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8
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Amos Lapidot.md
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@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
---
updated: 2026-10-12
category: "Military"
tags:
- Person
- Military
- Israel
summary: "Amos Lapidot was the chief of staff of the Israeli Air Force."
summary: "Amos Lapidot was commander of the Israeli Air Force when Aviem Sella took leave to run Jonathan Pollard, and the Israeli inquiries criticized him for it."
born: 1934
died: 2019-11-20
location: "Kfar Saba, Israel"
---
Amos Lapidot was the chief of staff of the Israeli Air Force. He assured [[Aviem Sella]] that [[Jonathan Pollard]] was not a rogue and that clearance for Sella's new assignment as Pollard's handler had been obtained from [[Yitzhak Rabin]], the minister of defense.[^1]
Amos Lapidot was commander of the Israeli Air Force. According to [[Seymour Hersh]], he assured [[Aviem Sella]] that [[Jonathan Pollard]] was not a rogue and that clearance for Sella's new assignment as Pollard's handler had been obtained from [[Yitzhak Rabin]], the minister of defense.[^1] The [[Washington Post]] reported in May 1987 that the Israeli inquiries criticized Sella's superiors, Army Chief of Staff [[Moshe Levy]] and Air Force Commander Lapidot, for allowing Sella leave to take part in what they surmised was a sensitive espionage mission.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
[^2]: Glenn Frankel, "Israeli Spy Probes Fault Leadership," *Washington Post*, May 27, 1987. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302080002-0

26
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Anne Henderson-Pollard.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
- Anne Henderson
- Anne Pollard
created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-12
category: "Criminals & Offenders"
tags:
- Person
@ -15,9 +15,13 @@ tags:
- Espionage
- 1980s
born: 1955-01-01
died: 1990-02-16
location: "Washington, D.C."
summary: "Anne Henderson-Pollard was Jonathan Pollard's wife who participated in his espionage operation by photocopying classified documents and assisting in their transfer to Israeli handlers, pleaded guilty in 1986 to two counts related to the operation, and died in Israel in February 1990 from complications of Crohn's disease."
summary: "Anne Henderson-Pollard, Jonathan Pollard's wife, was arrested on November 22, 1985 as an accessory, pleaded guilty in 1986, received a five-year sentence, and later went to Israel and divorced him."
relations:
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Jonathan Pollard]]"
start: 1985-08-04
fn: 1
---
Anne Alicia Henderson was born in 1955 in Montreal, [[Canada]], to a family with Israeli connections. She met [[Jonathan Pollard]] while both were working in Washington, D.C., and they married on August 4, 1985, two months before Jonathan's arrest. The marriage occurred after the espionage operation was already underway, and Anne subsequently became directly involved in it.[^1]
@ -35,16 +39,24 @@ Her direct participation made her criminally liable under statutes covering poss
### Arrest and Prosecution
On November 21, 1985, the day after Jonathan Pollard was stopped outside the Israeli Embassy by the FBI and subsequently arrested, Anne was also arrested. The couple had attempted to seek asylum at the embassy before Jonathan's arrest; Anne was present at the embassy entrance during those events.
Anne Pollard was arrested on November 22, 1985, a day after her husband, as an accessory.[^2][^3] The couple had attempted to seek asylum at the embassy before Jonathan's arrest; Anne was present at the embassy entrance during those events.
She pleaded guilty in 1986 to two counts: conspiracy to receive stolen government property and possession of stolen government property. She received a sentence of five years probation to be served in a residential treatment center, a lighter sentence than Jonathan's life imprisonment, reflecting her reduced culpability and her cooperation with the government during debriefings.[^1]
The 1992 opinion records that the government refused to enter a plea agreement with her unless her husband pleaded guilty as well.[^2] She pleaded guilty in 1986. The counterintelligence history describes the plea as "being an accessory after the fact to possession of national defense documents and conspiring to receive embezzled government property"; Hersh and Olive describe the two counts as conspiracy to receive stolen government property and possession of stolen government property.[^1][^3] Each of her offenses "carried a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment," and the government agreed to recommend that her sentences run concurrently.[^3] The sentencing judge gave her five years, against Jonathan's life imprisonment.[^2] Hersh and Olive describe the five years as probation to be served in a residential treatment center, and attribute the lighter sentence to her reduced culpability and her cooperation with the government during debriefings.[^1]
### Illness and Death
### Court Account of Her Role
Anne had a serious pre-existing case of Crohn's disease that was documented before her arrest. After her conviction, her health deteriorated significantly. In 1988, the Justice Department allowed her to travel to Israel to receive medical treatment. She remained in Israel under conditions negotiated between U.S. and Israeli authorities. On February 16, 1990, Anne Henderson-Pollard died in Israel from complications of Crohn's disease. She was 35 years old.[^1]
The 1992 appellate opinion gives a narrower account of her part. It records that when Pollard was questioned after the stop, he used the code word "cactus" in telephone calls to her, and that she then removed a suitcase of classified documents from the apartment and contacted his Israeli handlers to say that he was in trouble. The court wrote: "This was her only active involvement in Pollard's espionage."[^2] The photocopying and document-storage account in the section above is from Hersh and Olive and stands beside the court's account.
### Illness and Later Life
The 1992 opinion records that she had, for several years, suffered from a debilitating gastrointestinal disorder that had not been accurately diagnosed before her arrest. It records that during her stay in the D.C. jail she was seriously ill, losing forty pounds over three months, and that she was released on bail in February 1986.[^2]
In 1988 the Justice Department allowed her to travel to Israel, where she remained under conditions negotiated between U.S. and Israeli authorities.[^1] The counterintelligence history, which discusses events through the 1997 clemency denial, records: "After Anne was released from prison, she went to Israel to reside. She is now divorced from her husband."[^3]
Jonathan Pollard remained incarcerated in the United States. He married Elaine Zeitz in 1994. He was released on parole in November 2015 after serving 30 years, and emigrated to Israel in December 2020.
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, Chapter 21. Olive, Ron. *Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice.* Naval Institute Press, 2006.
[^2]: *United States v. Pollard*, 959 F.2d 1011 (D.C. Cir. 1992), No. 90-3276, decided March 20, 1992. https://static.case.law/f2d/959/cases/1011-01.json
[^3]: "Decade of the Spy," undated counterintelligence history extract, National Security Archive EBB 407, Doc. 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB407/docs/EBB-PollardDoc14.pdf

185
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Colm Kelleher.md Normal file
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---
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- Biochemist
- UFO
- SkinwalkerRanch
- AAWSAP
- NationalInstituteForDiscoveryScience
- BigelowAerospace
- ToTheStarsAcademy
summary: "Irish-born biochemist who led the National Institute for Discovery Science team at Skinwalker Ranch and served as deputy administrator of the DIA-funded advanced aerospace study run by Bigelow Aerospace."
location: "Las Vegas, Nevada"
aliases:
- Colm A. Kelleher
- Colm A Kelleher
- Dr. Colm Kelleher
- Dr. Colm A. Kelleher
- C. A. Kelleher
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[National Institute for Discovery Science]]"
role: "staff listed as deputy administrator, molecular biology and biochemistry (captures of December 2000, October 2001 and February 2003) and administrator (capture of February 2004); the 2017 offering circular describes eight years as deputy director"
start: 1996
end: 2004
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Robert Bigelow]]"
role: "worked for Bigelow, per Knapp's 2025 written testimony"
start: 1996
end: 2011
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]]"
role: "deputy administrator, 2008 to 2011 (offering circular); deputy administrator running day-to-day AAWSAP operations (Micah Hanks Program description, May 2023)"
start: 2008
end: 2011
fn: 13
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]]"
role: "principal manager of AAWSAP in Las Vegas, per Knapp's 2025 testimony; deputy administrator of a government-funded advanced aerospace threat assessment program, 2008 to 2011, per the 2017 offering circular"
start: 2008
end: 2011
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ontario Cancer Institute]]"
role: "affiliation on 1988 and 1989 papers in Leukemia and Blood"
start: 1988
end: 1989
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine]]"
role: "immunology research scientist, Denver; affiliation on papers 1995 to 2000"
start: 1991
end: 1996
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Prosetta Corporation]]"
role: "laboratory director (offering circular, 2017); Goodreads biography dates the post to 2004 to 2008; 2016 paper lists Colm A Kelleher at Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco"
start: 2004
end: 2008
fn: 6
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Skinwalker Ranch]]"
role: "led the National Institute for Discovery Science team at the ranch, per the Micah Hanks Program description and the Goodreads biography"
start: 1996
end: 2004
fn: 13
- type: member_of
with: "[[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]]"
role: "advisory board member named in the September 29, 2017 offering circular; resigned October 2019 per the FY2020 Form 1-K"
start: 2017-09-29
end: 2019-10
fn: 32
- type: director_of
with: "[[Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation]]"
role: "director, per Form 990-PF for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024"
start: 2024-01
fn: 30
updated: 2026-10-12
created: 2026-10-12
---
Colm Kelleher is an Irish-born biochemist whose research career was in cell and molecular biology. He worked on the research team of [[Robert Bigelow]]'s [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS), then as deputy administrator of the [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] (BAASS) contract with the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). He wrote [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] (2005), which is catalogued under his name alone, and co-wrote [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] (2021) with [[James Lacatski]] and [[George Knapp]]. He sat on the advisory board of [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]] from 2017 to 2019.
