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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/British Intelligence.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-07-23
updated: 2025-07-23
updated: 2026-10-15
title: British Intelligence
tags:
- Organization
@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ summary: "British Intelligence refers to the various intelligence agencies of th
[[British Intelligence]] refers to the various intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom, including the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6). During World War II, British Intelligence engaged in a variety of unconventional warfare tactics, including the use of black propaganda and psychological operations.[^1]
One notable example was the use of astrologers like [[Sybil Leek]] and [[Louis de Wohl]] to spread disinformation and influence the behavior of high-ranking Nazi officials. These operations highlight the willingness of intelligence agencies to exploit beliefs in the paranormal for strategic advantage.[^1]
One documented example is the work of the astrologer [[Louis de Wohl]], whom the National Archives catalogue describes as a professional astrologer who worked for the [[Special Operations Executive]].[^2] Jacobsen wrote that [[Sybil Leek]] was another astrologer used in British operations against the Nazi leadership.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: The National Archives, Kew, Security Service personal file on Louis de Wohl, reference C11439609, covering August 31, 1940 to August 19, 1952. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11439609

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.md
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ relations:
start: 2025
role: "same collaboration; Gretchen Stahlman of the FSU School of Information signed the invitation letter on behalf of the organizing committee"
fn: 9
updated: 2026-10-08
updated: 2026-10-14
---
The [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) is the official office within the [[United States]] [[Department of Defense]] tasked with investigating [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP). Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 required the Secretary of Defense to establish an office to carry out the duties of the [[UAP Task Force]], "as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^1][^2] The Deputy Secretary of Defense established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office by memorandum on July 15, 2022, "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022," and Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, provided that the office be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^3][^4]
@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ The [[Society for UAP Studies]] published a report by [[Greg Bishop]] dated Sept
On April 29, 2026 AUI's podcast "[[Beyond the Breakthrough]]" (episode "Making Sense of the Unknown," with Spuck and Stahlman) stated in its notes: "The 2025 workshop, 'Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis' was supported by the U.S. All-domain Anomaly Office."[^11]
### ELDAEON's claims about the Gremlin program
In May 2026 [[ELDAEON]], a private company that sells UAP detection hardware, published an article on the first batch of UAP files that describes its DIONYSUS sensor platform as "Modeled on the architecture used by AARO's Gremlin program," and as "built on the same multimodal fusion principles as AARO's Gremlin sensor suite."[^12]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
@ -69,3 +73,4 @@ On April 29, 2026 AUI's podcast "[[Beyond the Breakthrough]]" (episode "Making S
[^9]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," 26-P-0344, August 5-6, 2025, https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf (archived PDF: https://web.archive.org/web/20260927135859/https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf).
[^10]: Greg Bishop, "AARO and AUI Engage Academia in UAP Symposium," Society for UAP Studies, September 2, 2025, https://www.societyforuapstudies.org/post/aaro-and-aui-engage-academia-in-uap-symposium.
[^11]: "Making Sense of the Unknown," Beyond the Breakthrough (Associated Universities, Inc. podcast), April 29, 2026, https://beyondthebreakthrough.podbean.com/e/uap-data/.
[^12]: ELDAEON INC., "The U.S. Just Opened the Files on UAP. We Built the Sensors to Detect Them.," May 8, 2026. The first quoted sentence appears in the article's product list and the second in its section on the architecture. https://eldaeon.com/articles/disclosure/

115
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
- Central Intelligence Agency
- CIA
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-10-14
updated: 2026-10-15
tags:
- Organization
- Intelligence
@ -34,19 +34,25 @@ relations:
with: "[[Psychological Strategy Board]]"
role: "Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence chaired meeting M-8"
start: 1952-01-10
fn: 56
fn: 59
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
start: 1951-01
end: 1952-03
fn: 57
fn: 60
- type: funded
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "agency money reported to have set up the center in 1951; $300,000 reported in 1967"
start: 1951
fn: 64
fn: 67
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ronald Pandolfi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1995
role: "analyst; described as a CIA scientist (Farley, 1995) and CIA analyst (Cox Committee, 1999)"
fn: 44
---
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a primary intelligence-gathering organization of the United States government. In the context of psychic research, the CIA played a significant, albeit often covert, role in funding and overseeing programs aimed at exploring and utilizing psychic phenomena for intelligence purposes.[^1]
@ -156,43 +162,49 @@ When [[DEA]] agent [[Celerino Castillo]] began investigating Contra drug traffic
CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]] in March 1998 that the CIA "did not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with individuals supporting the Contra program who were alleged to have engaged in drug trafficking activity," including trafficking within the United States. His 400-page report documented CIA relationships with more than 50 suspected drug traffickers during the Contra war.[^40]
### Hughes Electronics and the Pandolfi Estimate, 1995 to 1998
On July 19, 1995 an analyst from the agency's Directorate of Intelligence visited the Hughes facility in El Segundo, California, while researching a draft National Intelligence Estimate on the effect of technology transfers on China's military capabilities. The analyst was [[Ronald Pandolfi]].[^43] The analyst alleged that during a visit to the plant he came across information indicating that technical data had been improperly passed by Hughes to the PRC in connection with the 1995 failure investigation of a Long March 2E, and that the agency ignored his request for a formal report to headquarters.[^44] The Congressional Research Service reports that in April 1996 Pandolfi had reportedly prepared an estimate on how Hughes may have helped improve China's missile capabilities, and that the agency did not approve it.[^45] The New York Times reported that agency officials said the estimate was "not 'rigorous' enough" and that it was not distributed to other government officials.[^43]
In September 1998 the agency told Hughes about Pandolfi's briefing to the Senate Intelligence Committee, according to an internal cable of September 23, 1998. The Cox Committee judged that the agency's notification was "ill-advised and an impediment" to the committee's investigation, and the agency said it had notified Hughes "as a courtesy."[^44] Bill Harlow, an agency spokesman, declined in December 1998 to discuss Pandolfi's experiences or the 1996 estimate "because of the investigations."[^43] The Congressional Research Service reports that Senator Richard Shelby said in September 2000 that the Justice Department had decided not to charge an unnamed CIA official with obstructing a Senate investigation.[^45]
### Iran-Contra Indictments
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^37]
### Interrogation videotapes and the 2004 to 2006 directorship
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^43] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^44] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^45]
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^46] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^47] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^48]
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^46] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^46]
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^49] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^49]
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^47] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^48]
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^50] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^51]
### Foreign Broadcast Information Service
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^49] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^50] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^51]
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^52] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^53] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^54]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^52]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^55]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^53]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^56]
### Psychological warfare liaison, 1946 to 1952
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^54]
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^57]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^55]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^58]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^56]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^59]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^57] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^58] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^59] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^60] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^61] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^62] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^63]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^60] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^61] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^62] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^63] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^64] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^65] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^66]
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^64] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^65] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^66]
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^67] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^68] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^69]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^67] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^68]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^70] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^71]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^69]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^72]
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the agency and the Center for International Studies, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^70] A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^71] A CIA memorandum dated February 16, 1959, forwarding a [[National Review]] Bulletin item, carries the item's text stating that [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] "lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies," and that they have been influenced by the theories of "W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^72] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies."[^73] A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^74]
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the agency and the Center for International Studies, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^73] A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^74] A CIA memorandum dated February 16, 1959, forwarding a [[National Review]] Bulletin item, carries the item's text stating that [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] "lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies," and that they have been influenced by the theories of "W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^75] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies."[^76] A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^77]
### Footnotes
@ -238,35 +250,38 @@ A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENI
[^40]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
[^41]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
[^42]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Chapter X, part 2, section C.2 (Carlos Amador: CIA cables of April 23 and April 25, 1986). https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch10p2.htm
[^43]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^44]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^45]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^46]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^47]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^48]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^49]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^50]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^51]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^52]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^53]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^54]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^55]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^56]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^57]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^58]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^59]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^60]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^61]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^62]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^63]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^64]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^65]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^66]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^67]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^68]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^69]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^70]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
[^71]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
[^72]: CIA memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
[^73]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
[^74]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
[^43]: Gerth, Jeff, "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, section A, p. 20, archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033224/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/us/old-concerns-over-data-transfer-to-china-get-new-attention.html
[^44]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (Cox Report), H. Rept. 105-851, vol. II, ch. 5, pp. 55-57, and Appendix A, pp. 208-209, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^45]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, with notes 76 and 77, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html
[^46]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^47]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^48]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^49]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^50]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^51]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^52]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^53]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^54]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^55]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^56]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^57]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^58]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^59]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^60]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^61]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^62]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^63]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^64]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^65]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^66]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^67]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^68]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^69]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^70]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^71]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^72]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^73]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
[^74]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
[^75]: CIA memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
[^76]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
[^77]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4

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---
created: 2026-10-14
updated: 2026-10-14
aliases:
- Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
- Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC)
- DDTC
- Office of Defense Trade Controls
- Office of Defense Trade Controls (ODTC)
- ODTC
- Office of Munitions Control
- Center for Defense Trade
- Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy
- PM/DDTC
tags:
- Organization
- Government
- USA
- ExportControl
- ITAR
- ArmsExport
- StateDepartment
category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "The State Department directorate that administers the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, registers arms manufacturers and exporters, issues commodity jurisdiction determinations and imposes civil penalties by consent agreement."
