withhold any announcement until he had departed.[^29] Rudolph went to Germany in October 1984. He denied wrongdoing, and said that he "tried to help the poor forced laborers to have their conditions improved" and that he renounced his citizenship only to avoid the sensationalism and cost of litigation in light of his health and age.[^29] Former Congresswoman [[Elizabeth Holtzman]] asked NASA to rescind the medal, and the agency refused.[^29] Filreis reports that [[Eli Rosenbaum]], who negotiated the agreement for the OSI, said that any contention that the agreement bars the government from revoking Rudolph's medals "is utter nonsense."[^30]
In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^31]
In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^32]
### Space Shuttle Program Leadership, 1973 to 1980
"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^32] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^33] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^34] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^35]
"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^33] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^34] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^35] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^36]
### Jack Parsons and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^36]
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^37]
### Brookings Institution 1960 Report
The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^37]
The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^38]
A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^37]
A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^38]
### NASA Response to the 1977 White House UFO Inquiry
In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^38] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^38]
In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^39] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^39]
NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^38]
NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^39]
### Footnotes
[^1]: NASA, "NASA History" (nasa.gov/history/: "Since October 1, 1958, when NASA opened for business"; NASA "was built on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)"); National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed by the President July 29, 1958, NASA History Office, history.nasa.gov/spaceact.html (National Archives Record Group 255).
[^2]: Targ, Russell, Phyllis Cole and Harold Puthoff, "Development of Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication," Final Report, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, August 1974, NASA CR-157886, contract 953653 under NAS7-100, SRI project 2613; foreword by NASA and JPL; abstract on the NASA Technical Reports Server, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790003559 (accession N79-11730; full text at ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19790003559/downloads/19790003559.pdf).
[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40."
[^4]: Puthoff, H. E., and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1976, NTRS 19760042112 (funding NAS7-100), ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760042112.
[^5]: NASA, "Edgar Dean Mitchell (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (Former)," biographical data, nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/mitchell_edgar.pdf (Group 5, April 1966; lunar module pilot, launch January 31, 1971, return February 9, 1971; "founded the Institute of Noetic Sciences in 1973, one year after retiring from government service").
[^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "Introduction: From Outer Space to Inner Space," in Mitchell, ed. John White, *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974, pp. 32-34 (archive.org lending copy psychicexplorati0000unse).
@ -140,31 +144,32 @@ NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA i
[^8]: Mitchell, Edgar, with Dwight Williams, *The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996, pp. 48-49 and 60-61, with a footnote on p. 61 stating that "The results of the experiment were published in the June 1971 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology" (archive.org lending copy wayofexplorer00mitc).
[^9]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "An ESP Test From Apollo 14," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 35, no. 2 (June 1971), pp. 89-107; the page range is confirmed in the journal's 1971 index, archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1971_35_index.
[^10]: Puharich, Andrija, ed., proposal on "direct brain action" based on a submission by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, undated (c. 1972), CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, section on the Apollo 14 experiment.
[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971." Sole source for the 150 attempts figure.
[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan). Sole source for the passage so cited.
[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971."
[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan).
[^13]: "An Experimental Psychic Probe of the Planet Jupiter, 1973," transcript of the Swann and Sherman sessions of April 27, 1973 (Annex A, Sherman; Annex B, Swann, "Swann-Sherman Jupiter Touchdown Probe," printed pp. 12-13 of the PDF), Stargate collection, CIA reference NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3, hosted by The Black Vault at documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/cia/NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3.pdf.
[^14]: NASA, "Pioneer 10," science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/ (key dates: "Dec. 4, 1973: Pioneer 10's closest approach to Jupiter"); NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Pioneer 10, nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A.
[^15]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, photojournal PIA01484, "First Evidence of Jupiter Ring," "taken by Voyager 1 on March 4, 1979," photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01484.
[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event). Sole source for the passage so cited.
[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered).
[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3.
[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event).
[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997.
[^20]: NASA, "UAP: NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study," science.nasa.gov/uap (Statement of Task; Appointment of Members; Terms of Reference), as archived by the Wayback Machine, snapshot of January 8, 2023, web.archive.org/web/20230108061915/https://science.nasa.gov/uap.
[^21]: NASA, "NASA Announces Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Study Team Members," October 21, 2022, nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-study-team-members/.
[^22]: NASA UAP Independent Study Team, *UAP Independent Study Team Final Report*, NASA, September 14, 2023, foreword (printed p. 6), "Organization of this report" and recommendations, science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf.
[^23]: NASA, press release "NASA Shares UAP Independent Study Report; Names Director," release 23-106, September 14, 2023, nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-shares-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-independent-study-report.
[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando.
[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings."
[^26]: NASA, "NASA To Test Bigelow Expandable Module On Space Station," release 13-024, January 16, 2013, nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-test-bigelow-expandable-module-on-space-station/.
[^27]: NASA, "Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)," nasa.gov/international-space-station/bigelow-expandable-activity-module-beam/ (mission overview: launch 4/8/16, installation 4/16/16).
[^28]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Standard Form 1449, order HHM402-08-C-0072, signed September 22, 2008, awardee Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC, released in FOIA-00269-2018, documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/FOIA-00269-2018-.pdf.
[^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, *Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust: The Office of Special Investigations*, chapter "Arthur Rudolph - An Honored Rocket Scientist," pp. 331-340 and notes 4-6, 10, 13-15 (note 6: von Braun, "first Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, serving from 1960 to 1970"; note 13: "Dec. 2, 1983 memo to DAAG Richard from Director Sher re 'Agreement in Rudolph Case'"; note 15: "NASA Refuses to Rescind Award," Washington Post, February 12, 1985), justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2011/03/14/12-2008osu-accountability.pdf.
[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year"). Sole source for the von Braun reception and the Rosenbaum statement.
[^31]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine). Sole source for the San Jose dismissal.
[^32]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html
[^33]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
[^34]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7
[^35]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S."
[^36]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
[^37]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
[^38]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.
[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year").
[^31]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," entries for 1 July 1960 and 8 September 1960. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html
[^32]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine).
[^33]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html
[^34]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
[^35]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7
[^36]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S."
[^37]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
[^38]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
[^39]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.