### Education and laboratory research
Kelleher's 2017 biography in the offering circular of To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science describes him as a biochemist with a twenty-eight-year research career in cell and molecular biology, and states that he holds a PhD in biochemistry from the [[Trinity College Dublin|University of Dublin, Trinity College]].[^1] His author biography on [[Goodreads]] gives his birthplace as Dublin, Ireland, and dates his immunology work at the [[National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine]] in Denver from 1991 to 1996.[^2]
The earliest papers under his name in [[PubMed]] are from the [[Ontario Cancer Institute]] in Toronto. A 1988 paper in [[Leukemia]] reports on the binding of iodinated recombinant human GM-CSF to the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia, and a 1989 paper in [[Blood]] on how growth factors alter the sensitivity of leukemic stem cells to cytosine arabinoside lists the institute as his affiliation.[^3]
From the mid-1990s the PubMed record places him at the National Jewish Center in Denver. The papers from that period, most of them in [[Journal of Immunology]], [[Virology]] and the [[Journal of General Virology]] through 2000, concern Epstein-Barr virus infection of human thymocytes and T cells. They include a 1995 study of viral replicative gene transcription during de novo infection and a 1996 study of novel transposon-containing mRNAs in human T cells.[^4] A 1999 paper in the Journal of Immunology reports that the Epstein-Barr protein ZEBRA inactivated NF-kappaB in human T cells, and a 2000 paper in Blood reports that the same protein activated p53-dependent transcription.[^5]
In 2016 a paper in [[Biology Direct]] on cell-free synthesized Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein capsids lists Colm A Kelleher with the affiliation [[Prosetta Corporation|Prosetta Antiviral Inc]] of San Francisco.[^6] The 2017 offering circular describes him as laboratory director at Prosetta Corporation, where he led small-molecule drug discovery programs on viruses of interest to the United States Department of Defense.[^1] The Goodreads biography dates the post to 2004 to 2008.[^2] The circular also states that he has authored more than forty peer reviewed articles and two books, Hunt for the Skinwalker and Brain Trust.[^1]
[[Brain Trust]] is catalogued by Open Library as *Brain Trust: The Hidden Connection Between Mad Cow and Misdiagnosed Alzheimer's Disease*, published in 2004 by [[Paraview Pocket Books]] and [[Simon and Schuster]].[^7]
PubMed also lists two groups of papers under the same surname and initial. Papers from 1979 to 1987 on molybdenum and copper metabolism in sheep appear under the name C. A. Kelleher without an affiliation and are not attributed to him here.[^8] Papers from 2021 to 2026 on river temperature, headwater streams and stream water quality list [[Syracuse University]] affiliations for Christa A. Kelleher, a hydrologist, and are likewise not attributed to him.[^9]
### National Institute for Discovery Science
NIDS was the research body that Bigelow headed as president and founder. Its personnel page, as captured on December 6, 2000, lists Kelleher as "Deputy Administrator, Molecular Biology & Biochemistry," alongside John B. Alexander as "Discrete Project Scout," Eric W. Davis for aerospace physics and astrophysics, and George E. Onet for veterinary pathology.[^10] The capture of October 21, 2001 carries the same title for Kelleher, with Alexander, Davis, [[Marcel Kuijsten]] and Connie Fox-VanHorne also listed on the staff.[^11] The capture of February 6, 2003 still shows him as deputy administrator. The capture of February 4, 2004 lists him as "Administrator, Molecular Biology & Biochemistry" with [[Bruce Cornet]] as deputy administrator for geology, botany and earth history, Kuijsten as the only other staff member named, and Alexander moved to the science advisory board.[^12]
The science advisory board on these pages included [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]]; Puthoff is listed as chairman of the board in the 2001 and 2004 captures.[^11][^12]
The 2017 offering circular states that he "worked for eight years as Deputy Director of the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS), a research organization that used forensic science methodology to unravel scientific anomalies."[^1] The [[Micah Hanks Program]], a podcast, describes him as having led the NIDS team on [[Skinwalker Ranch]] from 1996 to 2004, along with multiple other NIDS projects.[^13] The same description appears in his Goodreads biography.[^2]
On the night of March 12, 1997, after the ranch had been sold, Kelleher reported seeing a large humanoid creature watching the research team from a tree perch about 20 feet off the ground and about 50 yards away. He describes it in Hunt for the Skinwalker as "the large creature that lay motionless, almost casually, in the tree," its presence marked by "the penetrating yellow light of the unblinking eyes." After he fired a rifle at it the creature disappeared, and he found "a single, obvious oval track about six inches in diameter embedded deeply in the patch of snow."[^14]
### Hunt for the Skinwalker
The 2005 edition of Hunt for the Skinwalker, published by Paraview Pocket Books, is catalogued by Open Library under Kelleher's name alone.[^15] The copyright registration TX0006340176, dated April 27, 2006 with first publication on November 15, 2005, names Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp as claimants.[^16] Knapp has described himself as a co-author of the book in his 2025 testimony, saying he is a co-author of two books written primarily by Lacatski and Kelleher.[^17] A 2017 audio edition from [[Dreamscape Media]] credits Kelleher, Knapp and David Bendena.[^15]
The book's preface describes it as "an account of a remarkable series of unexplained events that took place on a ranch in northeastern Utah and the unprecedented scientific study that followed."[^18]
The 2018 documentary listed on [[IMDb]] under the title Hunt for the Skinwalker, written and directed by [[Jeremy Corbell]], gives a publication date of September 11, 2018. Its description says the film is based on the book by Knapp and Kelleher. The cast list includes Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher and Robert Bigelow.[^19]
### Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies and the AAWSAP contract
The Defense Intelligence Agency's solicitation HHM402-08-R-0211 for advanced aerospace weapon systems research was issued in August 2008. A notice printed from the [[Federal Business Opportunities]] site on September 8, 2008 names the work the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program, with an original posting date of August 18, 2008 and a response date of September 5, 2008.[^20] A DIA talking paper prepared in May 2009 for the director, for a visit by Senator [[Harry Reid]], states that the request for proposals of August 18, 2008 asked for studies in twelve technical areas, among them lift, propulsion, control, armament, signature reduction, materials, power generation, human effects and technology integration, and that DIA received one bid, from BAASS.[^21]
The talking paper states that Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] and Reid sponsored language in the July 2008 supplemental appropriation for DIA to investigate foreign advanced aerospace weapon threats from the present out to 40 years in the future.[^21] A 2010 DIA information memorandum describes the same sponsorship as the "Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 Defense Supplemental Appropriation Act" with a $10 million add.[^22]
The award document (Standard Form 1449) in the Black Vault release under FOIA-00269-2018 gives the contract number as HHM402-08-C-0072 and the solicitation number as HHM402-08-R-0211. It lists Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC at 4640 S Eastern Ave, Las Vegas, as the contractor, an award date of September 22, 2008 and a total award amount of $21,948,810.00. The contract is firm fixed price, with a base year from September 22, 2008 to September 29, 2009 and an option year from September 22, 2009 to September 21, 2010; the BAASS proposal dated September 3, 2008 is incorporated by reference, and payment is made by the NSA Finance and Accounting Office.[^23] A DIA contract status briefing dated August 24, 2009 reports 26 detailed research reports received by June 30, 2009.[^24]
The 2010 memorandum states that BAASS produced 26 technical reports by June 2009, that all were delivered to DIA by September 2009, and that twelve further reports were produced after the FY2010 Defense Appropriations Act added $12 million to the project.[^22] It also records that Reid sent a letter to Deputy Secretary of Defense Lynn on June 24, 2009 asking for an alternate compensatory control measure or a sensitive access program for the project, and that DIA's review in November 2009 found insufficient grounds to classify the program, invoke an ACCM or establish a restricted SAP.[^22] The memorandum adds that at a November 2009 meeting with Reid, Lynn and the memorandum's author, DIA determined the reports to be "of limited value to DIA," and that the author suggested the project could transition to another agency or component once the DIA contract ended.[^22] One report, Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering, carries a March 2010 date on its cover.[^25]
The Black Vault's AAWSAP archive states that DIA released 37 of the 38 reports requested under FOIA-0159-2018 on March 25, 2022, and that the one withheld report, the classified version of a study on high-energy laser weapons, was appealed.[^26]
The 2017 circular states that from 2008 to 2011 Kelleher "served as Deputy Administrator of a United States Government funded threat assessment program focused on advanced aerospace technology," without naming the program, the contractor or the agency.[^1] The Micah Hanks Program's May 2023 episode description, reprinted by [[The Debrief]], states that in 2008 he became deputy administrator of BAASS "where he led the day-to-day operations in executing the AAWSAP contract with Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)."[^13] In written testimony to the [[House Oversight Committee]] Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets for its hearing of September 9, 2025, Knapp described Kelleher as the principal manager of AAWSAP in Las Vegas, said that Kelleher worked for Bigelow, and said that BAASS was awarded the DIA contract. He added that BAASS recruited fifty full-time investigators, most of them former military or law enforcement, all of whom qualified for top-secret clearances, and that in its 27-month existence the program compiled a data warehouse of more than 240,000 case files designed and overseen by Jacques Vallee.[^17] The Black Vault's AAWSAP archive page describes James Lacatski as the director of the program.[^26]
Knapp's testimony states that BAASS produced more than three dozen preliminary reports and more than 100 longer papers, and that "None of these 100-plus reports have been released by DIA, though a few have been leaked."[^17]
### Skinwalkers at the Pentagon
The book was published in 2021 by an independent publisher, with Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp credited as authors.[^27] The Black Vault's account of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review file for FOIA case 22-F-0035 gives the subtitle as "An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UFO Program." It states that the manuscript was submitted in March 2020, routed to DIA, the Air Force and the [[Department of Homeland Security]], and cleared as amended on May 11, 2021. The changes concerned personally identifiable information, protected health information and the names of certain government employees.[^28]
In a [[Coast to Coast AM]] interview after the book's release, Kelleher said that the reviewers "made us take out some fairly specific references to various offices and also some of the security-related verbiage," and that active-duty and government personnel "had their names changed." He said the names in the book were pseudonyms for active-duty personnel, and that one of the four pilots involved in the 2004 Tic Tac incident was found to be on active duty and was given a pseudonym. He said the review took about fourteen months, which he attributed to COVID, and that Appendix One, a "full summary of over 100 separate reports" delivered to DIA, was left in: "we expected to have some of that removed but none of it was removed."[^28]
### Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program
Kelleher is also credited, with Lacatski and Knapp, on Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations (RTMA, 2023). On November 30, 2023 [[Keith Basterfield]] quoted a passage from that book describing a 2011 meeting in the capitol building with a U.S. senator and an agency under secretary, at which Lacatski, the only one of the book's authors present, stated that the United States possessed a craft of unknown origin and had gained access to its interior.[^29]
### Bigelow foundations
Kelleher is listed as a director of the [[Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation]] in its Form 990-PF for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, which lists Robert Thomas Bigelow as president and director, [[Donna Stauch]] as secretary and director, and [[Jody Erickson]] as a director.[^30] For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025, the Educational Foundation reports officer compensation of 93,365 dollars to Kelleher, and the [[Robert Thomas Bigelow Medical Foundation]] reports compensation of 37,346 dollars to him.[^31]
### To The Stars Academy
The Form 253G2 offering circular dated September 29, 2017 names Kelleher to an advisory board with [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Adele Gilpin]], [[Norman Kahn]], [[Garry Nolan]] and [[Paul Rapp]].[^1] The Form 1-K for fiscal 2020, filed April 30, 2021, states that in October 2019 Kelleher resigned from the company's advisory board.[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science, Form 253G2 offering circular, September 29, 2017, biography of Dr. Colm Kelleher and advisory board list. EDGAR accession 0001144204-17-050693. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420417050693/
[^2]: Colm A. Kelleher, author biography, Goodreads author page (author-supplied biography and birthplace field), https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/162220
[^3]: PubMed PMID 2834611 (Leukemia, April 1988) and PMID 2784697 (Blood, April 1989), affiliation Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2784697/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2834611/
[^4]: PubMed PMID 7747440 (Virology, April 20, 1995), affiliation Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver; PMID 8609476 (Journal of General Virology, May 1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7747440/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8609476/
[^5]: PubMed PMID 10570319 (Journal of Immunology, December 1, 1999), Dreyfus DH, Nagasawa M, Pratt JC, Kelleher CA, Gelfand EW; PMID 10887127 (Blood, July 15, 2000), affiliation National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10570319/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10887127/
[^6]: PubMed PMID 27179769, Biology Direct, May 14, 2016, "Biochemical and biophysical characterization of cell-free synthesized Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein capsids enables in vitro screening to identify novel antivirals," author Colm A Kelleher, affiliation Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27179769/
[^7]: Open Library, work record OL17729536W, *Brain trust: the hidden connection between mad cow and misdiagnosed Alzheimer's disease*, and work record OL5850692W, *Brain Trust* (2004, Paraview Pocket Books; Simon & Schuster, Limited), author Colm A. Kelleher. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17729536W ; https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850692W
[^8]: PubMed PMID 3611434 (Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1987, Kelleher CA and Ivan M, diethylsuccinate carboxylesterase activity in sheep poisoned by copper) and PMID 224434 (Research in Veterinary Science, 1979, tetrathiomolybdate and sheep caeruloplasmin), neither of which carries an affiliation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3611434/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/224434/
[^9]: PubMed PMID 36582813 (Environmental Research Letters, September 16, 2021), Kelleher CA, Golden HE and Archfield SA, with Christa A. Kelleher listed under Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University; related records include PMID 42338432 (Ecosystems, 2026) and PMID 36331382 (Environmental Science and Technology, 2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36582813/
[^10]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
[^11]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," Internet Archive capture of October 21, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20011021020155/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
[^12]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," Internet Archive captures of February 6, 2003 (https://web.archive.org/web/20030206081535/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html)
[^13]: Micah Hanks, "Colm Kelleher: AAWSAP and the Skinwalker Enigma," The Debrief, May 25, 2023, description of The Micah Hanks Program episode. https://thedebrief.org/colm-kelleher-aawsap-and-the-skinwalker-enigma/
[^14]: Adam Janos, "Skinwalker Ranch," History.com, quoting Kelleher's account of March 12, 1997 from Hunt for the Skinwalker (Paraview Pocket Books, 2005). https://www.history.com/articles/skinwalker-ranch-paranormal-ufos-mutilation
[^15]: Open Library, work records for Hunt for the skinwalker (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; Hunt for the Skinwalker audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D, George Knapp, David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W
[^16]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registration TX0006340176, "Hunt for the skinwalker," claimants Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp, registered April 27, 2006, first published November 15, 2005. https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/
[^17]: George Knapp, written testimony ("For the Record," Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025), Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf ; official hearing record, "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Serial No. 119-44, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm
[^18]: Open Library, work record OL5850693W, Hunt for the Skinwalker, description quoting the Preface. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W
