vault backup: 2026-10-09 22:00:52
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@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ An Open Secrets report of October 2017, based on South African military document
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[^3]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002). https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json
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[^4]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (undated). https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/
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[^5]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm
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[^6]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017. Sole source for the 1990 memorandum and the China resale. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/
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[^6]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/
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@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ For the aerospace company, see [[ASCO Industries NV]].
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Both entities featured in the [[X-Dossier]] investigation into the [[Marc Dutroux]] network. Achats Services Commerces was the secondhand car business of [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]; the writer S. Dovey wrote that it provided white Mercedes vehicles used in child abductions. ASCO Industries NV was an aerospace factory owned by [[Roger Boas]], where, Dovey wrote, the witness X1 described the production of snuff films.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
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@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ The wartime record places the following in defense or military technical work: P
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[^21]: Crowley, letter to Smith, April 1, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-04-01-Crowley-to-Smith.html; Smith, letter to Crowley, June 10, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-06-10-Smith-to-Crowley.html.
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[^22]: Crowley, letter to Smith, postmarked November 3, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-11-03-Crowley-to-Smith.html.
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[^23]: Smith, letter to Crowley, September 14, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-09-14-Smith-to-Crowley.html.
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[^24]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the passages so cited; the informant's name is not given.
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[^24]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. The informant's name is not given.
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[^25]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1, report of the Dayton, Ohio field office recording the statement of Major Sam Bruno, Security Division, Command Provost Marshal's Office, Air Materiel Command, as in note 1.
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[^26]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1, Los Angeles report of December 1950 with extracts of earlier reports (Oklahoma City file 100-189380-2; Los Angeles file 100-17453), as in note 1.
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[^27]: Crowley, letter to John W. Parsons, October 19, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-10-19-Crowley-to-Parsons.html.
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@ -137,4 +137,4 @@ Pope Leo XIV's 40,000-word encyclical "Magnifica Humanitas" was published in May
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[^30]: Miriam Waldvogel and Nitasha Tiku, "AI researcher who warned of disaster is now a target of the right," The Washington Post, September 10, 2026 (Anchorage Daily News reprint, September 11, 2026). https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-of-disaster-is-now-a-target-of-the-right/
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[^31]: Hunter Ryerson, "EXCLUSIVE: Jacob Coxon Worked With Doomer PR Firm," Pirate Wires, September 24, 2026. https://www.piratewires.com/p/jacob-coxon-worked-with-ai-doomer-firm
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[^32]: Elizabeth Dias, "Is Claude Conscious? Inside Anthropic's Quest to Instill Morality Into Its A.I. Models," The New York Times, September 29, 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/29/us/anthropic-claude-morals-ai.html
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[^33]: "Anthropic tried to persuade Pope that AI could be conscious," The Telegraph, republished by Yahoo News, October 2, 2026, reporting the New York Times account. https://www.yahoo.com/news/science/articles/anthropic-tried-persuade-pope-ai-131853948.html Sole source for the timing of Olah's approach to the Pope's advisers.
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[^33]: "Anthropic tried to persuade Pope that AI could be conscious," The Telegraph, republished by Yahoo News, October 2, 2026, reporting the New York Times account. https://www.yahoo.com/news/science/articles/anthropic-tried-persuade-pope-ai-131853948.html
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@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ The General Accounting Office's online bid protest index returns decisions whose
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[^1]: BDM International, Inc., Form S-1/A, filed June 26, 1995, "Corporate History," SEC accession 0000950112-95-001766, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-95-001766.txt. The 1996 Form 10-K (0000870763-97-000002) repeats the founders' names.
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[^2]: BDM International, Inc., Form 10-K for 1996, filed March 18, 1997, accession 0000870763-97-000002, Items 1 and 3, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000870763-97-000002.txt.
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[^3]: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, "2001 Navigator Award Winners" (Dr. Joseph V. Braddock, Founder, BDM), https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards, read in the Wayback Machine capture https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^3]: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, "2001 Navigator Award Winners" (Dr. Joseph V. Braddock, Founder, BDM), https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards, read in the Wayback Machine capture https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards.
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[^4]: DTIC AD0407469, AD0614286, AD0745926, AD0731500, AD0774567 (RADC-TR-73-325, BDM/A90) and AD0920469, read in the archive.org items of the same identifiers, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0774567. Titles and dates for all but AD0774567 are from archive.org metadata; the AD0774567 text was read directly.
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[^5]: DTIC reports ADA058363 (DNA 4434T, BDM/W-77-474-TR), ADA064144 (DNA 4628T), ADA084651 (DNA 4962T, BDM/W-79-058-BR), ADA084659 (DNA 4355T-3, BDM/W-79-089-TR), ADA383295 (DNA 5661F-1, BDM/W-79-597-TR) and ADA099400 (DNA 5173F, BDM/W-79-532-TR, authors E. J. Bitinas, W. J. Christensen, J. Kenworthy and R. S. Smith), each read in the archive.org item of the same identifier, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA099400.
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[^6]: BDM Corporation, "A Study of Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam," DTIC ADA096424 to ADA096428, with the Strategic Studies Institute transmittal of March 9, 1981, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA096424.
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@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ The General Accounting Office's online bid protest index returns decisions whose
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[^23]: "SEC awards data pact," Business Briefly, Baltimore Sun (Baltimore), January 5, 1989, p. 1D, https://www.newspapers.com/image/378257935/
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[^24]: Schnabel, Jim. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," The Independent (London), Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200090001-7 (also CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5), read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200090001-7.
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[^25]: "Addendum to MFR, dtd 10 Dec 85," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030001-1.
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[^26]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc. board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. The page is a promotional biography written for the company; sole source for the quoted title.
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[^27]: Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group page of this vault, drawing on Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which quotes Alexander, *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011). Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^28]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen, *The Trickster and the Paranormal* (2001), and a transcript of Inman. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^26]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc. board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. The page is a promotional biography written for the company.
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[^27]: Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group page of this vault, drawing on Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which quotes Alexander, *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011).
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[^28]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen, *The Trickster and the Paranormal* (2001), and a transcript of Inman.
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[^29]: BDM International, Inc., Schedule 14D-9, filed November 26, 1997 (letter to stockholders; "Background of the Offer"; Stockholders Agreement; severance and employment arrangements; press release of November 21, 1997), accession 0000950152-97-008353, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008353.txt; TRW Inc., Schedule 14D-1, same date, accession 0000950152-97-008369, Item 9 (about 930 million dollars), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008369.txt.
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[^30]: TRW Inc., Form 8-K, accession 0000950152-97-008891, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100030/0000950152-97-008891.txt.
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[^31]: BDM International, Inc., Form 15-12G, filed December 29, 1997, accession 0000950152-97-008867, EDGAR filing index https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008867-index.html.
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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ The liquidators, [[Touche Ross]], reported a year into the liquidation that the
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[^15]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm
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[^16]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
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[^17]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 8, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: The Justice Department and the U.S. Customs Service." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/08just.htm
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[^18]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the fee figure and the omissions as reported by Parry.
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[^18]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html
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[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum, undated, "BCCI and October Surprise Task Force," approved for release August 2003. CIA Reading Room document 0000984226. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000984226
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[^20]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, Legislative History (task force formed February 5, 1992 under H. Res. 258). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
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[^21]: "BCCI small depositors paid in UAE," United Press International, October 11, 1997. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/10/11/BCCI-small-depositors-paid-in-UAE/2814876542400/
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@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ DIA's October 30, 2009 memorandum lists 26 technical reports delivered in fiscal
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Talking points prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid contain the entry "August 2008: DIA learned of counter-intelligence concerns with Bigelow Aerospace, the parent company of Bigelow Aerospace Advance Space Studies. These concerns do not appear to be directly related to Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Application Program (AAWSAP)." The next entry reads "September 2008: DIA awarded the contract to the sole bidder." The document does not state the nature of the concerns. The talking points are attached to a memorandum signed by [[James Clapper|James R. Clapper Jr.]], [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence, recommending against a Special Access Program; it states that the program manager and his leadership "saw no justification for Special Access protections based on the content of the FY09 deliverables or the anticipated FY10 work."[^9]
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Sole source for the August 2008 counterintelligence sentence: the November 17, 2009 talking points as released. The redactions leave the nature of the concerns and the component that learned of them unstated.
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The redactions leave the nature of the concerns and the component that learned of them unstated.
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### Appropriation as described in DIA papers
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@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ The [[Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation]] Inc (EIN 93-3962948) and th
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024.
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[^2]: Keith Basterfield, "More BAASS AAWSAP documents emerge," June 5, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/more-baass-aawsap-documents-emerge.html . Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon*. RTMA, 2021, Appendix 1 (as described by Basterfield). Sole source for the contents and circulation history of the two files.
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[^3]: Keith Basterfield, "There was a BAASS AAWSAP administrator before Robert Bigelow," June 28, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/there-was-baass-aawsap-administrator.html . Sole source for the passage quoted from the Ten Month Report.
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[^4]: Keith Basterfield, "The BAASS 'Project Campus,'" July 7, 2025, quoting the BAASS Ten Month Report (July 30, 2009). https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/the-baass-project-campus.html . Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^2]: Keith Basterfield, "More BAASS AAWSAP documents emerge," June 5, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/more-baass-aawsap-documents-emerge.html . Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon*. RTMA, 2021, Appendix 1 (as described by Basterfield).
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[^3]: Keith Basterfield, "There was a BAASS AAWSAP administrator before Robert Bigelow," June 28, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/there-was-baass-aawsap-administrator.html .
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[^4]: Keith Basterfield, "The BAASS 'Project Campus,'" July 7, 2025, quoting the BAASS Ten Month Report (July 30, 2009). https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/the-baass-project-campus.html .
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[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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[^6]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, final response letter of June 20, 2023, case 2022-HQFO-00386, to Marc Cecotti, signed Jimmy Wolfrey, Senior Director, FOIA Operations and Management, and one-page enclosure "BAASS Goals 2011/2012," as posted by Marc Cecotti on X, June 20, 2023. https://x.com/MC05A/status/1671217484685246478 ; images https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa762X0AA4b7W.jpg (letter) and https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa76yXwAE4d8N.png (enclosure).
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[^7]: Keith Basterfield, "Was the Department of Homeland Security keen to take on the AAWSAP?," June 22, 2023, https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/06/was-department-of-homeland-security.html ; "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html .
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@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ The 1995 report records a provision of 11.5 million dollars in the second quarte
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[^2]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1994 (filed March 23, 1995), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-95-000003.txt. Discontinued operations and the Costa Mesa exclusion.
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[^3]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995 (filed March 28, 1996), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-96-000002.txt. Sale to Technical Products Group, Inc. and the Costa Mesa reserve.
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[^4]: "RAW, Rifleman's Assault Weapon for Urban Warfare, October 1976," Brunswick Corporation Defense Division, proprietary data cover sheet, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-03," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf.
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[^5]: "The US Army's Doomed Plan for a Rocket-Propelled Bowling Ball," Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp3g3b/the-us-armys-doomed-plan-for-a-rocket-propelled-bowling-ball. Sole source for the May 1977 hiring, the Marine Corps use and the sale to L-3.
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[^5]: "The US Army's Doomed Plan for a Rocket-Propelled Bowling Ball," Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp3g3b/the-us-armys-doomed-plan-for-a-rocket-propelled-bowling-ball.
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[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
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[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know"
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[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters
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[^4]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details; the Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source.
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[^5]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^4]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source.
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[^5]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
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[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God"
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role: "director"
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start: 1970
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end: 1972
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fn: 44
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fn: 47
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Eugene Skolnikoff]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1972
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end: 1987
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fn: 46
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fn: 49
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
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reverse: true
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@ -144,35 +144,37 @@ In June 1955 [[Nelson Rockefeller]] arranged meetings at [[Quantico, Virginia|Qu
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Oster reported that a 1958 and 1959 study by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, on "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing" Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits, was financed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] at a total of $12,000. Oster placed the study under [[Project MKUltra]].[^7] A CIA memorandum of November 18, 1958, states that MKULTRA Subproject 90 has been approved and that $12,000 of the project's funds has been obligated to cover its expenses. The memorandum does not name the institution.[^30]
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Philip G. Strong of the agency's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] wrote a memorandum for the record titled "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." It records Strong's belief that a review of the UFO problem would require "the full backing and support of DCI Smith." The memorandum is cited in the notes to [[Gerald K. Haines]]'s history of the agency's role in UFO study.[^31]
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[[Philip G. Strong]] of the agency's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] wrote a memorandum for the record, dated December 3, 1952 and titled "Flying Saucers," on a meeting the previous morning at 1100 with "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." Strong briefed them on new sighting reports and on developments "since our previous discussion of the subject in August." He wrote: "Dr. Stratton reiterated his earlier position that this is a subject which must be investigated and he said that probably the best means of getting a thoroughly competent review of the problem would be through Project LINCOLN." Stratton said that acceptance by Lincoln must rest on Air Force concurrence or on an independent proposal from one of the other services, and that "Alfred Hill would be the best man to head the group." Princeton and the California Institute of Technology were explored as alternatives, and Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two." Strong's conclusion was that "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on."[^31] On October 2, 1952 [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] had written to the Director of Central Intelligence that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute," and on January 27, 1953 Chadwell wrote to Stratton, as Provost, to report on the panel convened in January.[^32][^33] The memorandum is cited in the notes to [[Gerald K. Haines]]'s history of the agency's role in UFO study.[^34]
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The issue of Time dated February 24, 1967 refers to "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies" and states: "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quotes Millikan, "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," as saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^4]
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### The end of the contracts, 1966 and 1967
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|
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A clipping in agency files from the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," reports that the [[University of Pennsylvania]] said it "has no knowledge" of any CIA people on its campus or faculty in answer to a charge by Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell]]. Powell said he had received "unverified information" that CIA personnel were associated with the university and with MIT. The clipping states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts, and states that the contracts were for research on international developments, particularly Communism, and China.[^32]
|
||||
A clipping in agency files from the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," reports that the [[University of Pennsylvania]] said it "has no knowledge" of any CIA people on its campus or faculty in answer to a charge by Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell]]. Powell said he had received "unverified information" that CIA personnel were associated with the university and with MIT. The clipping states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts, and states that the contracts were for research on international developments, particularly Communism, and China.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^33]
|
||||
A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead at 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, was sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy. It reads: "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA on the grounds that it was improper for a university to conceal, not only what it was doing, but also who was paying the bill." The writer states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and continues: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms." The writer also states that MIT "properly acted four or five years ago when it adopted the present guidelines."[^34]
|
||||
A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead at 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, was sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy. It reads: "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA on the grounds that it was improper for a university to conceal, not only what it was doing, but also who was paying the bill." The writer states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and continues: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms." The writer also states that MIT "properly acted four or five years ago when it adopted the present guidelines."[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### Protests, the Cambridge Project and the Review Panel, 1969 to 1971
|
||||
|
||||
The MIT Dean of Humanities and Social Science reported that the center's offices on the fourth floor of the Hermann Building received a mass visit in early October 1969, of perhaps two hundred people, "students, a few staff members, and a substantial but uncertain number of persons without any M.I.T. affiliation," protesting MIT's "alleged complicity in the waging of the Viet Nam war and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy." The visit was described as peaceable. The Hermann Building was closed temporarily before the November Action of that year. The Department of Economics reported demonstrations and confrontations, "many directed at the Center for International Studies." In 1970 to 1971 the Dean reported that the center, "though still the target of a small group of vocal critics," had an essentially peaceful year.[^35][^36] The Tech of October 21, 1969 dates the demonstration at the center to October 10 and reports that Dean Robert L. Bishop was speaking to staff members of the center "to determine whether disciplinary action should be taken against those involved in the peaceful work stoppage at CIS." Everett E. Hagen wrote in a letter printed in the same issue that if any building were entered again with obstructionist intent or effect, he trusted the faculty and students would understand the importance of promptly suspending the students and hauling all participants into court. Another letter under the heading "Two CIS Replies" states: "They really believe that the Center for International Studies does secret work for the Department of Defense. They really believe that Project Cambridge will record information about dissenters."[^37]
|
||||
The MIT Dean of Humanities and Social Science reported that the center's offices on the fourth floor of the Hermann Building received a mass visit in early October 1969, of perhaps two hundred people, "students, a few staff members, and a substantial but uncertain number of persons without any M.I.T. affiliation," protesting MIT's "alleged complicity in the waging of the Viet Nam war and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy." The visit was described as peaceable. The Hermann Building was closed temporarily before the November Action of that year. The Department of Economics reported demonstrations and confrontations, "many directed at the Center for International Studies." In 1970 to 1971 the Dean reported that the center, "though still the target of a small group of vocal critics," had an essentially peaceful year.[^38][^39] The Tech of October 21, 1969 dates the demonstration at the center to October 10 and reports that Dean Robert L. Bishop was speaking to staff members of the center "to determine whether disciplinary action should be taken against those involved in the peaceful work stoppage at CIS." Everett E. Hagen wrote in a letter printed in the same issue that if any building were entered again with obstructionist intent or effect, he trusted the faculty and students would understand the importance of promptly suspending the students and hauling all participants into court. Another letter under the heading "Two CIS Replies" states: "They really believe that the Center for International Studies does secret work for the Department of Defense. They really believe that Project Cambridge will record information about dissenters."[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by [[William F. Pounds]], Dean of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan School]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]]. Johnson's letter asked the panel "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research and in its responsibility for service to the nation." The panel's first report of May 31, 1969 recommended a standing committee on the special laboratories and concluded "that the Poseidon program at this stage of its development is inappropriate for M.I.T. sponsorship." Its final report was due in October 1969.[^38][^39]
|
||||
In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by [[William F. Pounds]], Dean of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan School]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]]. Johnson's letter asked the panel "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research and in its responsibility for service to the nation." The panel's first report of May 31, 1969 recommended a standing committee on the special laboratories and concluded "that the Poseidon program at this stage of its development is inappropriate for M.I.T. sponsorship." Its final report was due in October 1969.[^41][^42]
|
||||
|
||||
The Cambridge Project, a program of computer methods for the behavioral sciences organized by behavioral and computer scientists at MIT and [[Harvard University]], began in June 1969. The MIT Provost's report states that it "has been funded by the Behavioral Sciences Branch of ARPA through the Defense Supply Service of the Army" and that [[Project MAC]] contributed to its planning.[^40] The 1969 to 1970 report states that the project was "supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under a contract in which Professor Joseph C. R. Licklider is principal investigator," and that "During the summer and fall of 1969, the project was the subject of much controversy" at both universities. It lists Pool, who directed the center's communications work, as starting a program called the General Implicator, and Rosemarie S. Rogers and William E. Griffith, both of the center, as testing procedures by which a computer can categorize policy documents.[^41]
|
||||
The Cambridge Project, a program of computer methods for the behavioral sciences organized by behavioral and computer scientists at MIT and [[Harvard University]], began in June 1969. The MIT Provost's report states that it "has been funded by the Behavioral Sciences Branch of ARPA through the Defense Supply Service of the Army" and that [[Project MAC]] contributed to its planning.[^43] The 1969 to 1970 report states that the project was "supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under a contract in which Professor Joseph C. R. Licklider is principal investigator," and that "During the summer and fall of 1969, the project was the subject of much controversy" at both universities. It lists Pool, who directed the center's communications work, as starting a program called the General Implicator, and Rosemarie S. Rogers and William E. Griffith, both of the center, as testing procedures by which a computer can categorize policy documents.[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
The center's annual report for 1968 to 1969 describes four areas of work: economic and political development, international communication, military and foreign policy, and communism, revisionism and revolution. It lists a joint project with Chile's Oficina de Planificacion Nacional under Millikan, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Richard Eckaus; a 1968 seminar on Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act organized "at the request of the Agency for International Development" and chaired by Millikan and [[Lucian Pye]]; Pool's simulations of Soviet communications patterns; political-military exercises by Bloomfield; and a book in progress on communism and guerrilla warfare in Latin America by Halperin.[^42] The 1969 to 1970 report lists a study by [[Daniel Ellsberg]] of the process by which American foreign policy is formulated in periods of crisis, begun in late April 1970, and the 1970 to 1971 report lists work by [[William Bundy]] on "the events that led to the 1965 decision on Vietnam."[^43][^44]
|
||||
The center's annual report for 1968 to 1969 describes four areas of work: economic and political development, international communication, military and foreign policy, and communism, revisionism and revolution. It lists a joint project with Chile's Oficina de Planificacion Nacional under Millikan, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Richard Eckaus; a 1968 seminar on Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act organized "at the request of the Agency for International Development" and chaired by Millikan and [[Lucian Pye]]; Pool's simulations of Soviet communications patterns; political-military exercises by Bloomfield; and a book in progress on communism and guerrilla warfare in Latin America by Halperin.[^45] The 1969 to 1970 report lists a study by [[Daniel Ellsberg]] of the process by which American foreign policy is formulated in periods of crisis, begun in late April 1970, and the 1970 to 1971 report lists work by [[William Bundy]] on "the events that led to the 1965 decision on Vietnam."[^46][^47]
|
||||
|
||||
### Directors
|
||||
|
||||
Millikan directed the center from 1952. The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56; MIT's archival note for his papers gives February 1, 1952 as the start of his directorship.[^8][^43] The center's history states that during his more than fifteen years as director he urged faculty members to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^2]
|
||||
Millikan directed the center from 1952. The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56; MIT's archival note for his papers gives February 1, 1952 as the start of his directorship.[^8][^46] The center's history states that during his more than fifteen years as director he urged faculty members to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The President's report for 1970 to 1971 states that the center worked "under the directorship of Professor Everett E. Hagen," and the Department of Economics report for the same year states that "Professor Everett E. Hagen has become Director of the Center for International Studies."[^44][^45] The report for 1971 to 1972 records that Hagen became Professor Emeritus at the end of the academic year and that [[Eugene Skolnikoff]], head of the Department of Political Science since the fall of 1970, was appointed director to replace him, and that the center ceased to be part of the School of Humanities and Social Science and became "an inter-School center reporting directly to the Provost."[^46] The reports for 1972 to 1973 and 1973 to 1974 describe the center as under Skolnikoff's directorship, with a program on technology and international relations.[^47][^48]
|
||||
The President's report for 1970 to 1971 states that the center worked "under the directorship of Professor Everett E. Hagen," and the Department of Economics report for the same year states that "Professor Everett E. Hagen has become Director of the Center for International Studies."[^47][^48] The report for 1971 to 1972 records that Hagen became Professor Emeritus at the end of the academic year and that [[Eugene Skolnikoff]], head of the Department of Political Science since the fall of 1970, was appointed director to replace him, and that the center ceased to be part of the School of Humanities and Social Science and became "an inter-School center reporting directly to the Provost."[^49] The reports for 1972 to 1973 and 1973 to 1974 describe the center as under Skolnikoff's directorship, with a program on technology and international relations.[^50][^51]
|
||||
|
||||
From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had studied engineering and who, according to the center's history, laid the groundwork for further science-related projects on international issues.[^2] In 2002 the center's associate director was [[Stephen Van Evera]], and a symposium marking the center's fiftieth anniversary described Walt Rostow as "co-founder of CIS in 1951."[^49]
|
||||
From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had studied engineering and who, according to the center's history, laid the groundwork for further science-related projects on international issues.[^2] In 2002 the center's associate director was [[Stephen Van Evera]], and a symposium marking the center's fiftieth anniversary described Walt Rostow as "co-founder of CIS in 1951."[^52]
|
||||
|
||||
A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]], director of the Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen W. Dulles of the Central Intelligence Agency calls [[Julius A. Stratton]] "Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Center of International Studies," and says he would present the Center's program to the Board and its staff on November 7, 1951.[^53]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,22 +208,26 @@ From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had stu
|
|||
[^28]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with CIA memorandum of July 25, 1955, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
|
||||
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^30]: CIA, memorandum for the Comptroller, "MKULTRA, Subproject No. 90," November 18, 1958, CIA reading room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
|
||||
[^31]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), notes 23 to 25, citing Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
|
||||
[^32]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
|
||||
[^33]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
|
||||
[^34]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. Writer's name redacted in the copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
|
||||
[^35]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, Robert L. Bishop, pp. 195 to 196 (demonstration of October 1969; Hermann Building closure) and Department of Economics report, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^36]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, p. 175. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^37]: The Tech (MIT), vol. 89, Tuesday, October 21, 1969, article by Lee Giguere on the committee investigating the disruption of the Center for International Studies, and letters under "Two CIS Replies." http://tech.mit.edu/V89/PDF/V89-N38.pdf
|
||||
[^38]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, description of the Review Panel on Special Laboratories formed by President Howard W. Johnson in 1969, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry. https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html
|
||||
[^39]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (Review Panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds; Johnson's letter; first report of May 31, 1969; recommendations). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^40]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Provost (Project MAC section by Joseph C. R. Licklider), pp. 465 to 466. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^41]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, report of the Provost, "The Cambridge Project," pp. 31 to 37 ("Organization and Financial Support"). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^42]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, Center for International Studies, pp. 321 to 326. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^43]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, pp. 218 to 220. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^44]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Center for International Studies, pp. 206 to 208. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^45]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Department of Economics, p. 185. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^46]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor 1971 to 1972, Center for International Studies (Kepes's section) and Department of Political Science, p. 215. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160087
|
||||
[^47]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1972 to 1973, Center for International Studies, pp. 59 to 60. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/159994
|
||||
[^48]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1973 to 1974, Center for International Studies. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160002
|
||||
[^49]: MIT News, "CIS panels discuss issues of security, human rights," report on the symposium of May 16, 2002, marking the center's fiftieth anniversary. https://news.mit.edu/2002/cis-0522
|
||||
[^31]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3 (reading room copies 0005515940 and 0000015345). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940
|
||||
[^32]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933
|
||||
[^33]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, MIT, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714
|
||||
[^34]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), notes 23 to 25, citing Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
|
||||
[^35]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
|
||||
[^36]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
|
||||
[^37]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. Writer's name redacted in the copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
|
||||
[^38]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, Robert L. Bishop, pp. 195 to 196 (demonstration of October 1969; Hermann Building closure) and Department of Economics report, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^39]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, p. 175. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^40]: The Tech (MIT), vol. 89, Tuesday, October 21, 1969, article by Lee Giguere on the committee investigating the disruption of the Center for International Studies, and letters under "Two CIS Replies." http://tech.mit.edu/V89/PDF/V89-N38.pdf
|
||||
[^41]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, description of the Review Panel on Special Laboratories formed by President Howard W. Johnson in 1969, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry. https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html
|
||||
[^42]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (Review Panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds; Johnson's letter; first report of May 31, 1969; recommendations). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^43]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Provost (Project MAC section by Joseph C. R. Licklider), pp. 465 to 466. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^44]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, report of the Provost, "The Cambridge Project," pp. 31 to 37 ("Organization and Financial Support"). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^45]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, Center for International Studies, pp. 321 to 326. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^46]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, pp. 218 to 220. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
|
||||
[^47]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Center for International Studies, pp. 206 to 208. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^48]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Department of Economics, p. 185. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
|
||||
[^49]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor 1971 to 1972, Center for International Studies (Kepes's section) and Department of Political Science, p. 215. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160087
|
||||
[^50]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1972 to 1973, Center for International Studies, pp. 59 to 60. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/159994
|
||||
[^51]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1973 to 1974, Center for International Studies. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160002
|
||||
[^52]: MIT News, "CIS panels discuss issues of security, human rights," report on the symposium of May 16, 2002, marking the center's fiftieth anniversary. https://news.mit.edu/2002/cis-0522
|
||||
[^53]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1950-06
|
||||
end: 1966
|
||||
role: "principal funder through covert conduits; the executive director told the General Assembly in May 1967 that the support ran from 1950 to the summer of 1966"
|
||||
fn: 20
|
||||
fn: 29
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Farfield Foundation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1953
|
||||
role: "front foundation that channeled CIA money to the congress; 843,668 dollars recorded for 1958"
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1957-10
|
||||
end: 1978-03
|
||||
role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, 250,000 dollars a year through 1962, 7,000,000 dollars six-year grant announced 1966, terminal grant early 1978"
|
||||
fn: 25
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Melvin Lasky]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
|
|
@ -66,123 +66,147 @@ relations:
|
|||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1950-11
|
||||
end: 1967-10
|
||||
role: "administrative secretary, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967 and was replaced in October 1967"
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
role: "administrative secretary from November 1950, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967, when the General Assembly declined to accept it and asked him to stay; resigned for good at the September 1967 reforms; succeeded by Pierre Emmanuel (announced October 2, 1967; a September 25, 1967 dispatch had instead named Stone executive director and kept Josselson as a consultant)"
|
||||
fn: 30
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Nicolas Nabokov]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "secretary general (Langenkamp); president (University of Chicago finding aid); resigned on the reorganization into the IACF"
|
||||
fn: 23
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Shepard Stone]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1967-10
|
||||
role: "president of the International Association for Cultural Freedom"
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
fn: 30
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Raymond Aron]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1966
|
||||
end: 1967-05
|
||||
role: "chair of the new board of directors; resigned in May 1967"
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
fn: 35
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an association of writers, scholars and artists formed at a conference in [[West Berlin]] in June 1950, with administrative headquarters in [[Paris]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) financed it through covert channels from its founding until the summer of 1966. After the funding was exposed in 1966 and 1967 the organization was renamed the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), which closed its last offices in 1978.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Founding in Berlin, 1950
|
||||
|
||||
In August 1949 [[Melvin Lasky]], then a 29-year-old journalist and the founding editor of the German-language journal [[Der Monat]], met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in [[Frankfurt]] and hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist left in Berlin the following year. Der Monat was sponsored by the American occupation government.[^1] [[Michael Josselson]], a cultural officer for the occupation government, took up the plan in late 1949. The proposal reached Washington in January 1950. The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) drew up a project proposal with a budget of 50,000 dollars, and [[Frank Wisner]], its head, approved the outline on April 7, 1950 and asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^1]
|
||||
In August 1949 [[Melvin Lasky]], then a 29-year-old journalist and the founding editor of the German-language journal [[Der Monat]], met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in [[Frankfurt]] and hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist left in Berlin the following year. Der Monat was sponsored by the American occupation government.[^1] [[Michael Josselson]], a cultural officer for the occupation government, took up the plan in late 1949. The proposal reached Washington in January 1950. The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) drew up a project proposal with a budget of 50,000 dollars, and [[Frank Wisner]], its head, approved the outline on April 7, 1950 and asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^1] Lasky had appointed himself the driving force behind the event, and when Wisner's wish reached Josselson he cabled that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^2] The CIA history notes that Communist organs would accuse Lasky, on the eve of the congress, of being an agent of the US Army and "the American secret service," citing a New York Times report of June 25, 1950, "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley."[^2] In the CIA history's words, "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to "Mr. Breckinridge" stated that he would not continue backing the operation "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization." He described the damage resulting from Lasky's conduct as "a major blunder."[^2] The inaugural conference was funded by the CIA through [[Marshall Plan]] counterpart funds.[^3]
|
||||
The CIA history places OPC's formal go-ahead on February 6, 1950, when officers met and gave Michael Josselson the green light to proceed.[^3] Josselson had applied to join the Office of Policy Coordination in April 1949, while briefly in the United States, after contact with the agency's Berlin Operations Base.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The congress opened on June 26, 1950 in the [[Titania Palace]] in Berlin with almost 200 delegates and about 4,000 other attendees.[^1] The University of Chicago finding aid dates the founding conference June 26 to 30.[^4] [[Peter Coleman]] wrote that the opening ceremony took place on Monday, June 25, and the closing rally on Thursday, June 28.[^5] The honorary chairmen were [[John Dewey]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Jacques Maritain]].[^1] American delegates included [[Sidney Hook]], Burnham, [[James T. Farrell]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], [[Robert Montgomery]] and [[David Lilienthal]].[^1] Leadership of the sessions fell to the Italian socialist [[Ignazio Silone]] and to [[Arthur Koestler]]. At the closing rally on June 29, Koestler read the congress's Freedom Manifesto before a crowd the CIA study estimates at 15,000, calling out "Friends, freedom has seized the offensive!"[^1] Coleman, who reprinted the text, wrote that Koestler drafted the manifesto, that it had fourteen numbered paragraphs, and that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] and [[A. J. Ayer]] moved amendments to paragraphs 10, 13 and 14. Trevor-Roper objected to a draft paragraph declaring that totalitarians "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit"; Silone, Lie, Frode Jacobson (as Coleman spelled the names) and Ayer supported him, and Koestler withdrew the paragraph.[^5] The first paragraph reads: "We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the inalienable rights of man." The eleventh reads: "We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of civilised history."[^5]
|
||||
Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to "Mr. Breckinridge" stated that he would not continue backing the operation "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization." He described the damage resulting from Lasky's conduct as "a major blunder."[^4] The memorandum opened by recalling that Wisner had approved the project on April 7, 1950 "subject to the condition that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation."[^4] The inaugural conference was funded by the CIA through [[Marshall Plan]] counterpart funds.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The congress opened on June 26, 1950 in the [[Titania Palace]] in Berlin with almost 200 delegates and about 4,000 other attendees.[^1] The University of Chicago finding aid dates the founding conference June 26 to 30.[^6] [[Peter Coleman]] wrote that the opening ceremony took place on Monday, June 25, and the closing rally on Thursday, June 28.[^7] The honorary chairmen were [[John Dewey]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Jacques Maritain]].[^1] American delegates included [[Sidney Hook]], Burnham, [[James T. Farrell]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], [[Robert Montgomery]] and [[David Lilienthal]].[^1] Leadership of the sessions fell to the Italian socialist [[Ignazio Silone]] and to [[Arthur Koestler]]. At the closing rally on June 29, Koestler read the congress's Freedom Manifesto before a crowd the CIA study estimates at 15,000, calling out "Friends, freedom has seized the offensive!"[^1] Coleman, who reprinted the text, wrote that Koestler drafted the manifesto, that it had fourteen numbered paragraphs, and that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] and [[A. J. Ayer]] moved amendments to paragraphs 10, 13 and 14. Trevor-Roper objected to a draft paragraph declaring that totalitarians "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit"; Silone, Lie, Frode Jacobson (as Coleman spelled the names) and Ayer supported him, and Koestler withdrew the paragraph.[^7] The first paragraph reads: "We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the inalienable rights of man." The eleventh reads: "We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of civilised history."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson became its administrative secretary and held that post for 16 years. Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles by then.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### CIA funding and conduits
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA's International Organizations Division, supervised by [[Thomas W. Braden]], earmarked 200,000 dollars in 1951 for the consolidation of the congress, with affiliate committees in London, Oslo, Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Rome, New Delhi, Tokyo and New York.[^3] In his account in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] of May 20, 1967, titled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Braden wrote: "We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of [[Encounter]]."[^6] He also wrote that money for the magazine's publication "came from the CIA."[^6]
|
||||
The CIA's International Organizations Branch, which OPC's Special Projects Division had become in August 1951 under [[Thomas W. Braden]],[^8] earmarked 200,000 dollars in 1951 for the consolidation of the congress, with affiliate committees in London, Oslo, Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Rome, New Delhi, Tokyo and New York.[^5] The congress's QKOPERA project found a permanent home in the agency's International Organizations Division, where [[Cord Meyer]] acted as its guardian until its liquidation in 1967.[^9] In his account in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] of May 20, 1967, titled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Braden wrote: "We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of [[Encounter]]."[^10] He also wrote that money for the magazine's publication "came from the CIA."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1964 the House subcommittee on foundations, chaired by [[Wright Patman]], named eight CIA front foundations or funds.[^7] A [[Dallas]] newspaper report of February 1967 listed the Gotham Foundation, the Michigan Fund and the Price, Monroe and Heights funds among them, and named as other believed fronts the Knickerbocker Foundation, the Metropolitan Foundation, the Northcraft Educational Fund and the Victoria Strauss foundation.[^8] A United Press International report of September 1964 said that the Internal Revenue Service had confidentially told Patman that the CIA had contributed money to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]].[^9]
|
||||
In 1964 the House subcommittee on foundations, chaired by [[Wright Patman]], named eight CIA front foundations or funds.[^11] A [[Dallas]] newspaper report of February 1967 listed the Gotham Foundation, the Michigan Fund and the Price, Monroe and Heights funds among them, and named as other believed fronts the Knickerbocker Foundation, the Metropolitan Foundation, the Northcraft Educational Fund and the Victoria Strauss foundation.[^12] A United Press International report of September 1964 said that the Internal Revenue Service had confidentially told Patman that the CIA had contributed money to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]].[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Farfield Foundation]] of New York is the best documented of the conduits. Langenkamp describes it as a front "set up to channel funds to the CIA's target organizations, mainly the CCF," and records 843,668 dollars from it to the congress in 1958.[^10] When [[Nicolas Nabokov]] sought support for a proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists, about 35,000 dollars of its cost was provided by Farfield, according to the same report.[^10] The congress's own records hold Farfield correspondence files for 1953 through 1956.[^4]
|
||||
The [[Farfield Foundation]] of New York is the best documented of the conduits. Langenkamp describes it as a front "set up to channel funds to the CIA's target organizations, mainly the CCF," and records 843,668 dollars from it to the congress in 1958.[^14] When [[Nicolas Nabokov]] sought support for a proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists, about 35,000 dollars of its cost was provided by Farfield, according to the same report.[^14] The congress's own records hold Farfield correspondence files for 1953 through 1956.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Karl Hoblitzelle Foundation]] of Dallas was named in February 1967 as one of several foundations through which the CIA passed funds. The Dallas report gave the foundation's contributions from 1959 to 1965 as 505,700 dollars, of which 250,000 dollars was listed as coming from anonymous donors. A foundation trustee denied knowledge of any CIA money.[^8]
|
||||
The [[Karl Hoblitzelle Foundation]] of Dallas was named in February 1967 as one of several foundations through which the CIA passed funds. The Dallas report gave the foundation's contributions from 1959 to 1965 as 505,700 dollars, of which 250,000 dollars was listed as coming from anonymous donors. A foundation trustee denied knowledge of any CIA money.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publications
|
||||
|
||||
Encounter was a magazine of literature, arts and politics published in London from October 1953, edited by [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] and published for the congress. Catalog records list Melvin Lasky as an editor, and the Library of Congress record gives the editors as Spender and Kristol from 1956 and Lasky and Nigel Denis from 1969.[^11] Braden wrote that the CIA paid for its publication.[^6] Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote to the [[New York Times]] on May 10, 1966.[^12] Kristol had been executive secretary of the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's American affiliate. In 1955 [[Michael Harrington]] wrote in [[Dissent]] that Kristol, in that post, had supported Sidney Hook's general outlook on civil liberties.[^13]
|
||||
Encounter was a magazine of literature, arts and politics published in London from October 1953, edited by [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] and published for the congress. Catalog records list Melvin Lasky as an editor, and the Library of Congress record gives the editors as Spender and Kristol from 1956 and Lasky and Nigel Denis from 1969.[^15] The Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue lists Lasky as directeur de publication from 1958 and Irving Kristol from 1953 to 1958.[^16] The masthead of the December 1958 issue reads "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky," the issues through November 1958 name Spender and Kristol, the June 1967 masthead reads "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," and the July 1967 issue announces Nigel Dennis as co-editor.[^17] Braden wrote that the CIA paid for its publication.[^10] Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote to the [[New York Times]] on May 10, 1966.[^18] Kristol had been executive secretary of the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's American affiliate. In 1955 [[Michael Harrington]] wrote in [[Dissent]] that Kristol, in that post, had supported Sidney Hook's general outlook on civil liberties.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Preuves]] was a French-language review published in Paris under the title "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," edited by [[François Bondy]]. The Bibliothèque nationale de France dates it 1951 to 1975, and the University of Chicago finding aid describes it as appearing monthly between 1951 and 1969. Its papers are in Series VII of the congress's records.[^14] Der Monat, the German-language journal that Lasky founded, is held in a separate collection of the same archive.[^15] [[Tempo Presente]], directed by [[Nicola Chiaromonte]] and Silone, began with its number 1 of April 1956.[^16] [[Quadrant]], an Australian quarterly review sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and edited by [[James McAuley]], began with its volume 1, number 1 for summer 1956 to 1957.[^17] [[Cuadernos]] (Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura) was a Spanish-language review issued from Paris beginning with a March to May 1953 number.[^18] The finding aid lists folders for Tempo Presente (1956), Quadrant (1961 to 1966), Cuadernos (budget and distribution, 1950 to 1966; a Cuadernos folder for 1963 to 1966 is cross-referenced to the correspondence of [[Julián Gorkin]]), [[Quest]] (1955 to 1968) and [[Mundo Nuevo]] (1965 to 1971).[^15]
|
||||
Der Spiegel reported in October 1954 that sponsorship of Der Monat by the American High Commission ended with the financial year, that the journal became a private enterprise on October 1, 1954, and that the Ford Foundation had given a single grant of 175,000 dollars to ease the transition.[^20] The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 states that United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954 and records an appropriation of 175,000 dollars covering a three-year period, with the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.) as grantee.[^21] Lasky wrote in 1967 that he edited Der Monat "until 1954 for the USIA, and thereafter (after a brief losing battle with McCarthyism) under a direct Ford Foundation grant."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
The congress's journals also included [[Transition]], published in [[Uganda]], whose editor was arrested and imprisoned for months on a sedition charge in the wake of the 1966 to 1967 disclosures. Mundo Nuevo was a literary journal for Latin American readers, and the [[Ford Foundation]] gave it three years of support.[^19]
|
||||
[[Preuves]] was a French-language review published in Paris under the title "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," edited by [[François Bondy]]. The Bibliothèque nationale de France dates it 1951 to 1975, and the University of Chicago finding aid describes it as appearing monthly between 1951 and 1969. Its papers are in Series VII of the congress's records.[^23] Der Monat, the German-language journal that Lasky founded, is held in a separate collection of the same archive.[^24] [[Tempo Presente]], directed by [[Nicola Chiaromonte]] and Silone, began with its number 1 of April 1956.[^25] [[Quadrant]], an Australian quarterly review sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and edited by [[James McAuley]], began with its volume 1, number 1 for summer 1956 to 1957.[^26] [[Cuadernos]] (Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura) was a Spanish-language review issued from Paris beginning with a March to May 1953 number.[^27] The finding aid lists folders for Tempo Presente (1956), Quadrant (1961 to 1966), Cuadernos (budget and distribution, 1950 to 1966; a Cuadernos folder for 1963 to 1966 is cross-referenced to the correspondence of [[Julián Gorkin]]), [[Quest]] (1955 to 1968) and [[Mundo Nuevo]] (1965 to 1971).[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
The congress's journals also included [[Transition]], published in [[Uganda]], whose editor was arrested and imprisoned for months on a sedition charge in the wake of the 1966 to 1967 disclosures. Mundo Nuevo was a literary journal for Latin American readers, and the [[Ford Foundation]] gave it three years of support.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### Officers and directors
|
||||
|
||||
Josselson ran the congress from Paris for 16 to 17 years. In May 1967 he told the General Assembly that the congress had received CIA support from 1950 to the summer of 1966 and that he had accepted it without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly issued a statement of regret, asked him to stay on, and he agreed.[^20] The New York Times reported in October 1967 that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, had succeeded Josselson, who had resigned.[^21] Josselson said that no one else in the congress had been involved in the CIA arrangement.[^20]
|
||||
Josselson ran the congress from Paris for 16 to 17 years. In May 1967 he told the General Assembly that the congress had received CIA support from 1950 to the summer of 1966 and that he had accepted it without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly issued a statement of regret, asked him to stay on, and he agreed.[^29] The New York Times reported in October 1967 that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, had succeeded Josselson, who had resigned.[^30] Josselson said that no one else in the congress had been involved in the CIA arrangement.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
Nabokov, a composer, was the congress's secretary general in the early 1950s.[^22] A University of Chicago finding aid lists him as president and John C. Hunt as executive director of the congress, and records that both resigned when the congress was reorganized and that Stone was named president of the IACF.[^23] In February 1954 [[Shepard Stone]] wrote to [[John J. McCloy]] that "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24]
|
||||
Nabokov, a composer, was the congress's secretary general in the early 1950s.[^31] A University of Chicago finding aid lists him as president and John C. Hunt as executive director of the congress, and records that both resigned when the congress was reorganized and that Stone was named president of the IACF.[^32] In February 1954 [[Shepard Stone]] wrote to [[John J. McCloy]] that "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Denis de Rougemont]], the Swiss writer, met Stone and Nabokov in 1954 on the congress's funding. He and Nabokov wrote to the New York Times on May 19, 1966.[^12][^24]
|
||||
[[Denis de Rougemont]], the Swiss writer, met Stone and Nabokov in 1954 on the congress's funding. He and Nabokov wrote to the New York Times on May 19, 1966.[^18][^33]
|
||||
|
||||
Stone, who had directed the Ford Foundation's international affairs work, became president of the IACF in October 1967.[^21] [[Raymond Aron]], the French sociologist, was asked by Stone to chair the new board of directors in 1966. He resigned in May 1967 when he judged that the organization was moving in the wrong direction.[^25][^26]
|
||||
Stone, who had directed the Ford Foundation's international affairs work, became president of the IACF in October 1967.[^30] [[Raymond Aron]], the French sociologist, was asked by Stone to chair the new board of directors in 1966. He resigned in May 1967 when he judged that the organization was moving in the wrong direction.[^34][^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Ford Foundation, 1957 to 1967
|
||||
|
||||
Stone, then in charge of the foundation's international affairs program, asked the trustees to take over the congress's costs. In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the congress's conferences and seminars, and Stone's division then gave 250,000 dollars a year through the end of 1962.[^25] In February 1961 the trustees barred grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other income, and a year later they added institutions receiving funds from undisclosed United States government sources.[^25] Stone then proposed a guarantee of "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years." The proposal failed. A later plan for a consortium of 15 to 20 million dollars over ten years also failed, because the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] would not join without a substantial Ford contribution.[^25]
|
||||
Stone, then in charge of the foundation's international affairs program, asked the trustees to take over the congress's costs. In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the congress's conferences and seminars, and Stone's division then gave 250,000 dollars a year through the end of 1962.[^34] In February 1961 the trustees barred grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other income, and a year later they added institutions receiving funds from undisclosed United States government sources.[^34] Stone then proposed a guarantee of "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years." The proposal failed. A later plan for a consortium of 15 to 20 million dollars over ten years also failed, because the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] would not join without a substantial Ford contribution.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1966, after [[Henry Heald]] was replaced by [[McGeorge Bundy]] as president, Bundy wrote to [[Julius A. Stratton]], the foundation's chairman, on September 23, 1966 that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the congress over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^25] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a 1,500,000 dollar grant "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" and states that the new board of trustees was headed by Aron.[^26]
|
||||
In 1966, after [[Henry Heald]] was replaced by [[McGeorge Bundy]] as president, Bundy wrote to [[Julius A. Stratton]], the foundation's chairman, on September 23, 1966 that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the congress over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^34] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a 1,500,000 dollar grant "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" and states that the new board of trustees was headed by Aron.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the congress despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]] called the congress "a gamble, but an important one."[^25] In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were cut by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^25]
|
||||
Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the congress despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]] called the congress "a gamble, but an important one."[^34] In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were cut by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
A foundation evaluation by [[Craufurd Goodwin]] dated November 3, 1977 put the foundation's total grants to the congress and the IACF at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades. Langenkamp's table of grants totals 10,934,750 dollars.[^25]
|
||||
A foundation evaluation by [[Craufurd Goodwin]] dated November 3, 1977 put the foundation's total grants to the congress and the IACF at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades. Langenkamp's table of grants totals 10,934,750 dollars.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Exposure, 1966 and 1967
|
||||
|
||||
The New York Times published a series of five articles on the CIA by [[Tom Wicker]], [[John W. Finney]], [[Max Frankel]], [[E. W. Kenworthy]] and other staff members from April 25 to 29, 1966, under the first title "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" The third article, datelined April 26 and published April 27, said that the CIA had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and some of their newspapers and magazines," and described Encounter as an indirect beneficiary of CIA funds.[^25][^27] Josselson told the General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that CIA support had run from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^20]
|
||||
The New York Times published a series of five articles on the CIA by [[Tom Wicker]], [[John W. Finney]], [[Max Frankel]], [[E. W. Kenworthy]] and other staff members from April 25 to 29, 1966, under the first title "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" The third article, datelined April 26 and published April 27, said that the CIA had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and some of their newspapers and magazines," and described Encounter as an indirect beneficiary of CIA funds.[^34][^36] Josselson told the General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that CIA support had run from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1967 [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account (pages 29 to 39). It named a "Fairfield Foundation" as "a frequent contributor to the Congress for Cultural Freedom, previously identified in The New York Times as having received CIA funds," and recorded that the Rabb Foundation made a 15,000 dollar grant to that foundation in 1963.[^28] Braden's article of May 20, 1967 defended the program as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts and wrote that Frank Wisner, "in my view, was an authentic American hero."[^6]
|
||||
According to the CIA history, Josselson asked McGeorge Bundy and Shepard Stone in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The agency cut its ties to the congress that September, and Josselson and [[John C. Hunt]] stayed on in their posts.[^9] The same study describes the 1966 separation as an "amicable separation" that the agency arranged.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 15, 1967 President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[John Gardner]] and [[Richard Helms]] to a committee to review government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The committee worked for 43 days. Its recommendation, accepted on March 29, 1967, was that "no federal agency shall provide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the nation's educational or private voluntary organizations."[^7] A May 1967 circular from the CIA's deputy director for plans, [[Desmond FitzGerald]], stated that "covert funding overseas of foreign-based international organizations is permitted."[^7]
|
||||
In March 1967 [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account (pages 29 to 39). It named a "Fairfield Foundation" as "a frequent contributor to the Congress for Cultural Freedom, previously identified in The New York Times as having received CIA funds," and recorded that the Rabb Foundation made a 15,000 dollar grant to that foundation in 1963.[^38] Braden's article of May 20, 1967 defended the program as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts and wrote that Frank Wisner, "in my view, was an authentic American hero."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 13, 1967 the congress's General Assembly held an extraordinary session in Paris. According to the New York Times, the assembly expressed regret that CIA funds had been used to finance the congress and that the executive director had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. It also named a committee to examine the congress's structure and draw up a new charter.[^20]
|
||||
On February 15, 1967 President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[John Gardner]] and [[Richard Helms]] to a committee to review government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The committee worked for 43 days. Its recommendation, accepted on March 29, 1967, was that "no federal agency shall provide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the nation's educational or private voluntary organizations."[^11] A May 1967 circular from the CIA's deputy director for plans, [[Desmond FitzGerald]], stated that "covert funding overseas of foreign-based international organizations is permitted."[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 13, 1967 the congress's General Assembly held an extraordinary session in Paris. According to the New York Times, the assembly expressed regret that CIA funds had been used to finance the congress and that the executive director had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. It also named a committee to examine the congress's structure and draw up a new charter.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
The New York Times reported that the assembly refused to accept the resignation of Josselson, who had accepted the funds without his colleagues' knowledge, and that he agreed to stay on.[^29] The CIA history records that Josselson and Hunt offered their resignations at the same session, admitting their CIA connections, and that the assembly "merely 'noted'" them.[^9] The two resigned for good at the September 1967 reforms, when the assembly named Stone president and chief executive.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Within Encounter the disclosures produced their own dispute. In The Nation of October 2, 1967 Lasky wrote that when he became an editor of Encounter in 1958 he "had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement and was, then as now, nobody's agent," and that when he later became aware that some grants to the congress were covert governmental funds "I did everything in my power to end this. In 1964, Cecil Harmsworth King and the Daily Mirror group in London took over the financial sponsorship of Encounter."[^22] According to Edward McLaren, Lasky wrote to [[Isaiah Berlin]] that "IF there were an agent planted in Encounter …it could only have been Kristol or Spender"; Spender then resigned, Kristol threatened to sue Braden, and Lasky was left as the only acting editor. Frank Kermode returned after the International Publishing Corporation of London took over the magazine's financial burden from the CIA.[^39] The magazine's trustees announced in July 1967 that Spender and Kermode had resigned, that Lasky had "agreed to remain as co-Editor," and that Nigel Dennis was appointed the other co-editor.[^17] McLaren also quotes [[Richard Wollheim]], who recalled asking Lasky and Spender about the rumour of CIA funding when he was asked to join the board; Lasky answered: "Nothing easier. You can inspect the accounts, and see for yourself."[^39] McLaren states that Lasky went on to admit that he knew of the CIA funding of the congress from long before 1963.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### The International Association for Cultural Freedom, 1967 to 1978
|
||||
|
||||
The congress was renamed the IACF in 1967. Stone left the Ford Foundation after thirteen years to lead it.[^29] Stone was its president from October 1967, and Pierre Emmanuel was its director.[^21] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for Ford money.[^25]
|
||||
The congress was renamed the IACF in 1967. Stone left the Ford Foundation after thirteen years to lead it.[^40] Stone was its president from October 1967, and Pierre Emmanuel was its director.[^30] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for Ford money.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1972 the Ford Foundation renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]].[^25] The same year the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the congress.[^30] A terminal grant ran from January 1 to March 31, 1978, and the IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^25]
|
||||
A New York Times dispatch dated September 25, 1967 reported that the congress had selected Stone as its executive director to replace Josselson and that Josselson would remain with the organization as a consultant. In it Josselson said that under the practice then existing he would inform the CIA of the congress's budgetary needs and the agency would give him the name of a foundation likely to favor a request for a grant.[^41] The October 3 article described Stone as president and said Pierre Emmanuel would replace Josselson, who had resigned.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1972 the Ford Foundation renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]].[^34] The same year the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the congress.[^42] A terminal grant ran from January 1 to March 31, 1978, and the IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
|
||||
[^2]: Memorandum from F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner) to Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," August 8, 1950, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
|
||||
[^3]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), introduction and note 12. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series I and II, Box 134, Folders 3 to 6 (Farfield Foundation correspondence, 1953 to 1956), and Series III, Subseries 1 ("Berlin 1950, June 26-30, Founding Conference"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^5]: Peter Coleman, "Arthur Koestler and the Congress for Cultural Freedom," Polanyiana 2005, nos. 1-2, pp. 192 to 195 (opening on Monday June 25 in the Titania Palace; the fourteen-paragraph Freedom Manifesto reprinted with the Trevor-Roper and Ayer amendments; the closing ceremony on Thursday June 28 before 15,000). https://polanyiana.org/articles/polanyiana-2005-1-2-14_peter-coleman-arthur-koestler-and-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14.
|
||||
[^7]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), sections on the 1964 Patman hearings ("Patman Eight") and the Katzenbach Committee, including the committee's recommendation and FitzGerald's May 1967 circular. The February 15, 1967 appointment date is from the editorial note to Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 33, document 260.
|
||||
[^8]: "CIA Funds Reported Sent to Dallas Body; Foundation Trustee Denies Knowledge of Any Donations," Dallas News, February 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100140020-7
|
||||
[^9]: Daniel Rapoport, United Press International report on Patman and the Kaplan Fund, September 1964, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400260004-9
|
||||
[^10]: Langenkamp, pp. 9 to 10 and note 44 (Farfield as a front set up to channel funds mainly to the CCF; about 35,000 dollars from Farfield for the proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists), and Table 3, "Grants to the CCF, 1958-1959 / 1963-1964" (Farfield Foundation, New York, 843,668 in the 1958 column). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^11]: Library of Congress catalog record for Encounter (issues from October 1953; "Published for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1953-"; editors "<1956-> : Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol; <1969-> : Melvin J. Lasky and Nigel Denis"); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," Spender, Kristol and Lasky as directeurs de publication (ISSN 0013-7073); Eton College Library catalogue record B53860. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k and https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B53860
|
||||
[^12]: Langenkamp, note 62, citing letters to the New York Times by Nabokov and Rougemont, May 19, 1966, and by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: "On the Committee for Cultural Freedom," Dissent, 1967, reprinting Michael Harrington's article from the Spring 1955 issue. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000100600001-0
|
||||
[^14]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb343490202, "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," François Bondy, directeur de publication, 1951-1975 (ISSN 0032-7980); University of Chicago Library finding aid, Scope Note, Series VII, "Preuves Papers, 1951-1969." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343490202 and https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^15]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series II, Series VII (Preuves Papers) and the Der Monat, Tempo Presente, Quadrant, Cuadernos, Quest and Mundo Nuevo folders. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^16]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue records cb32631877b and cb319416808, "Tempo presente. Informazione e discussione. [Mensile.] Dir. : Nicola Chiaromonte e Ignazio Silone. Anno I. Num. 1, aprile 1956"; Library of Congress catalog record 7945222 (Chiaromonte and Silone as editors). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32631877b
|
||||
[^17]: Library of Congress catalog record for Quadrant (Sydney; "Vol. 1, no. 1 (summer 1956-7)"; "Editor: 1957- J. McAuley"; sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and, from winter 1957, the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb32402678d, "Quadrant. An Australian quarterly review. Ed. : James McAuley. Vol. I. N° 1, Summer 1956-57." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32402678d
|
||||
[^18]: Library of Congress catalog record 11493571, "Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura" ("Began with: No. 1 (marzo/mayo 1953)"; issued by the Congress for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34410523v (1953-1965, ISSN 0590-1502). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34410523v
|
||||
[^19]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 (the Transition editor's arrest and imprisonment on a sedition charge), and Table 2 (Ford's three-year support for Mundo Nuevo, described as the CCF's literary journal directed to Latin American audiences). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^20]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8
|
||||
[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5
|
||||
[^22]: Langenkamp, discussion of the Rockefeller applications for the CCF's 1953 conferences (note 37), identifying Nabokov as CCF secretary general. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^23]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Historical Note (Nabokov as president, John C. Hunt as executive director, Shepard Stone named president of the IACF). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^24]: Langenkamp, note 50, quoting Shepard Stone to John J. McCloy, February 25, 1954, as cited by Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe, p. 223. Rougemont's 1954 meeting with Stone and Nabokov is in the same passage. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^25]: Langenkamp, pp. 13 to 19 and notes 58 to 82 (the 1957 grant and the 250,000 dollar annual payments; the 1961 and 1962 trustee rules; the 2,000,000 dollar guarantee proposal and the 15 to 20 million dollar consortium; Bundy's letter of September 23, 1966 and the 7,000,000 dollar six-year grant; the 1966 review by Ward and Perkins; Sutton's September 1967 recommendation and the reduced installments; Heaps and the 1972 renewal; the 1978 terminal grant; Goodwin's 1977 evaluation with the 8,400,000 dollar total; the April 1966 New York Times articles). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^26]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1966 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34, and grant table, p. 96. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, New York Times series on the Central Intelligence Agency, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (dispatch of April 26), CIA reading room copy of the full series. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1
|
||||
[^28]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39 (the passage on the Rabb Foundation and the Fairfield Foundation). https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia
|
||||
[^29]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1967 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^30]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the Ford Foundation grant of 50,000 dollars for Encounter's promotion in the United States and the press release of November 16, 1972 on the petition.
|
||||
[^2]: CIA history, ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12, text and note 63. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: CIA classified history of its involvement with anti-Communist groups, National Archives ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 3 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on the February 6, 1950 meeting, the April 1949 application, and the Berlin Operations Base contact. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Memorandum from F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner) to Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," August 8, 1950, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
|
||||
[^5]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), introduction and note 12. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series I and II, Box 134, Folders 3 to 6 (Farfield Foundation correspondence, 1953 to 1956), and Series III, Subseries 1 ("Berlin 1950, June 26-30, Founding Conference"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^7]: Peter Coleman, "Arthur Koestler and the Congress for Cultural Freedom," Polanyiana 2005, nos. 1-2, pp. 192 to 195 (opening on Monday June 25 in the Titania Palace; the fourteen-paragraph Freedom Manifesto reprinted with the Trevor-Roper and Ayer amendments; the closing ceremony on Thursday June 28 before 15,000). https://polanyiana.org/articles/polanyiana-2005-1-2-14_peter-coleman-arthur-koestler-and-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12, on the August 1951 renaming of OPC's Special Projects Division as the International Organizations Branch and Braden's appointment to it. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12 (QKOPERA's permanent home in the International Organizations Division; Cord Meyer as guardian until 1967) and Part 11 of 12 (1966 Ford talks; September 1966 cutoff; May 1967 resignations "merely noted"; September 1967 reforms and final resignations; the study cites Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 228-231 for the resignation passage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf and https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14.
|
||||
[^11]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), sections on the 1964 Patman hearings ("Patman Eight") and the Katzenbach Committee, including the committee's recommendation and FitzGerald's May 1967 circular. The February 15, 1967 appointment date is from the editorial note to Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 33, document 260.
|
||||
[^12]: "CIA Funds Reported Sent to Dallas Body; Foundation Trustee Denies Knowledge of Any Donations," Dallas News, February 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100140020-7
|
||||
[^13]: Daniel Rapoport, United Press International report on Patman and the Kaplan Fund, September 1964, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400260004-9
|
||||
[^14]: Langenkamp, pp. 9 to 10 and note 44 (Farfield as a front set up to channel funds mainly to the CCF; about 35,000 dollars from Farfield for the proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists), and Table 3, "Grants to the CCF, 1958-1959 / 1963-1964" (Farfield Foundation, New York, 843,668 in the 1958 column). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Library of Congress catalog record for Encounter (issues from October 1953; "Published for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1953-"; editors "<1956-> : Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol; <1969-> : Melvin J. Lasky and Nigel Denis"); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," Spender, Kristol and Lasky as directeurs de publication (ISSN 0013-7073); Eton College Library catalogue record B53860. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k and https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B53860
|
||||
[^16]: Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1953) to vol. 75, no. 2 (Sept. 1990). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k
|
||||
[^17]: Encounter, October 1953, December 1958, June 1967 and July 1967 issues. https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990
|
||||
[^18]: Langenkamp, note 62, citing letters to the New York Times by Nabokov and Rougemont, May 19, 1966, and by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^19]: "On the Committee for Cultural Freedom," Dissent, 1967, reprinting Michael Harrington's article from the Spring 1955 issue. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000100600001-0
|
||||
[^20]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42
|
||||
[^21]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^22]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter, The Nation, October 2, 1967, p. 309 (CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6
|
||||
[^23]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb343490202, "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," François Bondy, directeur de publication, 1951-1975 (ISSN 0032-7980); University of Chicago Library finding aid, Scope Note, Series VII, "Preuves Papers, 1951-1969." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343490202 and https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^24]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series II, Series VII (Preuves Papers) and the Der Monat, Tempo Presente, Quadrant, Cuadernos, Quest and Mundo Nuevo folders. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^25]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue records cb32631877b and cb319416808, "Tempo presente. Informazione e discussione. [Mensile.] Dir. : Nicola Chiaromonte e Ignazio Silone. Anno I. Num. 1, aprile 1956"; Library of Congress catalog record 7945222 (Chiaromonte and Silone as editors). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32631877b
|
||||
[^26]: Library of Congress catalog record for Quadrant (Sydney; "Vol. 1, no. 1 (summer 1956-7)"; "Editor: 1957- J. McAuley"; sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and, from winter 1957, the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb32402678d, "Quadrant. An Australian quarterly review. Ed. : James McAuley. Vol. I. N° 1, Summer 1956-57." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32402678d
|
||||
[^27]: Library of Congress catalog record 11493571, "Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura" ("Began with: No. 1 (marzo/mayo 1953)"; issued by the Congress for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34410523v (1953-1965, ISSN 0590-1502). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34410523v
|
||||
[^28]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 (the Transition editor's arrest and imprisonment on a sedition charge), and Table 2 (Ford's three-year support for Mundo Nuevo, described as the CCF's literary journal directed to Latin American audiences). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^29]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8
|
||||
[^30]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5
|
||||
[^31]: Langenkamp, discussion of the Rockefeller applications for the CCF's 1953 conferences (note 37), identifying Nabokov as CCF secretary general. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^32]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Historical Note (Nabokov as president, John C. Hunt as executive director, Shepard Stone named president of the IACF). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
|
||||
[^33]: Langenkamp, note 50, quoting Shepard Stone to John J. McCloy, February 25, 1954, as cited by Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe, p. 223. Rougemont's 1954 meeting with Stone and Nabokov is in the same passage. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^34]: Langenkamp, pp. 13 to 19 and notes 58 to 82 (the 1957 grant and the 250,000 dollar annual payments; the 1961 and 1962 trustee rules; the 2,000,000 dollar guarantee proposal and the 15 to 20 million dollar consortium; Bundy's letter of September 23, 1966 and the 7,000,000 dollar six-year grant; the 1966 review by Ward and Perkins; Sutton's September 1967 recommendation and the reduced installments; Heaps and the 1972 renewal; the 1978 terminal grant; Goodwin's 1977 evaluation with the 8,400,000 dollar total; the April 1966 New York Times articles). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^35]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1966 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34, and grant table, p. 96. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, New York Times series on the Central Intelligence Agency, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (dispatch of April 26), CIA reading room copy of the full series. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1
|
||||
[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (introduction: "until the Agency arranged an amicable separation from the Congress in 1966"). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
|
||||
[^38]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39 (the passage on the Rabb Foundation and the Fairfield Foundation). https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia
|
||||
[^39]: Edward McLaren, "How the CIA secretly funded Encounter," The Common Reader, September 15, 2025. https://www.commonreader.co.uk/p/stephen-spender-and-the-cia
|
||||
[^40]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1967 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^41]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3
|
||||
[^42]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the Ford Foundation grant of 50,000 dollars for Encounter's promotion in the United States and the press release of November 16, 1972 on the petition.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,17 +86,22 @@ relations:
|
|||
reverse: true
|
||||
end: 2023-06-30
|
||||
role: "president, 1,868,393 dollars reportable compensation in the return for the year to June 2023"
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[David Rubenstein]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chairman in the return for the year to June 2023"
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2002
|
||||
role: "Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellowship in Business and Foreign Policy, first holder Bennett Freeman"
|
||||
fn: 29
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "director, term expiring 1987; Executive Committee; Vice Chairman of the Board"
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
created: 2026-10-01
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
|
|
@ -182,27 +187,29 @@ General fund expenditures were 6,778,300 dollars against total funding of 6,718,
|
|||
|
||||
The report lists as directors, at press time, Harold Brown, Stanley Hoffmann, Nicholas Katzenbach, Lane Kirkland, Juanita Kreps, Robert Scalapino, [[Brent Scowcroft]], Stephen Stamas, Philip Geyelin, McColough, Donald McHenry, Peterson, William D. Rogers, Vance, Marina Whitman, Walter Wriston, Graham Allison, Warren Christopher, Richard Gelb, Alan Greenspan, [[Bobby Ray Inman]], Jeane Kirkpatrick, Lewis Preston and Clifton Wharton. Of these twenty-four, Brown, Allison, Christopher, Kirkland, Greenspan, Kreps and Whitman appear in the Trilateral Commission's North American roster of July 1981.[^1][^25] A letter from McCloy dated June 27, 1985, printed in the report, refers to David Rockefeller's "44 years of close and active association with the Council" and to his "relinquishment of his leadership on the Board."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
In the report's Officers and Directors table Cyrus Vance appears in the column of directors with terms expiring in 1987. He is listed on the Executive Committee chaired by David Rockefeller (with Warren Christopher, [[Theodore Hesburgh]], Lane Kirkland, McColough, Peterson and [[Lewis T. Preston]]), among the members of the Campaign Executive Committee, and, in the report's historical roll of officers, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board with Grayson Kirk. He chaired the advisory group of the Studies Program's European-American Project ([[Robert D. Hormats]], vice chairman), presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its printed transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Bernard L. Schwartz fellowship and the Greenberg Center, 2002
|
||||
|
||||
On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^28]
|
||||
On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^29] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^30]
|
||||
Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^30] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
### Foreign Affairs
|
||||
|
||||
Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^31]
|
||||
Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Recent filings
|
||||
|
||||
The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^32]
|
||||
The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^32]
|
||||
[[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^33]
|
||||
Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Jeffrey Epstein
|
||||
|
||||
Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^34] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^35]
|
||||
Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^35] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -233,11 +240,12 @@ Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|E
|
|||
[^25]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "As of July 1, 1981," reprinted in Congressional Research Service, The Trilateral Commission, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981), https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19810501_IP0092_2d3ea09e2c6068af730f41d315f4ea490bc91878.pdf
|
||||
[^26]: Memoranda, National Intelligence Officer for China to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for National Intelligence, July 26, 1976 (NIO 1215-76) and September 7, 1976 (NIO 1426-76), CIA-RDP83B00100R000100130019-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00100r000100130019-2
|
||||
[^27]: Letter, Stansfield Turner to Alton Frye, Director, International Affairs Fellowships, Council on Foreign Relations, September 12, 1979, CIA-RDP80B01554R003300220008-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01554r003300220008-8
|
||||
[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign
|
||||
[^29]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt
|
||||
[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b
|
||||
[^31]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct
|
||||
[^32]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml)
|
||||
[^33]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1
|
||||
[^34]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf
|
||||
[^35]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf
|
||||
[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; committee lists; Campaign Executive Committee; historical officers; Studies Program and European-American Project (advisory group list); Meetings; Publications. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
|
||||
[^29]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign
|
||||
[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt
|
||||
[^31]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b
|
||||
[^32]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct
|
||||
[^33]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml)
|
||||
[^34]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1
|
||||
[^35]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ The reported decisions in the Groom Lake waste cases, [[Frost v. Perry]] and [[K
|
|||
[^4]: URS Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2003, filed January 22, 2004, business description ("In August 2002, we acquired Carlyle-EG&G Holdings Corp. and Lear Siegler Services, Inc.") and executive officers, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/102379/000095014904000182/f95747e10vk.htm
|
||||
[^5]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974, chapter 3, p. 130, in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 434, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%203.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, chapter 6, "The U-2's Intended Successor: Project OXCART, 1956-1968," pp. 274 to 275, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%206.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: "The secret airline you've perhaps seen but never heard of," 100 Knots, https://www.100knots.com/the-secret-airline-youve-perhaps-seen-but-never-heard-of/ ; Andrew Curran, "U.S. Air Force scouting for new operator of Janet B737s," ch-aviation, November 14, 2023, https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/134054-us-air-force-scouting-for-new-operator-of-janet-b737s ; Aviacionline, "USAF seeks new contractor to manage JANET's 737-600s," https://www.aviacionline.com/usaf-seeks-new-contractor-to-manage-janets-737-600s (states the mission "was long operated by EG&G"). Sole source for the passages so cited; no contract document or FAA record was opened.
