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6
60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ On February 26, 1996 Inspector General [[Fred Hitz|Frederick P. Hitz]] opened ca
Reed, a former Air Force intelligence officer, is reported by *The American Spectator*'s [[R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr.]] to have said that he trained Contra pilots under Seal's supervision at Nella; Tyrrell also reported that the trooper [[Larry Patterson]] said in a March 1995 deposition that he overheard talk of "large quantities of drugs being flown into Mena airport, large quantities of guns." L. D. Brown, a former member of Clinton's security detail, told Tyrrell he flew with Seal on October 23, 1984 from Mena to [[Tegucigalpa]] on a C-123K from which pallets of M-16 rifles were dropped, was recruited by CIA representatives [[Ken Cargile]] and Dan Magruder, and received $2,500; Tyrrell wrote that Brown's exact relationship with the agency may never be known.[^17] The CIA's 1996 review of a documentary featuring Brown and Welch said the credibility of Reed's book was "questioned somewhat."[^18] The CIA's 1995 briefing outline said Brown applied for CIA employment in 1988 and was rejected in November 1988, while the reported Inspector General summary said he was a candidate in 1984 and the agency decided in December of that year not to hire him.[^15][^11]
In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris]], that Seal's records "showed him to be a contract" CIA operative before and during Mena, and that coded records reportedly showed him on the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] payroll from 1982; the CIA's 1995 records search found no record of contact with Seal, and the reported 1996 Inspector General summary described "limited contact" in 1984. Webb wrote that Reed, author of *Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA*, said he was asked to help set up secret weapons-parts facilities in Arkansas and Mexico, one of them [[Park On Meter]] in [[Russellville]]. Webb also wrote that a former Arkansas State Police intelligence unit staff member testified to "a shredding party" in which nearly a thousand Mena documents, including ones referring to [[Oliver North]] and Reed, were purged, that the mechanic [[John Bender]] swore he saw Clinton at Mena three times in 1985, and that L. D. Brown said Clinton told him "That's Lasater's deal," referring to [[Danny Ray Lasater]]; Webb is the sole source for these passages as carried here.[^19] The *[[Washington Post]]*, according to Webb, confirmed the parking-meter company "did make some gun parts for [[Iver Johnson]]."[^19] Leveritt reported that in the fall of 1986 the FBI, investigating Lasater, learned from his pilot that on February 8, 1984 he flew Lasater and [[Patsy Thomasson]] to [[Belize]] to look at a horse farm for sale by [[Roy Carver]], weeks after the Belize ranch operation that [[Billy Earle Jr.]] told Welch Seal had planned.[^1]
In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris]], that Seal's records "showed him to be a contract" CIA operative before and during Mena, and that coded records reportedly showed him on the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] payroll from 1982; the CIA's 1995 records search found no record of contact with Seal, and the reported 1996 Inspector General summary described "limited contact" in 1984. Webb wrote that Reed, author of *Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA*, said he was asked to help set up secret weapons-parts facilities in Arkansas and Mexico, one of them [[Park On Meter]] in [[Russellville]]. Webb also wrote that a former Arkansas State Police intelligence unit staff member testified to "a shredding party" in which nearly a thousand Mena documents, including ones referring to [[Oliver North]] and Reed, were purged, that the mechanic [[John Bender]] swore he saw Clinton at Mena three times in 1985, and that L. D. Brown said Clinton told him "That's Lasater's deal," referring to [[Danny Ray Lasater]].[^19] The *[[Washington Post]]*, according to Webb, confirmed the parking-meter company "did make some gun parts for [[Iver Johnson]]."[^19] Leveritt reported that in the fall of 1986 the FBI, investigating Lasater, learned from his pilot that on February 8, 1984 he flew Lasater and [[Patsy Thomasson]] to [[Belize]] to look at a horse farm for sale by [[Roy Carver]], weeks after the Belize ranch operation that [[Billy Earle Jr.]] told Welch Seal had planned.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal
@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris]
[^14]: CIA Office of Inspector General, Employee Bulletin IG EB No. 0007-96, "Inspector General Inquiry Regarding Mena, Arkansas," May 15, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289765). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289765
[^15]: Kathy Kiely, "CIA admits training at Mena," *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*, November 9, 1996. https://archivesspace.wilkes.edu/files/normanmailer/65.9_HG2_HarlotsGhostSequelResearch_ArkansasDemocraticGazetteArticles_1996November9.pdf
[^16]: Letter, CIA Inspector General to Rep. James A. Leach, 1998 (CIA Reading Room 0001289865). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289865
[^17]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995 (copy attached to the CIA note of July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). Sole source for Brown's account as carried here. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860
[^17]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995 (copy attached to the CIA note of July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860
[^18]: CIA memorandum for the record, "Video Tape Review: National Empowerment Network, American Investigator, 'Mena, Arkansas Under Investigation,'" February 22, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289764). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289764
[^19]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 6. Sole source for the Morris, Bender, shredding-party, Park-On-Meter and Brown-Lasater passages as carried here.
[^19]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 6.

2
60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The [[Hashemi Sting]] of 1985 and 1986, a [[U.S. Customs]] and [[Federal Bureau
[^4]: "Yaakov Nimrodi," obituaries, July 2016, as cited on the linked page.
[^5]: Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA.* Knopf, 1979.
[^6]: Trento, Joseph J. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network.* Carroll and Graf, 2005.
[^7]: Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War*. Sole source for the December 1978 plan, the Joint Committee and the Jalali meeting.
[^7]: Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War*.
[^8]: Sick, Gary. *October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan.* Times Books, 1991.
[^9]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
[^10]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters.* 1993; Walsh, Lawrence E. *Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up.* Norton, 1997; Secord, Richard, with Jay Wurts. *Honored and Betrayed.* Wiley, 1992.

2
60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md
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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Unit 8200 is the recruiting ground of the Israeli private surveillance industry;
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991: chapters 2, 3 and 5 (Bergmann, Suez, Dimona), 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 18 (U-2 imagery, Kennedy, Barbour, Duckett, Shapiro, the Liberty), 17 (the Yom Kippur War), 1 (Osirak and the KH-11 review), 21 and 22 (Pollard, Eitan, Sella, Garment), and pp. 313-314 (Vanunu).
[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992. Sole source for the Joint Committee, Eagle, Paraguay and SIMWA passages.
[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992.
[^3]: Cohen, Yoel. *The Whistleblower of Dimona: Israel, Vanunu, and the Bomb.* Holmes and Meier, 2003.
[^4]: Mangold, Tom. *Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's Master Spy Hunter.* Simon and Schuster, 1991, as cited on the Angleton page, whose KK MOUNTAIN passages carry no specific page citation.
[^5]: Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA.* Knopf, 1979.

8
60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md
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@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ Walsh wrote that the CIA came to regard Pastora as a security and public relatio
### Footnotes
[^1]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, "Introduction" (quoting the first article of the series, August 18, 1996). https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/intro.html
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue.
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
[^4]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions*, December 17, 1997, Chapter XII, "Conclusions." https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch12.htm
[^5]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II, Castillo section, numbered paragraphs 1029 to 1031, 1047 and 1063, drawing on Celerino Castillo, *Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War* (1994). https://archive.org/details/nps56-111612-04
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9, "He would have had me by the tail." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it."
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9, "He would have had me by the tail."
[^8]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, "Summary" and "Findings." https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/summary.html and https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html and https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html
[^9]: CIA Inspector General, Volume I, "Findings," section "Did CIA have any relationship or dealings with Ross, Blandon or Meneses?" (CIA cables of October 30 and 31, December 11 and 17, 1986, and the Meneses cables of 1983 to 1995). https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
[^10]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II, "Introduction," paragraphs 1, 3 and 5, and CIA press release of October 8, 1998. https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/www.cia.gov/www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/intro.html and https://irp.fas.org/cia/news/pr100898.html

8
60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:
- Paranormal
category: "Landmark"
summary: "Skinwalker Ranch is a 480-acre property in Utah known for a long history of paranormal and Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena-related events."
updated: 2026-10-02
updated: 2026-10-09
---
[[Skinwalker Ranch]] is a 480-acre property in [[Utah]] known for a long history of paranormal and [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|UAP]]-related events. The ranch was a subject of investigation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP).[^1]
@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ One of the most dangerous phenomena reported at the ranch are the blue orbs. In
The investigation of Skinwalker Ranch was a controversial aspect of the AATIP program. While program leader [[James Lacatski]] believed that the paranormal events at the ranch were inextricably linked to the UAP mystery, the focus on such phenomena drew criticism from within the [[Pentagon]] and contributed to the internal opposition that ultimately led to the program losing its official support.[^1]
### Hunt for the Skinwalker
The 2018 documentary [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]], written and directed by [[Jeremy Corbell]], is listed on [[IMDb]] with a publication date of September 11, 2018. Its promotional description says that "An exhaustive, multidisciplinary scientific study began in 1996, spearheaded by an enigmatic Las Vegas billionaire," and the cast list includes [[George Knapp]], [[Colm Kelleher]] and Robert Bigelow.[^3] The [[United States Copyright Office]] catalog lists the book Hunt for the Skinwalker (TX0006340176, registered April 27, 2006, first published November 15, 2005) with Kelleher and Knapp as claimants.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
[^2]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.