[^19]: IMDb title page for Hunt for the Skinwalker (tt8399718), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019: director and writer Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell; datePublished 2018-09-11; description citing the book by George Knapp and Dr. Colm Kelleher; cast list including Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher and Robert Bigelow. https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8399718/
[^20]: Federal Business Opportunities notice printout, "Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program," solicitation HHM402-08-R-0211, printed September 8, 2008 (Black Vault copy). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/SOW_Aerospace.pdf
[^21]: Defense Intelligence Agency, talking paper, "Senator Reid Visit to Director, DIA," dated May 2009 (Black Vault copy of FOIA release). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/DR_Reid_Mtg_May09.pdf
[^22]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Information Memorandum U-10-2552, "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," 2010 (Black Vault copy). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/U-10-2552CE-IM-ATL.pdf
[^23]: Solicitation/Contract/Order for Commercial Items (Standard Form 1449), contract HHM402-08-C-0072 (box 2), solicitation HHM402-08-R-0211 (box 5), award date September 22, 2008, total award amount $21,948,810.00 (box 26), released under FOIA-00269-2018 (Black Vault copy). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/FOIA-00269-2018-.pdf
[^24]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Aerospace Contract Status," briefing dated August 24, 2009 (Black Vault copy). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/Contract_Status_24Aug09.pdf
[^25]: Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Reference Document DIRD_15, "Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering," cover dated March 2010 (Black Vault copy). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP-DIRDs/DIRD_15-DIRD_Advanced_Space_Propulsion_Based_on_Vacuum_Spacetime_Metric_Engineer.pdf
[^26]: John Greenewald, The Black Vault, AAWSAP documentation archive, including the release notes for FOIA-00349-2018 and FOIA-0159-2018 and the statement that the program's director was James Lacatski. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/?p=16063
[^27]: Open Library, work record for Skinwalkers at the Pentagon (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, authors James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W
[^28]: John Greenewald, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," The Black Vault, August 12, 2025, FOIA case 22-F-0035, including Kelleher's Coast to Coast AM interview as quoted. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/
[^29]: Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations, RTMA, 2023. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html
[^30]: Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation Inc (EIN 93-3962948), Form 990-PF for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, IRS e-file data (object ID 202403379349100410). https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_12A.zip
[^31]: Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation Inc and Robert Thomas Bigelow Medical Foundation Inc, Forms 990-PF for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025, IRS e-file data (object IDs 202522589349100222 and 202512589349100631). https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2025/2025_TEOS_XML_09A.zip
[^32]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science, Form 1-K for fiscal 2020, filed April 30, 2021 (accession 0001493152-21-010202), statement that in October 2019 Dr. Colm Kelleher resigned from the company's advisory board. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000149315221010202/0001493152-21-010202.txt

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md
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@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]] unde
[^5]: George Knapp, "Major newspaper claims Air Force created alien tech stories at Area 51 to mislead public," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 1, 2026, 5:28 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/major-newspaper-claims-air-force-created-alien-tech-stories-at-area-51-to-mislead-public/
[^6]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/
[^7]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, 6:58 PM PST, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/
[^8]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record" of the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
[^8]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record" (headed Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena"), House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Serial No. 119-44, September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
[^9]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 AM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/
[^10]: George Knapp, "Reconstructing the world of Bob Lazar: 'S4' collaboration brings original story to life," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 9, 2026, 5:39 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/reconstructing-the-world-of-bob-lazar-s4-collaboration-brings-original-story-to-life/
[^11]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; site home page capture of April 14, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20000414082107/http://www.nidsci.org/

15
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Golda Meir.md
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@ -5,38 +5,39 @@ tags:
- Nuclear
- Israel
summary: "In 1956, Golda Meir replaced Moshe Sharett as Foreign Minister, bringing her distinctive approach to Israel's international relations."
updated: 2026-10-12
born: 1898-05-03
died: 1978-12-08
location: "Kyiv, Ukraine (then Russian Empire)"
---
[[Golda Meir]] was a prominent [[Israel|Israeli]] politician who served as Foreign Minister and later as Prime Minister, playing crucial roles in [[Israel]]'s diplomatic relations, nuclear policy decisions, and regional strategic calculations during some of the most critical periods in the nation's history.
[[Golda Meir]] was a prominent [[Israel|Israeli]] politician who served as Foreign Minister and later as Prime Minister, playing crucial roles in Israel's diplomatic relations, nuclear policy decisions, and regional strategic calculations during some of the most critical periods in the nation's history.
### Rise to Foreign Minister and Nuclear Policy
In 1956, [[Golda Meir]] replaced [[Moshe Sharett]] as Foreign Minister, bringing her distinctive approach to [[Israel]]'s international relations. She endorsed [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s argument for preventive war, aligning herself with the more hawkish elements within the government. However, despite her official position as Foreign Minister, her ministry was repeatedly bypassed by Ben-Gurion, [[Shimon Peres]], [[Moshe Dayan]], and [[Ernst David Bergmann]] as [[Israel]] broadened its involvement with [[France]] in nuclear matters. This pattern of exclusion from the most sensitive nuclear discussions reflected the tight circle of decision-makers who controlled [[Israel]]'s most classified programs.[^2]
In 1956, Golda Meir replaced [[Moshe Sharett]] as Foreign Minister, bringing her distinctive approach to Israel's international relations. She endorsed [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s argument for preventive war, aligning herself with the more hawkish elements within the government. However, despite her official position as Foreign Minister, her ministry was repeatedly bypassed by Ben-Gurion, [[Shimon Peres]], [[Moshe Dayan]], and [[Ernst David Bergmann]] as Israel broadened its involvement with [[France]] in nuclear matters. This pattern of exclusion from the most sensitive nuclear discussions reflected the tight circle of decision-makers who controlled Israel's most classified programs.[^2]
### Diplomatic Initiatives and International Relations
As Foreign Minister, [[Golda Meir|Meir]] was instrumental in expanding [[Israel]]'s diplomatic footprint during a crucial period of nation-building. She pushed for the exchange of diplomatic relations between [[Israel]] and [[Germany]] in the late 1950s, a politically sensitive initiative given the recent history of the Holocaust. Additionally, she worked to open relations with [[Paraguay]], demonstrating [[Israel]]'s efforts to build ties beyond its immediate region and traditional allies.[^1]
As Foreign Minister, Meir was instrumental in expanding Israel's diplomatic footprint during a crucial period of nation-building. She pushed for the exchange of diplomatic relations between Israel and [[Germany]] in the late 1950s, a politically sensitive initiative given the recent history of the Holocaust. Additionally, she worked to open relations with [[Paraguay]], demonstrating Israel's efforts to build ties beyond its immediate region and traditional allies.[^1]
### Jordan Relations and Palestinian Policy
Meir's approach to regional politics was shaped by her personal relationships and strategic calculations. In 1948, she formed a friendship with [[King Abdullah of Jordan|King Abdullah]] of [[Jordan]], and both leaders believed the Palestinian problem would eventually resolve itself - a view that would prove overly optimistic in subsequent decades.[^1]
This perspective influenced a critical decision during her later tenure. Her choice to mobilize the [[Israel|IDF]] against the [[Syria|Syrians]] in 1970, during a crisis with the [[PLO]] in [[Jordan]], had far-reaching consequences. While this action prevented the establishment of a Palestinian state in [[Jordan]] and kept [[King Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] in power, it also represented a complex strategic calculation. The intervention pleased the [[United States|Americans]] by preventing a threat to [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] oilfields, but was seen by some as a major setback for [[Israel|Israel's]] long-term strategic interest in a Palestinian state.[^1]
This perspective influenced a critical decision during her later tenure. Her choice to mobilize the IDF against the [[Syria|Syrians]] in 1970, during a crisis with the [[PLO]] in Jordan, had far-reaching consequences. While this action prevented the establishment of a Palestinian state in Jordan and kept [[King Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] in power, it also represented a complex strategic calculation. The intervention pleased the [[United States|Americans]] by preventing a threat to [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] oilfields, but was seen by some as a major setback for Israel's long-term strategic interest in a Palestinian state.[^1]
### Prime Ministerial Challenges and Intelligence Vulnerabilities
During her tenure as Prime Minister, Meir faced significant intelligence challenges that would have lasting implications for [[Israel]]'s security. In 1972, her office was bugged by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], a serious security breach discovered by [[Reuben Yirador]] of [[Unit 8200]]. This bugging operation, combined with her meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] in [[Finland]] and her rejection of his peace proposal, provided [[Anwar Sadat]] with crucial intelligence about [[Israel|Israel's]] attitude toward potential negotiations. This intelligence may have contributed to Sadat's decision to launch the 1973 war, as he gained insight into [[Israel]]'s diplomatic positions and strategic thinking.[^1]