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Bureau of Political-Military Affairs]]"
role: "directorate within the bureau under 22 CFR 120.12"
fn: 7
- type: head_of
with: "[[William J. Lowell]]"
reverse: true
start: 1995-04-27
end: 2003-01-20
role: "Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls, signatory of notices dated April 27, 1995 and February 12, 1997; named again in 1996 and 2002 records; the position of Director was abolished in the realignment effective January 20, 2003"
fn: 36
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Space Systems/Loral]]"
start: 2002-01-09
role: "consent agreement signed by Assistant Secretary Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Jr., civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $6,000,000 was suspended"
fn: 29
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Hughes Electronics Corporation]]"
start: 2003-03-04
role: "consent agreement with Boeing Satellite Systems, Inc., civil penalty of $32,000,000"
fn: 27
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[BAE Systems]]"
start: 2011-05-16
role: "four-year consent agreement, civil penalty of $79,000,000"
fn: 31
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Raytheon]]"
start: 2013-04-30
role: "four-year consent agreement announced April 30, 2013, civil penalty of $8,000,000, of which $4,000,000 was suspended"
fn: 5
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Honeywell International]]"
start: 2021
role: "order setting a civil penalty of $13,000,000, of which $5,000,000 was suspended"
fn: 32
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[L3Harris Technologies]]"
start: 2019
role: "order covering activities of Harris Corporation before the merger, civil penalty of $13,000,000"
fn: 33
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Boeing]]"
start: 2024-02-29
role: "36-month consent agreement resolving 199 violations, civil penalty of $51,000,000"
fn: 34
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[RTX Corporation]]"
start: 2024-08-30
role: "36-month consent agreement resolving 750 violations, civil penalty of $200,000,000, of which $100,000,000 was suspended"
fn: 6
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[BAE Systems]]"
start: 2026-08-13
role: "36-month consent agreement resolving 104 violations, civil penalty of $36,000,000, of which $18,000,000 was suspended"
fn: 35
- type: investigated
with: "[[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany]]"
start: 1993-07-26
end: 1995-01-27
role: "licenses suspended by the Office of Defense Trade Controls on July 26, 1993 and again in 1994, rescinded in January 1995 after guilty pleas and a consent agreement"
fn: 36
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[General Electric]]"
start: 2026
role: "2026 entry on the directorate's penalties page: unauthorized exports of technical data to the People's Republic of China, violations of the provisos of authorizations, unauthorized exports of defense articles and failure to report material changes to its ITAR registration"
fn: 26
---
The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) is the office in the [[State Department]]'s [[Bureau of Political-Military Affairs]] that administers the [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations]] (ITAR, 22 CFR Parts 120 to 130), which implement section 38 of the [[Arms Export Control Act]]. The directorate registers manufacturers and exporters of defense articles, licenses their exports, issues commodity jurisdiction determinations that decide whether an item is on the [[United States Munitions List]], and imposes civil penalties by consent agreement and statutory debarment.
### Lineage
The office descends from the [[National Munitions Control Board]], which a joint resolution of August 31, 1935 established "to carry out the provisions of" an act barring arms exports to belligerent countries. The board was chaired by the [[Secretary of State]] and included the secretaries of the [[Department of the Treasury|Treasury]], [[Department of Defense|War]], [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] and [[Department of Commerce|Commerce]]. The act vested administration in the State Department, required persons engaged in manufacturing, exporting or importing arms to register, and required the board's annual report to Congress to contain "a list of all persons required to register under the provisions of this Act, and full information concerning the licenses issued hereunder."[^1]
The licensing work was done by the Office of Munitions Control within the State Department. A public notice of March 29, 1990 announced that the Office of Munitions Control had changed its name to the Office of Defense Trade Controls, a change recorded in a September 17, 1996 ITAR amendment that also replaced the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs with the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs.[^2] Effective January 20, 2003 the department realigned its defense trade controls. A rule published February 14, 2003 amended the ITAR to describe the new Directorate of Defense Trade Controls under a Deputy Assistant Secretary and Managing Director of Defense Trade Controls (the contact named in the rule was [[Robert W. Maggi]]), with subordinate offices for management, licensing, compliance and policy, and provided: "The position of Director of the Office of Defense Trade Controls is abolished."[^3] The Commerce Department's [[Bureau of Industry and Security]] followed in a rule effective October 12, 2004, which stated that the State Department had decided "through an internal organizational order" to change the name of the Office of Defense Trade Controls to the Directorate and replaced the office's name and "DTC" with "Directorate of Defense Trade Controls" and "DDTC" throughout the [[Export Administration Regulations]].[^4] The offices below the directorate kept the older name, as in the Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance, which conducted the reviews behind later settlements.[^5][^6] An April 21, 2006 ITAR rule made the same change throughout the regulations, replaced references to the Center for Defense Trade with the directorate or with the Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy depending on the section, and set out the directorate's place in the bureau at 22 CFR 120.12.[^7]
The Arms Export Control Act was enacted as title II of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-329, June 30, 1976). Its section 38 carried forward the registration and licensing requirements, and the statutory note provides that references to 22 U.S.C. 1934 are deemed references to section 38.[^8]
### Registration
Section 38 requires that every person who "engages in the business of manufacturing, exporting, or importing" designated defense articles or defense services "shall register with the United States Government agency charged with the administration of this section, and shall pay a registration fee."[^8] A 1996 amendment (Public Law 104-164, title I, section 151(a), July 21, 1996) added a second clause covering persons engaged in "brokering activities" with respect to the manufacture, export, import or transfer of foreign defense articles and services.[^8]
A rule effective January 9, 2025 revised the registration fees, setting them by tier with a multiplier of $1,100 for Tier 3 at 22 CFR 122.3(a)(3).[^9]
The company [[ELDAEON]] states its registration on its website. The footer of its home page reads "DDTC M53536" followed by a CAGE code.[^10] In a June 8, 2026 comment to the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] on a proposed rule about drone flights near fixed-site facilities, the company wrote that it "is registered with the U.S. Department of State's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) and is pursuing a Commodity Jurisdiction determination for our flagship system, Nemesis, under ITAR."[^11]
### Commodity Jurisdiction
Under 22 CFR 120.12, a person who submits a Commodity Jurisdiction Determination Form (DS-4076) receives a determination from the directorate on whether an article or service is covered by the U.S. Munitions List in Part 121. The regulation states that the determination "entails consultation among the Departments of State, Defense, Commerce, and other U.S. Government agencies and industry in appropriate cases," and that the three departments resolve commodity jurisdiction disputes under established procedures. The determination is made case by case "taking into account" the form and fit of the article, its function and performance capability, and the applicant's history of the product's design, development and use.[^12]
The satellite cases show how that jurisdiction moved between agencies. The House [[Cox Committee]] (the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China) recorded in its summary on Hughes that commercial satellites "had been transferred to the Commerce Department, but licensing for improvements to any part of the rocket, such as the fairing, remained with the State Department."[^13]
A directorate rule revising Category XV of the Munitions List, which covers spacecraft and related articles, took effect on November 10, 2014, with one paragraph effective June 27, 2014.[^14] A Commerce interim final rule published the same day added controls under the Export Administration Regulations for spacecraft that the President had determined "no longer warrant control" under Category XV.[^15] A December 30, 1996 Commerce rule had earlier moved encryption items from the Munitions List to the [[Commerce Control List]].[^16]
### Licensing and Brokering
The licensing record includes foreign-origin arms moved by American brokers. The [[Hartford Courant]] reported that [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]], then an assistant United States attorney in Washington, gave a legal opinion clearing the way for a private $5 million shipment of Soviet-bloc rifles, machine guns and grenade launchers to the Nicaraguan [[Contras]] in the summer of 1985. Barcella told the paper in 1992 that "somebody in the government came to me." He said that in developing the opinion he contacted the Office of Munitions Control at the State Department and the Justice Department's office of internal security. [[Joseph diGenova]], the United States attorney, said "And I never authorized any such thing."[^17] The 1996 brokering clause of section 38 postdates the shipment by eleven years.
In the prosecution of [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], [[Richard St. Francis]] and [[Joseph O'Toole]] in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], the defendants were charged with conspiring to sell American-made C-130 cargo planes located in Israel to [[Iran]] in violation of the Arms Export Control Act. In an opinion of August 1, 1990 Judge [[Louis L. Stanton]] quoted St. Francis's memorandum as contending that he had been encouraged to think that obtaining a false end user certificate was the only "legitimate" way to complete the transaction, with the certificate "being submitted to the Israeli Government (who would know it was false) and not to the State Department (who would also know it was false)."[^18]
The Hashemi cases of the 1980s turned on the same end-user paperwork. The report of the congressional Iran-Contra committees records that in May 1984 federal criminal charges were filed against [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and his [[Hashemi brothers|brothers]] [[Reza Hashemi|Reza]] and [[Jamshid Hashemi|Jamshid]], among others, for alleged arms export control violations; that Hashemi then arranged with the [[U.S. Customs]] Service to run a [[Hashemi Sting|sting operation]]; and that it produced the April 22, 1986 indictment of 17 individuals in the Southern District of New York on charges of an illegal scheme to smuggle $2.5 billion in American-made weapons to Iran. Hashemi was to be the primary prosecution witness until his death in July 1986.[^19] The committees also recorded that the businessman [[Roy Furmark]] knew Hashemi and introduced [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]] to him and to [[Adnan Khashoggi]],[^20] and that around April 22, 1986 CIA officers learned that Ghorbanifar had allegedly funded a transaction coordinated by Hashemi that violated federal law, which was the first they knew of a Customs sting.[^20] The Second Circuit later wrote that the original indictment in the case was returned in May 1986; that its lead defendant [[Samuel Evans]] was general counsel to Khashoggi; and that the defendants were charged with conspiring to violate the Arms Export Control Act and to make false statements, under 22 U.S.C. 2778(c) and 18 U.S.C. 1001, by supplying false end user certificates to deceive the United States about the destination of arms valued at over $2 billion, which were to go to Hashemi, "a government agent pretending to be an Iranian buyer."[^21] Judge [[Leonard B. Sand]] wrote in 1987 that none of the arms deals in the fourth superseding indictment was consummated; that Hashemi was the putative Iranian buyer in each of five alleged conspiracies, including the "Dergo Establishment Arms Deal"; and that under the regulations "the written approval of the Department of State" had to be obtained before a defense article was resold, diverted or transferred to a country other than the one stated on the export license. The opinion also names Customs Agent [[Joe King|King]], who assisted a search of the defendants' luggage in Bermuda.[^22]
[[Kenneth Peoples]], a State Department licensing official who was [[Hughes Electronics Corporation|Hughes]]'s primary contact on satellite issues, had issued license number 483414 for the export of the Aussat B (later Optus B) satellite. A Hughes document on the Apstar 1 and 2 licenses stated that release of detailed design, production or manufacturing data required specific Office of Defense Trade Controls approval of a separate application.[^23]
After the failure of [[Intelsat 708]] on a [[Long March 3B]] launch in February 1996, Peoples believed there was a serious possibility the ITAR had been violated and recommended that [[Space Systems/Loral|Loral]] provide a letter to [[William J. Lowell]], Director of the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. Loral delivered a box of documents to the department.[^24] On May 29, 1996 Lowell wrote to [[Eric J. Zahler]], general counsel of Loral Space and Communications, that there was reason to believe Loral may have participated in serious violations of the ITAR by providing unauthorized defense services to the People's Republic of China during the launch failure investigation, and recommended that Loral cease related activity requiring approval, make a full disclosure and enumerate all releases controlled under the regulations.[^25]
### Consent Agreements and Penalties
The directorate's public "Penalties & Oversight Agreements" page cites ITAR section 127.10, under which the Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs is authorized to impose civil penalties, and describes consent agreements that may include a Special Compliance Officer (SCO), an Internal Special Compliance Officer (ISCO), a policy of denial, debarment, audits and "cradle-to-grave" export tracking. It lists 80 entries.[^26] Its 2026 entries include the [[BAE Systems]], Inc. agreement, which the page describes as including retransfer "in one case to the People's Republic of China," and an entry for [[General Electric]] Company describing unauthorized exports of technical data to the People's Republic of China, violations of the provisos of directorate authorizations, unauthorized exports of defense articles and "failure to report material changes to its ITAR registration."[^26]
On March 4, 2003 the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs signed a consent agreement imposing a $32 million fine on Hughes Electronics Corporation and [[Boeing Satellite Systems]], Inc., settling 123 charges under the Arms Export Control Act and the ITAR. Of the $20 million cash penalty, $12 million went to the Treasury and $8 million to the U.S. Customs Service to settle a separate claim. Another $12 million was suspended on condition that the companies apply the funds to remedial compliance measures.[^27]
A draft charging letter to Space Systems/Loral alleged 64 violations connected with the company's conduct after the failure of the Long March 3B launch carrying the Intelsat 708 spacecraft.[^28] The consent agreement of January 9, 2002 was signed for the department by Assistant Secretary [[Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Jr.]] and for the parent company by Eric J. Zahler, its president and chief operating officer, on January 8. It recites that the principal vehicle for the alleged violations was an Independent Review Committee of scientists and engineers from the United States and Europe, organized and chaired by Space Systems/Loral officers "under the aegis" of the China Aerospace Corporation. The civil penalty was $20,000,000: $14,000,000 payable ($2,200,000 within ten days of the order and $11,800,000 in seven annual installments of $1,685,714) and $6,000,000 suspended on condition that Loral and Space Systems/Loral apply that amount over seven years to remedial compliance measures, with $2,000,000 already invested credited toward it. The companies neither admitted nor denied the allegations.[^29]
On March 27, 2007 the [[U.S. Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced that [[ITT Corporation]] would pay a $100 million penalty and plead guilty to illegally exporting secret military data overseas. The release calls ITT "the first major defense contractor convicted of a criminal violation of the Arms Export Control Act."[^30]
On May 16, 2011 the directorate reached a four-year consent agreement with BAE Systems for a civil penalty of $79 million, which the department called "the largest civil penalty in Department history." The department said it identified the violations in a review of BAE's conduct after the company's criminal conviction in March 2010 for conspiracy to violate the AECA and the ITAR. The proposed charging letter alleged an estimated 2,591 violations in connection with unauthorized brokering.[^31]
On April 30, 2013 the department announced a four-year consent agreement with [[Raytheon]] for $8 million in civil penalties and remedial expenditures, of which $4 million was suspended on condition that the funds be used for remedial compliance measures. The department's Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance had found that hundreds of violations disclosed over many years showed "a recurring, corporate-wide weakness in maintaining effective ITAR controls."[^5]
A 2021 order against [[Honeywell International]], concerning unauthorized exports and retransfers of defense articles and technical data to various countries including a proscribed destination, set a civil penalty of $13,000,000, of which $5,000,000 was suspended on condition that the company apply that amount to remedial compliance measures under the consent agreement.[^32] A 2019 order against [[L3Harris Technologies]], concerning activities of Harris Corporation before the merger, set a civil penalty of $13,000,000; the charges were unauthorized exports of defense articles including technical data, inaccurate and incomplete Part 130 reporting, and violations of license terms.[^33]
On February 29, 2024 the State Department announced a 36-month consent agreement with [[Boeing]] for 199 violations of the Arms Export Control Act and the ITAR, including unauthorized exports and retransfers of technical data to foreign-person employees and contractors and unauthorized exports of technical data to China. The civil penalty was $51 million, of which $24 million was suspended. The department stated that all of the violations were voluntarily disclosed.[^34]
On August 30, 2024 the department announced a 36-month consent agreement with [[RTX Corporation]] (the successor name of Raytheon's parent) resolving 750 violations of the Arms Export Control Act and the ITAR, concluded under ITAR section 128.11. The violations were unauthorized exports of defense articles resulting from the failure to establish proper jurisdiction and classification, unauthorized exports including classified defense articles, hand-carry exports by employees to destinations listed in 22 CFR 126.1, and violations of the terms and provisos of directorate authorizations. The civil penalty was $200 million, of which $100 million was suspended on condition that the funds be used for remedial compliance measures, with an external special compliance officer for at least 24 months. The department stated that RTX disclosed all of the alleged violations voluntarily.[^6]
On August 13, 2026 the department announced a 36-month consent agreement with BAE Systems, Inc. resolving 104 violations, for a civil penalty of $36 million, of which $18 million was suspended. The settlement was concluded under ITAR section 128.11 and covered unauthorized exports of technical data, violations of the terms of directorate authorizations, and unauthorized exports of defense articles. The company voluntarily disclosed all but one of the alleged violations.[^35]
Suspension of licenses and statutory debarment form a second enforcement tool. On July 26, 1993 the Office of Defense Trade Controls suspended all licenses and approvals for [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany]] after a May 26, 1993 indictment in the Southern District of Florida charging conspiracy to illegally export ordnance-grade zirconium to [[Chile]] "for use in cluster bombs and other munitions for Iraq." A second indictment returned July 13, 1994 in the District of Columbia charged the company and others with a scheme to export zirconium compacts to Greece for reexport to [[Jordan]]; the department suspended licenses for the company, Extraco Ltd., Weco Industrial Products Export GmbH, [[Edward A. Johnson]] and others effective that day. Teledyne pleaded guilty in Florida on January 26, 1995 and in Washington on January 27, 1995, and under a consent agreement the department rescinded the suspensions effective January 26 and 27, 1995, in a notice signed by Lowell on April 27, 1995.[^36] A June 12, 1996 notice debarred Teledyne Wah Chang Albany for three years after its convictions and listed [[Swissco Management Group]] and Johnson as convicted on August 7, 1995 of conspiracy to violate 22 U.S.C. 2778 under 18 U.S.C. 371.[^37] A March 24, 1997 notice by the office replaced a policy of denial for [[Fuchs Electronics]] with statutory debarment. The policy of denial had taken effect on June 8, 1994 in response to an indictment in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]. The notice records a consent agreement between Fuchs and the department dated January 24, 1997, and a guilty plea by Fuchs on February 27, 1997.[^38]
The same page lists entries for earlier years: in 2024, Precision Castparts (technical data to foreign-person employees from Bhutan, Burundi, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Peru); in 2023, Island Pyrochemical Industries (unauthorized brokering with a People's Republic of China corporation, and false statements), VTA Telecom (Vietnam) and 3D Systems; in 2022, Torrey Pines Logic and Leonid B. Volfson; in 2021, Keysight Technologies (technical data, including software, to various countries including a proscribed destination); in 2020, Airbus SE (false statements on authorization requests, failure to report political contributions, commissions or fees, record-keeping, and unauthorized re-export); in 2019, AeroVironment, L3Harris and Darling Industries; in 2018, FLIR Systems, including the retransfer of technical data and defense services to dual-national employees of Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Cuba; and in 2017, Bright Lights USA.[^26]
In 2022 the directorate entered orders in three cases arising from work for the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Ryan Adams, Marc Baier and Daniel Gericke each "settled allegations that he violated the [ITAR] in connection with the unauthorized exports of defense services to the United Arab Emirates." Each order imposes "administrative debarment ... for a period of three years in accordance with ITAR § 127.7(a)."[^39] The proposed charging letter to Baier alleges one charge covering January 2016 to November 2019. It states that before [[DarkMatter]], "a foreign corporation registered in the UAE," Baier was employed by [[CyberPoint International]] LLC, "a U.S.-based company that provided cyber services to the UAE government pursuant to ITAR licenses or other approvals, including technical assistance agreements"; that the U.S.-person managers who joined DarkMatter "became the founding members of a Raven Team successor at DarkMatter, which was referred to as the Cyber Intelligence-Operations (CIO) group" and "operated in the same building, with the same terminals, setup, and computer infrastructure from which they operated under CyberPoint"; and that "Respondent created certain zero-click computer hacking and intelligence gathering systems that were specially designed, developed, maintained and operated by Respondent to access tens of millions of devices for the UAE government's intelligence purposes."[^40] The proposed charging letter to Gericke covers the period October 2016 to February 2017 and states that he "was a U.S. person within the meaning of § 120.15 of the ITAR until February 2017."[^41]
### Directors
William J. Lowell signed an April 27, 1995 notice as Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls, and a February 12, 1997 notice in the same capacity.[^36][^38] He is named as the office's director in the Loral failure review of 1996[^24][^25] and in a May 3, 2002 notice.[^42] The ITAR amendment effective January 20, 2003 abolished the position of Director of the Office of Defense Trade Controls and placed the directorate under a Deputy Assistant Secretary who was also Managing Director of Defense Trade Controls; the rule's contact was Robert W. Maggi.[^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Joint Resolution of August 31, 1935, Pub. Res. No. 67, 74th Cong., 49 Stat. 1081, establishing the National Munitions Control Board. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-49/pdf/STATUTE-49-Pg1081.pdf
[^2]: Department of State, "Bureau of Political-Military Affairs; Amendments to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 61 Fed. Reg. (Sept. 17, 1996), FR Doc. 96-23659, describing Public Notice 1179, 55 Fed. Reg. 11714 (Mar. 29, 1990). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-09-17/html/96-23659.htm
[^3]: Department of State, "Bureau of Political-Military Affairs; Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 68 Fed. Reg. 7417 (Feb. 14, 2003), FR Doc. 03-2926, Public Notice 4274, effective January 29, 2003, reflecting a realignment effective January 20, 2003. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2003-02-14/html/03-2926.htm
[^4]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, "Nomenclature Change: References to Another Agency," 69 Fed. Reg. 60545 (Oct. 12, 2004), FR Doc. 04-22861, effective October 12, 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-10-12/html/04-22861.htm
[^5]: Department of State, "State Department Announces Resolution of Raytheon Company Arms Export Control Enforcement Case," media note, April 30, 2013. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/04/208655.htm
[^6]: Department of State, "U.S. Department of State Concludes $200 Million Settlement Resolving Export Violations by RTX Corporation," media note, August 30, 2024. https://2021-2025.state.gov/u-s-department-of-state-concludes-200-million-settlement-resolving-export-violations-by-rtx-corporation/
[^7]: Department of State, "Amendments to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Office Names, Corrected Cross-Referencing, Reference to Wassenaar Arrangement, and Other Corrections/Administrative Changes," 71 Fed. Reg. 20534 (Apr. 21, 2006), FR Doc. 06-3500. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2006-04-21/html/06-3500.htm
[^8]: Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778 (section 38), as added by Pub. L. 94-329, title II, sec. 212(a)(1), 90 Stat. 744 (June 30, 1976), and as amended by Pub. L. 104-164, title I, sec. 151(a), 110 Stat. 1437 (July 21, 1996), with the statutory note on references to 22 U.S.C. 1934. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2778
[^9]: Department of State, "International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Registration Fees," 89 Fed. Reg. 99081 (Dec. 10, 2024), FR Doc. 2024-29032, effective January 9, 2025 (Tier 3 multiplier at 22 CFR 122.3(a)(3)). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-12-10/html/2024-29032.htm
[^10]: ELDÆON, home page footer, viewed October 14, 2026. https://eldaeon.com/
[^11]: ELDAEON INC. (signed Jonathan Wagner), comment FAA-2026-4558-0285 on the proposed rule restricting the operation of unmanned aircraft in close proximity to a fixed-site facility, posted June 8, 2026. https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FAA-2026-4558-0285
[^12]: 22 CFR 120.12, "Commodity jurisdiction determination requests," paragraphs (a) and (b). https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/22/120.12
[^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, H. Rept. 105-851 (1999), vol. II, ch. 5 (Hughes), summary, PDF p. 4. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851-2-5.pdf
[^14]: Department of State, "Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Revision of U.S. Munitions List Category XV," 79 Fed. Reg. (May 13, 2014), FR Doc. 2014-10806, effective November 10, 2014, except Category XV(d), effective June 27, 2014. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-05-13/html/2014-10806.htm
[^15]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, interim final rule, "Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of Spacecraft Systems and Related Items," 79 Fed. Reg. (May 13, 2014), FR Doc. 2014-10807, effective June 27, 2014 with later provisions effective November 10, 2014. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-05-13/html/2014-10807.htm
[^16]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Encryption Items Transferred From the U.S. Munitions List to the Commerce Control List," interim rule, 61 Fed. Reg. (Dec. 30, 1996), FR Doc. 96-33030. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-12-30/html/96-33030.htm
[^17]: Lyn Bixby, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," Hartford Courant, May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
[^18]: United States v. Menashe, 741 F. Supp. 1135 (S.D.N.Y. 1990), No. 90 Cr. 010 (LLS), memorandum and order of Judge Louis L. Stanton, August 1, 1990, citing St. Francis's memorandum in support, pp. 7-8. https://static.case.law/f-supp/741/cases/1135-01.json
[^19]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216 (Nov. 1987), ch. 9, note 13, p. 171. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongress87unit
[^20]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (1987), ch. 9, p. 164; and the discussion of "Complications" around April 22, 1986, p. 226 and note 120. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongress87unit
[^21]: United States v. Evans, 844 F.2d 36 (2d Cir. 1988), opinion of Chief Judge Feinberg, April 7, 1988, part I. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/504381/united-states-v-evans/
[^22]: United States v. Evans, 667 F. Supp. 974 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), opinion of Judge Sand, July 10, 1987. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2158497/united-states-v-evans/
[^23]: U.S. House of Representatives, H. Rept. 105-851 (1999), vol. II, ch. 5 (Hughes), PDF pp. 19 and 45. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851-2-5.pdf
[^24]: U.S. House of Representatives, H. Rept. 105-851 (1999), vol. II, Loral chapter, PDF pp. 54-55. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851-2-7.pdf
[^25]: U.S. House of Representatives, H. Rept. 105-851 (1999), vol. II, Loral chapter, "Loral Submits Its 'Voluntary' Disclosure to the State Department," p. 151 (the letter of May 29, 1996). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851-2-7.pdf
[^26]: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, "Penalties & Oversight Agreements," DDTC Public Portal, viewed October 14, 2026. https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public/ddtc_public?id=ddtc_kb_article_page&sys_id=384b968adb3cd30044f9ff621f961941
[^27]: Department of State, "Department of State Reaches Settlement with Boeing and Hughes," March 2003 (settlement of March 4, 2003). https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/18275.htm
[^28]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc., undated, charges 1 to 64 ("Sixty-four (64) violations are alleged at this time"). https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b
[^29]: Loral Space & Communications Ltd., Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1, consent agreement between the Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, and Space Systems/Loral, Inc. and Loral Space & Communications Ltd., paragraphs 5 and 10 and signature page, signed January 8 and 9, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt
[^30]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "ITT Corporation to Pay $100 Million Penalty and Plead Guilty to Illegally Exporting Secret Military Data Overseas," March 27, 2007, release no. 07-192. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2007/March/07_nsd_192.html
[^31]: Department of State, "BAE Systems plc Enters Civil Settlement of Alleged Violations of the AECA and ITAR and Agrees to Civil Penalty of $79 Million," release of May 17, 2011 describing a May 16, 2011 settlement. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/163530.htm
[^32]: Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Order, In the Matter of Honeywell International, Inc., entered 2021 (civil penalty of $13,000,000; $5,000,000 suspended). https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=9d3eab0b1bb764902dc36311f54bcb3f
[^33]: Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Order, In the Matter of L3Harris Technologies, Inc., entered 2019, under section 38(e) of the Arms Export Control Act (civil penalty of $13,000,000). https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=43579882db44c0107ede365e7c9619cc
[^34]: Department of State, "Department of State Concludes $51 Million Settlement Resolving Export Violations by The Boeing Company," media note, February 29, 2024. https://2021-2025.state.gov/u-s-department-of-state-concludes-51-million-settlement-resolving-export-violations-by-the-boeing-company/
[^35]: Department of State, "Department of State Concludes $36 Million Settlement Resolving Export Violations by BAE Systems, Inc.," August 13, 2026. https://www.state.gov/releases/bureau-of-political-military-affairs/2026/08/u-s-department-of-state-concludes-36-million-settlement-resolving-export-violations-by-bae-systems-inc-bae/
[^36]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), dated April 27, 1995 and signed by William J. Lowell, Director; and Public Notice 2207, 60 Fed. Reg. 30150 (June 7, 1995). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf
[^37]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2395, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 61 Fed. Reg. 29784 (June 12, 1996), FR Doc. 96-14826. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-06-12/pdf/96-14826.pdf
[^38]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 62 Fed. Reg. 13933 (Mar. 24, 1997), FR Doc. 97-7273, dated February 12, 1997 and signed by William J. Lowell, Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls (Fuchs Electronics (Pty) Ltd., effective February 27, 1997). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm
[^39]: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, Orders in the matters of Ryan Adams, Marc Baier and Daniel Gericke, 2022, DDTC Public Portal, "Penalties & Oversight Agreements." https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public/ddtc_public?id=ddtc_kb_article_page&sys_id=384b968adb3cd30044f9ff621f961941
[^40]: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, Proposed Charging Letter, In the Matter of Marc Baier, 2022, DDTC Public Portal, "Penalties & Oversight Agreements." https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public/ddtc_public?id=ddtc_kb_article_page&sys_id=384b968adb3cd30044f9ff621f961941
[^41]: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, Proposed Charging Letter, In the Matter of Daniel Gericke, 2022, DDTC Public Portal, "Penalties & Oversight Agreements." https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public/ddtc_public?id=ddtc_kb_article_page&sys_id=384b968adb3cd30044f9ff621f961941
[^42]: Department of State, "Office of Defense Trade Controls; Notifications to the Congress of Proposed Commercial Export Licenses," 67 Fed. Reg. (May 3, 2002), FR Doc. 02-11021, naming William J. Lowell, Director. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2002-05-03/html/02-11021.htm

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@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
---
aliases:
- "FAA"
- "Federal Aviation Agency"
category: "U.S. Government"
tags:
- Organization
- FAA
- USGovernment
- AviationRegistry
- UAP
- DroneRegulation
- JeffreyEpstein
- Aviation
summary: "The Federal Aviation Administration keeps the public aircraft registry and issues the flight restrictions and UAP reporting rules recurring in the Epstein, Seal and Sierra Blanca records."
location: "Washington, D.C."
created: 2026-10-14
updated: 2026-10-14
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Department of Transportation]]"
role: "modal administration within the Department of Transportation, created by the Department of Transportation Act"
start: 1967-04-01
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Elwood R. Quesada]]"
reverse: true
role: "first Federal Aviation Agency Administrator"
start: 1958-11-01
end: 1961-01-20
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[Stephen M. Dickson]]"
reverse: true
role: "Eighteenth FAA Administrator"
start: 2019-08-12
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[UAP Task Force]]"
role: "member agency of the planned interagency task force, according to Luis Elizondo"
start: 2020
fn: 35
---
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the [[United States]] agency that regulates civil aviation, operates the national airspace system and keeps the public record of U.S.-registered aircraft.[^1] It was created as the Federal Aviation Agency in 1958 and took its present name on April 1, 1967, when it became one of the modal administrations of the [[Department of Transportation]].[^2][^3]
### Creation and leadership
The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 established the agency in its first section: "There is hereby established the Federal Aviation Agency."[^1] The act was signed on August 23, 1958. [[Elwood R. Quesada]], a retired [[U.S. Air Force]] general, became the first administrator on November 1, 1958, and the agency began operations on December 31 of that year.[^3] The Department of Transportation Act of October 15, 1966 created the department and placed a Federal Aviation Administration within it.[^2] The department began full operations on April 1, 1967, and the agency took the new name.[^3] The FAA's biography series lists eighteen administrators, from Quesada through [[Stephen M. Dickson]], who took office on August 12, 2019.[^4]
### Aircraft registry
The N-Number Inquiry on the FAA's registry site reports, for a registration mark, whether the mark is assigned, deregistered or reserved, the registered owner name and mailing address, the certificate issue date, the make, model and serial number, and the Mode S code. The page states that its data is "Updated Each Federal Working Day At Midnight."[^5] Reserved marks carry a reservation date and renewal and purge dates. The mark N3FD, which appears in the [[Epstein Files]] and on the [[St. Thomas Jet Center]] page, was listed on October 14, 2026 as reserved, with a reservation date of July 21, 2022, a renewal date of May 25, 2026 and a purge date of August 21, 2027.[^6]
Two marks connected to [[Barry Seal]] and his [[Southern Air Transport]] operations, N4410F and N5575A, are listed as deregistered.[^7] The registry also lists N1437J, a Cessna 210A that the record associates with the family of [[R.C. Horsch]], as deregistered.[^8]
Active marks appear in the same inquiry. N114BD is assigned, with [[Black Diamond Aviation Group LLC]] as registered owner.[^9] N615BD is registered to [[Stephen Deckoff]] as an individual.[^10] N908JE, the mark of the Boeing 727 known as the [[Lolita Express]], is assigned to [[Jet Assets Inc.]][^11]
Section 803 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 added 49 U.S.C. 44114, which requires the FAA, on request of a private aircraft owner, to withhold the registration number and personally identifiable information from broad public display, with exceptions for data furnished to government agencies, including for traffic management.[^12] The FAA opened the request process on March 28, 2025 through its Civil Aviation Registry Electronic Services system, and said it was evaluating whether to withhold the personally identifiable information of private owners from the public registry by default.[^13] A request for comment followed in the [[Federal Register]] on April 3, 2025.[^14] The N615BD record displayed the registered owner's name in the public inquiry on October 14, 2026.[^10]
### Epstein aircraft files
In August and September 2021 a special agent of the FAA's Law Enforcement Assistance Program in [[Atlanta]] corresponded with federal investigators about the registration files of aircraft tied to [[Jeffrey Epstein]].[^15] On August 18, 2021 the investigators sent the agent a list of search terms: Jeffrey Epstein, [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], Air Ghislaine, [[Thomas World Air LLC]], [[Hyperion Air]] LLC, [[Freedom Air Petroleum LLC]], [[NES LLC]], [[Maple, Inc.]] and [[Nautilus Inc.]][^15] The agent wrote the same day that a special agent of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] at the Saint Thomas Resident Office had been interested in Epstein and his aircraft in 2015 and 2016, and that in August 2019 the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] in Atlanta had been interested in aircraft linked to Epstein.[^15] His notes, re-sent by the investigators on September 29, state that he had ordered certified copies of the registration records of ten aircraft, to be sent by regular mail from the FAA in [[Oklahoma]].[^15] The same chain appears in a second production in the [[Department of Justice]]'s Epstein Library.[^16]
The companies in the notes include [[Air Ghislaine, Inc.]], [[JEGE, Inc.]] and Hyperion Air Inc. Air Ghislaine Inc. of Wilmington, Delaware bought a Sikorsky S-76C-2 helicopter, N750A, on December 30, 2008; [[Larry Visoski]] signed as Director of Aviation. The company changed its name to Shmitka Air Inc. on February 11, 2010, and the helicopter took the number N722JE in March 2010. JEGE Inc. bought a 1969 Boeing 727 on January 19, 2001, renumbered it N908JE in April 2001, and was its registered owner until the registration was cancelled on October 5, 2019; the agent wrote that the aircraft was on the Part 125 certificate of JEGE Inc., whose chief executive was Epstein. Hyperion Air Inc. bought a 1974 Gulfstream in 1994 on a document signed by Epstein as president, renumbered it N909JE, and sold it in November 2013. Of a Bell 430 helicopter that Hyperion Air Inc. registered in 2012 and transferred in August 2013 to Hyperion Air LLC of [[St. Thomas]], the agent wrote that "the same players in the Inc and LLC are on the FAA registration paperwork," naming [[Darren Indyke]] and Visoski.[^15]
Of a Gulfstream G550 registered in 2017 to Plan D LLC, a Virgin Islands company of which Visoski was manager, the agent wrote: "I don't see EPSTEIN's name on any of the FAA paperwork." Two paragraphs later he wrote that the statement in support of registration that Plan D LLC submitted to the FAA listed Epstein as a member and Visoski as manager.[^15] Of Indyke, he wrote: "No FAA certificates issued to Darren INDYKE."[^15] The notes state that no other aircraft were registered or indexed to Hyperion Air Inc. or LLC, Plan D LLC, Ossa Properties Inc., Epstein, Maxwell and the other searched entities.[^15]
On N908JE the agent wrote that it "might be in [[Brunswick, Georgia]]." On September 29, 2021 he wrote that he was retiring on September 30.[^15]
### Carter Cornick and the Townley expulsion
[[Carter Cornick]], a former FBI special agent, was named in the press in 1978 as accompanying [[Michael Townley]] on the flight to the United States after [[Chile]] expelled Townley.[^17] In a 2016 article in the newsletter of the Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cornick wrote that the stir in the United States caused the FAA to order the plane to make an unscheduled landing in [[Baltimore]] before it reached its planned destination in New York.[^18]
### Japan Air Lines flight 1628
On November 17, 1986 a [[Japan Air Lines]] Boeing 747 cargo flight, flight 1628, flew from Reykjavik to [[Anchorage]] under Captain Kenju Terauchi. FAA special agents interviewed the crew at Anchorage that evening. The crew described lights in two sets, yellow, amber and green and none red, first ahead of the aircraft and then on its left; an object on the aircraft's weather radar at about seven to eight nautical miles; a 360 degree turn near [[Fairbanks]] during which the lights stayed with the aircraft; and loss of the lights about 40 miles north of Talkeetna. A record by the FAA Alaskan Region Flight Standards manager states that the duty officer of the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] told him that military radar also showed two targets, one of them the JAL aircraft.[^19]
The FAA's Alaskan Region recorded the sequence of its public response: a correspondent of Kyodo News visited on December 24, 1986 and the Alaska bureau chief of United Press International on December 29; the agency re-interviewed the crew on January 4, 1987; and on January 5 the regional director approved a plan to withhold further release until all material had been collected and to release it at a press conference on March 5, 1987 at 10:00 a.m.[^20] United Press International reported on January 1, 1987 that Terauchi said the largest object was "two times bigger than an aircraft carrier" and that the sighting appeared on FAA and Air Force radar and on the cockpit radar.[^21] At the March 5 press conference the Alaskan Region public affairs officer, [[Paul Steucke]], handed out a statement that read in part: "We have not tried to determine what the crew of Japan Airlines flight 1628 saw based on scientific analysis of the stars, planets, magnetic fields, angle of view, etc." and "The FAA has completed its investigation of JAL flight 1628, and does not intend to pursue it any further."[^22] In a letter of April 1, 1987 to [[Philip J. Klass]] he wrote that the FAA was "not concerned with UFO's per se" and that its primary concern was the safety of the airspace.[^22] Steucke said the radar blip on FAA screens had been analyzed as a split image of the JAL aircraft; Sam Rich, an FAA controller on duty, said in a news report that none of the controllers thought so at the time.[^20] In a letter of May 14, 1987 the FAA's Alaska Region told a correspondent that the report, titled "JAL Flight 1628 Unidentified Traffic Sighting, 11/17/86," was available from the [[National Technical Information Service]] as accession PB87-184206 at $30.95 for a paper copy.[^23]
[[John Callahan]] was an FAA official in Washington, D.C. (office symbol AAT-63). In memoranda of March 10 and 11, 1987 Steucke recorded that Bruce Maccabee of the Naval Surface Weapons Center told him on February 20 that he and several other people had been invited by Callahan, in late January or early February, to see the Alaskan material, which Maccabee described as including the transcript, color photographs of the radar screen, the crew interview and controller statements, and that Callahan told him about a C-130 and Alaska Airlines sighting of January 29, 1987. Steucke attributed to Callahan the release of material that had reached Klass, and wrote that Callahan "probably" received it from one of two FAA employees to whom the Alaskan Region Air Traffic Division had sent it.[^24] Callahan later described the Washington briefing as including personnel of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and science advisers of the Reagan administration, and said that at its end a CIA representative told the attendees that the event never happened and that they were sworn to secrecy. Skeptoid reported that Ron Pandolfi and Maccabee, both of whom attended, said that no one was sworn to secrecy.[^25] Callahan is credited in the acknowledgments of the 2007 [[National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena]] (NARCAP) report on the 2006 O'Hare sighting as "John Callahan, FAA, ret."[^26]
### The 2006 O'Hare sighting
On November 7, 2006 witnesses at [[Chicago O'Hare International Airport]] reported an object hovering above Gate C17. The [[Chicago Tribune]] reported on January 1, 2007 that the FAA had at first told the newspaper it had no information, and reversed after the Tribune filed a Freedom of Information Act request; an internal FAA review of air traffic communications tapes found a call from a United Airlines supervisor to an FAA manager in the tower.[^27] The FAA spokeswoman [[Elizabeth Isham Cory]] was quoted as saying that none of the tower controllers saw the object, that "a preliminary check of radar found nothing out of the ordinary," and: "Our theory on this is that it was a weather phenomenon. That night was a perfect atmospheric condition in terms of low (cloud) ceiling and a lot of airport lights. When the lights shine up into the clouds, sometimes you can see funny things." She said the FAA was not investigating.[^26][^27] NARCAP, which examined the case as its Case 18, reported that its examination of the primary radar data supplied by the FAA found that nothing was detected by radar at that location and time.[^26]
### UAP reporting rules
The FAA's controller order, JO 7110.65, tells controllers to "Inform the operations supervisor/CIC of any reported or observed unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP)/unexplained phenomena activity."[^28] The companion order, JO 7210.3, states that pilot reports and air traffic observations of UAP "must be reported to the National Tactical Security Operations (NTSO) Air Traffic Security Coordinator (ATSC) team on the Domestic Events Network (DEN)." It refers other people who want to report UAP to the website of the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]].[^29]
The Aeronautical Information Manual's section 7-6-4 on UFO reports, in the web edition containing changes through August 27, 2009, told the public to contact "an UFO/Unexplained Phenomena Reporting Data Collection Center, such as the [[National Institute for Discovery Science|National Institute for Discovery Sciences (NIDS)]], the National UFO Reporting Center, etc." and, if concern was expressed that life or property might be endangered, to report the activity to the local law enforcement department.[^30] Section 7-6 of the current manual on the FAA site does not carry that paragraph.[^31]
Section 1673 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 directed the Secretary of Defense to establish a "secure mechanism for authorized reporting" of events relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena.[^32] The 2025 workshop paper of AARO states that "the FAA continues to collect pilot reports."[^33] A 2024 workshop on UAP data organized with [[Associated Universities, Inc.]] proposed designing its reporting schema so that "reports can be linked to FAA/NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) data," along with ADS-B flight tracks.[^34]
Luis Elizondo wrote that [[U.S. Navy]] intelligence leadership tasked [[Jay Stratton]] with building a whole-of-government task force with members from the FBI, the [[National Reconnaissance Office]], [[NASA]] and the FAA, and that Stratton became the first director of the [[UAP Task Force]].[^35]
### Drone rules and the fixed-site restriction process
The FAA's small unmanned aircraft rules, 14 CFR part 107, were adopted in a final rule published June 28, 2016 at 81 FR 42064.[^36] Remote identification of unmanned aircraft, 14 CFR part 89, was adopted in a rule published January 15, 2021 at 86 FR 4390.[^37]
Section 2209 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114-190, enacted July 15, 2016) directed the Secretary of Transportation to establish a process for petitioning the FAA Administrator to restrict unmanned aircraft operations in close proximity to a fixed site facility.[^38] Executive Order 14305, "Restoring American Airspace Sovereignty," dated June 6, 2025, was published at 90 FR 24719 on June 11, 2025.[^39]
On May 6, 2026 the FAA published a notice of proposed rulemaking at 91 FR 24650 under docket FAA-2026-4558. It proposes a new part 74 under which operators or proprietors of fixed site facilities could request an unmanned aircraft flight restriction. Eligible facilities are limited to those that meet the critical infrastructure definition in 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e), a limit the notice describes as consistent with Executive Order 14305.[^40] The comment period, originally set to close on July 6, 2026, was extended to August 5, 2026 by a notice published June 30, 2026.[^41]
On June 8, 2026 [[ELDAEON]] filed comment FAA-2026-4558-0285 in the docket, asking the FAA to recognize passive radar as an approved method of meeting the protective security measures requirement of proposed 14 CFR 74.54.[^42]
### New Jersey and the December 2024 statement
On December 17, 2024 the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the FBI, the FAA and the [[Department of Defense]] issued a joint statement on reported drone sightings in New Jersey and the northeast. The statement said the FBI "has received tips of more than 5,000 reported drone sightings in the last few weeks with approximately 100 leads generated." It attributed the sightings to a combination of lawful commercial, hobbyist and law enforcement drones, as well as "manned fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and stars mistakenly reported as drones," and said: "We have not identified anything anomalous and do not assess the activity to date to present a national security or public safety risk over the civilian airspace in New Jersey or other states in the northeast."[^43] The statement also referred to "a limited number of visual sightings of drones over military facilities in New Jersey."[^43]
### Temporary flight restrictions in West Texas
FDC NOTAM 5/3497, issued by the [[Albuquerque Air Route Traffic Control Center]] (ZAB) under the heading "FORT HANCOCK, TX," runs from November 6, 2025 to November 6, 2026 local. It states that the FAA classifies the airspace it defines as "NTL DEFENSE AIRSPACE" under 49 USC 40103(B)(3), that pilots who do not adhere to its procedures may be intercepted, detained and interviewed, and that the government "MAY USE DEADLY FORCE AGAINST THE AIRBORNE ACFT" if the aircraft is determined to pose an imminent security threat.[^44] The NOTAM cites 14 CFR 99.7 for its special security instructions.[^44] The registry lists N3051Q, a helicopter, as assigned to [[Charlie Helicopter Company]] LLC.[^45]
[[Ross Coulthart]] wrote on August 10, 2026 that the notice was "posted by the FAA on Nov. 8, 2025," and that he had learned the restriction "was initiated by the Defense Department's Joint Special Operations Command liaison to the FAA and imposed 'to shoot down drones'"; he wrote that the closure "effectively shut down Skywatcher's operations on their Sierra Blanca range."[^46] The Mile High Resources Range of [[Mile High Resources]] near [[Sierra Blanca, Texas]], where [[Sky Watcher]] operated, lies inside the airspace polygon when parcel data are plotted against the NOTAM coordinates.[^47]
### Commercial space licensing
Lobbying disclosure filings by the [[Brimley Group]] for [[Bigelow Aerospace]] LLC, the company of [[Robert Bigelow]], list the FAA among the issues in 2015. The first quarter filing refers to "the FAA's Office of Commercial Space" in appropriations bills, and the second quarter filing refers to "the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation."[^48] The [[Office of Commercial Space Transportation]] is the FAA office named in those filings.
### Department of Homeland Security records
The Special Access Program proposal in the [[KONA BLUE]] records of the Department of Homeland Security listed, among the feeds of its Data Analysis Center, radar tracks from the Federal Aviation Administration.[^49] A 2011 and 2012 goals document of [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] released by the department lists, under Area 2, liaison with the intelligence community, the FBI, state, local and tribal police, the FAA, the Department of Defense (including AFOSI), national laboratories and U.S. aerospace companies.[^50]
### The September 11 attacks
The 9/11 Commission Report describes the FAA's Boston Center as the center that had tracked the first two hijackings. At 8:28 a.m. on September 11, 2001, Boston Center called the FAA's Command Center in [[Herndon, Virginia|Herndon]] to advise that it believed [[American Airlines]] Flight 11 had been hijacked. At 8:32 the Command Center passed word of a possible hijacking to the Operations Center at FAA headquarters. The report states that "FAA headquarters began to follow the hijack protocol but did not contact the NMCC to request a fighter escort."[^51] The report places the [[Northeast Air Defense Sector]] of the North American Aerospace Defense Command in [[Rome, New York]].[^51]
### Scientific advisers and training
[[Garrison Rapmund]], a U.S. Army major general, was described in a 2018 alumni memorial of [[Columbia University]] as a scientific adviser to the [[National Institutes of Health]], the FAA and the [[Department of Energy]].[^52] [[Edwin May]] wrote to Jessica Utts on August 1, 1995 that Rapmund served on the Air Force Science Advisory Board and "is involved in policy matters with the FAA."[^53] The State Department's monthly magazine reported that [[Mayer Nudell]] and a colleague attended a civil aviation security course at the FAA Academy in [[Oklahoma City]] from November 28 to December 2, 1984.[^54] A New Jersey law of January 2026 on air traffic controller loan redemption and UAP research establishes aviation grants for public institutions that participate in the federal Unmanned Aircraft Systems Collegiate Training Initiative; the legislature's fiscal estimate states, on information from the FAA, that as of May 2025 three New Jersey public institutions participate: [[Atlantic Cape Community College]], [[Warren County Community College]] and [[Kean University]].[^55]
### Other records
In a memoir, [[Ben Rich]] wrote of the Blackbird flights: "We had to clear FAA controllers along the flight paths, otherwise they'd think they were seeing flying saucers at Mach 3 plus on their radar screens."[^56]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federal Aviation Act of 1958, Pub. L. 85-726, 72 Stat. 731 (August 23, 1958), section 301(a). U.S. Government Publishing Office, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-72/pdf/STATUTE-72-Pg731.pdf
[^2]: Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. 89-670, 80 Stat. 931 (October 15, 1966), section 3(e)(1). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg931.pdf
[^3]: Federal Aviation Administration, "A Brief History of the FAA." https://www.faa.gov/about/history/brief_history
[^4]: Federal Aviation Administration, "FAA Administrators," biographies in the Historical Chronology appendix. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/about/history/chronolog_history/AOA_bios.pdf
[^5]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry page, header "Data Updated Each Federal Working Day At Midnight," accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=3FD
[^6]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N3FD ("N3FD has Reserved/Multiple Records"; reserved date 07/21/2022; renewal date 05/25/2026; purge date 08/21/2027), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=3FD
[^7]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N4410F ("is Deregistered") and N5575A ("is Deregistered"), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=4410F ; https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=5575A
[^8]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N1437J ("is Deregistered"), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=1437J
[^9]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N114BD ("is Assigned N-Number"; registered owner BLACK DIAMOND AVIATION GROUP LLC), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=114BD
[^10]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N615BD (type registration Individual; registered owner DECKOFF STEPHEN H), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=615BD
[^11]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N908JE (registered owner JET ASSETS INC), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=908JE
[^12]: FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024, Pub. L. 118-63, section 803 (adding 49 U.S.C. 44114), 138 Stat. 1322 (May 16, 2024). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-118publ63/pdf/PLAW-118publ63.pdf
[^13]: Federal Aviation Administration, "FAA Moves to Protect Aircraft Owners' Private Information," March 28, 2025. https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-moves-protect-aircraft-owners-private-information
[^14]: Federal Aviation Administration, "Request for Comment To Withhold Certain Aircraft Registration Information From Public Dissemination," 90 FR 14590 (April 3, 2025), Docket No. FAA-2025-0638. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/04/03/2025-05738/request-for-comment-to-withhold-certain-aircraft-registration-information-from-public-dissemination
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, DataSet 8, EFTA00021675 to EFTA00021684, email chain "RE: FAA Question," between a Special Agent of the Federal Aviation Administration, Law Enforcement Assistance Program, Atlanta, and federal investigators, August 17 to September 29, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%208/EFTA00021675.pdf
[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, DataSet 9, EFTA00087596, email chain "RE: FAA Question," August to September 2021, second production. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00087596.pdf
[^17]: American Embassy Santiago (George Landau) to Secretary of State, "Letelier/Moffitt Assassination Investigation," telegram 1978SANTIA03456, May 9, 1978, released 2014. https://archive.org/details/StateDeptcable1978-117178
[^18]: L. Carter Cornick Jr., "Chilbom," The Grapevine (Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI), August 2016. https://fbistudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/FBI-Grapevine-Chilbom.pdf .