|
||||
[^8]: KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, report by George Knapp (the transcript file gives no date; Lazar's 1989 broadcasts are May and November 1989), as transcribed in the compilation "Bob Lazar interview transcript dump," Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/bob-lazar-em-grande-entrevista-especial-legendado-em-portugues.-www.braufonet.com.br (file Bob lazar em grande entrevista especial ... _djvu.txt, lines 1318 to 1340 and 2846 to 2856; the compiler and the broadcast date are not given in the file). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: "The secret airline you've perhaps seen but never heard of," 100 Knots, https://www.100knots.com/the-secret-airline-youve-perhaps-seen-but-never-heard-of/ ; Andrew Curran, "U.S. Air Force scouting for new operator of Janet B737s," ch-aviation, November 14, 2023, https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/134054-us-air-force-scouting-for-new-operator-of-janet-b737s ; Aviacionline, "USAF seeks new contractor to manage JANET's 737-600s," https://www.aviacionline.com/usaf-seeks-new-contractor-to-manage-janets-737-600s (states the mission "was long operated by EG&G"). No contract document or FAA record was opened.
|
||||
[^8]: KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, report by George Knapp (the transcript file gives no date; Lazar's 1989 broadcasts are May and November 1989), as transcribed in the compilation "Bob Lazar interview transcript dump," Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/bob-lazar-em-grande-entrevista-especial-legendado-em-portugues.-www.braufonet.com.br (file Bob lazar em grande entrevista especial ... _djvu.txt, lines 1318 to 1340 and 2846 to 2856; the compiler and the broadcast date are not given in the file).
|
||||
[^9]: "EWD NOTES 10/16/02, Eric Davis Meeting with Adm. Wilson," pp. 1 and 5, as leaked in 2019, in The Black Vault, "The 'Admiral Wilson Leak,'" https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-admiral-wilson-leak-an-analysis/ (PDF https://documents2.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wilsonleak.pdf); Wilson's statements to Billy Cox of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2020, as reproduced there. The authorship and provenance of the notes are unverified; Davis has not commented.
|
||||
[^10]: Kasza v. Browner, 133 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 1998), opinion of Judge Rymer, Harvard Caselaw Access Project, https://static.case.law/f3d/133/cases/1159-01.json
|
||||
[^11]: Frost v. Perry, 161 F.R.D. 434 (D. Nev. 1995) (Pro, J.), Harvard Caselaw Access Project, https://static.case.law/frd/161/cases/0434-01.json
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Knutsson put questions to EAF and Open Philanthropy in October and November 2019
|
|||
[^2]: Open Philanthropy grant pages, Effective Altruism Foundation: "European Policy Research" (April 2020, 15,358 dollars; investigators Zachary Robinson and Alexander Berger), "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (October 2020, 375,000 dollars; investigator Zachary Robinson), "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (January 2022, 697,268 dollars) and "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (April 2022, 200,000 dollars, Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness), each archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022/ and https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022-2/
|
||||
[^3]: Effective Altruism Foundation and Foundational Research Institute, "EAF's Guidelines for Discussing Astronomical Stakes (shared)," first written March 2019, last updated September 10, 2019; copy hosted on simonknutsson.com, Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171253id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/EAFs-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Astronomical-Stakes-2019-10-12.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Nick Beckstead, "Guidelines for Discussing Longtermism and Existential Risks," last updated July 3, 2019; Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163925id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/Beckstead-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Longtermism-and-Existential-Risks-1.6.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ Sole source for the July 2019 messages and the statements about funding and the grant; Knutsson describes himself as employed by Stockholm University.
|
||||
[^5]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ Knutsson describes himself as employed by Stockholm University.
|
||||
[^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Message exchange with EAF," simonknutsson.com, November 12, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/message-exchange-with-eaf/ Knutsson did not publish Torges's replies and summarizes them.
|
||||
[^7]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Knutsson did not publish Levine's replies and summarizes them.
|
||||
[^8]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda Sole source for the June 2019 date and for Vinding.
|
||||
[^8]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ In October 2012 the Labour MP [[Tom Watson]] asked Prime Minister [[David Camero
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It gives twenty-three men detained where the inquiry gives twenty people arrested including the Kasirs, and describes Cyril Smith as confirmed as a visitor, where the inquiry found no politician or VIP identified. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It gives twenty-three men detained where the inquiry gives twenty people arrested including the Kasirs, and describes Cyril Smith as confirmed as a visitor, where the inquiry found no politician or VIP identified.
|
||||
[^2]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster: Investigation Report,* February 2020, Part B.3, "The 1980s," paras. 9-12. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-b-allegations-child-sexual-abuse-linked-westminster/b3-1980s.html
|
||||
[^3]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster,* February 2020, Part D.7, "Allegations connected to Elm Guest House," paras. 70-74. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -149,6 +149,6 @@ The Black Vault published the release with a write-up headed "FOIA Response Reve
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Colin Lodewick, "This startup wants to help organize your UFO sightings," Fortune, July 13, 2022. https://fortune.com/2022/07/13/enigma-labs-uap-unidentified-aerial-phenomenon-startup/
|
||||
[^2]: Enigma Labs, FAQ page (enigmalabs.io/faq), Internet Archive captures of November 12, 2023 (http://web.archive.org/web/20231112052159/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), February 5, 2024 (http://web.archive.org/web/20240205181411/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), January 14, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20250114122228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq) and October 10, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20251010160228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq); entries "How are you funded?" (Prismic first publication August 23, 2023, last publication January 24, 2024), "Are you government-affiliated?" and "Why do Enigma Labs employees use pseudonyms?". Sole source for the company's statements about itself.
|
||||
[^2]: Enigma Labs, FAQ page (enigmalabs.io/faq), Internet Archive captures of November 12, 2023 (http://web.archive.org/web/20231112052159/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), February 5, 2024 (http://web.archive.org/web/20240205181411/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), January 14, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20250114122228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq) and October 10, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20251010160228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq); entries "How are you funded?" (Prismic first publication August 23, 2023, last publication January 24, 2024), "Are you government-affiliated?" and "Why do Enigma Labs employees use pseudonyms?".
|
||||
[^3]: Department of Defense, Freedom of Information Division, final response 23-F-0711 to John Greenewald Jr., The Black Vault, July 3, 2025, 50 pages with cover letter signed by Pamela Andrews, Chief, FOIA, with the messages quoted above appearing at release pages 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 50 and 51 (as numbered in the footer of the pages). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/osd/23-F-0711.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: The Black Vault, "FOIA Response Reveals Contact Between AARO and Enigma Labs, Details Remain Largely Redacted." https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-response-reveals-contact-between-aaro-and-enigma-labs-details-remain-largely-redacted/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -84,38 +84,43 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1957-10
|
||||
end: 1962-12
|
||||
role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, then 250,000 dollars a year through 1962"
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
fn: 40
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[International Association for Cultural Freedom]]"
|
||||
start: 1966-09
|
||||
end: 1978-03
|
||||
role: "grant of 7,000,000 dollars announced 1966; renewed 1972 at 400,000 dollars a year"
|
||||
fn: 46
|
||||
fn: 50
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Rand Corporation]]"
|
||||
start: 1948-05
|
||||
role: "interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars after RAND's separation from Douglas Aircraft; loan extended to 1,000,000 dollars in 1950"
|
||||
fn: 66
|
||||
fn: 71
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
|
||||
start: 1952-04
|
||||
role: "grant of 875,000 dollars to the Center for International Studies in spring 1952"
|
||||
fn: 62
|
||||
fn: 67
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
|
||||
start: 1964-10
|
||||
end: 1965-09
|
||||
role: "grant of 1,000,000 dollars under American education in world affairs in fiscal 1965"
|
||||
fn: 69
|
||||
fn: 74
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[East European Fund]]"
|
||||
role: "subsidiary, per Langenkamp"
|
||||
fn: 71
|
||||
fn: 76
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]]"
|
||||
start: 1954
|
||||
role: "helped establish the center at Stanford University; grant of 3,411,590 dollars for five years in fiscal 1954"
|
||||
fn: 74
|
||||
fn: 79
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Der Monat]]"
|
||||
start: 1954
|
||||
role: "175,000-dollar appropriation covering three years, grantee International Publications, Inc."
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Ford Foundation is a philanthropic foundation chartered in Michigan in 1936 by [[Edsel Ford]] with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars.[^1] Ford Motor Company stock valued at 417 million dollars passed to it after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and [[Henry Ford]] in 1947. By New Year's Eve 1950 the endowment stood at 492 million dollars, and its assets dwarfed those of the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the two largest American foundations until then.[^2] From April 1951 the foundation's officers were approached by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the [[U.S. Department of State]] about channeling Cold War projects through the foundation. It financed the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF) from 1957 until the successor organization, the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), was dissolved in March 1978.
|
||||
|
|
@ -174,87 +179,99 @@ Dulles repeatedly sought to recruit the foundation's fellows. In 1958 he invited
|
|||
|
||||
In February 1961 the trustees disallowed grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other sources of income. In 1962 they added that institutions receiving funds from "undisclosed United States Government sources" did not qualify.[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1954 the foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars for the Berlin monthly [[Der Monat]], covering three years; its annual report states that the journal "was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities" and that "United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The grantee was the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.), the journal's publisher.[^37] Der Spiegel reported that John J. McCloy and Shepard Stone, formerly director of Public Affairs at the American High Commission, were among the foundation's officers friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the foundation declined a seat on the publisher's board.[^38] The foundation's grant lists for 1955 to 1958 continue to carry entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) for support of Der Monat.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1957 to 1967
|
||||
|
||||
In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.[^37] Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.[^38]
|
||||
In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.[^40] Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.[^39] In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.[^40]
|
||||
In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.[^42] In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.[^43]
|
||||
|
||||
An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. [[Michael Josselson]], the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."[^41]
|
||||
An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. [[Michael Josselson]], the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1964 [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."[^42]
|
||||
In 1964 [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures and the International Association for Cultural Freedom
|
||||
|
||||
From April 25 to 29, 1966 the [[New York Times]] published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine [[Encounter]].[^43] [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.[^44] Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]], president of [[Cornell University]], wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."[^45]
|
||||
From April 25 to 29, 1966 the [[New York Times]] published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine [[Encounter]].[^46] [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.[^47] Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]], president of [[Cornell University]], wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."[^48]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^46] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.[^47]
|
||||
According to the CIA's classified history, Michael Josselson asked McGeorge Bundy and Shepard Stone in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The New York Times articles of April 1966 gave impetus to talks between the agency and the foundation that had recently resumed, and Bundy and Stone were ready to talk.[^49]
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account.[^48] In April 1967 [[Jason Epstein]] published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the [[New York Review of Books]]. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.[^49]
|
||||
On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^50] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.[^51]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.[^50] [[Raymond Aron]], whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.[^51]
|
||||
The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966 and, according to Josselson, with a guarantee of appropriations until 1972. It reported that Josselson had said in May that 1.5 million dollars was given by the foundation to the congress for 1966-67.[^52]
|
||||
|
||||
The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^52]
|
||||
In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account.[^53] In April 1967 [[Jason Epstein]] published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the [[New York Review of Books]]. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.[^54]
|
||||
|
||||
Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and [[Pierre Emmanuel]] became its director.[^53] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.[^54] In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]], renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^54]
|
||||
On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.[^55] [[Raymond Aron]], whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.[^56]
|
||||
|
||||
In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, [[Craufurd Goodwin]] called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.[^55]
|
||||
The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^57]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.[^56]
|
||||
Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and [[Pierre Emmanuel]] became its director.[^58] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.[^59] In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]], renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^59]
|
||||
|
||||
In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, [[Craufurd Goodwin]] called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.[^60]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.[^61]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Katzenbach Committee and the end of covert grants, 1967
|
||||
|
||||
After the 1967 disclosures, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] established a committee composed of [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], Under Secretary of State, [[John W. Gardner]], Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and [[Richard Helms]], the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The [[Church Committee]] describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.[^57] The committee's report, as printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.[^58]
|
||||
After the 1967 disclosures, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] established a committee composed of [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], Under Secretary of State, [[John W. Gardner]], Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and [[Richard Helms]], the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The [[Church Committee]] describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.[^62] The committee's report, as printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.[^63]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 4, 1968 [[Dean Rusk]] advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."[^59] The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and [[Radio Liberty]].[^60]
|
||||
On June 4, 1968 [[Dean Rusk]] advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."[^64] The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and [[Radio Liberty]].[^65]
|
||||
|
||||
### Grants to Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|
||||
|
||||
The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^61] The [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to [[Daniel Bessner]].[^62] The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^63]
|
||||
The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^66] The [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to [[Daniel Bessner]].[^67] The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^68]
|
||||
|
||||
The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."[^64] The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^64][^65]
|
||||
The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."[^69] The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^69][^70]
|
||||
|
||||
### Grants to RAND Corporation
|
||||
|
||||
After RAND separated from [[Douglas Aircraft]] on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.[^66] In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, [[Hans Speier]], director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."[^67] Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."[^68]
|
||||
After RAND separated from [[Douglas Aircraft]] on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.[^71] In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, [[Hans Speier]], director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."[^72] Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."[^73]
|
||||
|
||||
### Grants to the Council on Foreign Relations
|
||||
|
||||
The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] under the heading American education in world affairs.[^69]
|
||||
The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] under the heading American education in world affairs.[^74]
|
||||
|
||||
### Grants to the International Institute for Strategic Studies
|
||||
|
||||
The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.[^70]
|
||||
The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.[^75]
|
||||
|
||||
### The East European Fund and Columbia University
|
||||
|
||||
Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the [[East European Fund]], was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. [[George F. Kennan]] proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.[^71]
|
||||
Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the [[East European Fund]], was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. [[George F. Kennan]] proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.[^76]
|
||||
|
||||
Langenkamp notes that [[Philip E. Mosely]] advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.[^72]
|
||||
Langenkamp notes that [[Philip E. Mosely]] advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.[^77]
|
||||
|
||||
### Behavioral sciences and the Center for Advanced Study
|
||||
|
||||
The foundation helped establish the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].[^73] The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.[^74]
|
||||
The foundation helped establish the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].[^78] The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.[^79]
|
||||
|
||||
### Parapsychology
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Parapsychology Foundation]] was founded in 1951 by [[Eileen Garrett|Eileen J. Garrett]] with the support of [[Frances P. Bolton]], and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.[^75]
|
||||
The [[Parapsychology Foundation]] was founded in 1951 by [[Eileen Garrett|Eileen J. Garrett]] with the support of [[Frances P. Bolton]], and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.[^80]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1969 tax reform hearings
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.[^76] McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.[^76]
|
||||
In 1969 the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.[^81] McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.[^81]
|
||||
|
||||
The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."[^77] Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of [[Carl Stokes]], and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the [[Southern Regional Council]] offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1969]], Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."[^78]
|
||||
The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."[^82] Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of [[Carl Stokes]], and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the [[Southern Regional Council]] offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1969]], Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."[^83]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 2001 Durban conference
|
||||
|
||||
In 2003 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] published a two-month investigation by [[Edwin Black]], the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in [[Durban]].[^79] It reported that the [[Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment]], known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the [[Palestinian NGO Network]] received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.[^79]
|
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In 2003 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] published a two-month investigation by [[Edwin Black]], the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in [[Durban]].[^84] It reported that the [[Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment]], known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the [[Palestinian NGO Network]] received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.[^84]
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The foundation's communications vice president, [[Alex Wilde]], initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."[^80]
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The foundation's communications vice president, [[Alex Wilde]], initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."[^85]
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### Records at the Rockefeller Archive Center
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The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).[^81]
|
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The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).[^86]
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### Stratton's chairmanship, 1966 to 1971
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The foundation's 1965 annual report lists Julius A. Stratton on the board's executive committee, chaired by McCloy, and names him to succeed McCloy as chairman.[^27] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported the succession on November 15, 1965, saying that a source close to Stratton said he had accepted the chairmanship and that, as a trustee, he had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported Bundy as the best man for the job.[^87] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965 Bundy told President Lyndon B. Johnson: "John McCloy is out of town, so I have spoken to his successor, Jay Stratton, who is a deeply discreet man. Stratton immediately undertook to agree, in the name of the Trustees, to the condition which I have stated in the next to last paragraph."[^88]
|
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|
||||
Stratton changed board practice. Officers had been instructed not to talk with a trustee unless the president of the foundation was present, and board meetings left little time for discussion. He introduced a mandatory retirement age and fixed terms for trustees, and set up trustee committees paired with staff divisions, on the model of MIT's visiting committees. In an oral history he described his method: "My procedure has been to involve every member [in discussions], to turn to him for what he thinks on each issue."[^89] He was chairman from 1966 to 1971.[^90] When he left the board, its resolution said that "He leaves the foundation stronger than he found it, and all who care for its work are deeply in his debt."[^89]
|
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|
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### Footnotes
|
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|
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|
@ -294,48 +311,57 @@ The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in
|
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[^34]: Langenkamp, note 21, quoting Braden as cited in Joel Kotek, "Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War," in The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945-1960, ed. Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 152, and Langenkamp's remark that it is not clear whether the statement is true.
|
||||
[^35]: Langenkamp, note 57, citing 1958 and 1959 CIA correspondence (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, General Correspondence, FA735), John B. Howard's oral history of February 15, 1973, and Henry T. Heald's oral history of February 25, 1972, pp. 26 to 27 (Box 35, Folder 180), for the 1958 Washington briefing and Heald's repetition of the position to McCone.
|
||||
[^36]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 58, citing the Executive Committee minutes of February 10, 1961 in the Shepard Stone Papers (Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College), as cited by Berghahn, p. 227, and the 1962 addition.
|
||||
[^37]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962).
|
||||
[^38]: Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant").
|
||||
[^39]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure.
|
||||
[^40]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years.
|
||||
[^41]: Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal.
|
||||
[^42]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^43]: Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article.
|
||||
[^44]: Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3).
|
||||
[^45]: Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University).
|
||||
[^46]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences.
|
||||
[^47]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^48]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38.
|
||||
[^49]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967.
|
||||
[^50]: Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret.
|
||||
[^51]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179).
|
||||
[^52]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000.
|
||||
[^53]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^54]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978).
|
||||
[^55]: Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation.
|
||||
[^56]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review.
|
||||
[^57]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^58]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260
|
||||
[^59]: Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1).
|
||||
[^60]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^61]: Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade.
|
||||
[^62]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
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[^63]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^64]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^65]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^66]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^67]: Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3).
|
||||
[^68]: Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations.
|
||||
[^69]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^70]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^71]: Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^72]: Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744).
|
||||
[^73]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
|
||||
[^74]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^75]: Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/
|
||||
[^76]: James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
|
||||
[^77]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762).
|
||||
[^78]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
|
||||
[^79]: Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
|
||||
[^80]: Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
|
||||
[^81]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^37]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat." https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^38]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42
|
||||
[^39]: Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955 to 1958, grant lists. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1957-annual-report.pdf (and the same path for 1955, 1956 and 1958)
|
||||
[^40]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962).
|
||||
[^41]: Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant").
|
||||
[^42]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure.
|
||||
[^43]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years.
|
||||
[^44]: Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal.
|
||||
[^45]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^46]: Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article.
|
||||
[^47]: Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3).
|
||||
[^48]: Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University).
|
||||
[^49]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (on the 1966 talks with the Ford Foundation and Josselson's request of early 1966, citing the New York Times series of April 1966). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
|
||||
[^50]: Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences.
|
||||
[^51]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^52]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3
|
||||
[^53]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38.
|
||||
[^54]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967.
|
||||
[^55]: Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret.
|
||||
[^56]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179).
|
||||
[^57]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000.
|
||||
[^58]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^59]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978).
|
||||
[^60]: Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation.
|
||||
[^61]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review.
|
||||
[^62]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^63]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260
|
||||
[^64]: Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1).
|
||||
[^65]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^66]: Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade.
|
||||
[^67]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^68]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^69]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^70]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^71]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^72]: Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3).
|
||||
[^73]: Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations.
|
||||
[^74]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^75]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^76]: Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^77]: Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744).
|
||||
[^78]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
|
||||
[^79]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^80]: Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/
|
||||
[^81]: James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
|
||||
[^82]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762).
|
||||
[^83]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
|
||||
[^84]: Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
|
||||
[^85]: Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
|
||||
[^86]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
|
||||
[^87]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1965. https://thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts
|
||||
[^88]: McGeorge Bundy, memorandum to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968, vol. XXXIII, Document 159. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159
|
||||
[^89]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences, section "The Ford Foundation." https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf
|
||||
[^90]: Eric Pace, "Julius A. Stratton, 93, Ex-President of M.I.T.," New York Times, June 24, 1994, p. A25. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/24/obituaries/julius-a-stratton-93-ex-president-of-mit.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Hughes was a high-standing member of FGBMFI and a keynote speaker at a dinner ev
|
|||
---
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It counts five FGBMFI members at the 1970 meeting. It describes Micheletti as placed in office by the generals. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It counts five FGBMFI members at the 1970 meeting. It describes Micheletti as placed in office by the generals.
|
||||
[^2]: Slosser, Bob. "The Prophecy." CBN. https://cbn.com/article/relationships/prophecy
|
||||
[^3]: Congressional Research Service. *Honduran Political Crisis, June 2009-January 2010,* R41064, February 1, 2010. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41064.html
|
||||
[^4]: "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ According to [[Cheri Seymour]], FBI wiretaps in the Los Angeles inquiry into [[M
|
|||
|
||||
### The Wackenhut-Cabazon allegation
|
||||
|
||||
Seymour wrote that [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW]], believed that the joint venture between the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] was connected to government-sanctioned drug trafficking and to money laundering by organized crime groups such as the Gambino family, with [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s role being to help these groups use the [[NSA]]'s bank-surveillance version of [[PROMIS]] to launder drug proceeds. Sole source for the passages so cited; Hamilton's belief is reported by Seymour and the allegation is not repeated in the court records above.[^5]
|
||||
Seymour wrote that [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW]], believed that the joint venture between the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] was connected to government-sanctioned drug trafficking and to money laundering by organized crime groups such as the Gambino family, with [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s role being to help these groups use the [[NSA]]'s bank-surveillance version of [[PROMIS]] to launder drug proceeds. Hamilton's belief is reported by Seymour and the allegation is not repeated in the court records above.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ In its September 9, 1991 objection to Arif Durrani's second request for document
|
|||
[^1]: Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
|
||||
[^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987 (Senate Select Committee, Hart Senate Office Building; examined by Charles Kerr), Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^3]: State of Delaware, Division of Corporations, Entity Details, GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp., File Number 2015058, formation date 8/15/1983, registered agent Corporation Guarantee and Trust Company, Rodney Square, 1000 North King Street, Wilmington. https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx
|
||||
[^4]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, pp. 42, 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 Sole source for the unnamed former official's statement and the Carbaugh memorandum.
|
||||
[^4]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, pp. 42, 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
|
||||
[^5]: Mark Phythian, ed., *Under the Counter and Over the Border* (Springer, 2013), p. 65.
|
||||
[^6]: "Former Miami Banker Gets Prison Term for Diverting Funds to Contras," *American Banker*, March 31, 1995. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/former-miami-banker-gets-prison-term-for-diverting-funds-to-contras
|
||||
[^7]: *Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Contras* (National Security Archive, 1987), p. 444.
|
||||
|
|
@ -154,4 +154,4 @@ In its September 9, 1991 objection to Arif Durrani's second request for document
|
|||
[^22]: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, news release PR-139-87, August 7, 1987. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/press-releases-federal-deposit-insurance-corporation-7031/fdic-transfers-insured-deposits-bayshore-bank-florida-miami-florida-641646
|
||||
[^23]: Frank Bovenkerk and Michael Levi, eds., *The Organized Crime Community* (Springer, 2007), p. 22.
|
||||
[^24]: Government's Objection to Arif Durrani's Second Request for Production of Documents, *United States v. Durrani*, D. Conn., September 9, 1991, p. 7. CIA CREST 0001474388. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001474388
|
||||
[^25]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
|
||||
[^25]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). The figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ A Department of Justice document in the INSLAW files describes [[Bill Turner]] (
|
|||
[^7]: Day, Dwayne A., and Nicholas W. Watkins, "From TACSAT to JUMPSEAT: Hughes and the top secret Gyrostat satellite gamble," *The Space Review*, December 21, 2020. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4096/1
|
||||
[^8]: Day and Watkins (note 7), quoting Anthony Iorillo's newsletter for Hughes Space Division alumni. The identification of HS-318 as JUMPSEAT is the authors' own.
|
||||
[^9]: General Motors Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1993, notes on acquisition of Hughes and stockholders' equity, SEC EDGAR accession 0000040730-94-000002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-94-000002.txt
|
||||
[^10]: Green, Christopher Canfield, *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007, sections "GM NAO Research & Development Center, 3/85 - 9/93" and pre-1985 activities; the CV's own account of his career, sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: Green, Christopher Canfield, *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007, sections "GM NAO Research & Development Center, 3/85 - 9/93" and pre-1985 activities; the CV's own account of his career, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf
|
||||
[^11]: General Motors Form 10-K for fiscal 1993 (note 9), Item 2 (properties) and Item 1 (backlog).
|
||||
[^12]: General Motors Form 10-K for fiscal 1993 (note 9), Item 3 (legal proceedings) and notes on acquisitions.
|
||||
[^13]: General Motors Corporation, Form 8-K filed April 14, 1997 (announcement of January 16, 1997), SEC EDGAR accession 0000040730-97-000015, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-97-000015.txt; and Form 8-K filed December 18, 1997 (completion on December 17, 1997), accession 0000040730-97-000037, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-97-000037.txt
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ Under Projects the container tree names the Center for the Study of Extraterrest
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers" (COU:4004), biographical note and Series 4 scope note, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346 and https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/311786.
|
||||
[^2]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635.
|
||||
[^3]: Jones letters to Gibbons of February 17, May 26, June 10, December 2 and December 13, 1994, and February 9, March 31 and August 23, 1995, as listed in the Paradigm Research Group index, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller_Initiative_Documents.htm, and attachments to RID-8-23-95-2.htm (letters of May 16 and August 17, 1995); Patti Solis and William M. Webster IV to Jones, RID-12-15-94.htm and RID-12-21-94.htm.
|
||||
[^4]: Jones to Gibbons, February 17, 1994, with Gibbons's note signed JHG and dated 3/29/94, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-2-17-94.htm.
|
||||
[^5]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," text and note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," text and note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html.
|
||||
[^6]: Center for Psychology and Social Change, *CenterPiece*, September 1993, p. 2, https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1993_0900.pdf.
|
||||
[^7]: Dinah Eng, "The day that cosmic cultures meet," *Pensacola News Journal*, May 17, 1995, p. 7, https://www.newspapers.com/image/267898730/; the same text appeared as "Conferees seek plan for dealing with 'Them'," *The News-Star* (Monroe, La.), May 19, 1995, p. 13, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1245983088/.
|
||||
[^8]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, "When Cosmic Cultures Meet - Collection Finding Aid," 2008-1575-F, https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36409.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -163,33 +163,33 @@ In November 1994 the [[National Security Council]] approved a supercomputer sale
|
|||
|
||||
### Richard Garwin and the Vela data
|
||||
|
||||
[[Richard L. Garwin]] was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [[Seymour Hersh]] describes him as a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979, and as known for independence as a government consultant.[^25] The [[National Security Archive]] describes Garwin as then with IBM's James Watson Laboratory at Columbia University and the body as a White House panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], on which Garwin served. It states that Garwin, who had first read the Vela data as indicating a nuclear event, changed his view while on the panel, and quotes an October 19, 1979 letter in which Garwin wrote that "I would bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis" that the incident was a nuclear explosion.[^26]
|
||||
[[Richard L. Garwin]] was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [[Seymour Hersh]] describes him as a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1979, and as known for independence as a government consultant.[^25] The [[National Security Archive]] describes Garwin as then with IBM's James Watson Laboratory at Columbia University and the body as a White House panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], on which Garwin served. It states that Garwin, who had first read the Vela data as indicating a nuclear event, changed his view while on the panel, and quotes an October 19, 1979 letter in which Garwin wrote that "I would bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis" that the incident was a nuclear explosion.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: *In re South African Apartheid Litigation* (*Ntsebeza v. Daimler AG*), 617 F. Supp. 2d 228 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2009) (headquarters of IBM in Armonk; aiding and abetting denationalization and apartheid pleaded against IBM; Khulumani claims against IBM dismissed with leave to amend, amended complaint due May 1, 2009). https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/617/cases/0228-01.json
|
||||
[^2]: Complaint, *Grossman v. International Business Machines Corp.* (E.D.N.Y., signature block dated "February __, 2001"), including footnote 3 of the complaint on the Dehomag and Watson history, paragraphs 19 and 22, and counts I and II. Copy from the Wayback Machine raw capture: https://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/https://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Switzerland/Grossman_v_IBM_US_10-02-2001.pdf. Sections citing this note state the plaintiffs' allegations as the complaint states them.
|
||||
[^3]: E. F. Codd, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," *Communications of the ACM* 13, no. 6 (June 1970), pp. 377-387 (author's affiliation: IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose; "Received September, 1969; revised February, 1970"). https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001; page numbers here are those of the 2002 paperback printing with the new afterword): Hollerith leasing policy, pp. 26-27; Hollerith's 1910 license to Heidinger and the creation of Dehomag, p. 30; Watson's 90 percent demand and Heidinger's 10 percent, pp. 44 and 75; Dehomag and the 1933 census, p. 89; 1939 census, p. 169; Bergen-Belsen scene, p. 22; award of the Merit Cross, pp. 131-134; Watson's note to Hull of May 16, 1940, the reply (letter of Hull to Watson dated May 20, 1940, per Black's endnote, IBM files) and the June 6, 1940 letter, pp. 213-217; reaction in Germany and at Dehomag, p. 219. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^4]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001; page numbers here are those of the 2002 paperback printing with the new afterword): Hollerith leasing policy, pp. 26-27; Hollerith's 1910 license to Heidinger and the creation of Dehomag, p. 30; Watson's 90 percent demand and Heidinger's 10 percent, pp. 44 and 75; Dehomag and the 1933 census, p. 89; 1939 census, p. 169; Bergen-Belsen scene, p. 22; award of the Merit Cross, pp. 131-134; Watson's note to Hull of May 16, 1940, the reply (letter of Hull to Watson dated May 20, 1940, per Black's endnote, IBM files) and the June 6, 1940 letter, pp. 213-217; reaction in Germany and at Dehomag, p. 219. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac.
|
||||
[^5]: Terry W. Hartle, "An eager vendor in deadly computations," review of Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust*, *Christian Science Monitor*, March 2001. https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0301/p16s1.html
|
||||
[^6]: Sam Jaffe, Bloomberg, April 12, 2001. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-04-11/ibm-the-holocaust-and-my-grandfather. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: "IBM Holocaust suit dropped," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*, March 29, 2001 (dateline Washington). https://www.jta.org/2001/03/29/default/ibm-holocaust-suit-dropped. Sole source for the withdrawal quotations as reported.
|
||||
[^6]: Sam Jaffe, Bloomberg, April 12, 2001. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-04-11/ibm-the-holocaust-and-my-grandfather.
|
||||
[^7]: "IBM Holocaust suit dropped," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*, March 29, 2001 (dateline Washington). https://www.jta.org/2001/03/29/default/ibm-holocaust-suit-dropped.
|
||||
[^8]: [[B. J. Archer]], "The Los Alamos Computing Facility during the Manhattan Project," Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-21-20164 (draft, February 17, 2021), pp. 1-4. Archer cites R. B. Lazarus et al., "Computing at LASL in the 1940s and 1950s," LA-6943-H, and L. Hoddeson et al., *Critical Assembly*, for the April 4, 1944 delivery date. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.05705
|
||||
[^9]: D. R. Israel, *The Integration of Air Traffic Control and Air Defense*, MITRE Corporation, SR-6, September 1959 (Defense Documentation Center copy), pp. 3-4. https://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/mitre/charm/ESD-TDR-63-390_The_Integration_of_Air_Traffic_Control_and_Air_Defense_195909.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: IBM, "SAGE," IBM Heritage. https://www.ibm.com/history/sage. Sole source for the division of work and the 80 percent revenue figure, which are IBM's own statements.
|
||||
[^10]: IBM, "SAGE," IBM Heritage. https://www.ibm.com/history/sage. The division of work and the 80 percent revenue figure are IBM's own statements.
|
||||
[^11]: [[Samuel S. Snyder]], *History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers* (Department of Defense, 1964): IBM influence and early computer philosophy, p. 7; Stretch contacts of 1955 and fixed-price offer, pp. 40-41; SILO, PLANTATION and TRACTOR contracts, pp. 41-42; May 1, 1957 manual, p. 42; April 1958 purchase description and April 30, 1958 letter contracts, p. 45; January 1962 delivery and 32 percent cost overrun, pp. 45-46. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3121322/Document-02.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: Memorandum, Robert McFarlane to Ronald Reagan, August 1, 1984, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. X, Eastern Europe, doc. 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v10/d30
|
||||
[^13]: Memorandum, Kenneth W. Dam to George P. Shultz, June 12, 1985, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. V, Soviet Union, March 1985-October 1986, doc. 40, note 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v05/d40
|
||||
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^15]: *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), findings of fact 34 (PROMIS versions on PDP 11/70, IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs computers) and 192 and 202 (IBM request for the Department of Justice letter; co-marketing agreement). https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json
|
||||
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Sole source for the Riconosciuto allegation as recorded by the committee.
|
||||
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport.
|
||||
[^17]: *In re International Business Machines Corp.*, 687 F.2d 591 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 1982), Background section (docket *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 69 Civ. 200, S.D.N.Y., filed January 17, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/687/cases/0591-01.json
|
||||
[^18]: *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 66 F.R.D. 154 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 1974), No. 69 Civ. 200 (DNE). https://static.case.law/frd/66/cases/0154-01.json
|
||||
[^19]: "Impact of AT&T, IBM decisions," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 11, 1982. https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0111/011144.html
|
||||
[^20]: Thomas Conrad, "U.S. Data Processing Corporations Are Supplying South Africa with the Brains of Its Military and Police Services," *Multinational Monitor* 3, no. 4 (April 1982). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1982/04/conrad.html. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^21]: "South Africa: IBM, ICL Accused of Apartheid Collaboration," allAfrica, November 15, 2002, quoting the Khulumani complaint as filed in the Eastern District of New York. https://allafrica.com/stories/200211150560.html. Sole source for the quotation as reported.
|
||||
[^20]: Thomas Conrad, "U.S. Data Processing Corporations Are Supplying South Africa with the Brains of Its Military and Police Services," *Multinational Monitor* 3, no. 4 (April 1982). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1982/04/conrad.html.
|
||||
[^21]: "South Africa: IBM, ICL Accused of Apartheid Collaboration," allAfrica, November 15, 2002, quoting the Khulumani complaint as filed in the Eastern District of New York. https://allafrica.com/stories/200211150560.html.
