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@ -124,40 +124,40 @@ Hersh reports that after the war, according to [[James H. Critchfield]], then ch
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167.
[^2]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005), reprinted in *Studies in Intelligence* 62, no. 2 (June 2018). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf. The Robarge account cites Freshwater, "Policy and Intelligence: The Arab-Israeli War," *Studies in Intelligence* 13, no. 1 (1969); Helms, *A Look Over My Shoulder*; Oren, *Six Days of War* (2002), p. 146, citing Meir Amit; Johnson, *The Vantage Point*, p. 293; Mangold, *Cold Warrior* (1989), pp. 49, 362, for the Angleton arrangement. Helms's quoted recollection and the Eban quotation are Robarge's quotations of those books. Robarge's source for the June 1 to 2 passage is the work of Michael B. Oren, who cites an interview with and writings of Meir Amit.
[^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. The text of the Israeli estimate is not printed; the editors' note summarizes it. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 124, Memorandum for the Record, June 1, 1967 (prepared June 2), Conversation between Major General Meir Amit and Secretary McNamara, by Vice Admiral Rufus Taylor, with editors' note quoting Amit's remarks at the conference of June 3-5, 1992, published in Richard B. Parker, ed., *The Six-Day War: A Retrospective* (University Press of Florida, 1996), pp. 139-140. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d124
[^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, Telegram 3935 from the Embassy in Israel, June 5, 1967 (Eshkol's message), editors' note describing telegram 3937 and Rostow's covering memorandum. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
[^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. Sole source for the passages so cited; the official is unnamed.
[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. The official is unnamed.
[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale.
[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts.
[^11]: National Security Archive, "The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program?" (November 2, 2016), Documents 7, 8 and 10 (AEC New York Security Office report of September 6, 1968 on the September 10 visit, with the posting's identifications of the visitors): Comptroller General of the United States, "Review of Accountability Controls Over Special Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation," June 20, 1967 (University of Arizona Special Collections, Morris Udall Papers, MS 325, Box 364, Folder 7); Letter from Richard Helms to Ramsey Clark, April 2, 1968 (ISCAP Appeal No. 2013-062). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-11-02/numec-affair-did-highly-enriched-uranium-us-aid-israels-nuclear-weapons-program
[^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 18, "Injustice," pp. 240-248. The passage on Duckett, Helms and Hadden is Hersh's account; the conclusion on diversion is Hersh's own.
[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Sole source for the passages so cited; Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
[^14]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war
[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. Sole source for the overflight claim. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument.
[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. Sole source for the confirmation, attributed to the authors. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140
[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument.
[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140
[^17]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, pp. 175-176.
[^18]: National Security Agency, "A Review of the Technical Research Ship Program, 1961-1969," released under MDR-85456, February 22, 2017, section on USN-855 (USS Liberty). https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/AReviewoftheTechnicalResearchShipProgram-postMDR.pdf
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967 (SC No. 01415/67), in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, with source note reporting Helms's notes of the June 12 NSC Special Committee meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284
[^20]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 319, Telegram from the Director of the National Security Agency (Carter) to the White House, June 22, 1967, SIGINT Readiness Bravo "Crayon" Report Nr. 2149. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d319
[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967, 6:30 p.m. (Saunders' handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. Sole source for the cable text.
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library.
[^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967 (SC 08384-67). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317
[^24]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, scan pages 106, 117, 243, 244, 265.
[^25]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324
[^26]: Gwertzman, Bernard. "Israeli Payment to Close the Book On '67 Attack on U.S. Navy Vessel." New York Times, December 19, 1980. CIA Reading Room, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302640098-3, copy at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302640098-3. The article spells the name Ennis.
[^27]: Judge Advocate General of the Navy, Third Endorsement and Enclosure (1), Summary of Events, on the Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, pp. 1-2 of the endorsement (Navy JAG file 131). Scanned copy of the record at https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html (a website maintained by A. Jay Cristol).
[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. Sole source for the finding texts and the affidavit text; the findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. The findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
[^29]: Associated Press, "Ex-Navy Official: 1967 Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Was Deliberate," Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp
[^30]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Terry L. McFarland, June 23, 1980 (OH-1980-26). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804900/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_T_MCFARLAND.PDF. Copy of the NSA USS Liberty gallery, captured by the Wayback Machine, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195052/https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/USS-Liberty/
[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. Sole source for the submarine story, which O'Connor recounts as a story passed among the crew.
[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. O'Connor recounts the submarine story as a story passed among the crew.
[^32]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Richard Harvey, July 16, 1980 (OH-1980-29). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804909/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_R_HARVEY.PDF. The Millington statement appears in the interviewer's question in the same transcript.
[^33]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 289, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office, Tel Aviv, June 15, 1967, reporting Erell's June 14 presentation of apologies. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d289
[^34]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307
[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175. Sole source for the de Gaulle statements and the fifty Mirage III aircraft.
[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175.
[^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, Special National Intelligence Estimate, August 10, 1967, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 414, footnote 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d414
[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting.