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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md
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@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The product list includes demolition charges, Bangalore torpedo charges, hand gr
### Iraqi sales and the Israeli approach
According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], whose book is the sole source for the passages so cited, Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7]
According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7]
Ben-Menashe also wrote that in 1985 he approached Sanders to buy cluster bombs for Israel and was told that Cardoen would sell to anyone who paid. He wrote that in September 1988 he was sent to Chile to offer Cardoen a license to produce [[Uzi]]s and [[Galil assault rifles]] in exchange for ending the Iraq trade, and that Cardoen introduced him to [[Mark Thatcher]] during the visit.[^7]
@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
[^1]: Industrias CARDOEN, "Division Defensa," bilingual sales sheet, undated, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-04," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, photographs published as casolaro-notebooks, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf (PDF pages 1 and 2 of 21; the order of items checked against all 21 pages).
[^2]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act, No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995 (original order December 28, 1994; hearing November 18 and 23, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170. Sole source for the passages so cited (1983 arrest and plea, Beydoun's 1984 offer, 1984 deliveries and earnings, the CIA statement of July 16, 1991).
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. Sole source for the agreement; the quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170.
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. The quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
[^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
[^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement.
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64.
[^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
[^10]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, January 21, 1993, immediately preceding the page marker H140 (an unattributed reprinted report on testimony in the Matrix Churchill trial). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
[^11]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
[^13]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. Registry detail for H19133, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20MANAGEMENT/Page1.
[^14]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, entity name search "Swissco Management Group," document H19133, detail record and name history, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByName; officer search "Giangrandi Augusto," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByOfficerOrRegisteredAgent.
[^15]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74 (the affidavit of February 17, 1991).
[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there.
[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
[^17]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2395, 61 Federal Register 29784-29785 (June 12, 1996), FR Doc. 96-14826, entry 3, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-06-12/pdf/96-14826.pdf.
[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. Sole source for the helicopter seizure, the 1992 civil suit and the statement that Johnson was the only person convicted.
[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php.
[^19]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998) (published opinion, Tjoflat, Birch and Roney, JJ.), on appeal from No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
[^20]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf; Public Notice 2207, 60 Fed. Reg. 30150, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13835.pdf.
[^21]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Augusto Giacomo Giangrandi Valenzuela, Also Known As Augusto Giangrandi," entered September 15, 1994, published September 22, 1994, FR Doc. 94-23471, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/09/22/94-23471/action-affecting-export-privileges-augusto-giacomo-giangrandi-valenzuela-also-known-as-augusto.
[^22]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. Sole source for the grand jury passage and for Houlihan's filing as reported.
[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
[^24]: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "Most wanted Chilean arms dealer concealed ties to companies with help from Panama's offshore industry," September 2022, https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/09/most-wanted-chilean-arms-dealer-concealed-ties-to-companies-with-help-from-panamas-offshore-industry/.
[^25]: "Suprema rechaza extradición Cardoen," Emol, August 24, 2020, https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2020/08/24/995884/Suprema-rechaza-extradicion-Cardoen.html.