|
||||
[^22]: *Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank Ltd.*, 504 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. Oct. 12, 2007) (per curiam). https://static.case.law/f3d/504/cases/0254-01.json
|
||||
[^23]: *Balintulo v. Ford Motor Co.*, 796 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. July 27, 2015). https://static.case.law/f3d/796/cases/0160-01.json
|
||||
[^24]: "Israel Gets High-Speed Computers," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, page dated January 1, 1995. https://wisconsinproject.org/israel-gets-high-speed-computers
|
||||
[^25]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 11. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^25]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 11.
|
||||
[^26]: National Security Archive, "Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash, September 1979," December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The product list includes demolition charges, Bangalore torpedo charges, hand gr
|
|||
|
||||
### Iraqi sales and the Israeli approach
|
||||
|
||||
According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], whose book is the sole source for the passages so cited, Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7]
|
||||
According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe also wrote that in 1985 he approached Sanders to buy cluster bombs for Israel and was told that Cardoen would sell to anyone who paid. He wrote that in September 1988 he was sent to Chile to offer Cardoen a license to produce [[Uzi]]s and [[Galil assault rifles]] in exchange for ending the Iraq trade, and that Cardoen introduced him to [[Mark Thatcher]] during the visit.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Industrias CARDOEN, "Division Defensa," bilingual sales sheet, undated, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-04," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, photographs published as casolaro-notebooks, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf (PDF pages 1 and 2 of 21; the order of items checked against all 21 pages).
|
||||
[^2]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act, No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995 (original order December 28, 1994; hearing November 18 and 23, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
|
||||
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170. Sole source for the passages so cited (1983 arrest and plea, Beydoun's 1984 offer, 1984 deliveries and earnings, the CIA statement of July 16, 1991).
|
||||
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. Sole source for the agreement; the quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170.
|
||||
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. The quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
|
||||
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
|
||||
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement.
|
||||
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64.
|
||||
[^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
[^10]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, January 21, 1993, immediately preceding the page marker H140 (an unattributed reprinted report on testimony in the Matrix Churchill trial). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
[^11]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
|
|
@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
|
|||
[^13]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. Registry detail for H19133, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20MANAGEMENT/Page1.
|
||||
[^14]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, entity name search "Swissco Management Group," document H19133, detail record and name history, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByName; officer search "Giangrandi Augusto," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByOfficerOrRegisteredAgent.
|
||||
[^15]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74 (the affidavit of February 17, 1991).
|
||||
[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there.
|
||||
[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
|
||||
[^17]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2395, 61 Federal Register 29784-29785 (June 12, 1996), FR Doc. 96-14826, entry 3, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-06-12/pdf/96-14826.pdf.
|
||||
[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. Sole source for the helicopter seizure, the 1992 civil suit and the statement that Johnson was the only person convicted.
|
||||
[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php.
|
||||
[^19]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998) (published opinion, Tjoflat, Birch and Roney, JJ.), on appeal from No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
|
||||
[^20]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf; Public Notice 2207, 60 Fed. Reg. 30150, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13835.pdf.
|
||||
[^21]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Augusto Giacomo Giangrandi Valenzuela, Also Known As Augusto Giangrandi," entered September 15, 1994, published September 22, 1994, FR Doc. 94-23471, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/09/22/94-23471/action-affecting-export-privileges-augusto-giacomo-giangrandi-valenzuela-also-known-as-augusto.
|
||||
[^22]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
|
||||
[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. Sole source for the grand jury passage and for Houlihan's filing as reported.
|
||||
[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
|
||||
[^24]: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "Most wanted Chilean arms dealer concealed ties to companies with help from Panama's offshore industry," September 2022, https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/09/most-wanted-chilean-arms-dealer-concealed-ties-to-companies-with-help-from-panamas-offshore-industry/.
|
||||
[^25]: "Suprema rechaza extradición Cardoen," Emol, August 24, 2020, https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2020/08/24/995884/Suprema-rechaza-extradicion-Cardoen.html.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ Lorwin, engaged as a consultant during this period, wrote a 1953 report on the N
|
|||
[^5]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid
|
||||
[^6]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, abstract, scope and content, related material, and subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959" (Boxes 50-51). https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound
|
||||
[^7]: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, "Our Founder" (the age of 23; the photograph caption "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945"). https://dorisduke.org/who-we-are/our-founder
|
||||
[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^9]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Adolph Lowe Papers, 1915-1996," abstract, biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger022
|
||||
[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-166 and notes 3-17 (Speier to Lowe, February 13, 1944; Lowe to Speier, February 23, 1944; Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier to Riezler, February 3, 1944; Speier to Staudinger, March 3, 1944; Speier to Salomon, March 5, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Lowe, Adolph, resignation letter, 1951," Box 2, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27144
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Paul Foot wrote that ISC went bust in 1989 and that Ferranti went bust too, "wit
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/29/british-firm-claims-it-was-duped-by-pa-arms-maker/5b675f69-e5e0-4c25-9aee-ced8b8e07efa/.
|
||||
[^2]: SEC Digest, November 7, 1991, "James Guerin and Twenty Others Indicted" (Litigation Release LR-13077, announced October 31, 1991, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Crim. Nos. 91-601 and 91-602), https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1991/dig110791.pdf.
|
||||
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. Sole source for the Rockeye fuze, the Ivy and Kentron passage, the CIA-approval statement and the cluster-bomb agreement; the market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. The market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^4]: "Guerin 'home' to complete sentence," *LNP* (LancasterOnline), January 3, 2005, https://lancasteronline.com/news/guerin-home-to-complete-sentence/article_ab95d10d-7b72-511a-8c23-a388df496dfb.html.
|
||||
[^5]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002) (Greenberg, J.), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json. The opinion gives the 67-count indictment, Ivy's positions, plea and affidavit, the 1982 public offering, and the dates of verdict, sentence, affirmance (August 12, 1999) and certiorari denial (January 24, 2000). It dates the indictment October 30, 1991; the district court's 2002 opinion in note 15 dates it October 31, 1991.
|
||||
[^6]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 to Charles Powell, 10 Downing Street, Powell's reply of 13 September 1989, and a Prime Minister's private office note of 2 October 1989 on the meeting about Ferranti, in Prime Minister's papers (file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A), Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive, https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf. The Ministry of Defence letter is marked "secret" and "commercial in confidence." Its account of the Pakistan contract is the Ministry's own understanding, which it describes as in "considerable doubt."
|
||||
|
|
@ -148,17 +148,17 @@ Paul Foot wrote that ISC went bust in 1989 and that Ferranti went bust too, "wit
|
|||
[^8]: Dan Nephin, "James Guerin, who died Feb. 10, masterminded Lancaster County's largest fraud at $1B-plus," *LNP* (LancasterOnline), February 20, 2022, https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/james-guerin-who-died-feb-10-masterminded-lancaster-countys-largest-fraud-at-1b-plus/article_28d01f02-9102-11ec-a536-0f7e5967191d.html.
|
||||
[^9]: "Ferranti calls in Coopers & Lybrand to investigate ISC contracts," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), September 17, 1989, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=208120.
|
||||
[^10]: Science Museum Group Collection, "Ferranti International Signal plc" (record for the company), https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/people/ap9749/ferranti-international-signal-plc.
|
||||
[^11]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. Sole source for the Parent Industries plea and the $4.4 million settlement.
|
||||
[^11]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346.
|
||||
[^12]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated June 23, 1992, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616.
|
||||
[^13]: "James Guerin has finally admitted fraud and tax evasion," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated December 9, 1991, https://techmonitor.ai/?p=184145.
|
||||
[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json. The memorandum describes the jury verdict of December 10, 1992, the Striker missile part of the conspiracy, Jasin's position as president of ISC Technology, and his testimony about "Washington approval" (N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70). Sole source for the 1998 sentencing findings.
|
||||
[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json. The memorandum describes the jury verdict of December 10, 1992, the Striker missile part of the conspiracy, Jasin's position as president of ISC Technology, and his testimony about "Washington approval" (N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70).
|
||||
[^15]: *United States v. Jasin*, 215 F. Supp. 2d 552 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (DuBois, J.), memorandum and order of August 8, 2002, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/215/cases/0552-01.json. The opinion quotes Guerin's letter (Def.'s Ex. 14 at 52), Shinehouse's testimony (T. Nov. 30, 1992, at 149), and the government's closing and 2001 reply, and vacates the December 10, 1992 conviction and the July 16, 1998 judgment.
|
||||
[^16]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. Sole source for the dismissal of charges after the 2002 ruling.
|
||||
[^16]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260.
|
||||
[^17]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ (undated).
|
||||
[^18]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm.
|
||||
[^19]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. Sole source for the SADF correspondence, the Italy and Hong Kong channels, the resale to China and the CIA claims.
|
||||
[^20]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. Sole source for Inman's April 27, 1992 letter and his acknowledgment of secret work with Guerin.
|
||||
[^19]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/.
|
||||
[^20]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/.
|
||||
[^21]: "Inman withdraws from nomination," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 19, 1994, https://csmonitor.com/1994/0119/19242.html.
|
||||
[^22]: "Weapons-smuggling plot tied to Pa. executive on trial for trade violations," *Baltimore Sun*, November 10, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/11/10/weapons-smuggling-plot-tied-to-pa-executive-on-trial-for-trade-violations/.
|
||||
[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. Sole source for the Byrne and Allivane passage and for the statement about Guerin's conviction.
|
||||
[^24]: Paul Foot, "Per Ardua," *London Review of Books* 18, no. 3 (1996), https://www.lrb.co.uk/v18/n03/paul-foot/per-ardua. Sole source for the characterization of ISC's purpose and the 30,000-job figure.
|
||||
[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm.
|
||||
[^24]: Paul Foot, "Per Ardua," *London Review of Books* 18, no. 3 (1996), https://www.lrb.co.uk/v18/n03/paul-foot/per-ardua.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
161
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/KLAS-TV.md
Normal file
161
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/KLAS-TV.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- KLAS-TV
|
||||
- KLAS
|
||||
- KLAS TV
|
||||
- KLAS-TV Channel 8
|
||||
- KLAS Channel 8
|
||||
- 8 News Now
|
||||
- 8newsnow
|
||||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- TelevisionStation
|
||||
- CBSAffiliate
|
||||
- LasVegas
|
||||
- Nevada
|
||||
- HowardHughes
|
||||
- HankGreenspun
|
||||
- LandmarkCommunications
|
||||
- NexstarBroadcasting
|
||||
- ITeam
|
||||
- GeorgeKnapp
|
||||
- BobLazar
|
||||
- SkinwalkerRanch
|
||||
- AAWSAP
|
||||
- MysteryWire
|
||||
summary: "KLAS-TV is Las Vegas's CBS channel 8, owned by Hank Greenspun's Las Vegas Sun until 1968, Howard Hughes until 1978, and Landmark until 2014, when Nexstar agreed to buy it."
|
||||
location: "Las Vegas, Nevada"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Hank Greenspun]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
end: 1968
|
||||
role: "owner and publisher of the Las Vegas Sun, which sold the station to Howard R. Hughes after an application filed in October 1967"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Howard Hughes]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1968
|
||||
end: 1978
|
||||
role: "buyer in the 1968 FCC approval, named as Howard R. Hughes in trade press and as Hughes Tool Company in the station record; the estate sold the station in 1978"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Landmark Communications]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1978
|
||||
end: 2014
|
||||
role: "owner of 100 percent of the licensee in 1984; the seller in 2014 was Landmark Media Enterprises, LLC"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Nexstar Broadcasting Group]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2014
|
||||
role: "purchaser under a definitive agreement announced November 21, 2014 for $145.0 million plus working capital; the FCC public file lists Nexstar Media Inc. as licensee"
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[George Knapp]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1981
|
||||
role: "general assignment reporter from 1981 and chief reporter of the I-Team investigative unit from 1995, per the station biography"
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
KLAS-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station on channel 8 in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. The 1984 TV Factbook gives July 8, 1953 as the date it began operation.[^1] Its owner through 1968 was [[Hank Greenspun]], publisher of the [[Las Vegas Sun]]. [[Howard Hughes]] bought it in 1968, and after his death the estate sold it to [[Landmark Communications]] in 1978. Landmark agreed to sell it to [[Nexstar Broadcasting Group]] in 2014. The station's best-known reporter is [[George Knapp]], whose UFO coverage began with a 1989 series on [[Bob Lazar]].
|
||||
|
||||
### Greenspun ownership, 1953 to 1968
|
||||
|
||||
The 1984 Factbook lists the licensee as KLAS Inc., with Landmark Communications holding 100 percent ownership.[^1] Trade press from 1967 identifies the licensee as Las Vegas Television Inc. In October 1967 an application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV by H. M. Greenspun to the industrialist Howard R. Hughes was on file, at a price of about $4.5 million. Greenspun gave financial difficulties as his reason for selling. He cited losses from a fire that destroyed the Las Vegas Sun building in 1964. The same report describes Hughes as having been acquiring hotels and properties in Las Vegas during the preceding year. The application showed that as of June 30, 1967 Las Vegas Television Inc. had total assets of $979,282 and a net loss of $6,735 for the six months then ended, that the original cost of land, buildings, tower, antenna, transmitter and other properties was $1,091,969, and that Mark Smith would be retained as station manager. The report states that Hughes Tool Company owned four Las Vegas hotels and casinos, the Sands, Desert Inn, Castaways and Frontier.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Hughes ownership, 1968 to 1978
|
||||
|
||||
Broadcasting reported on February 19, 1968 that the FCC had approved the transfer. The item gives the price as $3,650,000 in cash plus the assumption of obligations, which it estimated would bring the total to about $4.5 million. The buyer is named as Howard R. Hughes, identified as president and owner of [[Hughes Aircraft Company]], which held 21 percent of [[Teleprompter Corporation]], and as the owner of [[Hughes Tool Company]] and of real estate in the Las Vegas area.[^3] The 1984 Factbook records the FCC approval as February 14, 1968, with the buyer named as Hughes Tool Company.[^1] The two records name the buyer differently, and both appear here.
|
||||
|
||||
The station passed through the Hughes estate after his death in 1976. Broadcasting reported in its issue of February 13, 1978 that KLAS-TV was sold by [[Summa Corporation]] to Landmark Communications for a price said to be in excess of $8 million. It identified the seller as owned by the estate of Howard Hughes, with [[William R. Lummis]] as executor of the Hughes Nevada interests, and identified Landmark's largest stockholder and chairman as [[Frank Batten]], with Landmark owning WTAR-AM-TV and WKEZ(FM) in Norfolk, Virginia, and publishing the Ledger-Star and Virginian-Pilot there.[^4] The FCC filing reported in Broadcasting on March 27, 1978 sought assignment of the license from Summa Corporation to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500; it states that since the death of its sole stockholder, Howard R. Hughes, the estate had been divesting broadcast interests, and that KLAS-TV was the only broadcast station in the estate.[^5] The FCC approved the estate's sale of the station on May 15, 1978.[^1] The Ninth Circuit's opinion of December 27, 1977 in a defamation suit by Robert Maheu captions the defendant as Hughes Tool Company, now named Summa Corporation, and describes Hughes as the sole owner of Summa.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
Knapp's report "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," posted July 18, 2018 as the station marked 65 years in southern Nevada, states that the money Hughes spent in Las Vegas is how he purchased Channel 8 in 1968.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Robert Maheu]], a former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent, ran Hughes's Nevada operations. He contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties that Hughes acquired in Las Vegas after November 1966.[^8] The FCC approval and trade press name Hughes and Hughes Tool Company as the buyer.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities later recorded Greenspun's name in connection with Hughes interests. [[Jeb Stuart Magruder]] testified that [[John Mitchell]] suggested as additional targets the chairman of the [[Democratic National Committee]], [[Larry O'Brien]], and Greenspun, whom Magruder described as a Las Vegas publisher who allegedly had explosive material damaging to [[Edmund Muskie|Senator Muskie]] in his office safe.[^9] The report also states that [[Robert Bennett]] suggested that Greenspun's safe contained information of interest to both Hughes and the Committee for the Re-election of the President.[^10] These statements date to 1972, four years after Greenspun sold KLAS-TV.
|
||||
|
||||
### Landmark and Nexstar ownership
|
||||
|
||||
Landmark Communications held the station from 1978, and in 1984 held 100 percent of the licensee.[^1] The seller named in the 2014 announcement was [[Landmark Media Enterprises]], LLC.[^11] Nexstar's annual report for 2014 states that on February 13, 2015 it completed the acquisition of the outstanding equity of KLAS, LLC, the owner of KLAS, for $145.0 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, from Landmark Television, LLC and Landmark Media Enterprises, LLC.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 21, 2014 Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced in an 8-K press release that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the equity interests and assets of KLAS-TV from Landmark Media Enterprises for $145.0 million plus working capital.[^11] Nexstar's chief executive [[Perry Sook]] stated that the purchase price was less than 6.0 times the average 2015 and 2016 pro-forma projected cash flow, including expected synergies.[^11] An exhibit to a Nexstar 8-K for January 21, 2015 (filed January 22) describes the transaction, under the defined term "Las Vegas Acquisition," with total consideration of $145.0 million.[^13] Trade press dated the announcement November 21, 2014.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
The FCC public file for the station lists facility ID 35042 and identifies the licensee as Nexstar Media Inc., at 3228 Channel 8 Drive in Las Vegas.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### The I-Team
|
||||
|
||||
The station biography for Knapp states that he has been chief reporter of the Channel 8 I-Team investigative unit since 1995.[^16] The station launched the Mystery Wire website on November 6, 2019 as an archive of its UFO, Area 51 and military program coverage, on the thirtieth anniversary of the first part of the 1989 Lazar series.[^17] KLAS ran Knapp and [[Matt Adams]] reports on the Pentagon's aerospace threat program under the "I-Team Exclusive" label in 2018.[^18][^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### George Knapp's reporting
|
||||
|
||||
Knapp joined KLAS in 1981 as a general assignment reporter, after working as a part-time studio cameraman and production assistant at [[KLVX-TV]], Channel 10, according to the station biography.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
#### The 1989 Bob Lazar series
|
||||
|
||||
A 2026 KLAS report on Lazar describes a live Knapp interview in May 1989 with a man in silhouette, which it calls a bombshell that launched a push for disclosure, and says the public learned Lazar's name months later.[^20] On November 6, 1989 KLAS aired the first part of a nine-part series titled "UFOs: The Best Evidence." The station's 2019 retrospective describes it as the highest rated local news series ever aired in Las Vegas, and in it Knapp said the station spent nearly 8 months putting the original series together.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
Knapp testified in 2025 that after he appealed on the air for people with knowledge of the program to contact him, more than two dozen sources spoke to the station. He wrote that six people who spoke with him by telephone in the newsroom were visited the next day by government agents or security personnel from former employers, who in his account told them to keep quiet. He wrote that someone had been listening to the phone in his office.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Skinwalker Ranch and the National Institute for Discovery Science
|
||||
|
||||
In his 2023 statement to Congress Knapp wrote that he first met [[Robert Bigelow]] in 1989 in connection with the subject, and that Bigelow created the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) in 1996 with a science advisory board of academics and former astronauts.[^22] Internet Archive captures of the NIDS site from December 2000 and December 2001 list a science advisory board that included [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]], with [[John B. Alexander]] among the staff.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Knapp is credited on two books about the [[Skinwalker Ranch]] reporting. [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] (2005, Paraview Pocket Books) is catalogued under the name of [[Colm Kelleher]] alone, while a 2017 audiobook edition credits Kelleher, Knapp and David Bendena.[^24] [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] (2021, independently published) lists [[James Lacatski]], Kelleher and Knapp as authors.[^24] [[The Black Vault]] obtained records showing that the manuscript was submitted to the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review in March 2020 and cleared as amended on May 11, 2021, with changes concerning personally identifiable information and the names of certain government employees.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
#### The AAWSAP and AATIP reporting, 2017 to 2018
|
||||
|
||||
Knapp's account of the program starts from the December 2017 [[New York Times]] story on the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP). In his 2023 statement he wrote that the story was accurate in many respects but wrong in stating that $22 million secured by Reid, [[Daniel Inouye]] and [[Ted Stevens]] funded AATIP. In his account the money went to the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]] (AAWSAP), a [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] program initiated and managed by Lacatski, whose contract was awarded to a subsidiary of [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 28, 2018 KLAS posted a Knapp and Adams report on a letter of June 24, 2009 from Senator [[Harry Reid]] to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]. The report states that the letter described the study as focused on "advanced aerospace threats and disruptive aerospace technologies," said it was already a success, and was copied to only 14 people. [[Luis Elizondo]] told the station that the letter was legitimate.[^18] The letter was released by DIA to The Black Vault and is written on the letterhead of the Majority Leader.[^26] A second Knapp and Adams report, first aired on July 25, 2018, described a presentation by Hal Puthoff, chief scientist of that company, in June 2018 as the first public presentation about the study.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The Black Vault's FOIA records show that DIA released the contract records for Contract HHM402-08-R-0211 on October 13, 2022, with 13 pages withheld in full.[^27] A KLAS report of March 27, 2026, credited to John Forest and Knapp, states that Reid, Inouye and Stevens began the study in 2007 and that it cost $22 million in total.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
#### The May 2022 report on the UAP Task Force
|
||||
|
||||
On May 23, 2022 at 9:12 p.m. Pacific time KLAS posted Knapp's report on the [[UAP Task Force]], under the headline "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men." The report stated that in January 2021 [[Jay Stratton]] "was surprisingly transferred out of the job" and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^29] On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a further Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]], headlined "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?"[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Congressional statements
|
||||
|
||||
On July 26, 2023 the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] held a hearing titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency." The printed record lists a "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. [[Tim Burchett]]."[^31] On September 9, 2025 Knapp appeared before the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]] at a hearing titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." His written statement identifies him as chief investigative reporter for KLAS-TV.[^21][^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Television Digest Factbook, *TV Factbook 1984*, KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Ch. 8, licensee KLAS Inc., ownership Landmark Communications 100 percent, began operation July 8, 1953, sale to Hughes Tool Co. by H. M. Greenspun and Las Vegas Sun approved by FCC February 14, 1968 (Television Digest 8:8, 9), sale by the estate of Howard R. Hughes to the present owner approved May 15, 1978 (Television Digest 18:7), https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: "Application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV Las Vegas by H. M. Greenspun to industrialist Howard R. Hughes (CLOSED CIRCUIT, Aug. 28) ... for about $4.5 million," with Greenspun's account of the 1964 fire at the Las Vegas Sun building, *Broadcasting*, October 23, 1967, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-10-23-BC.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: "KLAs-Tv Las Vegas: Sold by H. M. Greenspun to Howard R. Hughes for $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations that is estimated to bring price up to approximately $4.5 million," FCC approvals of station transfers, *Broadcasting*, February 19, 1968, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-02-19-BC.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas: Sold by Summa Corp. to Landmark Communications Inc. for price said to be in excess of $8 million," station sales announced the previous week, *Broadcasting*, February 13, 1978, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-13-BC.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas (ch. 8) Seeks assignment of license from Summa Corp. to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500," FCC applications, *Broadcasting*, March 27, 1978, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-03-27-BC.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: *Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.*, 569 F.2d 459 (9th Cir. Dec. 27, 1977), https://static.case.law/f2d/569/cases/0459-01.json
|
||||
[^7]: George Knapp, "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," KLAS-TV 8 News Now, posted July 18, 2018, 8:36 a.m. Pacific time, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/news/how-klas-tv-became-a-part-of-howard-hughes-empire/amp
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu), https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
|
||||
[^9]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, section on the Liddy intelligence plan, testimony of Jeb Stuart Magruder, with footnotes 61 to 63 for the February 1972 meeting, https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
|
||||
[^10]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, section on the Hunt and Liddy activities and on Robert Bennett's contacts with the Central Intelligence Agency and the Hughes organization, https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
|
||||
[^11]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., press release, "Acquisition of KLAS-TV for $145 Million in Accretive Transaction," Irving, Texas and Las Vegas, Nevada, November 21, 2014, Form 8-K filed November 24, 2014 (accession 0001142417-14-000066), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000114241714000066/pressrelease.htm
|
||||
[^12]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, filed March 2, 2015 (accession 0001564590-15-001137), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000156459015001137/nxst-10k_20141231.htm
|
||||
[^13]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., exhibit to Form 8-K for January 21, 2015, filed January 22, 2015 (accession 0001193125-15-017490), describing the "Las Vegas Acquisition" of KLAS-TV for total consideration of $145.0 million, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000119312515017490/d856385dex11.htm
|
||||
[^14]: "Nextstar to Acquire KLAS-TV for $145 Million," TV Technology, November 21, 2014, https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/nextstar-to-acquire-klastv-for-145-million
|
||||
[^15]: Federal Communications Commission, public file, TV station profile for KLAS-TV, facility ID 35042, licensee Nexstar Media Inc., 3228 Channel 8 Drive, Las Vegas, https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/tv-profile/KLAS-TV
|
||||
[^16]: KLAS-TV, "George Knapp," station biography, 8 News Now, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=364
|
||||
[^17]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/
|
||||
[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," originally posted on 8NewsNow.com June 28, 2018, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/
|
||||
[^19]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," originally aired July 25, 2018, KLAS-TV, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/
|
||||
[^20]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/
|
||||
[^21]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record," Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
|
||||
[^22]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," submitted by Rep. Burchett for the record, hearing of July 26, 2023, 4 pp., House Committee Repository, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf
|
||||
[^23]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; capture of December 14, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082825/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^24]: Open Library, work records for "Hunt for the skinwalker" (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; "Hunt for the Skinwalker" audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher, George Knapp and David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W ; work record for "Skinwalkers at the Pentagon" (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, credits James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W
|
||||
[^25]: The Black Vault, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," posted August 12, 2025 (FOIA case 22-F-0035), https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/
|
||||
[^26]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn, June 24, 2009, released by DIA to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: The Black Vault, "The Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) Documentation," originally published April 2022 and updated, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-advanced-aerospace-weapon-system-applications-program-aawsap-documentation/
|
||||
[^28]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 a.m. Pacific time, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/
|
||||
[^29]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 p.m. Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
|
||||
[^30]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022, 11:16 p.m. Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/
|
||||
[^31]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, GovInfo CHRG-118hhrg53022, index entry "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. Burchett," https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
|
||||
[^32]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency-and-whistleblower-protection/
|
||||
|
|
@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ The [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s Office of the Inspector Gener
|
|||
[^8]: Lauder, George V., memorandum for the DCI, "Meeting with the Los Angeles Times," undated, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00845R000100660002-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00845r000100660002-3
|
||||
[^9]: CIA Office of Legislative Liaison, OLL 84-2588/1, July 26, 1984, with attached Los Angeles Times articles of July 18 and 19, 1984, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90B01370R000400620011-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01370r000400620011-8
|
||||
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 (https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb); U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), sections "Barry Seal and the Cartel" and the Nicaragua chapter (https://archive.org/details/KerryCommitteeReport). Webb's characterization of the story as a hoax is his own; the Kerry report does not use the word.
|
||||
[^11]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (same source as note 10). Sole source for the Cabezas letter and McManus's reply.
|
||||
[^11]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (same source as note 10).
|
||||
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), chapter 1. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch01p1.htm
|
||||
[^13]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 and epilogue (same source as note 10). Sole source for the passages so cited on Katz's earlier reporting, the named sources, Cornejo's remark and the 1998 coverage.
|
||||
[^13]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 and epilogue (same source as note 10).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,125 +24,131 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
|
||||
role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90"
|
||||
start: 1958-11
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
fn: 20
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel"
|
||||
fn: 23
|
||||
fn: 27
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "professor of mechanical engineering"
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
fn: 30
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[James Killian]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board"
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017"
|
||||
start: 2002
|
||||
end: 2017
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
fn: 30
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[State Department]]"
|
||||
role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)"
|
||||
start: 1950-10
|
||||
end: 1951-02
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967"
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "economist; first director of the Center for International Studies (February 1952)"
|
||||
start: 1952-02
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
---
|
||||
The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] is a private university in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Its name appears in CIA records through the [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS), in [[Project MKUltra]], in the Agency's 1952 and 1953 planning for a scientific panel on unidentified flying objects, and through the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]] and [[Lincoln Laboratory]]; in the 1979 to 1980 [[VELA Satellite]] panel chaired by [[Jack P. Ruina]]; and in the 2020 report on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s donations.
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1953 CIA approach on unidentified flying objects
|
||||
|
||||
In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects, [[Gerald K. Haines]] wrote that [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] "urged Smith to establish an external research project of top-level scientists to study the problem of UFOs," and the notes to the account cite a memorandum for the record by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]], "Meeting with Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]], Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. [[Max Millikan]], Director of CENIS," in which "Strong believed that in order to undertake such a review they would need the full backing and support of DCI Smith." The notes also cite a letter from Chadwell to Stratton of January 27, 1953. The panel that met in January 1953 was the [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by [[H. P. Robertson]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].[^1]
|
||||
In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects, [[Gerald K. Haines]] wrote that [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] "urged Smith to establish an external research project of top-level scientists to study the problem of UFOs," and the notes to the account cite a memorandum for the record by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]], "Meeting with Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]], Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. [[Max Millikan]], Director of CENIS," in which, in Strong's words, "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on." A memorandum of October 2, 1952 over the signature of Chadwell states that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^1] Strong's memorandum for the record is dated December 3, 1952, and the meeting took place the previous morning; Stratton named "Alfred Hill" as the best man to head the group.[^2] Chadwell's letter to Stratton as Provost is dated January 27, 1953.[^3] The panel that met in January 1953 was the [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by [[H. P. Robertson]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Center for International Studies
|
||||
|
||||
The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2] The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^4] The Ford Foundation's annual report for fiscal 1965 lists a grant of 400,000 dollars to MIT for the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^5]
|
||||
The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^5] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^5] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^5] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^6] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^5] The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^7] The Ford Foundation's annual report for fiscal 1965 lists a grant of 400,000 dollars to MIT for the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^6] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^7]
|
||||
A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]] of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] describes Stratton, then MIT's provost, as director of the Center.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^8]
|
||||
Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^10] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files states that on April 26 Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were "subject to misinterpretation."[^9] A letter of April 21, 1971 to [[Richard Helms]] on the center's letterhead, from a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and that "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^10]
|
||||
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^11] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
|
||||
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files states that on April 26 Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were "subject to misinterpretation."[^13] A letter of April 21, 1971 to [[Richard Helms]] on the center's letterhead, from a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and that "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^12] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^13] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^14] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^12]
|
||||
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^15] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
|
||||
|
||||
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^16] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^17] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^18] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### MKULTRA Subproject 90
|
||||
|
||||
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^15]
|
||||
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^16]
|
||||
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^17] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
|
||||
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^21] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
### MIT's 1979 committee report
|
||||
|
||||
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^18]
|
||||
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### The special laboratories
|
||||
|
||||
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^19]
|
||||
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by Dean [[William F. Pounds]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory. The panel was asked "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research."[^20]
|
||||
In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by Dean [[William F. Pounds]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory. The panel was asked "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research."[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^21]
|
||||
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Advisory boards
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^22]
|
||||
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Vela panel
|
||||
|
||||
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^23] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^24] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^25]
|
||||
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^27] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^28] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020
|
||||
|
||||
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^26]
|
||||
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
|
||||
[^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
|
||||
[^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
|
||||
[^4]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
|
||||
[^7]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^9]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
|
||||
[^10]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
|
||||
[^11]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
|
||||
[^12]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
|
||||
[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission.
|
||||
[^14]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802
|
||||
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
|
||||
[^16]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
|
||||
[^17]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
|
||||
[^18]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
|
||||
[^19]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
|
||||
[^20]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry, https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html ; and Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds), https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^21]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
|
||||
[^22]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
|
||||
[^23]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
|
||||
[^24]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20.
|
||||
[^25]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
|
||||
[^26]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
|
||||
[^1]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933
|
||||
[^2]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940
|
||||
[^3]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714
|
||||
[^4]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
|
||||
[^5]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
|
||||
[^6]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0
|
||||
[^10]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
|
||||
[^11]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
|
||||
[^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^13]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
|
||||
[^14]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
|
||||
[^15]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
|
||||
[^16]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
|
||||
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission.
|
||||
[^18]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802
|
||||
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
|
||||
[^20]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
|
||||
[^21]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
|
||||
[^22]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
|
||||
[^23]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
|
||||
[^24]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry, https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html ; and Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds), https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
|
||||
[^25]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
|
||||
[^26]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
|
||||
[^27]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
|
||||
[^28]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20.
|
||||
[^29]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
|
||||
[^30]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ A November 8, 1988 cable to CIA headquarters forwarded an FBI Miami request for
|
|||
|
||||
The CIA Inspector General's second volume recorded that a Colombian pilot testified at the trial of a Medellín drug lord that he flew arms to Contra forces and cocaine to Florida, and that the Miami Herald in October 1990 linked the Nicaraguan consul [[Adolfo Chamorro]] to that network; that analysts of the Directorate of Intelligence described the counternarcotics effort of the mid-1980s as "consumed" with the Medellín Cartel, with Central America "just a blip on the scope"; and that an independent contractor said that if there was trafficking from Nicaragua it was "probably" by the Medellín cartel.[^17] The convicted trafficker [[Enrique Miranda]] told investigators that [[Marcos Aguado]] flew weapons to Medellín and returned with cocaine stored at Ilopango; the Inspector General reported that no information was found to support the allegation, and that no information was found indicating that CIA tried to develop independent information on Aguado.[^18] Lister told the Inspector General he went with [[Danilo Blandon|Blandón]] on trips to Colombia and was present when Blandón dealt with Colombian suppliers Roger Sandino and Aparicio Moreno.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
Webb reported that Colombian trafficker [[Allen Raul Rudd]] told Justice Department officials in 1988 that Escobar claimed the Cartel had made a deal with Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] to supply U.S. weapons to the Contras in return for free passage for cocaine to the United States, and that Escobar said photographs existed of planes with guns being unloaded in Colombia and of Bush with Jorge Ochoa in front of suitcases of money; Webb wrote that by 1993 Escobar was dead and Ochoa jailed and the photographs were not heard of again. Sole source for the passages so cited. Webb also reported that Meneses's organization ran parallel to the Medellín distribution networks and that Miranda said Aguado boasted of flying weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels, a claim Miranda doubted until a Salvadoran Air Force colonel and associates were arrested in 1992 for selling bombs and high explosives to Colombian dealers.[^19]
|
||||
Webb reported that Colombian trafficker [[Allen Raul Rudd]] told Justice Department officials in 1988 that Escobar claimed the Cartel had made a deal with Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] to supply U.S. weapons to the Contras in return for free passage for cocaine to the United States, and that Escobar said photographs existed of planes with guns being unloaded in Colombia and of Bush with Jorge Ochoa in front of suitcases of money; Webb wrote that by 1993 Escobar was dead and Ochoa jailed and the photographs were not heard of again. Webb also reported that Meneses's organization ran parallel to the Medellín distribution networks and that Miranda said Aguado boasted of flying weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels, a claim Miranda doubted until a Salvadoran Air Force colonel and associates were arrested in 1992 for selling bombs and high explosives to Colombian dealers.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Seal aircraft, the CIA records and the Mena inquiries
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -138,5 +138,5 @@ The Kerry report recorded that grand jury probes of Seal's associates who operat
|
|||
[^26]: Kathy Kiely, "CIA admits training at Mena," *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*, November 9, 1996, pp. 1A, 12A (summarizing the declassified summary of the Inspector General's Report of Investigation on Mena). Copy: https://archivesspace.wilkes.edu/files/normanmailer/65.9_HG2_HarlotsGhostSequelResearch_ArkansasDemocraticGazetteArticles_1996November9.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996, case Mena 96-0036-IG (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850
|
||||
[^28]: Letter, CIA Inspector General to Rep. James A. Leach, 1998 (CIA Reading Room 0001289865). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289865
|
||||
[^29]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995, pp. 16-18 (copy attached to the CIA Public Affairs note to the Acting DCI, July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). Sole source for Brown's account of the flights and for the Reed and Patterson statements as reported there. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860
|
||||
[^29]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995, pp. 16-18 (copy attached to the CIA Public Affairs note to the Acting DCI, July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860
|
||||
[^30]: CIA memorandum for the record, "Video Tape Review: National Empowerment Network, American Investigator, 'Mena, Arkansas Under Investigation,' aired February 8, 1996," February 22, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289764). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289764
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ The House report records that Hamilton and Riconosciuto told its investigators N
|
|||
[^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Angelo Commito, Edward Sciandra, Michael Del Gaizo, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), paragraphs 3, 5, 9-13, 46, 69, 76, 79 and 84; Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing MIL as "at that time suspected as a 'source of funding'"; the affidavit places the wording under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf)
|
||||
[^6]: *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. United States,* 939 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. July 19, 1991) (No. 90-55281); the brief at note 2 describes MIL as "a Nevada corporation which has its primary place of business in Los Angeles." https://static.case.law/f2d/939/cases/0740-01.json
|
||||
[^7]: Moldea, Dan E. *Hollywood Confidential: A True Story of Wiretapping, Friendship, and Betrayal,* chapter 1 excerpt. https://www.moldea.com/BPFH-ChapterOne.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair . Sole source for the Giaquinto resignation.
|
||||
[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair .
|
||||
[^9]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine (1992-12-DEC-JAN)
|
||||
[^10]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, affidavit page notarized October 28, 1992, pp. 11-12; Internet Archive item VORTEXDocument records Seymour's later statement that it was written hurriedly under duress and before she verified its contents. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument
|
||||
[^11]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^12]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6," which Seymour wrote were by John Cohen, from conversations with Thomas Gates). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed
|
||||
[^11]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^12]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6," which Seymour wrote were by John Cohen, from conversations with Thomas Gates). https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed
|
||||
[^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, section on Danny Casolaro and notes 212-217. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^14]: Same, notes 134 and 222.
|
||||
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, pp. 55-58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^16]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 337-342, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001, from Seymour's and O'Meara's notes. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed . Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^16]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 337-342, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001, from Seymour's and O'Meara's notes. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed .
|
||||
[^17]: Bua report (note 15), pp. 157-159 and note 58 (on p. 159), citing *Booth Nichols v. City of Los Angeles,* No. NCC 31322B, trial transcript, March 11, 1993, pp. 32 et seq.
|
||||
[^18]: House report (note 13), notes 213 and 214 (Stavin sworn statement, March 13, 1992, pp. 23-24; memorandum of interview with Nichols, January 21, 1992).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ On November 28, 2018 Julie K. Brown published "Perversion of Justice" in the Her
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Bernstein, Carl. "The CIA and the Media," *Rolling Stone*, October 20, 1977 (https://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php; read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2012/http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php). Bernstein attributes the statements to unnamed CIA officials.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, section "Covert Relationships with the United States Media." https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, notes to chapter 27 ("Whether similar pressures were applied to Ceppos"). https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb Sole source for the passages so cited on the cable and the Latin American desk editor.
|
||||
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, notes to chapter 27 ("Whether similar pressures were applied to Ceppos"). https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb
|
||||
[^4]: Colby, W. E., letter to Bernard L. Barker, ER 74-1109, March 28, 1974, CIA Reading Room document C01482054 (released January 18, 2017). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01482054
|
||||
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, memorandum on the Florida "war on crime," January 1967, in the FBI file posted at https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation (Wackenhut Corp.-HQ-1).
|
||||
[^6]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" Associated Press, in the FBI Tampa file on Wackenhut (Wackenhut Corp.-Tampa-1), same archive item as note 5.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,19 +9,25 @@ summary: "The National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS) was a privately fu
|
|||
start: 1995
|
||||
end: 2004
|
||||
location: "Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-02
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
The [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) was a privately funded research organization founded by billionaire [[Robert Bigelow]] in 1995. The organization was dedicated to the scientific study of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) and other paranormal phenomena.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[[George Knapp]] wrote in a 2023 statement to Congress that Bigelow created NIDS in 1996 with a science advisory board of PhD-level academics, two former astronauts and scientists who had worked for or consulted with military and intelligence agencies, and that Senator [[Harry Reid]] attended one of the first board meetings after Knapp arranged an introduction.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Research and Investigations
|
||||
|
||||
NIDS conducted research into a wide range of anomalous phenomena, including UAP sightings, cattle mutilations, and other paranormal events. The organization was known for its scientific approach to these topics, and it employed a team of scientists and researchers to investigate cases and analyze data.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most well-known projects undertaken by NIDS was the investigation of [[Skinwalker Ranch]], a property in [[Utah]] with a long history of strange and often terrifying phenomena. NIDS conducted a multi-year investigation of the ranch, documenting a wide range of anomalous activity.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Science Advisory Board and staff
|
||||
|
||||
The institute's personnel page as captured on December 6, 2000 listed a Science Advisory Board of [[Warren Burggren]] (chairman), [[Douglas P. Ferraro]], [[Albert A. Harrison]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Melvin Morse]], [[Martin Piltch]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Theodore Rockwell]], [[John F. Schuessler]], [[Jessica Utts]], [[Jacques Vallee]] and [[Jim Whinnery]]. The staff list named Robert Bigelow as president and founder, [[Colm Kelleher]] as deputy administrator (molecular biology and biochemistry), [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric W. Davis]] (aerospace physics and astrophysics), [[George E. Onet]] (veterinary pathology) and [[Marcel Kuijsten]] (communications officer and webmaster).[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Press Report of April 1997
|
||||
|
||||
The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. [[John B. Alexander]], identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^2]
|
||||
The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. John B. Alexander, identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Connection to AATIP
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,4 +36,6 @@ The work of NIDS was a precursor to the research conducted by the [[Advanced Aer
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^2]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.
|
||||
[^2]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," July 26, 2023 hearing record, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^4]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -166,6 +166,6 @@ On Open Philanthropy's share of effective altruism funding, two compilations giv
|
|||
[^24]: Open Philanthropy, "RAND Corporation, AI Evaluation and Testing," September 2025, archived. http://web.archive.org/web/20251025225511id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/rand-corporation-ai-evaluation-and-testing/
|
||||
[^25]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," grant page, award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel. Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
|
||||
[^26]: Open Philanthropy grant pages for the Effective Altruism Foundation: April 2020, 15,358 dollars; October 2020, 375,000 dollars; January 2022, 697,268 dollars; April 2022, 200,000 dollars (Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness). Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022-2/
|
||||
[^27]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Sole source; Knutsson did not publish the replies.
|
||||
[^27]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Knutsson did not publish the replies.
|
||||
[^28]: Benjamin Todd, "How are resources in effective altruism allocated across issues?," 80,000 Hours, August 9, 2021, section on 2019 funding by cause area. https://80000hours.org/2021/08/effective-altruism-allocation-resources-cause-areas/
|
||||
[^29]: "Historical EA funding data," spreadsheet linked from the Effective Altruism Forum post of that title, last updated November 7, 2023; columns OPP, GW, EAF (which in this sheet denotes the EA Funds, not the Effective Altruism Foundation), ACE, SFF, FTX, annual totals 2012 to 2023 (estimate). https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/ZbaDmowkXbTBsxvHn/historical-ea-funding-data Percentages and the 2012 to 2022 sum computed from the sheet's dollar figures.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Crowley's unpublished diaries for 1943 and 1944 and typescripts in the [[Yorke C
|
|||
[^10]: Starr, The Unknown God, as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for April 19, 1934, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1934.html.
|
||||
[^11]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, A. M. Thurston to Mr. Clegg, October 23, 1940, name check of John Whiteside Parsons requested by Brig. Gen. Sherman Miles, G-2 (result: "NO RECORD WAS LOCATED"), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1940-10-23-FBI-File.html; Agape Lodge minutes, June 13, 1941, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1941/1941-06-13-Meeting-Minutes.html; War Department, Office of the Chief of Engineers, letter to 2nd Lt. Grady L. McMurtry, August 9, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-08-09-War-Department-to-McMurtry.html.
|
||||
[^12]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1 (Los Angeles report of December 1950 summarizing the Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, provost marshal record), archive.org/details/JohnParsons, file "John Parsons 01."
|
||||
[^13]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the passages so cited; the informant's statements are quoted as the informant's.
|
||||
[^13]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. The informant's statements are quoted as the informant's.
|
||||
[^14]: Germer, Karl, letter to Jane Wolfe, March 12, 1942, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1942/1942-03-12-Germer-to-Wolfe.htm.
|
||||
[^15]: Smith, Wilfred T., letter to Crowley, February 3, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-02-03-Smith-to-Crowley.html.
|
||||
[^16]: Schneider, Max, letter to Karl Germer, Hollywood, March 27, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-03-27-Schneider-to-Germer.html.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
role: "subawardee ('TECHNICAL SERVICES', subaward DSC3104B, eleven rows) under General Services Administration award GS05T13BMC0003, 'Foreign Materiel Exploitation Engineering and Maintenance Support'"
|
||||
fn: 45
|
||||
created: 2026-10-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-04
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
Radiance Technologies is a 100 percent employee-owned prime contractor headquartered in [[Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], that describes its work as cybersecurity, systems engineering, prototyping and integration, and operational and strategic intelligence, including scientific and technical intelligence.[^1] Its Alabama corporate record shows incorporation in Madison County on June 1, 1998 under the name CDES, Inc., with a legal name change to Radiance Technologies, Inc. on February 2, 1999; company releases give 1999 as the founding year.[^2] A release dated September 9, 2026 gives more than 1,200 employee-owners.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ The [[Small Business Administration]] list of active mentor-protege agreements (
|
|||
|
||||
Radiance announced on April 22, 2022 (a Friday) that [[Travis Taylor]], described in the announcement as a scientist, author, engineer and television star, had joined as a principal research scientist. Chief executive Bill Bailey was quoted: "Dr. Taylor is an outstanding and highly qualified scientist whose inventive way of thinking will be a great asset for Radiance."[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
A Radiance release dated May 12, 2022, "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," announced the hiring of [[Jay Stratton]] (John F. Stratton Jr.), "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], as a member of the chief executive's strategy team for scientific and technical intelligence work. It describes him as "the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)," and quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]]: "Jay's extensive experience in the Intelligence Community will be valuable in identifying and cultivating new strategic teaming opportunities within both industry and government."[^19] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] wrote on May 24, 2022 that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the [[UAP Task Force]], and that Taylor said of Stratton, "he and I have been colleagues for a long time." Knapp wrote that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^20]
|
||||
A Radiance release dated May 12, 2022, "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," announced the hiring of [[Jay Stratton]] (John F. Stratton Jr.), "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], as a member of the chief executive's strategy team for scientific and technical intelligence work. It describes him as "the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)," and quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]]: "Jay's extensive experience in the Intelligence Community will be valuable in identifying and cultivating new strategic teaming opportunities within both industry and government."[^19] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] wrote on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the [[UAP Task Force]], and that Taylor said of Stratton, "he and I have been colleagues for a long time." Knapp wrote that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Statements by company officials
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ In June 2023 [[The War Zone]] reported that NASIC includes a Foreign Materiel Ex
|
|||
[^17]: U.S. Small Business Administration, "Active Mentor-Protege Agreements," file "Active Firm List 10-1-26 with Details including Mentors (Exportable)," effective October 1, 2026, updated October 2, 2026. https://legacy.sba.gov/document/support-active-mentor-protege-agreements ; Bright Path Research LLC, news item of February 2025. https://brightpathresearch.com/news-BPR-SPA
|
||||
[^18]: "Radiance Technologies Appoints TV Personality Dr. Travis S. Taylor as a Principal Research Scientist; CEO Bill Bailey Quoted," ExecutiveGov, April 22, 2022. https://www.executivegov.com/?p=233066
|
||||
[^19]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html
|
||||
[^20]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519
|
||||
[^20]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
|
||||
[^21]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/
|
||||
[^22]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, read in the present version and in an Internet Archive capture of December 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan statements so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down ; https://web.archive.org/web/20231204/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down
|
||||
[^22]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, read in the present version and in an Internet Archive capture of December 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down ; https://web.archive.org/web/20231204/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down
|
||||
[^23]: Federal Election Commission API, committee C00372979, /schedules/schedule_b/ filtered by recipient names "ROGERS" and "TURNER," with committee records C00367862, C00373001 and C00611962 and candidate records H2AL03032 and H2OH03067, fetched October 3, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_b/?committee_id=C00372979
|
||||
[^24]: Government Accountability Office, Bid Protest Docket, Radiance Technologies, Inc. (TORFP-24-005), file number B-422615.1, Internet Archive capture of February 6, 2025. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-422615.1
|
||||
[^25]: Radiance Technologies, "About Us" (George Clark, John Dennis, Scott Dublin; March 15, 1999), Wayback capture of July 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170711221013/https://www.radiancetech.com/about-us/ ; "Who We Are," Wayback capture of September 23, 2020 (same three names). https://web.archive.org/web/20200923061034/https://www.radiancetech.com/who-we-are/
|
||||
|
|
@ -548,6 +548,6 @@ In June 2023 [[The War Zone]] reported that NASIC includes a Foreign Materiel Ex
|
|||
[^83]: Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, Venn Strategies reports for the client Employee-Owned Contractors Roundtable, affiliated-organization fields: 2019 amended reports (c3cc1cc3-b62d-4912-8f2a-1b9860a8f9b1, 009b449c-7468-4a0f-8c46-3fe923a39cc6, 712e0254-257f-479f-bb15-e662062e948e, 9d6729fd-6e52-4087-b25a-006844aa9593), 2020 amended reports (ec57a71a-f736-4605-95fb-9ce9451779af, c4fa4e76-8351-477d-b6af-c731d194d637, 6e730121-4948-46c2-ae6e-ed2404fa568f), fourth-quarter 2020 (b82fc02a-0133-4a1b-afb8-8b6fa34bcfb8), 2021 reports (385d74d8-5048-4ac0-b5b2-7474540b730f, 6e6ed7db-5fb1-44d4-ba93-05aaeefc5cbd, c94c47aa-b819-4f8b-9823-abc581d48539, 88eb6018-3dea-4cac-a8fc-27ce4c07b6c9), first-quarter 2022 (2c310bce-8a23-41e0-8d75-270364d7dbbc) and first-quarter 2023 (a15d3709-503a-4420-9d86-b1417e132890); Roundtable second-quarter 2024 report (03ce544f-80b8-40f1-aaa5-ab75bb216774) and third-quarter 2024 report (2733b6d1-9f17-46be-b3de-8dd14dc20471); Venn Strategies for Radiance Technologies, Inc., second-quarter 2024 report (8ffd2c47-9cc1-4808-a2bb-b73a6d788e39) and third-quarter 2024 report (af9b42a2-b245-4019-bc3d-b7b8a648afb8); Employee-Owned Contractors Roundtable, "About Us," 2026 Membership List, https://ecrcoalition.com/about-us/ ; Regulations.gov, Docket DARS-2024-0017, comment DARS-2024-0017-0013, https://www.regulations.gov/comment/DARS-2024-0017-0013 ; Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement final rule, 89 Fed. Reg. 82183 (October 10, 2024), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-10-10/html/2024-23226.htm
|
||||
[^84]: Federal Election Commission, candidate record H8AL05208 (Robert Clayton Hinchman, Alabama 5th District, 2018, party GOP); WAFF, "Clayton Hinchman receives endorsements from local military, business leaders," 2018. https://www.waff.com/story/38320177/clayton-hinchman-receives-endorsements-from-local-military-business-leaders/ ; https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/H8AL05208/
|
||||
[^85]: Federal Election Commission, Hinchman for Congress (C00648162), Schedule A and committee totals; Schedule B record of the Radiance PAC disbursement (image 201804239111724609). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?committee_id=C00648162
|
||||
[^86]: Steve Skojec, "The Banality of Ontological Shock," The Skojec File, December 7, 2023 (transcription of a Twitter Space statement by Daniel Sheehan). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://skojecfile.steveskojec.com/p/the-banality-of-ontological-shock
|
||||
[^86]: Steve Skojec, "The Banality of Ontological Shock," The Skojec File, December 7, 2023 (transcription of a Twitter Space statement by Daniel Sheehan). https://skojecfile.steveskojec.com/p/the-banality-of-ontological-shock
|
||||
[^87]: Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023. https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing
|
||||
[^88]: Inspector General, Department of Defense, "Use of Foreign Materiel Exploitation Results," Audit Report No. 98-005, October 8, 1997, executive summary and Part I. https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf (archived: https://web.archive.org/web/2026/https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978. pp. 388-394 (Ch. 21), 462-468 (App. II); Mai Elliott, *RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era*. RAND CP-564, 2010; Anthony Russo, "Looking Backward: RAND and Vietnam," *Ramparts*, October 1972; RAND report series: RM-4507/3-ISA (March 1965), RM-4911-2-ISA/ARPA (1966), RM-5446-1-ISA/ARPA (October 1967), RM-5462-1 (November 1969), RM-6131-1 (September 1970).
|
||||
[^2]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 187-200 and notes 76-123; conference participants at p. 190 note 88; Rosten at pp. 190-191 note 89; Weaver at p. 192; Q clearance at p. 198. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (sfz123260), and the University at Albany Speier Papers finding aid (GER-084) give the same RAND dates.
|
||||
[^3]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 89 ("He came to RAND through Allen Wallis"); introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"). Sole source for the Rosten route.
|
||||
[^3]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 89 ("He came to RAND through Allen Wallis"); introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
|
||||
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction p. 13 (the OWI connection with Rosten; Speier recruited several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND), pp. 132-137 (February 1942 offer; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942; Acting Chief Analyst after Watson's departure, p. 137) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch, May 22, 1944).
|
||||
[^5]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface (work begun April 1, 1941).
|
||||
[^6]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 note 76.
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,4 +114,4 @@ In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that
|
|||
[^10]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
[^11]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2.
|
||||
[^12]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141.
|
||||
[^13]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^13]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,24 +18,38 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1933
|
||||
end: 1943
|
||||
role: "co-funded University in Exile appointments and the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication"
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
|
||||
start: 1931
|
||||
role: "fellowship that brought him to the United States"
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
fn: 24
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Princeton Listening Center]]"
|
||||
start: 1939-11
|
||||
end: 1941-06
|
||||
role: "foundation funding for the listening center, per the Princeton finding aid and Mercado"
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
|
||||
role: "grants to the Institute's predecessor projects and to Institute studies; donor listed in the historical note"
|
||||
start: 1941-03
|
||||
end: 1951
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
fn: 23
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "trustee 1970 to 1977; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1977
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "trustee again 1980 until retirement effective June 30, 1982"
|
||||
start: 1980
|
||||
end: 1982-06-30
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Rockefeller Foundation, chartered in 1913 and endowed from the [[Standard Oil]] fortune, was the largest of the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.|Rockefeller]] family's philanthropies and the institutional model for the family's approach to social engineering through medicine, education, and agriculture. Across the first half of the twentieth century its public-health campaigns in [[Latin America]] (against hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever) prepared the ground for American corporate penetration of the region, easing the human suffering that accompanied plantation agriculture and resource extraction without addressing its causes. By the Cold War the Foundation had become a reservoir of national-security policy talent, supplying secretaries of state and trustees who moved between its board and the highest levels of US government, and a funder of psychiatric research that intersected the CIA's mind-control programs.
|
||||
|
|
@ -60,35 +74,37 @@ The Foundation's survey programs doubled as intelligence-gathering. The Harvard
|
|||
|
||||
The Foundation's board functioned as a recruiting pool for US foreign policy. In 1952, as [[John Foster Dulles]] prepared to become Eisenhower's secretary of state, he turned over the chair of the Foundation to [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] and tapped his friend [[Dean Rusk]] for the presidency. When [[John F. Kennedy]] formed his cabinet in December 1960, Robert Lovett, a Foundation trustee, declined State, Defense, and Treasury and instead recommended Rusk, then the Foundation's president, who took the call from the president-elect while attending a board meeting and became secretary of state; trustee [[Chester Bowles]] joined him as undersecretary. Earlier figures linking the Foundation to the foreign-policy establishment included UN undersecretary-general [[Ralph Bunche]] (a former grantee and trustee), [[Council on Foreign Relations]] guiding light Fosdick, Union Theological Seminary president Henry Pitney Van Dusen, and Colombia's [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]], who collaborated with Nelson Rockefeller and became a Foundation trustee.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
The chairman of the board at the end of 1976 was [[Cyrus Vance]], a trustee from 1970 who had chaired the board since 1975. The trustees listed as of December 31, 1976 included [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Lane Kirkland]], [[Bill Moyers]], [[Robert V. Roosa]], [[Frederick Seitz]], [[Paul Volcker]] and [[Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.|Clifton Wharton]], with John D. Rockefeller 3rd as honorary chairman. The president's report for 1976 states that in the selection of Americans to serve the incoming administration of [[Jimmy Carter]] the chairman of the board, Vance, had been appointed Secretary of State and the chairman of its Audit Committee, Blumenthal, Secretary of the Treasury, and that "Mr. Vance becomes the third Trustee in the history of the Foundation to be named Secretary of State, the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^7] In October 1975 Vance had headed a world affairs delegation to China, which the president's report mentions in connection with a Foundation working paper, "China Diary."[^7] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having served on its Executive and Finance Committees; the 1982 report notes the retirement in the same year of the chairman, Hesburgh, and of the former chairman, Vance, whose combined service on the board was 30 years.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Mind-Control Research Funding
|
||||
|
||||
The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would later exploit. In 1943 it funded the establishment of the [[Allan Memorial Institute]] at [[McGill University]] in Montreal (the book renders the name "Allen"), the psychiatric institute later directed by [[D. Ewen Cameron]], whose depatterning experiments became [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 68. The Foundation also funded [[Sensory Deprivation]] research, the technique of strapping subjects in a sealed box cut off from light, sound, smell, and touch; in March 1955 the [[National Institutes of Health]] began CIA-funded experiments using the standard method minus the practice of releasing subjects on request, after which mind-control experiments spread under funding directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]] of the CIA's [[TSS|Technical Services Staff]], part of an old-boy network that included Nelson Rockefeller's former CIAA associate [[J.C. King]]. Colby and Dennett note that Nelson "needed little introduction to MKULTRA," the CIA's use of the health and welfare bureaucracy for mind-control work having begun during his own tenure as undersecretary of HEW.[^7]
|
||||
The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would later exploit. In 1943 it funded the establishment of the [[Allan Memorial Institute]] at [[McGill University]] in Montreal (the book renders the name "Allen"), the psychiatric institute later directed by [[D. Ewen Cameron]], whose depatterning experiments became [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 68. The Foundation also funded [[Sensory Deprivation]] research, the technique of strapping subjects in a sealed box cut off from light, sound, smell, and touch; in March 1955 the [[National Institutes of Health]] began CIA-funded experiments using the standard method minus the practice of releasing subjects on request, after which mind-control experiments spread under funding directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]] of the CIA's [[TSS|Technical Services Staff]], part of an old-boy network that included Nelson Rockefeller's former CIAA associate [[J.C. King]]. Colby and Dennett note that Nelson "needed little introduction to MKULTRA," the CIA's use of the health and welfare bureaucracy for mind-control work having begun during his own tenure as undersecretary of HEW.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### New School for Social Research
|
||||
|
||||
The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^8] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^9]
|
||||
The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^10] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^10] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^11]
|
||||
The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^12] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^12] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^13] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^14] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^15]
|
||||
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^14] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^15] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^16] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^16]
|
||||
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^17] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^20] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^21]
|
||||
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^19] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^20] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^21] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^22] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Refugee Scholar Fellowships, 1931 to 1933
|
||||
|
||||
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^22][^23] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^24]
|
||||
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^24][^25] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Belém Virus Laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^25]
|
||||
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
### Princeton Listening Center and Wartime Monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^26] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^27]
|
||||
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^28] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^28]
|
||||
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -98,25 +114,27 @@ A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC,
|
|||
[^4]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 3; Ch. 5.
|
||||
[^5]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 9; Ch. 10.
|
||||
[^6]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 12; Ch. 18; Ch. 23.
|
||||
[^7]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18.
|
||||
[^8]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94.
|
||||
[^9]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367.
|
||||
[^10]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
|
||||
[^11]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
|
||||
[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
|
||||
[^13]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
|
||||
[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
|
||||
[^15]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
|
||||
[^16]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
|
||||
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
|
||||
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
|
||||
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
|
||||
[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
|
||||
[^22]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
|
||||
[^23]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
|
||||
[^24]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
|
||||
[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
|
||||
[^26]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
|
||||
[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
|
||||
[^28]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
[^7]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1976, text on the Foundation's trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1976-1.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, text on the Foundation's trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18.
|
||||
[^10]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94.
|
||||
[^11]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367.
|
||||
[^12]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
|
||||
[^13]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
|
||||
[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
|
||||
[^15]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
|
||||
[^16]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
|
||||
[^17]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
|
||||
[^18]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
|
||||
[^19]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
|
||||
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
|
||||
[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
|
||||
[^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
|
||||
[^23]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
|
||||
[^24]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
|
||||
[^25]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
|
||||
[^26]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
|
||||
[^27]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
|
||||
[^28]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
|
||||
[^29]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
|
||||
[^30]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -147,5 +147,5 @@ On November 16, 1977 officers of the CIA's [[Office of Technical Service]] brief
|
|||
[^17]: CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (psychological report, SRI parapsychology study); "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, and the same passage in Nature, October 18, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4; letter to the fellows of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, December 5, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080012-1; reading notes on Wilhelm's The Search for Superman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100040006-1.
|
||||
[^18]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3; Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Technical Service, Memorandum for the Record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with attached article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0.
|
||||
[^19]: SRI remote viewing session transcript, October 4, 1973 (Hugh Crane, Pat Price, Russell Targ, Hal Puthoff, Ann Price), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6.
|
||||
[^20]: Ortega, Tony, "Scientology and the Spoonbenders: Jon Atack on a previously unpublished Ingo Swann essay," tonyortega.org, July 8, 2017, tonyortega.org/?p=41121, quoting Atack and Hugh B. Urban. Sole source for the OT III and OT VII statements and for the date and venue of the Swann paper; the claimants are named in the text.
|
||||
[^21]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, read in the archive.org full-text copy, the chapter on the SRI work and its note 12. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^20]: Ortega, Tony, "Scientology and the Spoonbenders: Jon Atack on a previously unpublished Ingo Swann essay," tonyortega.org, July 8, 2017, tonyortega.org/?p=41121, quoting Atack and Hugh B. Urban. The claimants are named in the text.
|
||||
[^21]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, read in the archive.org full-text copy, the chapter on the SRI work and its note 12.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ The Defense Department's response to Barber's January 2025 claims, given by spok
|
|||
[^2]: Michael Ramsey, "Skywatcher video of 'summoned' UFOs coming soon: Ross Coulthart," NewsNation, updated April 7, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/summoned-ufos-video-ross-coulthart/
|
||||
[^3]: Skywatcher, "About." https://skywatcher.ai/about (retrieved October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^4]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, published about August 2026 (retrieved October 3, 2026 showing "2 months ago"). https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
|
||||
[^5]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . Sole source for the domain registration and YouTube creation dates cited here.
|
||||
[^6]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's reporting at second hand. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that .
|
||||
[^6]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's reporting at second hand.
|
||||
[^7]: Skywatcher, home page and FAQ. https://skywatcher.ai/ (retrieved October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^8]: Skywatcher, "Research." https://skywatcher.ai/research (retrieved October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^9]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, phrases "Skywatcher," "Sky Watcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Jake Barber," forms D, October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ On the aircraft identity, the CIA Inspector General's December 24, 1996 review o
|
|||
|
||||
The CIA Inspector General's 1998 report recorded that on January 21, 1987 Deputy Director [[Robert Gates]] sent Assistant Secretary of State [[Morton Abramowitz]] a memorandum stating that the Customs office in New Orleans was investigating an allegation of drug trafficking by Southern Air Transport crew members, that the source was a senior official of the FDN, and that the official feared the scandal "could redound badly on FDN interests"; Gates's transmittal letter attributes the allegations to [[Mario Calero]]. A February 23, 1991 [[DEA]] cable stated that Southern Air Transport was "of record" in the DEA's database from January 1985 to September 1990 for alleged involvement in cocaine trafficking, and that an August 1990 entry alleged that $2 million was delivered to the company's business sites and that several pilots and executives were suspected of smuggling "narcotics currency."[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that the Miami [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she saw Southern Air planes loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985, that she accompanied [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who said he worked with the CIA, and that the recovered flight logs showed flights to Barranquilla in October 1985; Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment. Webb wrote that [[Enrique Miranda]] testified cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto Salvadoran Air Force aircraft and Southern Air planes under the supervision of [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], that Southern Air officials denied involvement and sued news organizations, and that the informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported Escobar's statement that planes like C-130s flew guns to Colombia and cocaine to U.S. military bases. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^18]
|
||||
[[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that the Miami [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she saw Southern Air planes loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985, that she accompanied [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who said he worked with the CIA, and that the recovered flight logs showed flights to Barranquilla in October 1985; Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment. Webb wrote that [[Enrique Miranda]] testified cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto Salvadoran Air Force aircraft and Southern Air planes under the supervision of [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], that Southern Air officials denied involvement and sued news organizations, and that the informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported Escobar's statement that planes like C-130s flew guns to Colombia and cocaine to U.S. military bases.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later operations
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,6 +110,6 @@ Southern Air Transport's operations continued under the Southern Air name after
|
|||
[^15]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Piowaty, FBI 302, June 22, 1987).
|
||||
[^16]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996, case Mena 96-0036-IG (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850
|
||||
[^17]: CIA Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Volume II: The Contra Story (October 8, 1998), "Allegations Involving Other Companies Associated With the Contras" and the Gates transmittal letter. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/pilots.html
|
||||
[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the Palacios, Miranda and Rudd passages as carried here.
|
||||
[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
|
||||
[^19]: American Bankruptcy Institute case summary, cited in footnote 2.
|
||||
[^20]: Ivan Nadalet, "Atlas Air completes acquisition of Southern Air," ch-aviation, April 8, 2016. https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/45363-atlas-air-completes-acquisition-of-southern-air
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
role: "guide listing, advertising and Spartacus Club discount scheme"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
---
|
||||
Spartacus International was the Amsterdam-based publisher of the *Spartacus International Gay Guide* (in its thirteenth edition in 1983, edited by [[John Stamford]]) and of the Spartacus Club, a membership scheme that supplied guide copies, discounts and "Holiday Help Portfolios." In 1986 the *[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]* reported that the Club's Manila portfolio led its reporters to boys for hire, and the organisation had been named in testimony to the U.S. Senate in 1984; the British writer S. Dovey has since assigned it a larger role in a network of brothels, concierges and film production, an account whose sole source is Dovey's own book.[^1][^2][^3]
|
||||
Spartacus International was the Amsterdam-based publisher of the *Spartacus International Gay Guide* (in its thirteenth edition in 1983, edited by [[John Stamford]]) and of the Spartacus Club, a membership scheme that supplied guide copies, discounts and "Holiday Help Portfolios." In 1986 the *[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]* reported that the Club's Manila portfolio led its reporters to boys for hire, and the organisation had been named in testimony to the U.S. Senate in 1984; the British writer S. Dovey has since assigned it a larger role in a network of brothels, concierges and film production, an account found in Dovey's own book.[^1][^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publisher and club
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Bruno Gmünder Verlag of Berlin published the guide from 1987 and credited it to
|
|||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Mahmood, Mazher. "Scandal of Britons who buy young boys for £3 a night," *The Sunday Times* (London), August 3, 1986 (Insight), photographic copy at https://spotlightonabuse.wordpress.com/2013/03/16/scandal-of-britons-who-buy-young-boys-for-3-a-night-3-8-86/
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, *Child Pornography and Pedophilia*, hearings, 98th Cong., 2d sess., part 1, November 29 and 30, 1984, statement of Defense for Children International. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/98673NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited, including the account of the Elm Guest House sign, of Stamford's 1972 charge and clerical status, of the Belgian charge and his death, and of snuff-film and Operation Framework links.
|
||||
[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
|
||||
[^4]: Spartacus International Gay Guide, 13th edition, 1983, order brochure ("Spartacus Club," "Holiday Help Portfolios," "Holiday Introductions," "Alex writing paper"), published by Spartacus, P.O. Box 3496, Amsterdam. https://fighting-words.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spartacus1983ocr.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Letters from Spartacus, Amsterdam, to the Elm Guest House: Laurie Page for John D. Stamford, Director, August 25, 1981; Peter Glencross, Business Manager, to Harry Kasir, October 23, 1981; and advertisement, "Elm Guest House ... 10% Discount to Spartacus Club Members." https://archive.org/details/elm-guest-house-spartacus
|
||||
[^6]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, *Westminster* investigation report, part D, chapter D.7, "Allegations connected to Elm Guest House," paragraphs 71 to 72. https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ The Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration entered an order on Se
|
|||
[^6]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, detail by entity name, document number M24568, SWISSCO LEASING, INC., https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20LEASING/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026).
|
||||
[^7]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, detail by entity name, document number A28561, SWISSCO CORPORATE CENTRE, LTD., https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20CORPORATE/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026).
|
||||
[^8]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, officer or registered agent name lists for "Giangrandi," "Ondarza Jorge," "Mijares Anthony" and "Kaplan Abbey," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/OfficerRegisteredAgentName/Giangrandi/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026). The lists show entity names and numbers only.
|
||||
[^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. Sole source for the helicopter seizure, the 1992 civil suit, the Graham fund-raiser and the account of Johnson as the only person convicted.
|
||||
[^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php.
|
||||
[^10]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Edward A. Johnson; Order Denying Permission to Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48962 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23362, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23362.pdf.
|
||||
[^11]: Office of the Solicitor General, brief for the United States in opposition, *Johnson v. United States*, https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/johnson-v-us-opposition.
|
||||
[^12]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Federal Register 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf.
|
||||
[^13]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), reissued order of August 29, 1995 (original December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
|
||||
[^14]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
|
||||
[^15]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Paraphrased. Sole source for the Miami registration narrative and the two crimes and fine.
|
||||
[^15]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Paraphrased.