[^3]: IMDb title page for Hunt for the Skinwalker (tt8399718), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019 (director and writer credits, publication date 2018-09-11, promotional description, cast list). https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8399718/
[^4]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registration TX0006340176. https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/

2
60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md
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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Hersh wrote that [[Binyamin Blumberg]], a former military intelligence officer c
Hersh wrote that "sometime early in 1968, Dimona finally was ordered into full-scale production and began turning out four or five warheads a year," and, in another chapter, that by 1973 "according to former Israeli government officials, the Israeli nuclear arsenal totaled at least twenty warheads"; his chapter on the Tunnel states a figure of more than twenty-five by the Yom Kippur War.[^41] He wrote that "well-placed Israeli sources" said that technicians conducted "at least one successful low-yield nuclear test sometime in the mid-1960s at an underground cavern" in the Negev.[^42]
On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over the South Indian Ocean; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^43] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^44] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^43] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]].
On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over a region that included the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^43] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^44] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^43] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]].
### Doctrine and deterrence

4
60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Ilopango Airbase.md
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@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ Five 500-pound bombs were taken from a battalion at the San Salvador airport on
### Footnotes
[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
[^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section of the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
[^4]: "Salvador airport said to be transfer point for arms to contras," *Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://proof.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/omerc.html
[^5]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50 to 52, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^6]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section and the pilots chapter (March 23, 1988 cable on Reyner Veliz Cruz), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html and https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/pilots.html
[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter X, sections D and E, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch10p3.htm
[^8]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details; the Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source.
[^8]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source.

142
60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Redstone Arsenal.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
---
aliases:
- Redstone
- Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
- Huntsville Arsenal
- Redstone Ordnance Plant
category: "Military Installation"
tags:
- Place
- USArmy
- HuntsvilleAlabama
- VonBraun
- OperationPaperclip
- ArmyBallisticMissileAgency
- MarshallSpaceFlightCenter
- MissileIntelligenceAgency
- MissileAndSpaceIntelligenceCenter
- GrillFlame
- ForeignMaterielExploitation
- MissileDefense
summary: "Army installation at Huntsville, Alabama, built in 1941 as a chemical munitions plant, which became the Army's rocket and missile center after the von Braun team arrived in 1950."
start: 1941-07-28
location: "Huntsville, Alabama"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
reverse: true
start: 1941-07-28
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Grill Flame]]"
start: 1977-08
role: "Missile Intelligence Agency sponsor of the Stanford Research Institute psychokinesis task at Redstone Arsenal, August 1977 to August 1978; MICOM Remote Perturbation protocol"
fn: 25
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Redstone Arsenal is a [[U.S. Army]] installation in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], in Madison County. The Army took possession of the site in July 1941 for a chemical munitions plant named [[Huntsville Arsenal]], which was built for the [[Chemical Warfare Service]]. The adjoining [[Ordnance Corps]] assembly plant, the [[Redstone Ordnance Plant]], was redesignated Redstone Arsenal on February 26, 1943.[^1][^2] After [[Wernher von Braun]] and his team arrived from [[Fort Bliss]] in 1950 the post became the Army's rocket and missile center. The [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] of [[NASA]] has occupied part of the site since 1960. The post also housed the [[U.S. Army Missile Command]] (MICOM), the [[Missile Intelligence Agency]] and its successor, the [[Missile and Space Intelligence Center]] (MSIC), which has been a component of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] since 1992.[^3]
### Huntsville Arsenal and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, 1941 to 1949
Congress approved funds in April 1941 for a chemical manufacturing and storage facility to supplement the Chemical Warfare Service's only chemical plant at [[Edgewood Arsenal]], Maryland. The site on the southwestern edge of Huntsville was announced on July 3, 1941. The Army took possession of the first tract of 160 acres on July 28, 1941, and the first commanding officer, COL Rollo C. Ditto, arrived on August 4 and broke ground.[^1] On July 8, 1941 the War Department announced a $6 million Ordnance Corps assembly plant to operate beside the chemical arsenal.[^1]
During the Second World War the arsenal made smoke, incendiary and gel-type chemical munitions. The Army chronology credits it with more than 27 million items of chemical munitions, valued at more than $134.5 million.[^4] The ordnance plant was placed on standby on February 24, 1947, and on September 30, 1947 Huntsville Arsenal received verbal notification that it was being declared excess.[^5] In October 1948 the Chief of Ordnance designated Redstone Arsenal as the center for Ordnance rocket research and development.[^6] The arsenal was officially reactivated as the site of the Ordnance Rocket Center on June 1, 1949, and Huntsville Arsenal ceased to exist as a separate installation at 2400 hours on June 30, 1949.[^7] Under General Orders No. 19, dated April 1, 1950, the Department of the Army discontinued Huntsville Arsenal and consolidated its land and facilities with Redstone Arsenal. On July 1, 1950 the former Huntsville Arsenal became the Chemical Division of Redstone Arsenal.[^8]
### The Fort Bliss group and the missile era, 1950 to 1955
On October 28, 1949 the Secretary of the Army approved the transfer of the Ordnance Research and Development Division Sub-Office (Rocket) from Fort Bliss, Texas, to Redstone Arsenal. Among those transferred were Wernher von Braun and his team of German scientists and technicians, who the Army chronology says had come to the United States under Operation Paperclip during 1945 and 1946.[^7][^9] The Army chronology says the arrival of the Fort Bliss group began on April 15, 1950, that a staff of Army officers and about 120 German scientists arrived from Fort Bliss in April 1950, and that with the arrival the post officially entered the missile era.[^8] The sub-office was redesignated the Ordnance Guided Missile Center on the same date. Some members of the team were housed in apartments in the northeast section of the arsenal.[^8] The Encyclopedia of Alabama describes the transfer as coming from the White Sands Proving Grounds in New Mexico and dates the [[Operation Paperclip]] move to 1950.[^10] NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center history office states that near the end of 1945 more than 100 Germans who had agreed to come under Project Paperclip arrived at Fort Bliss, and a NASA biography of von Braun says he and an initial group of about 125 were installed at Fort Bliss before the move to Alabama.[^11]
The team's first missile work was the [[Redstone missile|Redstone]] missile. On January 16, 1953 the Guided Missiles Development Branch was redesignated the Guided Missile Development Division, with von Braun as its chief. The first Redstone research and development missile was flight tested on August 20, 1953.[^12]
### The Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Jupiter and Explorer 1, 1956 to 1960
The [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] (ABMA) was established at Redstone Arsenal on February 1, 1956 as a Class II activity under the Chief of Ordnance, with the military mission of fielding the Army's first intermediate range ballistic missile.[^13] On February 9, 1956 the 283d Ordnance Detachment (Technical Intelligence) was assigned to Redstone Arsenal and attached to the Ordnance Missile Laboratory for operational control.[^14] On October 19, 1957 the Secretary of Defense directed the ABMA commander to prepare for [[Jupiter]] initial operational capability production. On November 22, 1957 the Office of the Secretary of Defense instructed the Army to launch two Jupiter C satellites carrying the cosmic radiation package prepared by [[James Van Allen]].[^15]
On January 31, 1958 a Jupiter C missile (RS-29) placed [[Explorer 1]] into orbit, launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 10:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time according to NASA.[^15][^16] The Army chronology notes that the Navy did not launch a Vanguard satellite until March 17, 1958.[^15] Another Jupiter C launch placed Explorer III in orbit on March 26, 1958, and Explorer IV followed on July 26, 1958.[^15] President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] approved the transfer of the Army agency's scientists and engineers to the newly created NASA on October 21, 1958.[^13] On July 1, 1960 AOMC and ABMA lost all of their space missions, about 4,000 civilian employees and $100 million in buildings and equipment at Redstone and Cape Canaveral. The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center opened at Redstone Arsenal on the same date, and Eisenhower dedicated it on September 8, 1960.[^17] The encyclopedia states that by the time of the Marshall transfer von Braun and 102 other German-born scientists had become U.S. citizens.[^10]
### The Missile Command and the Missile Intelligence Agency, 1960 to 1985
An Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence joined Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) headquarters at Redstone on April 1, 1960, by the Army chronology's date; a July 1985 Missile Intelligence Agency recruiting brochure gives March 31, 1960 for the redesignation of the Technical Intelligence Division, then about 50 people.[^17][^18] The brochure traces the agency to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency of February 1956, whose commander, MG [[John B. Medaris]], established an Army Special Security Office in June 1956 and a six-person Technical Intelligence Division of engineers and intelligence analysts. It records the redesignation of the activity (about 75 people) as the Directorate of Missile Intelligence on August 1, 1962, its designation as one of six major production elements of the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1967, and its redesignation by the Army Materiel Command as the Missile Intelligence Agency, a special activity at the Missile Command, on June 17, 1970.[^18] On June 29, 1960 the Operations Division, Missile Intelligence, contracted with [[Aerojet General Corporation]] for a technical evaluation of the Soviet 150mm surface-to-surface missile known in the West as the SCUD. The study was completed on May 18, 1961.[^17] The Missile Intelligence Office revised that study in the first half of 1962 and submitted it to the Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency and the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.[^19]
The U.S. Army Missile Command was established at Redstone on May 23, 1962 and activated on August 1, 1962, when AOMC ceased to exist.[^13] In the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis, representatives of MICOM's Missile Intelligence Agency provided the missile expertise needed to identify the type, completeness and threat of the missile bases under construction.[^20] On April 30, 1985 the Army Chief of Staff directed the [[Army Intelligence Agency]] to assume command of the Missile Intelligence Agency, which had operated as a separate activity under the MICOM commander. On August 1, 1985, by order of the Secretary of the Army, the Missile Intelligence Agency was redesignated the U.S. Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC).[^21] A June 1993 message on a Scientific and Technical Intelligence Committee meeting lists "DIRMSIC REDSTONE ARS AL" among its addressees.[^22] A Defense Intelligence Agency briefing dated December 2025 gives the center's lineage as the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (Army research and development) in 1956, the Army Intelligence Agency in 1985 and the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1992.[^23]
On July 17, 1997 the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) was formed on a provisional basis by merging the Aviation and Troop Command with MICOM. The Army Materiel Command made the arrangement permanent effective October 1, 1997.[^24]
### Grill Flame at Redstone, 1977 to 1980
Army notes on the [[Grill Flame]] program, undated, record that the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone had an $80 thousand contract with the [[Stanford Research Institute]] from August 1977 to August 1978. The work was sponsored by a sub-element of that command, the Missile Intelligence Agency, described as a GDIP unit, whose interest was in psychokinesis.[^25] A June 1978 memorandum to Major [[William Stoner]] of the Army staff, referring to an Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence message, gives the background as the agency's contractual involvement with SRI on Soviet strategic defensive missile technologies. It states that the agency learned of the work of [[Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] at SRI in mid-1976, invited them to the agency for discussions in late 1976 and early 1977, and implemented an SRI task in August 1977 under contract DAAK40-77-C-0170, using research and development funds of about $60,000, whose statement of work was titled "Investigation of Unconventional Discrimination Techniques."[^26] The December 1979 report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] gives the sequence as an informal MICOM expression of interest in 1976 in U.S. replication of claimed Soviet experiments and a one-year $80 thousand MICOM contract of August 1977 under the same title, and says the interest was in Soviet efforts at the man-machine interface, such as radar operators who continued to guide antiaircraft missiles to the target while the images on their screens were obscured by chaff.[^27] A December 11, 1978 letter from the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], transmitting Grill Flame information, was addressed to the Commander, Missile Intelligence Agency, at Redstone Arsenal.[^28]
A memorandum for the record of a November 28, 1978 meeting at Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command headquarters lists [[Randy Clinton]] of the Missile Intelligence Agency, [[John Kramar]] of AMSAA and Hugh Green of the Missile Laboratories among the attendees. The memorandum records that the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]], AMSAA and Missile Laboratories programs each briefed their involvement, and that it was agreed no one was out of bounds and that the programs meshed well. It states that the Missile Intelligence Agency had no current contract but was interested in the psychokinesis aspects, and its author wrote that he had received the distinct impression that Charles Carter was more or less satelliting himself onto the sister organization at Redstone, the Missile Laboratories. Green briefed a Missile Laboratories proposal for a psychokinesis switching device.[^29] An undated Army briefing on the psychoenergetic effort states that the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone was developing a pilot remote perturbation program for psychokinesis, relying on three noise sources (an electronic noise diode, a radioactive beta particle decay source and, as a control, a pseudo-random shift register) wired through an LSI-11 microprocessor. It states that the project was then under the direction of the Missile Intelligence Agency and would shift to the command's research and development laboratories, with a $118,000 contract to SRI for hardware in the first phase, an initial $90,000 for a second phase and up to $190,000 more available.[^30] On April 3, 1979 Dr. [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]] was briefed on the Redstone psychokinesis portion of the program and asked that this part of the work begin promptly.[^31] On May 3, 1979 Charles Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency briefed the Grill Flame committee on efforts at Redstone Arsenal.[^32]
The protocol that followed is titled "Remote Perturbation Techniques: Project Description and Experimental Protocol" and is dated November 7, 1979. It was prepared by the USAMICOM Grill Flame Oversight Committee, with approval blocks for William C. McCorkle, director of the Systems Simulation and Development Directorate, and Richard L. Hartman, director of the Research Directorate, both of the US Army Missile Laboratory, and for Rankin A. Clinton Jr., deputy director of the US Army Missile Intelligence Agency. The principal investigator is listed as Dr. B. Z. Jenkins of the MICOM Systems Simulation and Development Directorate at Redstone Arsenal; the minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee meeting of November 27, 1979 list Billy Z. Jenkins, Charles Carter and Bill Johnson of the Missile Command among the attendees.[^33][^34] The Scientific Evaluation Committee's schedule lists a visit to the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone Arsenal on July 26, 1979, with Jenkins and Clinton as contacts.[^27] The protocol describes a random binary source that participants try to bias by mental effort, and an identical experiment to be run at SRI with separately acquired equipment, as a check against manipulation and for repeatability. The MICOM experiment was to take place in Building 7770 on Redstone Arsenal. The second phase was to last six months and use no more than nine experienced remote viewers.[^33] The committee's December 1979 report includes a section of comments on the MICOM investigations, among them that the protocol offered a ready explanation of positive results at SRI and negative results at MICOM.[^27]