[^19]: Federal Aviation Administration, Air Transportation Security records of the interviews of the crew of JAL Flight 1628 at Anchorage, November 17, 1986, with a record by the Alaskan Region Flight Standards manager of the same evening. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/jal1628/733667-001-005.pdf
[^20]: Federal Aviation Administration, Alaskan Region, 1987 Alaska PRSA Aurora Award entry, Category 8, "JAL 1628" (chronology, plan of January 5, 1987 and results as of August 14, 1987), with a news report on the radar track. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/jal1628/733667-002-002.pdf
[^21]: United Press International, "Plane Maneuvered to Avoid Object: Pilot Recounts Sighting Enormous UFO," Los Angeles Times, January 1, 1987. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-01-mn-1922-story.html
[^22]: Paul Steucke, FAA Alaskan Region Public Affairs Officer, statement "Lack of 'Scientific' Investigation," March 5, 1987, and letter to Philip J. Klass, April 1, 1987, in the FAA's JAL 1628 file. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/jal1628/733667-001-003.pdf
[^23]: Federal Aviation Administration, Alaska Region, letter to a correspondent, May 14, 1987, enclosing the National Technical Information Service listing for "JAL Flight 1628 Unidentified Traffic Sighting, 11/17/86" (PB87-184206). https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/jal1628/733667-001-001.pdf
[^24]: Paul Steucke, memoranda "Release of Incident Information re: JAL 1628 (UFO)" of March 10 and March 11, 1987, with records of his telephone conversations with Philip J. Klass (February 18, 1987) and Bruce Maccabee (February 20, 1987), in the FAA's JAL 1628 file. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/jal1628/733667-001-003.pdf
[^25]: The Black Vault, "The Vault Files: 1986 Alaska JAL Flight 1628," reporting Callahan's account of the January 1987 meeting. https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-vault-files-1986-alaska-jal-flight-1628/ ; Brian Dunning, "The Alaska UFO Incident," Skeptoid episode 4753, describing the account as Callahan's chapter in Leslie Kean, UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go on the Record (2010) and reporting statements of Ron Pandolfi and Bruce Maccabee. https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4753
[^26]: Richard F. Haines et al., "Report of an Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon and its Safety Implications at O'Hare International Airport on November 7, 2006," NARCAP Technical Report TR-10, Case 18 (revision of July 24, 2007), acknowledgments, sections 2.1.1, 3.4 and 7.0. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5cf80ff422b5a90001351e31/t/5db33f31d35a623422d8010c/1572028245437/TR10_1edition.pdf
[^27]: Chicago Tribune, January 1, 2007, p. 1, by Jon Hilkevitch, as summarized in "O'Hare UFO Controversy: Witnesses Say Yes, Feds No," The National Ledger (Apache Junction, Arizona), January 4, 2007. https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/press/nationalledger4jan2007.htm
[^28]: Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Control order JO 7110.65, para. 9-8-1, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Reports." https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/atc_html/chap9_section_8.html
[^29]: Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Control order JO 7210.3, para. 4-7-4, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Reports." https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/foa_html/chap4_section_7.html
[^30]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aeronautical Information Manual, section 7-6-4, "Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports," web edition containing Change 3 of August 27, 2009, as archived October 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140356/http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/Chap7/aim0706.html
[^31]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aeronautical Information Manual, chapter 7, section 6, current online edition. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap7_section_6.html
[^32]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Pub. L. 117-263, section 1673, 136 Stat. 2960 (December 23, 2022). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/pdf/PLAW-117publ263.pdf
[^33]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "2025 UAP Workshop: Narrative Data, Infrastructures, and Analysis. Workshop Synthesis and Recommendations," 26-P-0344, archived copy. https://web.archive.org/web/20260927135859/https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/Information%20Papers/2025_UAP_Workshop_Paper.pdf
[^34]: Associated Universities, Inc. and Florida State University, "Executive Summary on the 2024 UAP Workshop," version 1.1 (June 2024), Zenodo record 12210158, archived PDF. https://web.archive.org/web/20260214015245/https://zenodo.org/records/12210158/files/UAP%20Workshop%20Executive%20Summary_ver1.1.pdf
[^35]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 211 and 223.
[^36]: Federal Aviation Administration, "Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems," final rule, 81 FR 42064 (June 28, 2016), document 2016-15079. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/06/28/2016-15079/operation-and-certification-of-small-unmanned-aircraft-systems
[^37]: Federal Aviation Administration, "Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft," final rule, 86 FR 4390 (January 15, 2021), document 2020-28948. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/15/2020-28948/remote-identification-of-unmanned-aircraft
[^38]: FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114-190, section 2209 ("Applications for designation"), July 15, 2016. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ190/pdf/PLAW-114publ190.pdf
[^39]: Executive Order 14305, "Restoring American Airspace Sovereignty," June 6, 2025, 90 FR 24719 (June 11, 2025). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/11/2025-10803/restoring-american-airspace-sovereignty
[^40]: Federal Aviation Administration, "Designation, Restrict the Operation of Unmanned Aircraft in Close Proximity to a Fixed Site Facility," notice of proposed rulemaking, 91 FR 24650 (May 6, 2026), Docket No. FAA-2026-4558, Notice No. 26-03. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/05/06/2026-08943/designation-restrict-the-operation-of-unmanned-aircraft-in-close-proximity-to-a-fixed-site-facility
[^41]: Federal Aviation Administration, extension of the comment period for the notice at 91 FR 24650, 91 FR 39568 (June 30, 2026), FR Doc. 2026-13126. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/30/2026-13126/designation-restrict-the-operation-of-unmanned-aircraft-in-close-proximity-to-a-fixed-site-facility
[^42]: Eldaeon Inc., comment FAA-2026-4558-0285 on the notice at 91 FR 24650, posted June 8, 2026. https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FAA-2026-4558-0285
[^43]: Department of Homeland Security, FBI, FAA and Department of Defense, "Joint Statement on Ongoing Response to Reported Drone Sightings," December 17, 2024. https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/dhs-fbi-faa-dod-joint-statement-ongoing-response-reported-drone-sightings
[^44]: Federal Aviation Administration, FDC NOTAM 5/3497 (ZAB), text from the FAA Temporary Flight Restrictions API, read October 14, 2026. https://tfr.faa.gov/tfrapi/getNotamText?notamId=5/3497
[^45]: FAA Aircraft Registry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N3051Q (registered owner CHARLIE HELICOPTER COMPANY LLC), accessed October 14, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=3051Q
[^46]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, August 10, 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
[^47]: Texas Geographic Information Office, StratMap land parcels, Hudspeth County, 2026-03 roll, plotted against the polygon of FDC NOTAM 5/3497. https://tfr.faa.gov/tfrapi/getNotamText?notamId=5/3497
[^48]: Lobbying Disclosure Act filings, Brimley Group Inc. for Bigelow Aerospace, LLC, first quarter 2015 (filed April 17, 2015), https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/84f7d539-3700-4bce-8ccd-8d9393efc52a/print/ ; second quarter 2015 (filed July 17, 2015), https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/f8cd4948-266c-4401-8c8a-972c24851ce1/print/
[^49]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, KONA BLUE records released with AARO, Special Access Program proposal under DHS Instruction 140-04-001, Data Analysis Center section, pp. 17 to 31. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf
[^50]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, final response letter of June 20, 2023, case 2022-HQFO-00386, with enclosure "BAASS Goals 2011/2012," Area 2, item 1.
[^51]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (2004), chapter 1, sections "FAA Awareness" and "The FAA and NORAD." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^52]: Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Medicine, Fall/Winter 2018, "In Memoriam," Class of 1953. https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/about-us/columbia-medicine-magazine/archives/fall-winter-2018/memoriam/alumni
[^53]: Edwin C. May, "Project Contacts," memorandum to Jessica M. Utts, August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190048-5
[^54]: U.S. Department of State, State, nos. 263 to 273 (1984), "Office for Combatting Terrorism" columns. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094
[^55]: Office of Legislative Services, Legislative Fiscal Estimate, S4432 1R, December 16, 2025. https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2024/S4500/4432_E1.HTM
[^56]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994).

18
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-14
title: Federal Bureau of Investigation
aliases:
- FBI
@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ relations:
start: 1930
role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the New School faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters"
fn: 20
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Executive Order 14305]]"
start: 2025-09-24
role: "operates the National Counter-UAS Training Center that its memorandum of September 24, 2025 describes as created under the order"
fn: 28
---
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal federal criminal investigative agency of the [[United States]] and a component of the [[Department of Justice]]. Its files bear on several clusters of this vault: the 1947 flying disc inquiries, the army parapsychology program, the Contra drug cases, the [[Operation C-Chase]] prosecution of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] and the Palm Beach investigation of [[Jeffrey Epstein]].
@ -123,6 +128,14 @@ Johnson's memoir records that after the United States entered the war he was app
The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in early 2006 a West Palm Beach FBI special agent told Assistant U.S. Attorney Ann Marie Villafana that the Palm Beach Police had approached the FBI because the state attorney's office was considering not charging the case or allowing a misdemeanor plea. Villafana and two FBI case agents developed a federal case. The FBI planned to arrest Epstein after a May 15, 2007, indictment date and to hold a press conference, and wanted to arrest him in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] while he judged a beauty pageant. After the U.S. Attorney's Office managers in [[Miami]] declined to approve the indictment, the squad supervisor was "not happy," and the case agent recalled the supervisor as "extremely upset." At a meeting with Villafana and her managers the FBI insisted that Epstein register for life as a sex offender. After Epstein rejected the proposal, the squad supervisor "yelled at" First Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Jeffrey Sloman]]. The report found no misconduct by Department attorneys and concluded that U.S. Attorney [[Alexander Acosta]] exercised poor judgment in resolving the case through a non-prosecution agreement.[^25]
### National Counter-UAS Training Center
The Bureau operates the National Counter-UAS Training Center (NCUTC). The interim final rule of the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security, published July 6, 2026 (91 FR 41466) and effective July 1, 2026, defines the NCUTC as "the national schoolhouse operated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation" and as "the sole certifying authority for SLTT C-UAS mitigation operators" under 6 U.S.C. 124n. The rule reports that the center "has certified 61 officers across approximately 46 SLTT agencies to date."[^26]
Section 9(b) of [[Executive Order 14305]] of June 6, 2025 directs the Attorney General, in coordination with other cabinet officers, to implement the recommendations of the March 2022 Feasibility Report to Congress on the "National Training Center for Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems."[^27] A memorandum from the NCUTC dated September 24, 2025 states that the order "directed the creation of the FBI's National Counter-UAS Training Center, modeled after the FBI's Hazardous Devices School."[^28] The same memorandum announced a three-week course in late October 2025 in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], with an inaugural class of 12 officers from agencies in New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts and California. It stated that "certification does not confer authority to conduct counter-UAS operations unless and until Congress expands statutory authorities under 6 U.S.C. § 124n to include SLTT agencies."[^28]
The [[SAFER SKIES Act]], signed on December 18, 2025 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026, authorizes state, local, tribal and territorial law enforcement and correctional agencies to conduct counter-UAS operations after NCUTC training, according to the July 2026 rule.[^26]
### Footnotes
[^1]: FBI Seattle teletype to Director, August 6, 1947, and Hoover teletype to Seattle (undated, August 1947), FBI file 62-HQ-83894 ("Unidentified Flying Objects"), Section 2, FBI Freedom of Information/Privacy Acts release, archive.org item "expediente-ovni-65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-2-1ecd79," https://archive.org/details/expediente-ovni-65-hs1-834228961-62-hq-83894-section-2-1ecd79
@ -150,3 +163,6 @@ The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in ea
[^23]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
[^24]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), p. 370.