|
||||
[^16]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Augusto Giacomo Giangrandi Valenzuela, Also Known As Augusto Giangrandi," entered September 15, 1994, published September 22, 1994, FR Doc. 94-23471, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/09/22/94-23471/action-affecting-export-privileges-augusto-giacomo-giangrandi-valenzuela-also-known-as-augusto. Respondent's street address omitted.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -95,15 +95,15 @@ The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]] reported in 2019, in a passage quoted by [[Jaso
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "E B E's," parts 5, 11 and 17, UFO BBS text files UFO1024, UFO1030 and UFO1036, textfiles.com mirror, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo, .../1030.ufo and .../1036.ufo. The files carry no author line in the portions read; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Hastings 1989. The Greenwood quotations are as quoted in part 17. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs.* 2010, chapters on the Laughlin conference, Doty, "The Man in the White Coat" and "How to Believe Weird Things," read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Green's statements are first-person quotations and reported speech in the book; sole source for the passages so cited. Also gives 18 October for the broadcast of UFO Cover-Up Live and says Colonel Barry Hennessey ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the Pentagon, and that Hennessey and Moore both denied he was Falcon.
|
||||
[^3]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* November/December issue, year not stated, reproduced with editorial interpolations at think-aboutit.com, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the roster.
|
||||
[^1]: "E B E's," parts 5, 11 and 17, UFO BBS text files UFO1024, UFO1030 and UFO1036, textfiles.com mirror, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo, .../1030.ufo and .../1036.ufo. The files carry no author line in the portions read; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Hastings 1989. The Greenwood quotations are as quoted in part 17.
|
||||
[^2]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs.* 2010, chapters on the Laughlin conference, Doty, "The Man in the White Coat" and "How to Believe Weird Things," read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Green's statements are first-person quotations and reported speech in the book; Also gives 18 October for the broadcast of UFO Cover-Up Live and says Colonel Barry Hennessey ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the Pentagon, and that Hennessey and Moore both denied he was Falcon.
|
||||
[^3]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* November/December issue, year not stated, reproduced with editorial interpolations at think-aboutit.com, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.
|
||||
[^4]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf.
|
||||
[^5]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert. "Alien Autopsy Producer Sues UFO Contactee, Former CIA Scientist, and Ex-Congressman over Stalled UFO Documentary," March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert. "Alien Autopsy Producer Sues UFO Contactee, Former CIA Scientist, and Ex-Congressman over Stalled UFO Documentary," March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary.
|
||||
[^6]: Hastings, Robert. Statement of March 1, 1989, as quoted in "E B E's," part 16, UFO BBS file UFO1035, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1035.ufo. The denials by Moore and Doty and the account of the "real Falcon" are in that file's own narration, not in the Hastings quotation.
|
||||
[^7]: Timothy Good, ed., *The UFO Report 1990*, "Editor's Foreword" (London, April 1989), pp. vii to viii (October 14, 1988); Barry Taff, UFO BBS file UFO135 ("When the final product aired on October 14 of that year"); Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 193 to 196; Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure* ("The show finally aired on October 14, 1988"); Internet Archive upload description ("Broadcast 10/14/88"). Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men*, gives 18 October.
|
||||
[^8]: Moore, William L., lecture of July 1, 1989, MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, as quoted in "E B E's," part 17, UFO BBS file UFO1036, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1036.ufo (which cites Moore 1989b).
|
||||
[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs* (Peregrine Communications; copyright notice 2010), introduction; Section 1, "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: 'The Aviary,'" "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989"; Section 2, Chapter 4 and references 4a, 4b and 5, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (OCR text read). Collins's account is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs* (Peregrine Communications; copyright notice 2010), introduction; Section 1, "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: 'The Aviary,'" "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989"; Section 2, Chapter 4 and references 4a, 4b and 5, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (OCR text read). Collins's account is the
|
||||
[^10]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon), read in the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po; captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere") and are corrected here.
|
||||
[^11]: Richard C. Doty, letter of March 3, 1989, http://textfiles.com/ufo/doty.ufo
|
||||
[^12]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the case broke when film found in a broken-down c
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041
|
||||
[^2]: *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, reprinted in *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443, and in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/protectionofchil00unit
|
||||
[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions (*State v. Cramer,* 362 So.2d 581, La. 1978) give Harry O. Cramer. Neither Lang, Sialle, Campbell nor Berlage appears in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions (*State v. Cramer,* 362 So.2d 581, La. 1978) give Harry O. Cramer. Neither Lang, Sialle, Campbell nor Berlage appears in the 1977 hearing record.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags:
|
|||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
summary: "The University of California is a public university system whose physics Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez served on the ad hoc expert panel that analyzed VELA satellite data from the suspected 1979 South Atlantic nuclear explosion."
|
||||
---
|
||||
The University of California is a public university system in [[California]]. The physics department at the [[University of California]] was home to [[Luis Alvarez]], a Nobel laureate who was a key colleague of [[Jack P. Ruina]] on an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979.[^1]
|
||||
The University of California is a public university system in [[California]]. The physics department at the [[University of California]] was home to [[Luis Alvarez]], a Nobel laureate who was a key colleague of [[Jack P. Ruina]] on an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1979.[^1]
|
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|
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### Footnotes
|
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|
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|
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|
|
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ From September 1987 the vice president for national security studies and program
|
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[^5]: Office of Scientific and Technical Information catalog records: R. F. Lumb, "Safeguards issue," INMM annual meeting, Boston, May 31, 1972 (OSTI 4459698); D. E. George, "Contributions to National and International Safeguards Programs by Independent Technical Auditors" (OSTI 4694701); Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corp., Falls Church, drafts Report No. 139 and Report No. 141, December 1973 (OSTI 4257532 and 4283735). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4459698
|
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[^6]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 2, no. 4 (Winter 1974), "Low Named NuSAC Vice President." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_02/V-2_4.pdf
|
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[^7]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1980), announcement of appointments by Lumb as president of NUSAC, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_09/V-9_1.pdf
|
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[^8]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." and "Steve Barrett Joins NUSAC, Inc." Sole source for the quoted statement is the announcement issued in the parent's name. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf
|
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[^8]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." and "Steve Barrett Joins NUSAC, Inc." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf
|
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[^9]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1979), "Three NUSAC Appointments"; vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_3.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
|
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[^10]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports of about 1979 to 1982, sections on NUSAC, Incorporated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
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[^11]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1981), "Personnel" (Dale A. Moul; Darrell A. Hyde of Union Carbide Nuclear Division joining NUSAC effective May 1). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_10/V-10_1.pdf
|
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|
|
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ From September 1987 the vice president for national security studies and program
|
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[^18]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1985, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, NUSAC and the Security Programs and Systems divisions, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
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[^19]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1986, same sections, same folder.
|
||||
[^20]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site, same folder.
|
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[^21]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
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[^21]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
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[^22]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report in the same folder, pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the lists of officers and major subsidiaries. The report's last pages carry the 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report; it is placed here as the 1989 report. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
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[^23]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, "Guide to Camouflage for Developers, Volume 1," 1989, citation and search record (authors; performing organization Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corp., Fairfax, Virginia; 114 pages). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700
|
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[^24]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA243669, "Survey of Vulnerability Methodological Needs," distribution list. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA243669.pdf
|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ relations:
|
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- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]"
|
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role: "wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia"
|
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fn: 44
|
||||
fn: 46
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Wackenhut Services]]"
|
||||
role: "wholly owned Florida subsidiary, listed at 100 percent in the Form 10-K for fiscal 1994; government-services subsidiary later known as G4S Government Solutions and Centerra Group"
|
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fn: 3
|
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---
|
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Wackenhut Corporation is a security and investigative firm founded in 1954 by [[George R. Wackenhut]] and three other former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Special Agents. Initially named [[Special Agent Investigators]], it expanded to physical security and was renamed Wackenhut Corporation in 1958. Headquartered in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], [[Florida]], Wackenhut grew to become one of the world's largest security and investigative firms, with operations across the United States and internationally. The [[San Francisco]] Chronicle described it as being "led by former officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Defense Department and federal law enforcement."[^1][^2]
|
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|
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|
|
@ -34,71 +38,75 @@ Wackenhut Corporation is a security and investigative firm founded in 1954 by [[
|
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|
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Wackenhut provides security and investigative services to businesses, industries, and various [[United States|U.S.]] Government agencies. Its services include guard and electronic security for various facilities, personnel background reports, pre-employment screening, polygraph examinations, and criminal investigations. The company also develops sophisticated computerized security systems through its subsidiary, [[Wackenhut Electronic Systems Corporation]].[^1]
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|
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The largest client of the corporation was the [[Department of Energy]], which accounted for about 20 percent of consolidated revenue in fiscal 1994. The [[Savannah River Site]] contract (9 percent of revenue) and the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] contract (5 percent) were the largest of its department contracts.[^3] Its subsidiary [[Wackenhut Services]], Inc. reported revenues $8.1 million lower in 1994 than in 1993 because the department reduced manpower requirements.[^3]
|
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|
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Department of Energy guard-services contracts held by Wackenhut Services, Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC08-87NV10559 (Nevada Operations Office, first recorded September 15, 1987), DE-AC09-88SR18002, DE-AC09-93SR18292 and DE-AC09-99SR18950 (Savannah River Operations Office; the last from October 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009, about $901.6 million obligated) and DE-AC34-91RF00025 (Rocky Flats Office, first transactions November 1990).[^4]
|
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|
||||
Notable contracts include providing security for the [[Nevada Test Site]], the [[Alaskan Pipeline]], and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore Labs]], as well as numerous American embassies abroad.[^1]
|
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|
||||
### Leadership and Government Connections
|
||||
|
||||
The company's leadership has historically included executives and managers with extensive backgrounds in the FBI, CIA, [[NSA]], and other military and governmental security fields. Its board of directors has featured prominent former government officials such as [[Stansfield Turner]] (former CIA director), [[Clarence Kelley]] (former FBI director), [[Frank Carlucci]] (former CIA deputy director and Defense Secretary), [[James Rowley]] (former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] director), [[Bobby Ray Inman]] (former acting chairman of President Bush's foreign intelligence advisory board and former CIA deputy director), and [[Joseph Carroll]] (former Director, [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]).[^1] Jim Keith's 1996 book *The Octopus* lists former CIA deputy director Frank Carlucci and former CIA deputy director Bobby Ray Inman among the current and past members of the Wackenhut board.[^3]
|
||||
The company's leadership has historically included executives and managers with extensive backgrounds in the FBI, CIA, [[NSA]], and other military and governmental security fields. Its board of directors has featured prominent former government officials such as [[Stansfield Turner]] (former CIA director), [[Clarence Kelley]] (former FBI director), [[Frank Carlucci]] (former CIA deputy director and Defense Secretary), [[James Rowley]] (former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] director), [[Bobby Ray Inman]] (former acting chairman of President Bush's foreign intelligence advisory board and former CIA deputy director), and [[Joseph Carroll]] (former Director, [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]).[^1] Jim Keith's 1996 book *The Octopus* lists former CIA deputy director Frank Carlucci and former CIA deputy director Bobby Ray Inman among the current and past members of the Wackenhut board.[^5]
|
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|
||||
[[William J. Casey]], former CIA director under [[Ronald Reagan]], served as Wackenhut's outside legal counsel before his appointment.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### The CIA Security File
|
||||
|
||||
On March 14, 1963, [[Fred R. Youngblood]], chief of the nonofficial cover branch of the CIA's [[Central Cover Staff]], met George R. Wackenhut at the [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]] home of [[Wes Reynolds]], a former FBI agent who represented the company in Washington, "to explore its potential for cover support." His memorandum of March 26 records a firm of 1,100 employees with offices in eleven cities and [[Puerto Rico]]. Wackenhut "freely states that he trades on the reputation of the FBI by publicizing widely the 21 ex-FBI agents, including two former Assistant Directors of the FBI, in his management." He said he would be "willing to dispatch teams to set up personal security systems for foreign chiefs of state whom the Agency wants protected" and was "amenable to any reasonable application of his capabilities to Agency problems," including financing an overt operation set up at the agency's behest if it did not pay for itself. Youngblood found him "a clean-cut, energetic, ambitious young business man" who "is interested in profits, but it is my impression he is sincerely eager to do what he can to assist the government and feels that CIA offers one possible opportunity."[^4]
|
||||
On March 14, 1963, [[Fred R. Youngblood]], chief of the nonofficial cover branch of the CIA's [[Central Cover Staff]], met George R. Wackenhut at the [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]] home of [[Wes Reynolds]], a former FBI agent who represented the company in Washington, "to explore its potential for cover support." His memorandum of March 26 records a firm of 1,100 employees with offices in eleven cities and [[Puerto Rico]]. Wackenhut "freely states that he trades on the reputation of the FBI by publicizing widely the 21 ex-FBI agents, including two former Assistant Directors of the FBI, in his management." He said he would be "willing to dispatch teams to set up personal security systems for foreign chiefs of state whom the Agency wants protected" and was "amenable to any reasonable application of his capabilities to Agency problems," including financing an overt operation set up at the agency's behest if it did not pay for itself. Youngblood found him "a clean-cut, energetic, ambitious young business man" who "is interested in profits, but it is my impression he is sincerely eager to do what he can to assist the government and feels that CIA offers one possible opportunity."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
A memorandum for the record of July 28, 1975, summarizes the file. The agency opened files on Wackenhut and his company in May 1960 "for the purpose of obtaining cover support for Western Hemisphere Agency employees assigned to Florida." He "was investigated by this Agency with favorable results, and a Covert Security Approval for his use was granted on 21 November 1961. Subsequently, his company provided cover backstopping to Western Hemisphere employees stationed in the [[Miami]], Florida, area. In April of 1967 due to the notoriety that Mr. Wackenhut had received in connection with his activities in Florida, Mr. Wackenhut's Covert Security Approval was rescinded and this Agency severed our relations with him." That January Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had made Wackenhut the unpaid director of a privately financed "war on crime," staffed by the company's investigators.[^5][^6]
|
||||
A memorandum for the record of July 28, 1975, summarizes the file. The agency opened files on Wackenhut and his company in May 1960 "for the purpose of obtaining cover support for Western Hemisphere Agency employees assigned to Florida." He "was investigated by this Agency with favorable results, and a Covert Security Approval for his use was granted on 21 November 1961. Subsequently, his company provided cover backstopping to Western Hemisphere employees stationed in the [[Miami]], Florida, area. In April of 1967 due to the notoriety that Mr. Wackenhut had received in connection with his activities in Florida, Mr. Wackenhut's Covert Security Approval was rescinded and this Agency severed our relations with him." That January Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had made Wackenhut the unpaid director of a privately financed "war on crime," staffed by the company's investigators.[^7][^8]
|
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|
||||
On April 24, 1968, a year after the severance, the chief of the [[JMWAVE]] station in Miami sent headquarters a telepouch dispatch, subject "Wackenhut Corporation," reporting that the *[[Miami Herald]]* business section of April 23 "carried an article reflecting that the Wackenhut Corp., a Coral Gables, Florida firm, had announced an agreement to purchase the Reliable Reporting Service, Inc., Rockville Center, New York, which provides pre-insurance and pre-employment reports for more than 400 clients in the insurance, financial and industrial fields." It went to the chief of the Western Hemisphere Division "as a matter of information."[^7] Routing slips of September and December 1969 added to the file the card of the manager of [[Wackenhut Protective Systems]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]]. In March 1971 the agency's security office approved a contact clearance for a Wackenhut employee. On April 20, 1971, the special agent in charge, [[Arthur C. Sheridan]], wrote to the Miami field office that "restrictions imposed on the use of Subject corporation in 1967 still apply and were recently reaffirmed in a cable dated 16 July 1970." The chief of a project with the cryptonym VENOM wanted contact with two Wackenhut men, [[Manuel J. Chavez]] and [[Junius Jaffe Mallin]]. "It is recognized that Subject firm could be an operational asset to [[Project VENOM]] in certain circumstances," Sheridan wrote, but "this office can accomplish its mission without the necessity of utilizing Subject corporation." Other records of the same Miami security office show VENOM collecting on the armed exile groups in the city: on [[Gerald Patrick Hemming|Gerry Hemming]] and [[Roy Hargraves]] in July 1970, when they were reported to be planning a missile attack on [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo]] to be blamed on [[Cuba]], and on [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Ricardo Morales]], whom the project had used briefly in 1964 and who in May 1971 was presenting himself at a Miami hotel as an agency operative "with mission to make an approach to local mafia."[^8]
|
||||
On April 24, 1968, a year after the severance, the chief of the [[JMWAVE]] station in Miami sent headquarters a telepouch dispatch, subject "Wackenhut Corporation," reporting that the *[[Miami Herald]]* business section of April 23 "carried an article reflecting that the Wackenhut Corp., a Coral Gables, Florida firm, had announced an agreement to purchase the Reliable Reporting Service, Inc., Rockville Center, New York, which provides pre-insurance and pre-employment reports for more than 400 clients in the insurance, financial and industrial fields." It went to the chief of the Western Hemisphere Division "as a matter of information."[^9] Routing slips of September and December 1969 added to the file the card of the manager of [[Wackenhut Protective Systems]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]]. In March 1971 the agency's security office approved a contact clearance for a Wackenhut employee. On April 20, 1971, the special agent in charge, [[Arthur C. Sheridan]], wrote to the Miami field office that "restrictions imposed on the use of Subject corporation in 1967 still apply and were recently reaffirmed in a cable dated 16 July 1970." The chief of a project with the cryptonym VENOM wanted contact with two Wackenhut men, [[Manuel J. Chavez]] and [[Junius Jaffe Mallin]]. "It is recognized that Subject firm could be an operational asset to [[Project VENOM]] in certain circumstances," Sheridan wrote, but "this office can accomplish its mission without the necessity of utilizing Subject corporation." Other records of the same Miami security office show VENOM collecting on the armed exile groups in the city: on [[Gerald Patrick Hemming|Gerry Hemming]] and [[Roy Hargraves]] in July 1970, when they were reported to be planning a missile attack on [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo]] to be blamed on [[Cuba]], and on [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Ricardo Morales]], whom the project had used briefly in 1964 and who in May 1971 was presenting himself at a Miami hotel as an agency operative "with mission to make an approach to local mafia."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
The same item went on April 30, 1968, from the Office of Security to its New York field office "for your information only."[^9] The National Archives' index of the agency's file on the company lists, among records not yet reproduced here, a memorandum of April 25, 1967, from the deputy director of security, [[Victor R. White]], to the [[CIA Counterintelligence Staff|counterintelligence staff]] on "DCI opposition to the use of private investigative firm"; a *[[Washington Star]]* clipping of November 8, 1971, circulated to the director of security, on the retired Air Force Lieutenant General [[Joseph F. Carroll]], the first director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the retired Vice Admiral [[William Raborn]], director of central intelligence from 1965 to 1966, joining the Wackenhut board; a note of February 4, 1974, on a telephone call from Raborn "trying to arrange an appointment with [[William Colby|Colby]] for himself and Mr. Mayo"; a three-page memorandum from Howard Osborn to the director of February 6, 1974, on the company that "contains a recommendation for approval"; and a note from the director of February 11, 1974, "concerning telephonic contact with Admiral Raborn of Wackenhut Corp."[^10]
|
||||
The same item went on April 30, 1968, from the Office of Security to its New York field office "for your information only."[^11] The National Archives' index of the agency's file on the company lists, among records not yet reproduced here, a memorandum of April 25, 1967, from the deputy director of security, [[Victor R. White]], to the [[CIA Counterintelligence Staff|counterintelligence staff]] on "DCI opposition to the use of private investigative firm"; a *[[Washington Star]]* clipping of November 8, 1971, circulated to the director of security, on the retired Air Force Lieutenant General [[Joseph F. Carroll]], the first director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the retired Vice Admiral [[William Raborn]], director of central intelligence from 1965 to 1966, joining the Wackenhut board; a note of February 4, 1974, on a telephone call from Raborn "trying to arrange an appointment with [[William Colby|Colby]] for himself and Mr. Mayo"; a three-page memorandum from Howard Osborn to the director of February 6, 1974, on the company that "contains a recommendation for approval"; and a note from the director of February 11, 1974, "concerning telephonic contact with Admiral Raborn of Wackenhut Corp."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
The 1975 memorandum ends: "In November of 1974 it was learned that Wackenhut Corporation was providing guard coverage to Global Marine Development, Incorporated (GMDI), [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], a firm that the Agency office of DDS&T was dealing with. This Agency made no attempt to persuade GMDI to terminate their contract with Wackenhut Corporation, and it is assumed that GMDI is still receiving guard coverage from them." Global Marine Development built and operated the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]] for the [[Directorate of Science and Technology]], which used the ship in the summer of 1974 to raise part of a sunken Soviet submarine in [[Project Azorian]]. The [[Los Angeles Times]] disclosed the operation on February 7, 1975.[^5][^11]
|
||||
The 1975 memorandum ends: "In November of 1974 it was learned that Wackenhut Corporation was providing guard coverage to Global Marine Development, Incorporated (GMDI), [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], a firm that the Agency office of DDS&T was dealing with. This Agency made no attempt to persuade GMDI to terminate their contract with Wackenhut Corporation, and it is assumed that GMDI is still receiving guard coverage from them." Global Marine Development built and operated the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]] for the [[Directorate of Science and Technology]], which used the ship in the summer of 1974 to raise part of a sunken Soviet submarine in [[Project Azorian]]. The [[Los Angeles Times]] disclosed the operation on February 7, 1975.[^7][^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Domestic Contact Service File
|
||||
|
||||
A second agency file on the company, case 65805 of the [[Domestic Contact Service]], the overt office that debriefed businessmen and travellers, opens seven months after the Office of Security severed relations. On November 27, 1967, Gus C. Guerrero of the Miami field office met the vice president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., who "is cognizant of all contractual services in being with the company in foreign countries" and "will make arrangements for Guerrero to meet with Mr. Wackenhut and other members of the corporation whom he feels will be able to assist us." The company was "attempting to establish investigative and guard service agencies in several Latin American countries and are well established in [[Colombia]] at the present time." Information reports of January 2 and 10, 1968, on guerrilla operations, business, and government in Colombia and [[Ecuador]], each beginning "During a recent business trip," followed within weeks.[^12]
|
||||
A second agency file on the company, case 65805 of the [[Domestic Contact Service]], the overt office that debriefed businessmen and travellers, opens seven months after the Office of Security severed relations. On November 27, 1967, Gus C. Guerrero of the Miami field office met the vice president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., who "is cognizant of all contractual services in being with the company in foreign countries" and "will make arrangements for Guerrero to meet with Mr. Wackenhut and other members of the corporation whom he feels will be able to assist us." The company was "attempting to establish investigative and guard service agencies in several Latin American countries and are well established in [[Colombia]] at the present time." Information reports of January 2 and 10, 1968, on guerrilla operations, business, and government in Colombia and [[Ecuador]], each beginning "During a recent business trip," followed within weeks.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
Process sheets of 1970 and 1971, with [[Justin Gleichauf]] as field office chief and R. Heller of the international division as case officer, list the company as the contact for reports on [[Panama]] ("Attempt to Establish Intelligence Apparatus in US," "List of Suspects of Subversive Activities"), [[Brazil]] ("Background on Carlos Lacerda"), [[Guatemala]], Ecuador, a photograph of a probable Soviet Mi-10 helicopter at [[Medellín]], and, in the months around the election of [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chile]]: "Expectation of Allende Victory/Fear of Industrial Violence/Interest in Developing Industrial Security Measures" (July 28, 1970), "Alessandri Leading in Election Preference/Fear of Urban Terrorism" (September 2), "[[El Mercurio]] Fear of Urban Terrorism/Security Measures" (September 10), "LAN-Chile Officials Desire Background Checks on Employees to Determine Anti-Communist Sentiments" and "Key Positions in [[LAN Chile|LAN-Chile]] Airlines Given to Allende Regime Sympathizers" (December, both marked "Air Force report"), "Concern re Security of LAN-Chile Aircraft" (December 15), "Chile: The Threat of a New Cuba" (December 16), "Background Information on Reverend [[Roger Vekemans]], S.J., Alleged Left-Wing Priest Affiliated with the Christian Democratic Party," and "Boycott of Chilean Newsprint/Anti-Allende Propaganda" (December 7, 1971). In March 1970 Wackenhut guards hired to see a deported Panamanian through Miami airport onto a LAN-Chile flight copied the list of Miami contacts in his luggage for the Salvadoran consul and for the agency.[^13]
|
||||
Process sheets of 1970 and 1971, with [[Justin Gleichauf]] as field office chief and R. Heller of the international division as case officer, list the company as the contact for reports on [[Panama]] ("Attempt to Establish Intelligence Apparatus in US," "List of Suspects of Subversive Activities"), [[Brazil]] ("Background on Carlos Lacerda"), [[Guatemala]], Ecuador, a photograph of a probable Soviet Mi-10 helicopter at [[Medellín]], and, in the months around the election of [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chile]]: "Expectation of Allende Victory/Fear of Industrial Violence/Interest in Developing Industrial Security Measures" (July 28, 1970), "Alessandri Leading in Election Preference/Fear of Urban Terrorism" (September 2), "[[El Mercurio]] Fear of Urban Terrorism/Security Measures" (September 10), "LAN-Chile Officials Desire Background Checks on Employees to Determine Anti-Communist Sentiments" and "Key Positions in [[LAN Chile|LAN-Chile]] Airlines Given to Allende Regime Sympathizers" (December, both marked "Air Force report"), "Concern re Security of LAN-Chile Aircraft" (December 15), "Chile: The Threat of a New Cuba" (December 16), "Background Information on Reverend [[Roger Vekemans]], S.J., Alleged Left-Wing Priest Affiliated with the Christian Democratic Party," and "Boycott of Chilean Newsprint/Anti-Allende Propaganda" (December 7, 1971). In March 1970 Wackenhut guards hired to see a deported Panamanian through Miami airport onto a LAN-Chile flight copied the list of Miami contacts in his luggage for the Salvadoran consul and for the agency.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 21, 1970, George Wackenhut "invited me to a demonstration of a new device his company has developed," Gleichauf reported: a transmitter "less than the size of a half pack of cigarettes" made by the subsidiary Electro-Finders, Inc., which "can be used to track vehicles as well as persons," carried "in a heel" or at the waist, recently tested by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]. The [[Technical Services Division]] asked for a demonstration in November, and a cable under case 55539 reported that two men, Riley and Rohrer (the second name uncertain in the scan), would "be picked up by [redacted] of the Wackenhut Corporation and taken to the demonstration." Two technicians visited Coral Gables and the company was invited to demonstrate in Washington at agency expense; in May 1972 Gleichauf, by then chief of the [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] office, forwarded a brochure from "an old friend" at the company, "the system is now available on the market," recalling one of the visiting technicians as Paul Reilly.[^14]
|
||||
On September 21, 1970, George Wackenhut "invited me to a demonstration of a new device his company has developed," Gleichauf reported: a transmitter "less than the size of a half pack of cigarettes" made by the subsidiary Electro-Finders, Inc., which "can be used to track vehicles as well as persons," carried "in a heel" or at the waist, recently tested by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]. The [[Technical Services Division]] asked for a demonstration in November, and a cable under case 55539 reported that two men, Riley and Rohrer (the second name uncertain in the scan), would "be picked up by [redacted] of the Wackenhut Corporation and taken to the demonstration." Two technicians visited Coral Gables and the company was invited to demonstrate in Washington at agency expense; in May 1972 Gleichauf, by then chief of the [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] office, forwarded a brochure from "an old friend" at the company, "the system is now available on the market," recalling one of the visiting technicians as Paul Reilly.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
On October 1, 1973, "a former Agency staffer now employed by the Wackenhut Corporation" passed the Miami office a tip from the Dade County Organized Crime Bureau, "with the understanding that Wackenhut would in turn convey it to the Agency": a man had been arrested "apparently in the course of installing a mike or wire," had "immediately claimed that he was on a mission for the CIA and apparently successfully avoided charges and publicity," and was "the top wire man for local State's Attorney [[Richard Gerstein]]," who "is known for his efforts to bring local conspiracy charges against the Watergate group, a plan which we believe [[Archibald Cox]] successfully blocked," and "we believe has also acted on behalf of Dade County Sheriff E. Wilson Purdy." The officer noted "for the record, we maintain some slight contact with a few Wackenhut employees, several of whom are former Agency staffers," and reported it "in the belief that [[Angus Thuermer]] and perhaps others might wish to be forewarned." In December the office recorded that a Wackenhut man had become a senior Latin American security executive of a company whose name reads as [[ITT]], "in view of the considerable interest expressed from time to time in any Agency involvement" with it. In January 1974 the company "offered this information gratuitously" on a "Cuban Terrorist Program Designed to Affect US-Bahamian Relations": "for security reasons, they have made this look like a report to a client, thus 'addressee' and 'firm' refer to CIA." A copy went to the "WH Station."[^15]
|
||||
On October 1, 1973, "a former Agency staffer now employed by the Wackenhut Corporation" passed the Miami office a tip from the Dade County Organized Crime Bureau, "with the understanding that Wackenhut would in turn convey it to the Agency": a man had been arrested "apparently in the course of installing a mike or wire," had "immediately claimed that he was on a mission for the CIA and apparently successfully avoided charges and publicity," and was "the top wire man for local State's Attorney [[Richard Gerstein]]," who "is known for his efforts to bring local conspiracy charges against the Watergate group, a plan which we believe [[Archibald Cox]] successfully blocked," and "we believe has also acted on behalf of Dade County Sheriff E. Wilson Purdy." The officer noted "for the record, we maintain some slight contact with a few Wackenhut employees, several of whom are former Agency staffers," and reported it "in the belief that [[Angus Thuermer]] and perhaps others might wish to be forewarned." In December the office recorded that a Wackenhut man had become a senior Latin American security executive of a company whose name reads as [[ITT]], "in view of the considerable interest expressed from time to time in any Agency involvement" with it. In January 1974 the company "offered this information gratuitously" on a "Cuban Terrorist Program Designed to Affect US-Bahamian Relations": "for security reasons, they have made this look like a report to a client, thus 'addressee' and 'firm' refer to CIA." A copy went to the "WH Station."[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
By March 1974 Gleichauf, "the former Chief of the Miami and Dallas Field Offices," was himself employed at the Coral Gables headquarters and passing on what a co-worker had heard in [[Algeria]] about the identification of "CIA agents." On June 25, 1975, the chief of the service's [[Denver]] office, James M. Sommerville, answered a headquarters inquiry, prompted by a German newspaper article and repeated by a local FBI agent, about a private organization in Denver "staffed with ex-government types and performing such things as telephone taps for wealthy private citizens." His staff recalled that "shortly after the CIA expose first appeared in the New York Times, we received in the mail a brochure from The Wackenhut Corporation, 262 Havana, Denver, Colorado," describing "a private investigative service with capabilities beyond that of the average private investigator in that they are staffed with men and women formerly employed by the FBI, Secret Service and DIA," and "we also believe that under the list of services they offered was some type of electronic surveillance." They had thrown it away, and passed the recollection to the FBI "stressing that this was indeed a long shot."[^16]
|
||||
By March 1974 Gleichauf, "the former Chief of the Miami and Dallas Field Offices," was himself employed at the Coral Gables headquarters and passing on what a co-worker had heard in [[Algeria]] about the identification of "CIA agents." On June 25, 1975, the chief of the service's [[Denver]] office, James M. Sommerville, answered a headquarters inquiry, prompted by a German newspaper article and repeated by a local FBI agent, about a private organization in Denver "staffed with ex-government types and performing such things as telephone taps for wealthy private citizens." His staff recalled that "shortly after the CIA expose first appeared in the New York Times, we received in the mail a brochure from The Wackenhut Corporation, 262 Havana, Denver, Colorado," describing "a private investigative service with capabilities beyond that of the average private investigator in that they are staffed with men and women formerly employed by the FBI, Secret Service and DIA," and "we also believe that under the list of services they offered was some type of electronic surveillance." They had thrown it away, and passed the recollection to the FBI "stressing that this was indeed a long shot."[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 22, 1976, headquarters opened a new case under the same number, "LA Division Request for Contact of Wackenhut Corporation Officer." The officer was [[Bruce Berckmans]], the company's director of international operations, "a former staff agent under the LPGLOBE program" who "was asked to resign from the Agency in 1970." Through [[Tom Clines]] of the Latin America Division he "has requested contact with an Agency representative as he has information which may be of interest to the Agency," believed to concern "political developments in [[Jamaica]]"; the division "has no operational interest in Berckmans nor his company," and the Office of General Counsel had concurred. At the Wackenhut offices on June 24 Berckmans produced a letter of grievances over his forced resignation for the inspector general and said he was considering a suit; on June 28 he telephoned to say "he has decided not to sue the Agency," and on July 2 offered himself as "a normal DCD contact." The Miami office closed case 65805 on June 30, 1977: "action completed."[^17]
|
||||
On June 22, 1976, headquarters opened a new case under the same number, "LA Division Request for Contact of Wackenhut Corporation Officer." The officer was [[Bruce Berckmans]], the company's director of international operations, "a former staff agent under the LPGLOBE program" who "was asked to resign from the Agency in 1970." Through [[Tom Clines]] of the Latin America Division he "has requested contact with an Agency representative as he has information which may be of interest to the Agency," believed to concern "political developments in [[Jamaica]]"; the division "has no operational interest in Berckmans nor his company," and the Office of General Counsel had concurred. At the Wackenhut offices on June 24 Berckmans produced a letter of grievances over his forced resignation for the inspector general and said he was considering a suit; on June 28 he telephoned to say "he has decided not to sue the Agency," and on July 2 offered himself as "a normal DCD contact." The Miami office closed case 65805 on June 30, 1977: "action completed."[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### Federal Contracts, the Board, and the Files
|
||||
|
||||
The law firm of Senator [[George Smathers]] of Florida found the way around the 1893 federal statute that barred employees of private detective agencies from government work by creating a Wackenhut subsidiary that supplied only guards. The first large federal contracts, at [[Cape Canaveral]] and the Nevada Test Site, followed. The early board included Captain [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], General [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], and the [[John Birch Society]] leader [[Ralph E. Davis]]. After the [[Fair Credit Reporting Act]] took effect in 1971 the company cut its files from about 2.5 million names to about 250,000, and in 1975 it gave them to the [[Church League of America]] of [[Wheaton, Illinois]], to which [[George Wackenhut]] was a major contributor, keeping the right to consult them. The files are now in the [[Tamiment Library]] at [[New York University]].[^18][^19]
|
||||
The law firm of Senator [[George Smathers]] of Florida found the way around the 1893 federal statute that barred employees of private detective agencies from government work by creating a Wackenhut subsidiary that supplied only guards. The first large federal contracts, at [[Cape Canaveral]] and the Nevada Test Site, followed. The early board included Captain [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], General [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], and the [[John Birch Society]] leader [[Ralph E. Davis]]. After the [[Fair Credit Reporting Act]] took effect in 1971 the company cut its files from about 2.5 million names to about 250,000, and in 1975 it gave them to the [[Church League of America]] of [[Wheaton, Illinois]], to which [[George Wackenhut]] was a major contributor, keeping the right to consult them. The files are now in the [[Tamiment Library]] at [[New York University]].[^20][^21]
|
||||
|
||||
The retired FBI agent [[William Hinshaw]] told Connolly: "It is known throughout the industry that if you want a dirty job done, call Wackenhut." [[Philip Agee]] said: "I don't have the slightest doubt that the CIA and Wackenhut overlap." Asked whether his company was an arm of the CIA, George Wackenhut answered, "No!" At the end of the interview he said to the reporter: "You've done an awful lot of research. How would you like to run all our [[New York City|New York]] operations?" Connolly reported that in June 1991 the head of the company's special investigations division, [[Wayne Black]], traveled to [[Caracas]] on an [[Abu Dhabi]] passport for a client, [[Blanca Ibanez]], to discredit the security chief of President [[Carlos Andres Perez]].[^18]
|
||||
The retired FBI agent [[William Hinshaw]] told Connolly: "It is known throughout the industry that if you want a dirty job done, call Wackenhut." [[Philip Agee]] said: "I don't have the slightest doubt that the CIA and Wackenhut overlap." Asked whether his company was an arm of the CIA, George Wackenhut answered, "No!" At the end of the interview he said to the reporter: "You've done an awful lot of research. How would you like to run all our [[New York City|New York]] operations?" Connolly reported that in June 1991 the head of the company's special investigations division, [[Wayne Black]], traveled to [[Caracas]] on an [[Abu Dhabi]] passport for a client, [[Blanca Ibanez]], to discredit the security chief of President [[Carlos Andres Perez]].[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Horsch
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Philadelphia]] filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]] said in a recorded interview that after leaving high school in 1961 he worked freelance for Wackenhut, "a security firm staffed by FBI agents," until about 1965. "I bugged telephones and committed burglaries for them," he said. "The burglaries were mostly to install electronics or bug telephones or just things like burglarizing a potential client to demonstrate that their security was not up to par." He said one regular client, introduced as "Mr. Smith," was [[Howard Hunt|E. Howard Hunt]] of the CIA, and described jobs at the [[Fairchild Hiller]] plant in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]], in [[Trenton, New Jersey]], and in Philadelphia. Horsch was convicted in later years of forgery, counterfeiting, and passport fraud.[^20] The CIA memorandum of March 26, 1963, lists Philadelphia among the company's offices.[^4] When the Secret Service arrested Horsch, then Raymond Hoersch, for counterfeiting in December 1974, authorities described him as unemployed and quoted him as saying that he "hadn't worked for 11 years."[^21] In May 1962 [[Charles B. Flack Jr.]], a former FBI agent, merged his investigative firm into Wackenhut and became district manager of its Philadelphia office at 2 Penn Center Plaza, with responsibility, as he wrote to the FBI, "for the operation in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey area." From April 24, 1962, to January 5, 1965, FBI headquarters barred its offices from any contact with the company, on the ground that it had used misleading advertisements and traded on the former FBI affiliation of its staff, and that its officials had "reportedly engaged in personal misconduct and questionable business activities." The company's prospectus of March 1966 listed among its ten largest customers of 1965 the "Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller Corporation," whose plant was at [[Farmingdale, New York|Farmingdale]] on [[Long Island]], and described a service guiding industrial concerns through [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] security regulations; it stated that the company "does not engage in business espionage."[^22] On May 18, 1967, George Wackenhut told the Senate subcommittee of [[Edward V. Long]] under oath: "as a private investigating concern the Wackenhut Corp. has never in its entire history tapped a telephone wire. I am under oath, sir. So help me God, we never tapped a telephone wire." Asked about miniature transmitters, he said: "We have used them. We used the radio transmitters until the ban against them last year by the [[Federal Communications Commission]]." He also denied under oath that a 1957 report of his on corruption in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] drew on wiretaps; in a letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967, he wrote that "there were a few references to information in the Miami Beach report which had been obtained by others from the tapping of a telephone line."[^23] No document located names a Hoersch or Horsch in connection with the company.