A paper of findings in the Grill Flame file recommended that the research efforts "to be terminated in their present forms include efforts at MICOM, AMSAA, and FTD."[^35] A Defense Intelligence Agency review prepared in February 1989 lists the Missile Intelligence Agency program with $281 thousand for 1977 to 1980. It describes two phases: a computer-based binary random number generator built in Phase I, and subject trials in Phase II.[^36] The review states that when all trials were completed the SRI investigators concluded there was an anomalous, unexplained effect on the electronic system that could not be accounted for by engineering considerations only, and gives two possible mechanisms: that the subject, without physical intervention, produced a physical change in the electronic system, or that the subject scanned the unperturbed binary sequence ahead in time and selected the time to initiate the trial. It adds that the data from these experiments were inconclusive.[^36]
An article by [[John A. Swets]] and [[Robert A. Bjork]], summarizing a National Research Council study of unconventional techniques considered by the Army, reports that little or no scientific evidence was found to support remote viewing or psychokinesis. The article also mentions an experiment underway at Redstone Arsenal to test mental practice as a component of training for soldering electronic circuits.[^37]
### Later tenants, 2004 to 2025
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] Hazardous Devices School has operated at Redstone since 1971, and the FBI's executive assistant director opened its new facility on September 13, 2004; the school was run jointly by the FBI and the Army until September 2017, when the FBI accepted primary responsibility.[^38] The FBI's Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC), formally established in December 2004, was welcomed to Redstone Arsenal on February 16, 2016 at a ribbon-cutting attended by FBI Director [[James Comey]] and Senator [[Richard Shelby]], after relocating from the FBI Laboratory at Quantico, Virginia.[^39] On November 21, 2022 the FBI held a ribbon-cutting for its North Campus at Redstone, where it had completed more than 30 projects in three years; the Operations Building was to house over 1,300 personnel from a dozen FBI divisions.[^40] The Encyclopedia of Alabama reports a November 2018 announcement of plans to move more jobs to the arsenal, the clearing of 90 acres in 2024 for an academic zone, and a campus of nearly 2,000 employees.[^41]
The 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission approved Recommendation 134, "Co-locate Missile and Space Defense Agencies," which moved [[Missile Defense Agency]] functions from leased space in Virginia to Redstone Arsenal, with an agency headquarters command center at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and excepted the Ballistic Missile Defense System Sensors Directorate and the Command and Control Battle Management and Communications Directorate from the move to Redstone. It also relocated the headquarters component of the [[U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command]] from Arlington, Virginia to Redstone. The Defense Department's justification states that the Von Braun 2 building, due in fiscal year 2007, would house about 800 MDA personnel.[^42] Recommendation 148 relocated the [[Army Materiel Command]] and the Security Assistance Command from Fort Belvoir to Redstone, to collocate with the Aviation and Missile Command.[^42] A May 16, 2011 Army article gave July 17, 2011 as the target date for completing the transfer of Army Materiel Command headquarters from Fort Belvoir.[^43] The Encyclopedia of Alabama puts the BRAC moves of the two commands at about 4,600 jobs and the Missile Defense Agency transfer at more than 2,400 positions.[^41] President [[Donald Trump]] announced on September 2, 2025 that the headquarters of [[U.S. Space Command]] would move from Colorado Springs to Redstone; on April 29, 2026 the command's commander, Gen. [[Stephen Whiting]], announced operational control of its first facility on the arsenal, which houses the Joint Intelligence Support Element.[^44]
### Materiel exploitation at Redstone
The Missile and Space Intelligence Center describes its mission in a December 2025 briefing as "Provide premier technical and foundational analysis of foreign weapon systems to prevent and decisively win wars."[^23] The same briefing lists 52 buildings on Redstone Arsenal, 341,000 square feet of workspace and 305 acres under management, with the Shelby Center completed in 1999. It records about 15,000 square feet of contractor secure space supporting the center, growing to about 43,000 square feet, and a planned Material Exploitation Center of 102,000 square feet.[^23] The briefing lists "Foreign Material Exploitation" among five areas of the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET), described as a 10-year contract with a $14 billion ceiling.[^23]
On August 25, 2026 the Defense Intelligence Agency held a ribbon-cutting for the nearly 92,000 square foot Materiel Exploitation Center. Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems. MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] said the center serves analysis of more than 700 weapons systems. The DIA deputy director said much of the work there would be too sensitive to describe.[^45]
### A 1984 observation in a private paper
In a paper dated April 24, 1984 titled "STAR WARS Now!", [[T. E. Bearden]] included a table of observations that places a "twin giant radials" system at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, on Friday, January 6, 1984, and a figure titled "Twin giant radial pattern" for Huntsville, Alabama, of the same date. Bearden wrote that one major signature had been photographed over Huntsville by the author. The table gives the time as 0700 to 0745, with multiple observers, clear weather except for one system moving west at 20 to 30 miles per hour, and remnants of a second twin giant radial system seen in the same area from 1130 to 1145 hours. The paper's subject is the Bohm-Aharonov effect and what its author calls Soviet weaponization of scalar interferometry.[^46]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1941," by Kaylene Hughes, The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1941.html
[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1943," entry for 26 February 1943. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1943.html
[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Installation History." https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist.html
[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1942," The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1942.html