[^25]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Professional Responsibility, *Investigation into the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida's Resolution of Its 2006-2008 Federal Criminal Investigation of Jeffrey Epstein* (November 2020), Parts III and IV, copy at https://archive.org/details/epsteindocs ; executive summary at https://www.justice.gov/opr/page/file/1336471/dl
[^26]: Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice, "Counter-UAS Authority for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Law Enforcement and Correctional Agencies," interim final rule, Docket FBI-2026-0001, 91 FR 41466 (July 6, 2026), effective July 1, 2026, Federal Register Doc. 2026-13609. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/07/06/2026-13609/counter-uas-authority-for-state-local-tribal-and-territorial-law-enforcement-and-correctional
[^27]: Executive Order 14305 of June 6, 2025, "Restoring American Airspace Sovereignty," 90 FR 24719 (June 11, 2025), Federal Register Doc. 2025-10803, section 9(b). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/11/2025-10803/restoring-american-airspace-sovereignty
[^28]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Counter-UAS Training Center, memorandum "Announcement of the NCUTC and Initial Training" to all U.S. law enforcement agencies, September 24, 2025. Hosted copy: https://iaclea.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/NCUTC-Announcement-Memo.pdf

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@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ relations:
end: 1992-12
fn: 73
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-10-14
updated: 2026-10-15
---
The Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], chaired by Senator [[John Kerry]] of [[Massachusetts]], produced two reports: S. Prt. 100-165, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), on narcotics trafficking, the [[Contras]] and [[Manuel Noriega]], and S. Prt. 102-140, *The BCCI Affair* (December 1992), on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI), published as the [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]]. The Foreign Relations Committee's drug inquiry began in April 1986; responsibility passed to the subcommittee in April 1987, with Senator [[Mitch McConnell]] of [[Kentucky]] as ranking member. Senator [[Hank Brown]] of [[Colorado]] was the ranking member for the BCCI investigation.[^1]
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ The two texts of the chapter differ. The Federation of American Scientists' elec
[^29]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 51-52, citing Part 3, pp. 282-286. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^30]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 52-53, citing the Iran-Contra executive session testimony of Thomas Castillo, May 29, 1987, pp. 83-85, the testimony of Morales, Part 1, July 16, 1987, p. 98. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^31]: S. Prt. 100-165, ch. 5, "John Hull," pp. 53-54, citing North notebook entries, the Iran-Contra deposition of Robert Owen, and the Castillo executive session. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^32]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 54-55, citing the testimony of Gary Betzner, Part 3, April 7, 1988, pp. 253-267, and the deposition of Werner Lotz, Part 4, April 8, 1988. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^32]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 55-56, citing the testimony of Gary Betzner, Part 3, April 7, 1988, pp. 262-269, and the deposition of Werner Lotz, Part 4, April 8, 1988. The report's wording for the interval between the two flights is "two weeks later"; Betzner testified a week or ten days. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^33]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 55-56, citing the Iran-Contra deposition of Jeffrey Feldman, Appendix B, vol. 10, April 30, 1987, pp. 77-88. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^34]: S. Prt. 100-165, p. 56, citing the Iran-Contra testimony of Leon Kellner. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^35]: S. Prt. 100-165, pp. 56-58, citing the Part 1 testimony of October 30, 1987. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras

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@ -22,8 +22,15 @@ relations:
with: "[[BNL Scandal]]"
end: 1993-02
fn: 11
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Ronald Pandolfi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1998
end: 1998
role: "closed testimony on Hughes and China, September 1998"
fn: 14
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-15
---
The Senate created the Select Committee on Intelligence in 1976 "to oversee and make continuing studies of the intelligence activities and programs of the [[United States]] Government" and "to provide vigilant legislative oversight over the intelligence activities of the United States to assure that such activities are in conformity with the Constitution and laws of the United States." It has seventeen members, nine from the majority and eight from the minority, including members drawn from the Appropriations, Armed Services, Foreign Relations and Judiciary committees.[^1] It and its House counterpart grew out of the findings of the [[Church Committee]].[^2]
@ -42,6 +49,8 @@ The CIA told the committee in April 1984 that it "was unable to confirm reports
The staff report on the intelligence community's involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro affair, Committee Print S. Prt. 103-12 of February 1993, was prepared after the sentencing hearing of Judge [[Marvin Shoob]] in Atlanta. The staff recorded that CIA analysts concluded in January 1990 that "managers at BNL headquarters in Rome were involved in the scandal," and that CIA reports of November 1991 "confirmed press allegations that more senior BNL officials in Rome had been witting of BNL-Atlanta's activities." The staff found that "the evidence does not show that this failure was a deliberate attempt to withhold information from the Department of Justice," and that it "could find no legal support" for the CIA's guidance that unsent reports would not be discoverable.[^13]
In September 1998 the committee took closed testimony from [[Ronald Pandolfi]], a CIA analyst who had visited [[Hughes Electronics]] in 1995 and had raised concern that the company's assistance to China's rocket program went too far.[^14] The New York Times reported that the testimony "remains secret."[^14] The committee's hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998 are printed as S. Hrg. 105-1057.[^15] The Congressional Research Service states that the committee then asked Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] for a criminal investigation into whether the CIA had obstructed the Senate inquiry, after an internal CIA cable of September 23, 1998 showed the agency had told Hughes of the briefing.[^16] The Cox Committee report states that the committee "made a formal notification of the matter to the Justice Department."[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, "About the Committee." https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/about-the-committee/
@ -57,3 +66,7 @@ The staff report on the intelligence community's involvement in the Banca Nazion
[^11]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair,* staff report, S. Prt. 103-12, February 1993.
[^12]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. *Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program,* S. Rept. 113-288, December 9, 2014.
[^13]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair,* Committee Print S. Prt. 103-12, February 1993, pp. 4-5, 26, 28, 34. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
[^14]: Gerth, Jeff, "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, section A, p. 20, archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033224/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/us/old-concerns-over-data-transfer-to-china-get-new-attention.html
[^15]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Investigation of Impacts to U.S. National Security from Advanced Satellite Technology Exports to China and Chinese Efforts to Influence U.S. Policy,* hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998, S. Hrg. 105-1057, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-1051057.pdf
[^16]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entry for September 1998 and note 76, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html
[^17]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (Cox Report), H. Rept. 105-851, Appendix A, "Investigative Issues," pp. 208-209, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf

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@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ The State Department granted [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]] political asylum
The State Department's Office of Public Diplomacy for [[Latin America]] was described by a 1992 House committee report as "a domestic, covert operation designed to lobby the Congress, manipulate the media and influence domestic public opinion" regarding the Contra war. The State Department issued a White Paper on Contra drug allegations that belittled every claim except those involving the [[Sandinistas]], studiously avoiding any mention of [[Norwin Meneses]].[^12]
### Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
The department administers the [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations]] through the [[Directorate of Defense Trade Controls]], a directorate within the [[Bureau of Political-Military Affairs]] that was called the Office of Munitions Control until March 29, 1990, and the Office of Defense Trade Controls until a realignment effective January 20, 2003 created the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and abolished the position of Director of the Office.[^13][^14][^15] The 2006 ITAR amendment that recorded the directorate's name also placed its section in Part 120 under the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs.[^14]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
@ -59,3 +63,6 @@ The State Department's Office of Public Diplomacy for [[Latin America]] was desc
[^10]: "Alleged Homosexual Ring Found in a Raid on Apartment in Dallas," *New York Times*, August 16, 1973, p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/16/archives/alleged-homosexual-ring-found-in-a-raid-on-apartment-in-dallass.html
[^11]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it"
[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15 and Chapter 9
[^13]: Department of State, "Bureau of Political-Military Affairs; Amendments to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 61 Fed. Reg. (Sept. 17, 1996), FR Doc. 96-23659, describing Public Notice 1179, 55 Fed. Reg. 11714 (Mar. 29, 1990). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-09-17/html/96-23659.htm
[^14]: Department of State, "Amendments to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Office Names, Corrected Cross-Referencing, Reference to Wassenaar Arrangement, and Other Corrections/Administrative Changes," 71 Fed. Reg. 20534 (Apr. 21, 2006), FR Doc. 06-3500. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2006-04-21/html/06-3500.htm. The Commerce Department's rule effective October 12, 2004, "Nomenclature Change: References to Another Agency," 69 Fed. Reg. 60545, FR Doc. 04-22861, records that the change was made through an internal organizational order. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-10-12/html/04-22861.htm
[^15]: Department of State, "Bureau of Political-Military Affairs; Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," 68 Fed. Reg. 7417 (Feb. 14, 2003), FR Doc. 03-2926, Public Notice 4274, reflecting a realignment effective January 20, 2003. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2003-02-14/html/03-2926.htm

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-14
title: U.S. Customs
aliases:
- U.S. Customs
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The same report described the arms dealer [[Richard Brenneke]] as a man who bega
### The Lister Flow Chart
Among documents seized from [[Ronald Lister]]'s home in the October 1986 Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department raids was a ten-page document that included, on its last page, a flow chart suggesting a flow of money. Sheriff's investigators asked Customs Special Agent James P. McShane of the Office of Defense Trade Controls to review it. McShane reported that the chart could represent a legitimate transaction if a State Department license had been obtained; that the notation "% EUC" might indicate an end-use certificate being purchased, which would make the transaction illegal, since in a legitimate transaction one is provided free; and that routing funds through [[Hong Kong]] to "X Country" indicated an attempt to disguise the true destination and might be an illegal diversion of arms. The Justice Department Inspector General wrote that, whatever the legality, "nothing indicates that it shows the sale of arms to the Contras." A 1991 Customs report by the agent assigned to the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force case on [[Danilo Blandon]] recorded that a DEA source had described a project in [[El Salvador]] "to provide assistance to the Contras," which the Inspector General believed was Lister.[^5]
Among documents seized from [[Ronald Lister]]'s home in the October 1986 Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department raids was a ten-page document that included, on its last page, a flow chart suggesting a flow of money. Sheriff's investigators asked Customs Special Agent James P. McShane of the [[Directorate of Defense Trade Controls|Office of Defense Trade Controls]] to review it. McShane reported that the chart could represent a legitimate transaction if a State Department license had been obtained; that the notation "% EUC" might indicate an end-use certificate being purchased, which would make the transaction illegal, since in a legitimate transaction one is provided free; and that routing funds through [[Hong Kong]] to "X Country" indicated an attempt to disguise the true destination and might be an illegal diversion of arms. The Justice Department Inspector General wrote that, whatever the legality, "nothing indicates that it shows the sale of arms to the Contras." A 1991 Customs report by the agent assigned to the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force case on [[Danilo Blandon]] recorded that a DEA source had described a project in [[El Salvador]] "to provide assistance to the Contras," which the Inspector General believed was Lister.[^5]
### The Grasheim Case in El Salvador