|
||||
The [[Philadelphia]] filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]] said in a recorded interview that after leaving high school in 1961 he worked freelance for Wackenhut, "a security firm staffed by FBI agents," until about 1965. "I bugged telephones and committed burglaries for them," he said. "The burglaries were mostly to install electronics or bug telephones or just things like burglarizing a potential client to demonstrate that their security was not up to par." He said one regular client, introduced as "Mr. Smith," was [[Howard Hunt|E. Howard Hunt]] of the CIA, and described jobs at the [[Fairchild Hiller]] plant in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]], in [[Trenton, New Jersey]], and in Philadelphia. Horsch was convicted in later years of forgery, counterfeiting, and passport fraud.[^22] The CIA memorandum of March 26, 1963, lists Philadelphia among the company's offices.[^6] When the Secret Service arrested Horsch, then Raymond Hoersch, for counterfeiting in December 1974, authorities described him as unemployed and quoted him as saying that he "hadn't worked for 11 years."[^23] In May 1962 [[Charles B. Flack Jr.]], a former FBI agent, merged his investigative firm into Wackenhut and became district manager of its Philadelphia office at 2 Penn Center Plaza, with responsibility, as he wrote to the FBI, "for the operation in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey area." From April 24, 1962, to January 5, 1965, FBI headquarters barred its offices from any contact with the company, on the ground that it had used misleading advertisements and traded on the former FBI affiliation of its staff, and that its officials had "reportedly engaged in personal misconduct and questionable business activities." The company's prospectus of March 1966 listed among its ten largest customers of 1965 the "Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller Corporation," whose plant was at [[Farmingdale, New York|Farmingdale]] on [[Long Island]], and described a service guiding industrial concerns through [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] security regulations; it stated that the company "does not engage in business espionage."[^24] On May 18, 1967, George Wackenhut told the Senate subcommittee of [[Edward V. Long]] under oath: "as a private investigating concern the Wackenhut Corp. has never in its entire history tapped a telephone wire. I am under oath, sir. So help me God, we never tapped a telephone wire." Asked about miniature transmitters, he said: "We have used them. We used the radio transmitters until the ban against them last year by the [[Federal Communications Commission]]." He also denied under oath that a 1957 report of his on corruption in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] drew on wiretaps; in a letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967, he wrote that "there were a few references to information in the Miami Beach report which had been obtained by others from the tapping of a telephone line."[^25] No document located names a Hoersch or Horsch in connection with the company.
|
||||
|
||||
### Schaefer
|
||||
|
||||
[[Gerard John Schaefer]], the Martin County deputy convicted of two murders in 1973, worked as a security guard in Florida in 1970, between his dismissal from two teaching posts and his entry into the Wilton Manors police, for Wackenhut by one account and Florida Power & Light by another.[^24]
|
||||
[[Gerard John Schaefer]], the Martin County deputy convicted of two murders in 1973, worked as a security guard in Florida in 1970, between his dismissal from two teaching posts and his entry into the Wilton Manors police, for Wackenhut by one account and Florida Power & Light by another.[^26]
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||||
|
||||
### Florida, 1967
|
||||
|
||||
On January 13, 1967, FBI headquarters instructed its Florida offices to give Kirk's investigators nothing: "The Bureau does not recognize the Wackenhut Corporation as a properly constituted law enforcement agency." The order was repeated by telephone on April 3, after Kirk had seen the attorney general. [[Hank Messick]], the Miami Herald crime reporter whose articles had led to the indictment of two county sheriffs in 1966, and to whom the bureau had itself been passing leads, joined Wackenhut that December and left after six weeks. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said. He objected that the company kept as a private client Sir [[Stafford Sands]], the former Bahamian minister with gambling interests, while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. Wackenhut replied: "I do not find it necessary to dignify Mr. Messick's remarks with a reply." In September 1967 the Miami office reported the reaction of an informant inside the [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno family]] to press reports that a "contract" had been let on the Dade County state attorney, Richard Gerstein, a tip that "had been 'leaked' to the press by GERSTEIN'S office, which had received the tip from a Wackenhut Detective Agency source." The informant "stated that this was the biggest laugh to hit Miami in some time, in that GERSTEIN was, and still is, 'their' number one connection in the Miami area." He said: "Them guys, including Wackenhut, and all the locals haven't yet come close to us. The only people who have the proper line on us are those in the FBI."[^25] A former Wackenhut detective, [[Norman Casper]], later worked as an informant for the [[Internal Revenue Service]] against the [[Castle Bank and Trust|Castle Bank]] in the [[Bahamas]].[^26]
|
||||
On January 13, 1967, FBI headquarters instructed its Florida offices to give Kirk's investigators nothing: "The Bureau does not recognize the Wackenhut Corporation as a properly constituted law enforcement agency." The order was repeated by telephone on April 3, after Kirk had seen the attorney general. [[Hank Messick]], the Miami Herald crime reporter whose articles had led to the indictment of two county sheriffs in 1966, and to whom the bureau had itself been passing leads, joined Wackenhut that December and left after six weeks. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said. He objected that the company kept as a private client Sir [[Stafford Sands]], the former Bahamian minister with gambling interests, while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. Wackenhut replied: "I do not find it necessary to dignify Mr. Messick's remarks with a reply." In September 1967 the Miami office reported the reaction of an informant inside the [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno family]] to press reports that a "contract" had been let on the Dade County state attorney, Richard Gerstein, a tip that "had been 'leaked' to the press by GERSTEIN'S office, which had received the tip from a Wackenhut Detective Agency source." The informant "stated that this was the biggest laugh to hit Miami in some time, in that GERSTEIN was, and still is, 'their' number one connection in the Miami area." He said: "Them guys, including Wackenhut, and all the locals haven't yet come close to us. The only people who have the proper line on us are those in the FBI."[^27] A former Wackenhut detective, [[Norman Casper]], later worked as an informant for the [[Internal Revenue Service]] against the [[Castle Bank and Trust|Castle Bank]] in the [[Bahamas]].[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
In the course of Governor Kirk's campaign Wackenhut told the legislature that "overlord of the whole state's criminal syndicates" was [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante]], "longtime [[Trafficante crime family|Tampa Mafia]] boss, now living in Miami." The clippings are in the FBI's Miami file on the company. Trafficante's casino manager in [[Havana]], [[Lewis McWillie]], had been visited there in 1959 by his friend [[Jack Ruby]], and a CIA memorandum in the [[Warren Commission]]'s files reported that Trafficante, while held by [[Fidel Castro]]'s government that year, was "frequently visited" by "an American gangster" named "Ruby." McWillie told the House committee in 1978 that he had twice visited the detention camp and seen Trafficante there, and was not clear whether Ruby had gone with him. The FBI's four files on the company contain no reference to Ruby, to McWillie, or to a Wackenhut office in [[Texas]] before 1968.[^26][^27][^28]
|
||||
In the course of Governor Kirk's campaign Wackenhut told the legislature that "overlord of the whole state's criminal syndicates" was [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante]], "longtime [[Trafficante crime family|Tampa Mafia]] boss, now living in Miami." The clippings are in the FBI's Miami file on the company. Trafficante's casino manager in [[Havana]], [[Lewis McWillie]], had been visited there in 1959 by his friend [[Jack Ruby]], and a CIA memorandum in the [[Warren Commission]]'s files reported that Trafficante, while held by [[Fidel Castro]]'s government that year, was "frequently visited" by "an American gangster" named "Ruby." McWillie told the House committee in 1978 that he had twice visited the detention camp and seen Trafficante there, and was not clear whether Ruby had gone with him. The FBI's four files on the company contain no reference to Ruby, to McWillie, or to a Wackenhut office in [[Texas]] before 1968.[^28][^29][^30]
|
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|
||||
### The Assassinations Committee
|
||||
|
||||
The security file reached the public through the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]]. On January 6, 1978, the committee's chief counsel, [[G. Robert Blakey]], sent the CIA a request for 38 files. Item 18 was E. Howard Hunt. Item 19 was "[[Jim Garrison]] aka Wackenhut Corp.," item 28 "Garrison 1967 investigation," and item 36 "Southern Research Corp." The [[National Photographic Interpretation Center]] answered on January 30 that it had "no documented information or files on the [[Southern Research Company|Southern Research Corporation]], presently known as the Wackenhut Corporation." The [[CIA Office of Logistics|Office of Logistics]] found under item 36 contract actions with Wackenhut for 1970 to 1975 in the management information system of the Directorate of Science and Technology. [[Bruce Solie]] of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] certified on July 18, 1978, that committee staff had reviewed the Wackenhut file "in conjunction with the HSCA's investigation into the deaths of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." His memorandum adds: "Under procedures established with the HSCA, certain items of information were not reviewed by HSCA staff members. These items were placed in envelopes, sealed, appropriately identified, and put back into the security file prior to HSCA review." Material the staff did see was marked "with a green circular dot."[^29]
|
||||
The security file reached the public through the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]]. On January 6, 1978, the committee's chief counsel, [[G. Robert Blakey]], sent the CIA a request for 38 files. Item 18 was E. Howard Hunt. Item 19 was "[[Jim Garrison]] aka Wackenhut Corp.," item 28 "Garrison 1967 investigation," and item 36 "Southern Research Corp." The [[National Photographic Interpretation Center]] answered on January 30 that it had "no documented information or files on the [[Southern Research Company|Southern Research Corporation]], presently known as the Wackenhut Corporation." The [[CIA Office of Logistics|Office of Logistics]] found under item 36 contract actions with Wackenhut for 1970 to 1975 in the management information system of the Directorate of Science and Technology. [[Bruce Solie]] of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] certified on July 18, 1978, that committee staff had reviewed the Wackenhut file "in conjunction with the HSCA's investigation into the deaths of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." His memorandum adds: "Under procedures established with the HSCA, certain items of information were not reviewed by HSCA staff members. These items were placed in envelopes, sealed, appropriately identified, and put back into the security file prior to HSCA review." Material the staff did see was marked "with a green circular dot."[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
The pairing of the names goes back to [[New Orleans]]. The lawyers who defended [[Clay Shaw]] against District Attorney Garrison's conspiracy charge, [[Edward Wegmann]] and his brother William, engaged two firms of former federal agents, Wackenhut and [[Holloway Associates]] of Texas. Edward Wegmann's files, given to the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] by his daughter in 1995, show Wackenhut men reporting to the defense with the WDSU television reporter [[Rick Townley]] on April 19, 1967, and interviewing the Cuban exile [[Carlos Bringuier]] on May 9. The researcher who first went through the files wrote that Wackenhut "was the same company that did the reports for [[Eastern Air Lines|Eastern Airlines]] in the dismissal proceedings against [[David Ferrie]]. The firm was then called Southern Research." The company's own histories do not mention the name, and the phrase "presently known as" first appears in Blakey's letter. [[Louisiana]]'s corporate register shows a Southern Research Company, Inc., chartered in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] on December 2, 1958, which absorbed a polygraph firm, [[Truth Verification of Louisiana]], in 1973 and is still in business, with sister companies in [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]. Its New Orleans company, Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc., was chartered on September 5, 1963. It filed notice of dissolution on October 5, 1967, and was dissolved on December 13. The Wackenhut Corporation had qualified to do business in Louisiana on May 3, 1965. Shaw was arrested on March 1, 1967. The CIA rescinded George Wackenhut's security approval the following month.[^30]
|
||||
The pairing of the names goes back to [[New Orleans]]. The lawyers who defended [[Clay Shaw]] against District Attorney Garrison's conspiracy charge, [[Edward Wegmann]] and his brother William, engaged two firms of former federal agents, Wackenhut and [[Holloway Associates]] of Texas. Edward Wegmann's files, given to the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] by his daughter in 1995, show Wackenhut men reporting to the defense with the WDSU television reporter [[Rick Townley]] on April 19, 1967, and interviewing the Cuban exile [[Carlos Bringuier]] on May 9. The researcher who first went through the files wrote that Wackenhut "was the same company that did the reports for [[Eastern Air Lines|Eastern Airlines]] in the dismissal proceedings against [[David Ferrie]]. The firm was then called Southern Research." The phrase "presently known as" is from Blakey's letter. [[Louisiana]]'s corporate register shows a Southern Research Company, Inc., chartered in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] on December 2, 1958, which absorbed a polygraph firm, [[Truth Verification of Louisiana]], in 1973 and is still in business, with sister companies in [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]. Its New Orleans company, Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc., was chartered on September 5, 1963. It filed notice of dissolution on October 5, 1967, and was dissolved on December 13. The Wackenhut Corporation had qualified to do business in Louisiana on May 3, 1965. Shaw was arrested on March 1, 1967. The CIA rescinded George Wackenhut's security approval the following month.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
The New Orleans office of Southern Research was run by [[Joseph Oster]], a former city police detective who had worked for [[Guy Banister]]. A credit report of July 1960 in a CIA security file describes him as vice president of "Southern Research, Inc., whose home office is in Shreveport," a firm of ten or twelve employees, and as having come to it from "[[Guy Banister Associates|Guy B------ Associates]], Inc." Oster told a lawyer for the Assassination Records Review Board in January 1996 that he had left Banister "because Banister was getting more involved in controversial political causes, to the detriment of attracting paying clients," that he had investigated Ferrie for Eastern Air Lines in 1962 and 1963, and that he had gone with the district attorney's men to Ferrie's house on the night of the assassination. He left the firm in the middle 1960s. The president of the Shreveport company, [[Thomas Ostendorff]], gave the board its file on Ferrie, number 11-N-224. Wegmann's records, the board wrote, "indicate that the Shaw defense team had retained Southern Research Company as of mid-1967," a witness before the [[Orleans Parish]] grand jury was asked in January 1969 whether he had been "interviewed by Southern Research or any investigating firm that is doing Shaw's investigation," and a file on [[Gordon Novel]] records that Southern Research interviewed his lawyer, [[Steven Plotkin]], on April 7, 1967. "Mr. Oster stated that neither he nor Southern Research had worked for the Clay Shaw defense team." The board's lawyer noted "the conflicting accounts we have found."[^31]
|
||||
The New Orleans office of Southern Research was run by [[Joseph Oster]], a former city police detective who had worked for [[Guy Banister]]. A credit report of July 1960 in a CIA security file describes him as vice president of "Southern Research, Inc., whose home office is in Shreveport," a firm of ten or twelve employees, and as having come to it from "[[Guy Banister Associates|Guy B------ Associates]], Inc." Oster told a lawyer for the Assassination Records Review Board in January 1996 that he had left Banister "because Banister was getting more involved in controversial political causes, to the detriment of attracting paying clients," that he had investigated Ferrie for Eastern Air Lines in 1962 and 1963, and that he had gone with the district attorney's men to Ferrie's house on the night of the assassination. He left the firm in the middle 1960s. The president of the Shreveport company, [[Thomas Ostendorff]], gave the board its file on Ferrie, number 11-N-224. Wegmann's records, the board wrote, "indicate that the Shaw defense team had retained Southern Research Company as of mid-1967," a witness before the [[Orleans Parish]] grand jury was asked in January 1969 whether he had been "interviewed by Southern Research or any investigating firm that is doing Shaw's investigation," and a file on [[Gordon Novel]] records that Southern Research interviewed his lawyer, [[Steven Plotkin]], on April 7, 1967. "Mr. Oster stated that neither he nor Southern Research had worked for the Clay Shaw defense team." The board's lawyer noted "the conflicting accounts we have found."[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 14, 1967, the FBI's [[FBI Domestic Intelligence Division|Domestic Intelligence Division]] recorded that [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] had told reporters the bureau had investigated Shaw and cleared him. "This is not true and we so informed the Attorney General." The New Orleans office, it went on, had told "[[Charles R. Carson (Wackenhut)|Charles R. Carson]], a Wackenhut Corporation investigator, and [[Dean Andrews]]" only that it had no comment, and the bureau "has no intention of telling these or any other individuals that the Attorney General's statement is incorrect." A witness told the review board at a public hearing that the former FBI employee [[William Walter]] had said to Garrison in 1973 "that the FBI through Wackenhut, the [[Metropolitan Crime Commission]] and [[Aaron Kohn]], had wire tapped his office." On May 3, 1967, [[George Walker (Wackenhut)|George Walker]] of the company's Coral Gables headquarters gave the FBI in Miami a letter from a man who said that before the assassination a Cuban in his boarding house, known as "Cash," had remarked that to kill Kennedy one had only to excite a Cuban with a high-powered rifle.[^32]
|
||||
On April 14, 1967, the FBI's [[FBI Domestic Intelligence Division|Domestic Intelligence Division]] recorded that [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] had told reporters the bureau had investigated Shaw and cleared him. "This is not true and we so informed the Attorney General." The New Orleans office, it went on, had told "[[Charles R. Carson (Wackenhut)|Charles R. Carson]], a Wackenhut Corporation investigator, and [[Dean Andrews]]" only that it had no comment, and the bureau "has no intention of telling these or any other individuals that the Attorney General's statement is incorrect." A witness told the review board at a public hearing that the former FBI employee [[William Walter]] had said to Garrison in 1973 "that the FBI through Wackenhut, the [[Metropolitan Crime Commission]] and [[Aaron Kohn]], had wire tapped his office." On May 3, 1967, [[George Walker (Wackenhut)|George Walker]] of the company's Coral Gables headquarters gave the FBI in Miami a letter from a man who said that before the assassination a Cuban in his boarding house, known as "Cash," had remarked that to kill Kennedy one had only to excite a Cuban with a high-powered rifle.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
In November 1967 [[William Harvey]], the former head of the CIA's [[Task Force W]], who was planning a law practice, asked the FBI's liaison officer, [[Sam Papich]], about "reputable private investigators that might be willing to use Harvey's services to establish contacts and investigative coverage on the Continent." The CIA's director of security, [[Howard Osborn]], recorded the answer: "Mr. Papich suggested Wackenhut Corporation or the [[Fidelifax|Fidelifax Company]] as having a good reputation in the trade." The same memorandum reports two telephone calls in October from [[Johnny Roselli|John Roselli]] asking Harvey to act as his lawyer.[^33]
|
||||
In November 1967 [[William Harvey]], the former head of the CIA's [[Task Force W]], who was planning a law practice, asked the FBI's liaison officer, [[Sam Papich]], about "reputable private investigators that might be willing to use Harvey's services to establish contacts and investigative coverage on the Continent." The CIA's director of security, [[Howard Osborn]], recorded the answer: "Mr. Papich suggested Wackenhut Corporation or the [[Fidelifax|Fidelifax Company]] as having a good reputation in the trade." The same memorandum reports two telephone calls in October from [[Johnny Roselli|John Roselli]] asking Harvey to act as his lawyer.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### Controversies and Allegations
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -118,25 +126,25 @@ Wackenhut was very active in [[El Salvador]] during the Contra war, providing em
|
|||
|
||||
### The Cabazon Joint Venture
|
||||
|
||||
A particularly controversial aspect of Wackenhut's operations was its joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] in Indio, California. In April 1981 [[Wackenhut Services]], Inc. signed a joint venture agreement with the [[Cabazon Security Corporation]], a company the Cabazons formed in early 1981. The agreement gives as the venture's primary purpose to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts."[^34] The venture was also called "Cabazon Arms" in correspondence and in a 1985 newspaper. Seymour wrote that the venture sought to establish a production facility for armaments and explosives for export to third-world countries, including the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua and nations in the [[Middle East]], and that the partnership aimed to leverage the sovereign nation status of the Indian reservation to bypass federal jurisdiction and congressional prohibitions on arms exports. Seymour also wrote that the firm was using the Cabazon reservation's tax-exempt status and its freedom from federal oversight to gain a competitive advantage in soliciting federal weapons projects.[^1][^2]
|
||||
A particularly controversial aspect of Wackenhut's operations was its joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] in Indio, California. In April 1981 Wackenhut Services, Inc. signed a joint venture agreement with the [[Cabazon Security Corporation]], a company the Cabazons formed in early 1981. The agreement gives as the venture's primary purpose to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts."[^36] The venture was also called "Cabazon Arms" in correspondence and in a 1985 newspaper. Seymour wrote that the venture sought to establish a production facility for armaments and explosives for export to third-world countries, including the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua and nations in the [[Middle East]], and that the partnership aimed to leverage the sovereign nation status of the Indian reservation to bypass federal jurisdiction and congressional prohibitions on arms exports. Seymour also wrote that the firm was using the Cabazon reservation's tax-exempt status and its freedom from federal oversight to gain a competitive advantage in soliciting federal weapons projects.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he was Director of Research for this joint venture; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^35][^36] He described meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.), John P. Nichols, and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1]
|
||||
[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he was Director of Research for this joint venture; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^37][^38] He described meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.), John P. Nichols, and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Spy reported in 1992 that Bruce Berckmans, assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 "(putatively)" to become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president and left Wackenhut in 1981. According to Spy, Berckmans joined other senior Wackenhut executives in 1981 to form the company's Special Projects Division, which linked up with Nichols at the Cabazon reservation.[^37] Spy also reported that [[Eden Pastora]], seen at a night-vision test at a firing range near the reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^37]
|
||||
Spy reported in 1992 that Bruce Berckmans, assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 "(putatively)" to become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president and left Wackenhut in 1981. According to Spy, Berckmans joined other senior Wackenhut executives in 1981 to form the company's Special Projects Division, which linked up with Nichols at the Cabazon reservation.[^39] Spy also reported that [[Eden Pastora]], seen at a night-vision test at a firing range near the reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements in early 1981, that the April 1981 joint venture agreement was signed by Frye and by Tribal Chairman Arthur Welmas, and that the joint venture had no employees. It states that the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye and that the investigators found "no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture."[^35] The report also states that the firms Michael Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc., and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^35] Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, which the report summarizes, states that he was director of research for the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and that he modified PROMIS software for Wackenhut in 1983 and 1984.[^36]
|
||||
The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements in early 1981, that the April 1981 joint venture agreement was signed by Frye and by Tribal Chairman Arthur Welmas, and that the joint venture had no employees. It states that the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye and that the investigators found "no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture."[^37] The report also states that the firms Michael Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc., and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^37] Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, which the report summarizes, states that he was director of research for the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and that he modified PROMIS software for Wackenhut in 1983 and 1984.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
The Bua report states that Wackenhut was interested because Cabazon Security Corporation, as a qualified minority contractor, would be eligible for government contract work under set-aside programs. The April 1981 agreement gives the primary purpose of the venture as to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and the joint venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^34]
|
||||
The Bua report states that Wackenhut was interested because Cabazon Security Corporation, as a qualified minority contractor, would be eligible for government contract work under set-aside programs. The April 1981 agreement gives the primary purpose of the venture as to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and the joint venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
The report states that Wackenhut's files contain documents showing efforts by John Philip Nichols to market night-vision goggles and rifle scopes to individuals identified as representatives of the governments of Guatemala and [[Honduras]], internal Wackenhut memoranda expressing the opinion that any such sales would require State Department approval, and preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the State Department. It quotes Nichols's view "that the Cabazon's, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls" and states: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^34]
|
||||
The report states that Wackenhut's files contain documents showing efforts by John Philip Nichols to market night-vision goggles and rifle scopes to individuals identified as representatives of the governments of Guatemala and [[Honduras]], internal Wackenhut memoranda expressing the opinion that any such sales would require State Department approval, and preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the State Department. It quotes Nichols's view "that the Cabazon's, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls" and states: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
The report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in Indio.[^34] FBI FD-302s of interviews with [[Wayne Reeder]], Indio police chief [[Sam Cross]] and Sergeant [[Dave Baird]], taken in October 1992, place it at the Indio Police Department range.[^38] The Bua report also quotes Baird as saying that Police Chief Sam Cross told him that City Manager Phil Hawes "had arranged for a demonstration by the Cabazons to take place at the Lake Cahuilla gun range" (printed p. 64).[^39] Baird's own FD-302 of October 6, 1992 states that Hawes arranged for the police department to provide the range and security.[^38] The Desert Sun of March 21, 1985 quoted Zokosky as saying that Nichols arranged a demonstration of night vision equipment "at Lake Cahuilla near La Quinta," while his FD-302 of October 5, 1992 records that the Indio Police Department range was used.[^40]
|
||||
The report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in Indio.[^36] FBI FD-302s of interviews with [[Wayne Reeder]], Indio police chief [[Sam Cross]] and Sergeant [[Dave Baird]], taken in October 1992, place it at the Indio Police Department range.[^40] The Bua report also quotes Baird as saying that Police Chief Sam Cross told him that City Manager Phil Hawes "had arranged for a demonstration by the Cabazons to take place at the Lake Cahuilla gun range" (printed p. 64).[^41] Baird's own FD-302 of October 6, 1992 states that Hawes arranged for the police department to provide the range and security.[^40] The Desert Sun of March 21, 1985 quoted Zokosky as saying that Nichols arranged a demonstration of night vision equipment "at Lake Cahuilla near La Quinta," while his FD-302 of October 5, 1992 records that the Indio Police Department range was used.[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
### PROMIS Software Modification
|
||||
|
||||
Within the Cabazon Joint Venture, Michael Riconosciuto claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software. This modification, allegedly spearheaded by [[Earl Brian]] and made available through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended to facilitate the worldwide implementation of PROMIS in law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed his work on the software, including specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]]. This alleged pirating and modification of the PROMIS software became a central component of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^41]
|
||||
It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^43]
|
||||
|
||||
### Danny Casolaro Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -148,78 +156,79 @@ Beyond the Cabazon venture, Wackenhut was also implicated in other international
|
|||
|
||||
### Epstein
|
||||
|
||||
On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^42] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^43]
|
||||
On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^44] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
### Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation
|
||||
|
||||
[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^44] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^44]
|
||||
[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^46] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
The Florida corporation behind it, document 599071, was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after the corporation announced that it had bought the assets of NUSAC, Inc., a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation and headed by [[Ralph F. Lumb]]. It was renamed Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation on May 8, 1984, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990, and dissolved administratively on August 26, 1994.[^45][^46] In spring 1984 the Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy's Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named WATCO's president and that the Systems Division, Advanced Technologies Division, Security Programs Division and NUSAC had been merged into it.[^47]
|
||||
The Florida corporation behind it, document 599071, was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after the corporation announced that it had bought the assets of NUSAC, Inc., a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation and headed by [[Ralph F. Lumb]]. It was renamed Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation on May 8, 1984, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990, and dissolved administratively on August 26, 1994.[^47][^48] In spring 1984 the Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy's Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named WATCO's president and that the Systems Division, Advanced Technologies Division, Security Programs Division and NUSAC had been merged into it.[^49]
|
||||
|
||||
The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque under a three-year, $5 million contract that Wackenhut Services, Inc., won against 92 companies, and that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^48] An annual report for 1989 lists Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc., at Fairfax, Virginia, with Joseph A. Navarro as president and with a Defense Systems Analysis Group serving the Army's Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office.[^49] A Defense Technical Information Center record lists the Fairfax company as the performing organization for a 1989 "Guide to Camouflage for Developers."[^50] The Fourth Circuit described the Center in 1992 as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc.[^51] The corporation's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, with combined operating losses of about $2 million that year.[^52]
|
||||
The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque under a three-year, $5 million contract that Wackenhut Services, Inc., won against 92 companies, and that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^50] An annual report for 1989 lists Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc., at Fairfax, Virginia, with Joseph A. Navarro as president and with a Defense Systems Analysis Group serving the Army's Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office.[^51] A Defense Technical Information Center record lists the Fairfax company as the performing organization for a 1989 "Guide to Camouflage for Developers."[^52] The Fourth Circuit described the Center in 1992 as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc.[^53] The corporation's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, with combined operating losses of about $2 million that year.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^53] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^54]
|
||||
A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^54] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^55]
|
||||
|
||||
From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^55]
|
||||
From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^56]
|
||||
|
||||
### End of Wackenhut
|
||||
|
||||
In the Desert Sun of March 21, 1985, Wackenhut President Bob Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^40] Its activities subsequently became the subject of numerous investigations by entities such as the U.S. Department of Justice, the [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee on Inslaw]], [[U.S. Customs]], and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as various police agencies and media outlets worldwide.[^1]
|
||||
In the Desert Sun of March 21, 1985, Wackenhut President Bob Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^42] Its activities subsequently became the subject of numerous investigations by entities such as the U.S. Department of Justice, the [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee on Inslaw]], [[U.S. Customs]], and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as various police agencies and media outlets worldwide.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
|
||||
[^3]: Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House, 1996), index entries "Carlucci, Frank" and "Inman, Bobby Ray." https://archive.org/details/jim-keith-the-octopus-secret-government-and-the-death-of-danny-casolaro_2
|
||||
[^4]: Youngblood, Fred R. "The Wackenhut Corporation," CIA memorandum for the record, CS-2793, March 26, 1963. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10472.
|
||||
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454, released in full March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: "Florida: I, Claudius," *Time,* 1967.
|
||||
[^7]: Chief of Station, JMWAVE, telepouch dispatch UFGT-21770 to Chief, WOBONE, April 24, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10474.
|
||||
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, transmittal and routing slips, September 5 and December 10, 1969, records 104-10130-10470 and 104-10130-10471; request for contact security approval, February to March 1971, record 104-10130-10468; Sheridan, Arthur C., memorandum to SAC, Miami Field Office, "Wackenhut Corporation #493364," April 20, 1971, record 104-10130-10469. JFK Assassination Records Collection. On VENOM: CIA memoranda of July 23, 1970 (104-10120-10117), March 19, 1971 (104-10117-10341), and May 5, 1971 (104-10122-10166), as summarized in the Mary Ferrell Foundation cryptonym database, entry "VENOM."
|
||||
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, cable to SAC New York field office, "Wackenhut Corp.," April 30, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10473.
|
||||
[^10]: National Archives, JFK Assassination Records Collection, record identification forms 104-10130-10459 (April 25, 1967), 104-10130-10466 (November 8, 1971), 104-10130-10463 (February 4, 1974), 104-10130-10461 (February 6, 1974), and 104-10130-10460 (February 11, 1974), agency file 80T01357A.
|
||||
[^11]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, 2010. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm
|
||||
[^12]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 30, 59-64, 65-66, memorandum MIM-294-67, "Initial Contact," December 13, 1967, and information reports of January 10, 1968.
|
||||
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 10-13, 37-58, process sheets of March 1970 to December 1971.
|
||||
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 24-29, memoranda MIM-160-70 (September 21, 1970), MIM-178-70 (October 29, 1970), the TSD request of October 29, 1970, cables of November 4, 1970, and memorandum DAL-108-72 (May 1, 1972).
|
||||
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 19, 21-23, 36, cable DCD/Miami 12422, October 2, 1973; memorandum MFI-125-73, December 3, 1973; process sheet of January 1974.
|
||||
[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 15, 32; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 4, 6-7.
|
||||
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 14, 17, 18; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 2, 3, 11, 13, 17-18.
|
||||
[^18]: Connolly, John. "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54.
|
||||
[^19]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, finding aid to the Church League of America Collection of the Research Files of Counterattack, the Wackenhut Corporation, and Karl Baarslag, TAM 148. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_148/
|
||||
[^20]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 18:34 to 22:49. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/
|
||||
[^21]: "[...] bogus $180,000 in Bucks raid," *The Morning Call* (Allentown), December 11, 1974, p. 5. https://www.newspapers.com/image/275702319/
|
||||
[^22]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, section 1: SAC Newark to Director, May 4, 1962, enclosing Charles B. Flack Jr. to SA James Oakley, May 1, 1962; Miami report quoting a local newspaper of May 2, 1962; J. B. Adams to Mr. Callahan, 1966, on the company's public offering; and the Preliminary Prospectus of March 25, 1966. https://archive.org/stream/WackenhutCorporation/Wackenhut%20Corp.-HQ-1_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^23]: United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, *Right of Privacy Act of 1967: Hearings*, 90th Congress, 1st session, part 2 (1967), testimony of George R. Wackenhut and his letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-90shrg77600p2/pdf/CHRG-90shrg77600p2.pdf
|
||||
[^24]: Lane, Brian. "Gerard Schaefer," *Real-Life Crimes,* Eaglemoss, 1992-93, p. 162, as cited in later accounts; the Crime Library profile gives "Florida Light and Power." No account describes his duties or names who hired him. See [[Gerard John Schaefer]].