[^5]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1946 and 1947," entries for 24 February 1947 and 30 September 1947. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1946.html
[^6]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949, entry for October 1948. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html
[^7]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," introductory paragraph (June 1, 1949 reactivation; October 28, 1949 approval), https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html ; and "1948 and 1949," entries for June 30 and October 28, 1949, https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html
[^8]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," The Redstone Arsenal Era, 1950 to 1955, introductory paragraph and entries for April 1950, April 1 and 15, 1950 and July 1, 1950. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html
[^9]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," entry for 28 October 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html
[^10]: Encyclopedia of Alabama, "Redstone Arsenal." https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/redstone-arsenal/ (cited for the White Sands origin, the 1950 Operation Paperclip dating and the statement that von Braun and 102 other German-born scientists had become U.S. citizens by 1960; the Army chronology names Fort Bliss and about 120 German scientists in April 1950.)
[^11]: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center History Office, "Notes on Project Paperclip," https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/german/paperclip.html ; NASA, "Wernher von Braun," https://www.nasa.gov/people/wernher-von-braun/
[^12]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," The Redstone Arsenal Era, 1950 to 1955. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html
[^13]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956-intro.html
[^14]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1956," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956.html
[^15]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1957" and "1958," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1957.html and https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html
[^16]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch" (10:48 p.m. EST on Jan. 31, 1958, Jupiter-C, Cape Canaveral), https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/ ; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Explorer 1 (launch date Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-1/
[^17]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html
[^18]: U.S. Army Missile Intelligence Agency, recruiting brochure "US Army Missile Intelligence Agency, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama," July 1985, "History of the Missile Intelligence Agency," p. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/33
[^19]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part a), The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962a.html
[^20]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part b), entry of October 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962b.html
[^21]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1985," entries for April 30 and August 1, 1985. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1985.html
[^22]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002500160004-4, message on the STIC-C meeting, June 1993, SECRET NOFORN, addressees include DIRMSIC Redstone Arsenal. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002500160004-4
[^23]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Missile and Space Intelligence Center," overview briefing, December 2025 (UNCLASSIFIED). https://hsvchamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/DIA-MSIC-Redstone-Update-2025.pdf
[^24]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "AMCOM (1997 to 2007)." https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1997.html
[^25]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100060009-6, undated Army paper "Notes on Army Grill Flame," HQDA, OACST. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100060009-6
[^26]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010001-9, memorandum to Major Bill Stoner, referencing an ACSI message of June 1978, "Parapsychology (C)." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010001-9
[^27]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee report, December 1979, background section, Annex 2 (schedule of visits) and "Comments Pertaining to MICOM Investigations." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300120001-5
[^28]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080002-1, Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity letter DRXSY-DS, December 11, 1978, "Transmittal of Information under Grill Flame," addressed to the Commander, Missile Intelligence Agency, Redstone Arsenal. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100080002-1
[^29]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140011-4, memorandum for record, "Grill Flame Meeting at DARCOM HQ," November 29, 1978. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000140011-4
[^30]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100130001-6, "Army Psychoenergetic Effort," undated Army briefing. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100130001-6
[^31]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440018-4, memorandum for the record, Grill Flame, April 1979, describing the briefing of Dr. LaBerge on April 3, 1979. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100440018-4
[^32]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130022-3, Grill Flame committee minutes, May 3, 1979, listing Charles Carter, Missile Intelligence Agency, as briefer. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000130022-3
[^33]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2, "Remote Perturbation Techniques: Project Description and Experimental Protocol," U.S. Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, dated November 7, 1979, control number 80-FDS-286, SMI Form 1021. Mirror: https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2 . CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000230004-2
[^34]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, Defense Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979, attendee list. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000130015-1
[^35]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8, unsigned, undated paper of findings in the Grill Flame file, recommending termination of "efforts at MICOM, AMSAA, and FTD." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230043-8
[^36]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9, Defense Intelligence Agency, "Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics," February 1989, SECRET, funding table and Missile Intelligence Agency section (pages 25 and 26; the statement that the data were inconclusive is on page 26). CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200440001-9
[^37]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200640001-7, John A. Swets and Robert A. Bjork, "Enhancing Human Performance: An Evaluation of 'New Age' Techniques Considered by the U.S. Army," undated reprint. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200640001-7
[^38]: FBI, "Opening of FBI Hazardous Devices School," remarks, September 13, 2004, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/speeches/opening-of-fbi-hazardous-devices-school ; FBI, "Plans Announced to Construct a Hazardous Devices School," https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/plans-announced-to-construct-a-hazardous-devices-school ; FBI, "Inside the FBI's Hazardous Devices School," January 9, 2018, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/hazardous-devices-school
[^39]: FBI, "A New Home for the Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center," February 16, 2016, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/a-new-home-for-the-terrorist-explosive-device-analytical-center ; FBI, "FBI Breaks Ground for New TEDAC Laboratory," https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-breaks-ground-for-new-tedac-laboratory
[^40]: FBI, "FBI Conducts Ribbon Cutting Ceremony at Redstone Arsenal for the North Campus and Operations Building," November 21, 2022. https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/fbi-conducts-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-at-redstone-arsenal-for-the-north-campus-and-operations-building
[^41]: Encyclopedia of Alabama, "Redstone Arsenal." https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/redstone-arsenal/ (secondary; cited for the FBI Hazardous Devices School, TEDAC, 2018 announcement, 2024 acreage, staffing figure, BRAC job counts, MDA realignment and the 2025 Space Command announcement, each as the encyclopedia states them)
[^42]: 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, Report to the President, Volume 1, Recommendation 134 (H&SA 15), "Co-locate Missile and Space Defense Agencies," and Recommendation 148 (H&SA 46), relocation of the Army Materiel Command from Fort Belvoir to Redstone Arsenal. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA466177
[^43]: U.S. Army, "BRAC 2005 Recommended Relocation of U.S. Army Materiel Command," May 16, 2011. https://www.army.mil/article/56593
[^44]: U.S. Space Command, "U.S. Space Command Takes Operational Control of Facility at Redstone Arsenal," April 29, 2026, and "USSPACECOM JISE Transitions to Redstone Arsenal" (Gen. Whiting: "When the President announced the command's move on Sept. 2, 2025"). https://www.dvidshub.net/news/563935/us-space-command-takes-operational-control-facility-redstone-arsenal and https://www.dvidshub.net/news/562798/usspacecom-jise-transitions-redstone-arsenal
[^45]: "What happens behind these walls: DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/
[^46]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, T. E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, table and figure 17 ("Twin giant radial pattern," Huntsville, AL, 6 Jan 84). CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4

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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The [[Little Rock]] bond dealer [[Danny Ray Lasater]] and Clinton's half-brother
### The aircraft
The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector General's file calls N4410F, and a DEA spokesman said in 1986 that it was the plane shot down over [[Nicaragua]] with [[Eugene Hasenfus]] aboard. [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that Seal sold the plane back to the company he got it from and that in early 1986 it wound up with [[Southern Air Transport]]; the CIA Inspector General found no record that Southern Air owned or leased a C-123K, and a CIA memorandum of October 10, 1986 said the plane was sold as military surplus in 1983 to an undetermined purchaser.[^4][^5][^6] Webb also wrote that a 1983 [[U.S. Customs]] report said Seal's farm near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] was allegedly a drop site for cocaine and marijuana flown in aboard a DC-4 that later flew supplies to the [[Contras]] through a company operated by the brother of [[Adolfo Calero]], [[Mario Calero]]; Webb is the sole source for that passage.[^7]
The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector General's file calls N4410F, and a DEA spokesman said in 1986 that it was the plane shot down over [[Nicaragua]] with [[Eugene Hasenfus]] aboard. [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that Seal sold the plane back to the company he got it from and that in early 1986 it wound up with [[Southern Air Transport]]; the CIA Inspector General found no record that Southern Air owned or leased a C-123K, and a CIA memorandum of October 10, 1986 said the plane was sold as military surplus in 1983 to an undetermined purchaser.[^4][^5][^6] Webb also wrote that a 1983 [[U.S. Customs]] report said Seal's farm near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] was allegedly a drop site for cocaine and marijuana flown in aboard a DC-4 that later flew supplies to the [[Contras]] through a company operated by the brother of [[Adolfo Calero]], [[Mario Calero]].[^7]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal
@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector G
[^4]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850
[^5]: Richard Halloran, "Plane Downed in Nicaragua Was in a U.S. Drug 'Sting,'" *The New York Times*, October 10, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000402690007-7). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000402690007-7
[^6]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, OCA 86-3575, October 10, 1986, paragraph 14. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00788192
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 7 and 15. Sole source for the Seal sale-back, Customs report and DC-4 passages.
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 7 and 15.