|
||||
[^25]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami office to Director, September 15, 1967, file 92-6054, pp. 3-4, JFK record 124-10293-10312.
|
||||
[^26]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, airtel to SAC Jacksonville, January 13, 1967, and memorandum recording the instruction of April 3, 1967, headquarters file on the Wackenhut Corporation; "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, Tampa file. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation ; Hougan, Jim. *Spooks*. William Morrow, 1978; House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* vol. 9, pp. 802-805, and testimony of Lewis McWillie, vol. 5.
|
||||
[^27]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami file 80-1229, "The Wackenhut Corporation," with clipping "Wackenhut Is 'Shocked' At Crime's Extent In State," Times-Miami Herald Service, 1967. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation
|
||||
[^28]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 345-346, citing Warren Commission Document 206 and Commission Exhibit 1697.
|
||||
[^29]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "HSCA Chrono for 1977-1978 of Reports and Requests," CIA Reading Room document 00548292; Office of Legislative Counsel, HSCA request OLC 78-0070/1, January 12, 1978, with National Photographic Interpretation Center memorandum of January 30, 1978, document 00491180; McDonald, James H., Director of Logistics, memorandum on item 36, JFK record 104-10135-10200; Solie, Bruce L. "Wackenhut Corp.," memorandum for the record, July 18, 1978, JFK record 104-10130-10450.
|
||||
[^30]: DiEugenio, James. "The Wegmann Files," *Probe,* vol. 4, no. 4, May-June 1997, pp. 8-9, in the Harold Weisberg Collection, Hood College; Central Intelligence Agency, "Names Traces on OLC Requests," February 6, 1978, CIA Reading Room document 00419231, listing item 36 as "Southern Research Corp (Wachenhut Corp)." Louisiana Secretary of State, business filings, charters 24407110D (Southern Research Company, Inc.), 26310590D (Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc.), and 27005970F (The Wackenhut Corporation), consulted September 21, 2026.
|
||||
[^31]: Golrick, Philip D. Memorandum to David G. Marwell, "Phone Conversation with Joseph Oster," January 19, 1996, and letters and subpoena to Southern Research Company, Assassination Records Review Board electronic files of Philip G. Golrick (OSTER.WPD, SOURES.WPD); Central Intelligence Agency, report of investigation, September 13, 1960, JFK record 104-10109-10379, p. 14; Orleans Parish Grand Jury, testimony of Arthur Bidderson, January 9, 1969; Assassination Records Review Board, file inventory (082395.WPD). All consulted at the Mary Ferrell Foundation archive.
|
||||
[^32]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic Intelligence Division, informative note, April 14, 1967, JFK record 124-10369-10048; Assassination Records Review Board, public hearing transcript, testimony of James DiEugenio, p. 89; FBI Miami, memorandum of May 10, 1967, headquarters file 62-109060, section 129, p. 166.
|
||||
[^33]: Osborn, Howard J. Memorandum for the record, November 8, 1967, JFK record 104-10133-10076.
|
||||
[^34]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture, printed pp. 55 to 58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^35]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted).
|
||||
[^37]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
||||
[^38]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302s, file 74-86438: Wayne Reeder (October 5, 1992), Sam Cross and Dave Baird (October 6, 1992). https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt
|
||||
[^39]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(ii) The September 10, 1981 Weapons Demonstration," printed p. 64. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^40]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page.
|
||||
[^41]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^42]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
|
||||
[^43]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
|
||||
[^44]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^45]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc."; vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), "NUSAC" (company established 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf
|
||||
[^46]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1
|
||||
[^47]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf
|
||||
[^48]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site).
|
||||
[^49]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report placed as 1989, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (the last pages carry 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report), pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the list of major subsidiaries.
|
||||
[^50]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, citation record. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700
|
||||
[^51]: Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc., 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992). https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json
|
||||
[^52]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed March 23, 1995. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^53]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^54]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
|
||||
[^55]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^3]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed March 23, 1995. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^4]: General Services Administration, Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS-NG) ATOM feed, vendor name search "WACKENHUT SERVICES INC"; USAspending.gov, award DEAC0999SR18950. https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/FEEDS/ATOM?FEEDNAME=PUBLIC&q=VENDOR_FULL_NAME:%22WACKENHUT+SERVICES+INC%22
|
||||
[^5]: Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House, 1996), index entries "Carlucci, Frank" and "Inman, Bobby Ray." https://archive.org/details/jim-keith-the-octopus-secret-government-and-the-death-of-danny-casolaro_2
|
||||
[^6]: Youngblood, Fred R. "The Wackenhut Corporation," CIA memorandum for the record, CS-2793, March 26, 1963. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10472.
|
||||
[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454, released in full March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: "Florida: I, Claudius," *Time,* 1967.
|
||||
[^9]: Chief of Station, JMWAVE, telepouch dispatch UFGT-21770 to Chief, WOBONE, April 24, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10474.
|
||||
[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, transmittal and routing slips, September 5 and December 10, 1969, records 104-10130-10470 and 104-10130-10471; request for contact security approval, February to March 1971, record 104-10130-10468; Sheridan, Arthur C., memorandum to SAC, Miami Field Office, "Wackenhut Corporation #493364," April 20, 1971, record 104-10130-10469. JFK Assassination Records Collection. On VENOM: CIA memoranda of July 23, 1970 (104-10120-10117), March 19, 1971 (104-10117-10341), and May 5, 1971 (104-10122-10166), as summarized in the Mary Ferrell Foundation cryptonym database, entry "VENOM."
|
||||
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, cable to SAC New York field office, "Wackenhut Corp.," April 30, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10473.
|
||||
[^12]: National Archives, JFK Assassination Records Collection, record identification forms 104-10130-10459 (April 25, 1967), 104-10130-10466 (November 8, 1971), 104-10130-10463 (February 4, 1974), 104-10130-10461 (February 6, 1974), and 104-10130-10460 (February 11, 1974), agency file 80T01357A.
|
||||
[^13]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, 2010. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm
|
||||
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 30, 59-64, 65-66, memorandum MIM-294-67, "Initial Contact," December 13, 1967, and information reports of January 10, 1968.
|
||||
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 10-13, 37-58, process sheets of March 1970 to December 1971.
|
||||
[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 24-29, memoranda MIM-160-70 (September 21, 1970), MIM-178-70 (October 29, 1970), the TSD request of October 29, 1970, cables of November 4, 1970, and memorandum DAL-108-72 (May 1, 1972).
|
||||
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 19, 21-23, 36, cable DCD/Miami 12422, October 2, 1973; memorandum MFI-125-73, December 3, 1973; process sheet of January 1974.
|
||||
[^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 15, 32; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 4, 6-7.
|
||||
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 14, 17, 18; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 2, 3, 11, 13, 17-18.
|
||||
[^20]: Connolly, John. "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54.
|
||||
[^21]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, finding aid to the Church League of America Collection of the Research Files of Counterattack, the Wackenhut Corporation, and Karl Baarslag, TAM 148. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_148/
|
||||
[^22]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 18:34 to 22:49. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/
|
||||
[^23]: "[...] bogus $180,000 in Bucks raid," *The Morning Call* (Allentown), December 11, 1974, p. 5. https://www.newspapers.com/image/275702319/
|
||||
[^24]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, section 1: SAC Newark to Director, May 4, 1962, enclosing Charles B. Flack Jr. to SA James Oakley, May 1, 1962; Miami report quoting a local newspaper of May 2, 1962; J. B. Adams to Mr. Callahan, 1966, on the company's public offering; and the Preliminary Prospectus of March 25, 1966. https://archive.org/stream/WackenhutCorporation/Wackenhut%20Corp.-HQ-1_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^25]: United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, *Right of Privacy Act of 1967: Hearings*, 90th Congress, 1st session, part 2 (1967), testimony of George R. Wackenhut and his letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-90shrg77600p2/pdf/CHRG-90shrg77600p2.pdf
|
||||
[^26]: Lane, Brian. "Gerard Schaefer," *Real-Life Crimes,* Eaglemoss, 1992-93, p. 162, as cited in later accounts; the Crime Library profile gives "Florida Light and Power." No account describes his duties or names who hired him. See [[Gerard John Schaefer]].
|
||||
[^27]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami office to Director, September 15, 1967, file 92-6054, pp. 3-4, JFK record 124-10293-10312.
|
||||
[^28]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, airtel to SAC Jacksonville, January 13, 1967, and memorandum recording the instruction of April 3, 1967, headquarters file on the Wackenhut Corporation; "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, Tampa file. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation ; Hougan, Jim. *Spooks*. William Morrow, 1978; House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* vol. 9, pp. 802-805, and testimony of Lewis McWillie, vol. 5.
|
||||
[^29]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami file 80-1229, "The Wackenhut Corporation," with clipping "Wackenhut Is 'Shocked' At Crime's Extent In State," Times-Miami Herald Service, 1967. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation
|
||||
[^30]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 345-346, citing Warren Commission Document 206 and Commission Exhibit 1697.
|
||||
[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "HSCA Chrono for 1977-1978 of Reports and Requests," CIA Reading Room document 00548292; Office of Legislative Counsel, HSCA request OLC 78-0070/1, January 12, 1978, with National Photographic Interpretation Center memorandum of January 30, 1978, document 00491180; McDonald, James H., Director of Logistics, memorandum on item 36, JFK record 104-10135-10200; Solie, Bruce L. "Wackenhut Corp.," memorandum for the record, July 18, 1978, JFK record 104-10130-10450.
|
||||
[^32]: DiEugenio, James. "The Wegmann Files," *Probe,* vol. 4, no. 4, May-June 1997, pp. 8-9, in the Harold Weisberg Collection, Hood College; Central Intelligence Agency, "Names Traces on OLC Requests," February 6, 1978, CIA Reading Room document 00419231, listing item 36 as "Southern Research Corp (Wachenhut Corp)." Louisiana Secretary of State, business filings, charters 24407110D (Southern Research Company, Inc.), 26310590D (Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc.), and 27005970F (The Wackenhut Corporation), consulted September 21, 2026.
|
||||
[^33]: Golrick, Philip D. Memorandum to David G. Marwell, "Phone Conversation with Joseph Oster," January 19, 1996, and letters and subpoena to Southern Research Company, Assassination Records Review Board electronic files of Philip G. Golrick (OSTER.WPD, SOURES.WPD); Central Intelligence Agency, report of investigation, September 13, 1960, JFK record 104-10109-10379, p. 14; Orleans Parish Grand Jury, testimony of Arthur Bidderson, January 9, 1969; Assassination Records Review Board, file inventory (082395.WPD). All consulted at the Mary Ferrell Foundation archive.
|
||||
[^34]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic Intelligence Division, informative note, April 14, 1967, JFK record 124-10369-10048; Assassination Records Review Board, public hearing transcript, testimony of James DiEugenio, p. 89; FBI Miami, memorandum of May 10, 1967, headquarters file 62-109060, section 129, p. 166.
|
||||
[^35]: Osborn, Howard J. Memorandum for the record, November 8, 1967, JFK record 104-10133-10076.
|
||||
[^36]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture, printed pp. 55 to 58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^37]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
|
||||
[^38]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted).
|
||||
[^39]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
||||
[^40]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302s, file 74-86438: Wayne Reeder (October 5, 1992), Sam Cross and Dave Baird (October 6, 1992). https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt
|
||||
[^41]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(ii) The September 10, 1981 Weapons Demonstration," printed p. 64. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^42]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page.
|
||||
[^43]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^44]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
|
||||
[^45]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
|
||||
[^46]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^47]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc."; vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), "NUSAC" (company established 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf
|
||||
[^48]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1
|
||||
[^49]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf
|
||||
[^50]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site).
|
||||
[^51]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report placed as 1989, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (the last pages carry 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report), pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the list of major subsidiaries.
|
||||
[^52]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, citation record. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700
|
||||
[^53]: Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc., 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992). https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json
|
||||
[^54]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
[^55]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
|
||||
[^56]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
191
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Services.md
Normal file
191
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Services.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Wackenhut Services, Inc.
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services, Inc.
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services, Incorporated
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services Inc.
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI)
|
||||
- WSI
|
||||
- WSI-NV
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company
|
||||
- Wackenhut Services LLC
|
||||
- G4S Government Solutions
|
||||
- G4S Government Solutions, Inc.
|
||||
- Centerra Group
|
||||
- Centerra Group, LLC
|
||||
- Centerra
|
||||
created: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Private
|
||||
- Security
|
||||
- Wackenhut
|
||||
- DOE
|
||||
- NevadaTestSite
|
||||
- SavannahRiver
|
||||
- RockyFlats
|
||||
- OakRidge
|
||||
- Cabazon
|
||||
- CabazonArms
|
||||
- Centerra
|
||||
- G4S
|
||||
summary: "Government-services subsidiary of the Wackenhut Corporation that guarded Department of Energy sites, formed a 1981 joint venture with the Cabazon Band, and was later renamed G4S Government Solutions and then Centerra Group."
|
||||
location: "Palm Beach Gardens, Florida"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "wholly owned Florida subsidiary, listed with 100 percent ownership in the parent's Form 10-K for fiscal 1994"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Robert Frye]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1981
|
||||
role: "president of Wackenhut Services, Inc. during the Cabazon joint venture, per the 1993 Bua report"
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Timothy P. Cole]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1988
|
||||
role: "president of Wackenhut Services, Incorporated from 1988, per the parent's 1995 Form 10-K"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[Department of Energy]]"
|
||||
start: 1965
|
||||
role: "guard and protective force contractor at the Nevada Test Site, Savannah River Site, Rocky Flats Plant and Oak Ridge Reservation"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Cabazon Security Corporation]]"
|
||||
start: 1981-04
|
||||
role: "joint venture agreement signed April 1981 by Robert Frye for Wackenhut Services, Inc."
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[G4S]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "parent of the business when it was G4S Government Solutions, Inc.; Paul Donahue described the parent as a $10 billion company"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Alvarez & Marsal Capital Partners]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2014-11
|
||||
role: "acquired G4S Government Solutions, Inc. for $135 million"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Constellis]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2017
|
||||
role: "acquisition of Centerra Group, per the Constellis corporate history"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI) was the government-services subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], a [[Florida]] security company. It held guard and protective force contracts at [[Department of Energy]] sites, and in 1981 it entered a joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]]. The business was later known as G4S Government Solutions, Inc., and in 2014 it was renamed Centerra Group, LLC.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Corporate form and early records
|
||||
|
||||
The parent's Form 10-K for fiscal 1994 lists Wackenhut Services, Incorporated as a Florida corporation, 100 percent owned, alongside [[Wackenhut International]], Incorporated and [[Wackenhut Corrections Corporation]].[^2] [[Timothy P. Cole]] joined the company in 1988 as president of Wackenhut Services, Incorporated, and became executive vice president and president of the Government Services Group on April 27, 1991.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] memorandum dated December 13, 1967 in the [[Domestic Contact Service]] file on the company is headed "Initial Contact with:" and gives "Wackenhut Services Inc." at 3280 Ponce de Leon Boulevard in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], with a telephone number. The body of the memorandum is redacted, and a handwritten notation at the top reads "Wackenhut Services Inc."[^4] The corporate history of Constellis describes Wackenhut Services, Inc. as established in 1960 as a wholly owned subsidiary to handle United States government contracts.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Nevada Test Site
|
||||
|
||||
The company's annual report for 1984, catalogued in the Danny Casolaro papers, states that the security of the [[Nevada Test Site]], "a 1,350-square-mile area of desert and mountain terrain larger than Rhode Island," had been entrusted to Wackenhut since 1965, and that its contingent there had a "defensive arsenal" that "includes sophisticated weapons, helicopters and armored vehicles."[^6] [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]], a sister subsidiary, was selected, according to the 1985 annual report, to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility at the Test Site, and the 1986 report adds design engineering for that system.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The parent's 1994 Form 10-K reports that Wackenhut Services revenues were $8.1 million lower in 1994 than in 1993 because the Department of Energy reduced its manpower requirements. The filing states that the division was seeking contracts from other government departments to offset the decline.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
The Department of Energy [[Nevada Operations Office]] guard-services contracts held by Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC08-87NV10559 (cost-plus-award-fee, first recorded September 15, 1987 at $2,550,000, with transactions to February 1996), DE-AC08-93NV11011 (October 1992 to April 2003) and DE-AC08-98NV13149 (September 1998 to June 2005).[^9] A guard-services contract numbered DE-AC52-06NA14390, running from June 1, 2006 to January 31, 2012 with about $279.3 million obligated, and the Nevada Site Office security protective force contract DE-NA0001435, running from January 1, 2012 to February 28, 2018 with about $269.8 million obligated, are recorded under the recipient name Centerra Group, LLC.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Edward J. Markey]] wrote in a letter of February 17, 2005 that a force-on-force exercise held at the Test Site in August 2004 had ended in failure for the guard force. Markey described a friendly-fire incident and a fistfight between two Wackenhut guards during the exercise, and he cited a [[Department of Energy Office of Inspector General]] report of February 11, 2005 that a Wackenhut employee had taken government and personal handguns to a training exercise at the site in 2003.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The Department of Energy's Voluntary Protection Program review of WSI-NV, the Nevada operation, in May 2008 states that the company was responsible for security for all Test Site personnel, facilities, equipment, material and operations. The review records that the company had been tasked in 2004 with establishing a special response team capability, that it had grown almost four times larger since 2004, and that it had been through a long period of contract uncertainty.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Albuquerque training academy
|
||||
|
||||
The 1984 annual report states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], New Mexico, adding that "Never before has any Federal training center been contracted out to private industry." In winning the three-year, $5 million contract, the report states, Wackenhut Services competed against 92 companies, "including nine other finalists."[^6] Education-services contracts from the DOE Albuquerque Operations Office to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC04-85AL27671 (first recorded September 1987, last transaction July 1998), DE-AC04-92AL72307 (November 1991 to May 1997) and, for the operation of a government educational building, DE-AC04-95AL97273 (May 1995 to February 2002, about $72.4 million).[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Savannah River Site
|
||||
|
||||
The 1994 Form 10-K states that the Department of Energy was the largest client of the parent, accounting for about 20 percent of consolidated revenue in 1994, and that the [[Savannah River Site]] contract (9 percent of revenue) and the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] contract (5 percent) were the largest of its DOE contracts.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
A Wackenhut annual report describes a security force of more than 600 people at the Savannah River Plant, provided by Wackenhut Services, Incorporated under a Department of Energy award to the company, and states that the Savannah River force conducted Special Response Team training.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Centerra Group]], formerly known as Wackenhut Services, Inc., has provided security at the Savannah River Site since 1983, and in December 2018 marked 35 continuous years of that work.[^14] The Savannah River Operations Office guard-services contracts to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC09-83SR11046 (September 1983, $2,122,000), DE-AC09-88SR18002 (transactions from November 1988 to March 2000, including a $43,555,000 modification in November 1988), DE-AC09-93SR18292 (September 1993 to December 2003) and DE-AC09-99SR18950 (October 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009, about $901.6 million obligated).[^9] Under the name Centerra Group, LLC, contract DE-AC30-10CC60025 ran from October 8, 2009 to July 14, 2023, with about $1.38 billion obligated.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Rocky Flats Plant
|
||||
|
||||
A letter report of the [[General Accounting Office]] dated June 4, 1996 and addressed to Representative [[David E. Skaggs]] states that Wackenhut Services, Inc. provided the security services at the Rocky Flats Plant and was the primary custodian of the site's military equipment. The report states that Wackenhut Services assumed responsibility for the military equipment inventory in 1991, that three night-vision devices valued at about $15,000 could not be located, and that the Department of Energy wrote off the loss in 1995.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
In a letter of July 16, 1992 to Terry Vaeth, the Department of Energy manager at the site, Timothy P. Cole wrote: "The distrust, doubt and fear our Security Inspectors have for certain DOE officials is unhealthy and may lead to serious consequences."[^16] The Rocky Flats Office guard-services contracts to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC34-91RF00025 (first transactions November 1990 and February 1991, of $7.5 million and $25.9 million, through March 2003) and DE-AC34-93RF00283 (April 1993 to November 1997).[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Oak Ridge Reservation
|
||||
|
||||
In October 1999 the [[Oak Ridge Operations Office]] chose Wackenhut Services, Inc. as prime contractor for selected protective services at Oak Ridge facilities, under a three-year contract with two one-year options valued at approximately $75 million per year. The [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] employee newsletter stated that the new contractor would begin on January 1, after a transition period of about 90 days.[^17] The contract is numbered DE-AC05-00OR22690 and carries a period beginning October 15, 1999; the successor Y-12 contract, DE-AC05-02OR22928, begins July 15, 2002.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
The Department of Energy's Office of Inspector General audit of the restructuring of security services at the Oak Ridge Operations Office (IG-0487) states that in fiscal 2000 the office awarded a three-year base term contract valued at $218 million to Wackenhut Services, Incorporated. It states that security costs rose from $78.4 million in fiscal 1999 to an estimated $92.1 million in fiscal 2000, against projected savings of about $5 million a year.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
Principal Deputy Inspector General [[Herbert Richardson]] told the [[House Committee on Energy and Commerce]] Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations on March 4, 2004 that the Inspector General had reviewed improprieties in protective force performance testing at the Oak Ridge complex. He described a pattern of actions by site security personnel, spanning back to the mid-1980s, that may have negatively affected the reliability of those tests.[^19] Markey's letter attributes to a January 2004 Inspector General finding that Wackenhut supervisory personnel had been told in advance of a drill at the Oak Ridge protective force, and to a March 2004 Inspector General report that training had been eliminated or modified at four sites where the parent held the security contract, including the Test Site, Savannah River, Rocky Flats and the Y-12 plant.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The Inspector General's inspection report of February 2006 (IG-0719) states that after the creation of the National Nuclear Security Administration, the protective force services for the [[Y-12 National Security Complex]] were placed under a separate contract, so that Wackenhut Services provided protective services under two essentially identical contracts at Oak Ridge. The report states that the contracts were awarded to Wackenhut in October 1999, and that modifications to them gave the contractor profit from increases in overtime hours in the post-9/11 environment. It estimates that for 2005 alone the company may have been paid about $1.8 million in additional profit by the Y-12 Site Office beyond the award fee.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Cabazon joint venture
|
||||
|
||||
The Bua report of March 1993, the [[Department of Justice]] Office of Professional Responsibility report on the [[INSLAW]] matter by Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], states that the Cabazons formed [[Cabazon Security Corporation]] in early 1981, and that [[Robert Frye]], then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded on Wackenhut's behalf when the company solicited capability statements from security firms.[^21] The report states that the joint venture agreement of April 1981 was signed by Frye for Wackenhut and by Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]] for the Cabazon company. It quotes the agreement's primary purpose as "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and states that the venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
The report states that "the joint venture had no employees at any time" and that "The only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye." It found no evidence that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who claimed in a March 21, 1991 affidavit to have been director of research for the venture, was employed by Wackenhut or by the venture.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
An inter-office memorandum from A. R. Frye to R. E. Chasen of the "S & S Group," headed "DIV/AREA: WSI" and dated May 25, 1981, reports a trip of May 11 to 22, 1981 to New Jersey, Indiana and Washington, D.C., made with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the tribal administrator. The memorandum states that Zokosky also accompanied the writer for the first part of the trip, and that personnel contacted at the arsenal included R. Scott Westley of the Army project office and Dr. Harry D. Fair. The memorandum lists three purposes: to explore manufacture of 120 mm combustible cartridge cases on Cabazon land, to have the "Cabazon-WSI Joint Venture" placed on bidders' lists for set-aside contracts, and to contact agencies about export licenses for items on the Munitions List, specifically night-vision goggles.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
The Bua report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in [[Indio, California|Indio]]. It states that Nichols's view was that the Cabazons, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls, and that Wackenhut's files showed marketing efforts directed at individuals identified as representatives of the governments of [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]. The report states that the same files held internal memoranda in which Wackenhut personnel expressed the opinion that any sales of night-vision equipment would need State Department approval, and copies of preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]. Its finding: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
The report states that [[Peter Zokosky]], a former president of Armtec Defense Products of [[Coachella, California|Coachella]] who advised Nichols on a possible second source of combustible cartridge casings for the [[United States Army]], travelled with Nichols and the joint venture to [[Picatinny Arsenal]], and that Frye said he first met Riconosciuto on a trip to the arsenal that he believed took place in May 1981. Zokosky agreed there was a May 1981 trip but said Riconosciuto was not on it, and that Frye met him on a second trip in October 1981.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
*[[Spy]]* magazine reported in September 1992 that [[Eden Pastora]], who had been spotted at a test of night-vision goggles at a firing range near the Cabazon reservation in the company of Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, offhandedly identified that executive, A. Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA" in an interview with the magazine. The article adds that in a subsequent conversation Pastora denied knowing Frye.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
In a March 21, 1985 interview with the [[Desert Sun]], Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^27] A letter by Riconosciuto, written after a March 11, 1982 meeting with [[George R. Wackenhut]] and John Amarell in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], states: "Bob Frye of Wackenhut Services, Inc., gave personal invaluable assistance to me at the Picatinny Arsenal in Dover, New Jersey."[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later corporate history
|
||||
|
||||
The parent's 1994 Form 10-K reports a suit captioned "[[Essex Corporation]] vs Wackenhut Services, Inc.," Case No. 94-908 JC/DJS in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, in which the plaintiff claimed multi-million dollar damages for tortious interference with contract and related torts. The filing states that the parent's insurance carrier had denied coverage and that the company denied the claims.[^29] The docket, 1:94-cv-00908 before Judge John Edwards Conway, was filed on August 8, 1994 on diversity jurisdiction, classified as a suit for other personal property damage, and terminated on March 29, 1996.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
In April 2010 [[G4S Wackenhut]] dropped the Wackenhut name, and Wackenhut Services Incorporated was described as "the Palm Beach Gardens, Fla., firm spun out of Wackenhut and known for providing armed security services to the U.S. government and critical infrastructure."[^31] A Florida registry record, as reproduced by OpenCorporates, lists a branch of Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company, a [[Colorado]] company, under Florida document M13000005194, with an inactive status.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
In late November 2014, G4S Government Solutions, Inc. was acquired by [[Alvarez & Marsal Capital Partners]] for $135 million and rebranded as Centerra Group, LLC. Its president and chief executive, [[Paul Donahue]], said that the unit had operated under the Wackenhut Services brand from 1960 to 2011, that it had about $500 million in revenue, that it had been "owned by a $10 billion company," and that it represented roughly five percent of its parent's revenues. Donahue said the company wanted a name that had not been used and that was like Wackenhut.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Constellis]] lists Centerra's 2017 acquisition in its own timeline, through which the business became part of the Constellis portfolio.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: SecurityInfoWatch, "Private equity firm buys G4S Government Solutions, rebrands as Centerra Group," December 2, 2014. https://www.securityinfowatch.com/integrators/article/12023614/g4s-government-solutions-acquired-by-private-equity-firm-rebrands-as-centerra-group
|
||||
[^2]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, subsidiary schedule, SEC accession 0000912057-95-001626. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^3]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, executive officers section, entry for Timothy P. Cole. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum dated 13 December 1967, "Initial Contact with: ... Wackenhut Services Inc., 3280 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, Florida," with handwritten "Wackenhut Services Inc." and file numbers, JFK Assassination Records, record 104-10291-10016, p. 30 (page image; body redacted). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10291-10016.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: Constellis, "Our History," timeline entries for "Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI)" (1960) and the 2017 acquisition of Centerra Group. The company's own account. https://constellis.com/our-history/
|
||||
[^6]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^7]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^8]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, Marketing section and Results of Operations section (Department of Energy and Wackenhut Services revenues). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^9]: General Services Administration, Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS-NG) ATOM feed, vendor name searches "WACKENHUT SERVICES" and "WACKENHUT SERVICES INC," contract numbers, offices and signed dates as listed (Department of Energy Nevada Operations, Savannah River Operations, Rocky Flats, Albuquerque Operations and Oak Ridge offices). https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/FEEDS/ATOM?FEEDNAME=PUBLIC&q=VENDOR_FULL_NAME:%22WACKENHUT+SERVICES+INC%22
|
||||
[^10]: USAspending.gov, spending by award API, awards DEAC0999SR18950, DEAC3010CC60025, DEAC0500OR22690, DEAC0502OR22928, DEAC5206NA14390 and DENA0001435, recipient names, periods of performance and obligated amounts as listed. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_award/
|
||||
[^11]: Markey, Edward J., press release and letter to Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, February 17, 2005, citing a March 2004 Inspector General report, a January 2004 finding and a February 11, 2005 Inspector General report. Markey's characterizations, attributed to him. https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/february-17-2005-markey-questions-doe-on-security-failures-at-nuclear-facilities
|
||||
[^12]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health, Safety and Security, "Wackenhut Services, Incorporated, Nevada: Department of Energy Voluntary Protection Program Onsite Review, May 5 to 8, 2008," Background and Results, June 2008. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2014/03/f10/WackenhutServicesIncNVReportMay2008.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report (chronology and the Savannah River Plant feature), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^14]: Aiken Standard, "Centerra celebrates 35 years protecting Savannah River Site," December 23, 2018. https://www.aikenstandard.com/news/centerra-celebrates-years-protecting-savannah-river-site/article_62716680-ffdd-11e8-a20b-eb7cf62551c6.html
|
||||
[^15]: United States General Accounting Office, letter report RCED-96-149R, "Military Equipment at Rocky Flats," to Representative David E. Skaggs, June 4, 1996 (B-271789). https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-96-149r.pdf
|
||||
[^16]: Probe International, "Chronic Insecurity: Three Case Studies," January 13, 2002, Rocky Flats section (quoting Cole's letter of July 16, 1992 to Terry Vaeth). https://ep.probeinternational.org/2002/01/13/chronic-insecurity-three-case-studies/
|
||||
[^17]: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "ORNL Reporter," No. 8, "Wackenhut wins ORO protective services contract," October 1999. https://web.ornl.gov/info/reporter/no8/wacken.htm
|
||||
[^18]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Inspector General, Audit Report IG-0487, "The Restructure of Security Services by the Oak Ridge Operations Office," fiscal 2000. https://www.energy.gov/node/248407
|
||||
[^19]: Richardson, Herbert, Principal Deputy Inspector General, statement before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, March 4, 2004. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/Testimony/t-030404-hr.pdf
|
||||
[^20]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Inspector General, Inspection Report DOE/IG-0719, "Protective Force Contracts at the Oak Ridge Reservation," February 2006. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/CalendarYear2006/IG-0719.pdf
|
||||
[^21]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture," printed pp. 55 to 56. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^22]: Bua report, printed p. 56, on the agreement's primary purpose and the two contracts bid. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^23]: Bua report, printed p. 44 (Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, as summarized) and printed pp. 57 to 58 with the footnote on employment. Official finding, attributed. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^24]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen, S & S Group, "DIV/AREA: WSI," "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^25]: Bua report, printed p. 56 and its footnotes 3 and 4, on the September 10, 1981 demonstration, Nichols's view of export controls, Wackenhut's State Department memoranda and applications, and the finding on sales. Official finding, attributed. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
|
||||
[^26]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy*, September 1992, pp. 46 to 54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
|
||||
[^27]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page.
|
||||
[^28]: Michael Riconosciuto, letter (undated), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
|
||||
[^29]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, legal proceedings section, "Essex Corporation vs Wackenhut Services, Inc.," Case No. 94-908 JC/DJS. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
|
||||
[^30]: CourtListener (RECAP), docket 1:94-cv-00908, Essex Corporation v. Wackenhut Services, D.N.M., filed August 8, 1994, terminated March 29, 1996. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/10262734/essex-corporation-v-wackenhut-services/
|
||||
[^31]: SecurityInfoWatch, "G4S Wackenhut drops 'Wackenhut' name, now simply G4S," April 6, 2010. https://www.securityinfowatch.com/security-executives/protective-operations-guard-services/article/10487893/g4s-g4s-wackenhut-changes-name-to-g4s-as-it-focuses-on-integrated-security-systems-offered-with-risk-management-consulting-and-manned-security-services
|
||||
[^32]: OpenCorporates, entity record for Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company, Florida branch, document M13000005194 (Florida, inactive; home company Colorado). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_fl/M13000005194
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ Webb wrote that when the New York Times reported the leaked conclusions of the C
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[^6]: Garrow, David J. "Meet the Burglars Who Outsmarted Hoover's FBI," *The Washington Post*, January 26, 2014, p. B1 (review of Betty Medsger, *The Burglary*), copy at https://www.davidgarrow.com/File/DJG2014WaPoMedsgerFBI.pdf ; Neier, Aryeh, "The Burglars Who Exposed the FBI," *The New York Review of Books*, October 23, 2014, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/10/23/burglars-who-exposed-fbi/
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[^7]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, document 197, editorial note 2 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/d197); Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," *Studies in Intelligence*, Fall 1985, CIA Reading Room document 0005301269, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005301269
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[^8]: Kempster, Norman. "Bush Urges Secrecy on Reporters List," *The Washington Star*, February 10, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100040124-3
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[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 and notes. https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb Sole source for the passages so cited on Pincus's 1967 article, the 1975 review and the 1986 broadcast.
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[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 and notes. https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb
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[^10]: CIA, "Media Contact with Bob Woodward," memorandum for the record, November 3, 1987, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP89T00142R000700920007-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89t00142r000700920007-5
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[^11]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up.* W. W. Norton, 1997, pp. 421-422, as quoted in Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9).
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[^12]: Robinson, Timothy S. "ITT Ex-Official Charged With Withholding Data," *The Washington Post*, November 1976 (clipping in CIA-RDP09T00207R001000030036-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp09t00207r001000030036-3); Associated Press, "CIA Knew of False Testimony," CIA-RDP09T00207R001000030035-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp09t00207r001000030035-4. The AP item reports the November 30, 1976 proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
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[^13]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6
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[^14]: CIA Office of Technical Service, OTS/BAB Memo #287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP79-00999A000400050014-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000400050014-1
|
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[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), chapter 1. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch01p1.htm
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[^16]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9). Sole source for Ceppos's telephone remarks and the handling of his letter.
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[^16]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9).
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[^17]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, epilogue (see note 9).
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@ -120,4 +120,4 @@ Seymour wrote that Okimoto's company, [[Island Tobacco]], sold cigarettes at the
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[^25]: U.S. Department of Justice release of March 3, 2026 on the sentencing of Takeshi Ebisawa, as posted by the Internal Revenue Service, https://www.irs.gov/node/157161.
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[^26]: Asahi Shimbun, "Police struggle to prevent gangsters from profiting in disaster areas," Asahi Asia & Japan Watch, January 31 to February 1, 2013, as archived by the Japan Disaster Archive, https://jdarchive.org/api/item/1698468.
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[^27]: Jake Adelstein, "How the Yakuza and Japan's Nuclear Industry Learned to Love Each Other," The Atlantic Wire, reprinted by TRANSCEND Media Service on July 22, 2013, https://www.transcend.org/tms/?p=32135.
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[^28]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
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[^28]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010).
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