During her tenure as Prime Minister, Meir faced significant intelligence challenges that would have lasting implications for Israel's security. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that in 1972 her office was bugged by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], a security breach that he said was discovered by [[Reuben Yirador]] of [[Unit 8200]]. Ben-Menashe wrote that this bugging operation, combined with her meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] in [[Finland]] and her rejection of his peace proposal, provided [[Anwar Sadat]] with intelligence about Israel's attitude toward potential negotiations, and that this may have contributed to Sadat's decision to launch the 1973 war, as he gained insight into Israel's diplomatic positions and strategic thinking.[^1]
### The Yom Kippur War and Nuclear Alert
During the desperate early days of the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], on Monday, October 8, [[Golda Meir]] convened her closest aides, the "kitchen cabinet," in her office in [[Tel Aviv]]. Faced with the imminent collapse of Israeli forces, the leadership resolved to implement three critical decisions: rally its collapsing forces for a major counterattack; arm and target its nuclear arsenal in the event of total collapse and subsequent need for the [[Samson Option]]; and inform [[Washington, D.C.]] of its unprecedented nuclear action to demand an emergency airlift of replacement arms and ammunition. Meir, who chain-smoked and slept very little during the early stages of the war, was reportedly confused and concerned by [[Moshe Dayan]]'s report of imminent collapse. The decision to arm the weapons of last resort, code-named the "Temple" weapons, was reached easily, though there were more complicated discussions about the number of warheads to arm and their targeting. An Israeli assumption was that the Soviets, who would learn of the nuclear arming, would then be compelled to urge their allies in [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] to limit their offensive. This drastic step also aimed to force the [[United States]] to begin an immediate and massive resupply of the Israeli military.[^3]
During the desperate early days of the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], on Monday, October 8, Golda Meir convened her closest aides, the "kitchen cabinet," in her office in [[Tel Aviv]]. Faced with the imminent collapse of Israeli forces, the leadership resolved to implement three critical decisions: rally its collapsing forces for a major counterattack; arm and target its nuclear arsenal in the event of total collapse and subsequent need for the [[Samson Option]]; and inform [[Washington, D.C.]] of its unprecedented nuclear action to demand an emergency airlift of replacement arms and ammunition. Meir, who chain-smoked and slept very little during the early stages of the war, was reportedly confused and concerned by Moshe Dayan's report of imminent collapse. The decision to arm the weapons of last resort, code-named the "Temple" weapons, was reached easily, though there were more complicated discussions about the number of warheads to arm and their targeting. An Israeli assumption was that the Soviets, who would learn of the nuclear arming, would then be compelled to urge their allies in [[Egypt]] and Syria to limit their offensive. This drastic step also aimed to force the United States to begin an immediate and massive resupply of the Israeli military.[^3]
### Political Controversies
Meir's leadership style and decisions also generated internal criticism within [[Israel]]'s military establishment. She was publicly criticized by [[Ariel Sharon]] in a _Playboy_ magazine interview, a breach of military protocol that had serious consequences. This public criticism led to Sharon being thrown out of the military in 1970, demonstrating the strict standards for military discipline and public discourse that Meir enforced during her tenure.[^1]
Meir's leadership style and decisions also generated internal criticism within Israel's military establishment. She was publicly criticized by [[Ariel Sharon]] in a _Playboy_ magazine interview, a breach of military protocol that had serious consequences. This public criticism led to Sharon being thrown out of the military in 1970, demonstrating the strict standards for military discipline and public discourse that Meir enforced during her tenure.[^1]
### Footnotes

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Maxwell.md
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ born: 1923-06-10
died: 1991-11-05
location: "London, United Kingdom"
created: 2024-04-25
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-12
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Pergamon Press]]"
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ On March 15, 2018 Epstein sent an email with the subject line "he was passed awa
### Funeral in Jerusalem
Maxwell's body was flown to Israel, and on November 10, 1991, he was given a state-style funeral and buried on the [[Mount of Olives]] in [[Jerusalem]], one of Judaism's most revered burial grounds.[^34] The ceremony at Jerusalem's convention center drew President [[Chaim Herzog]], Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]], and much of the Israeli political establishment, with reporting that at least six serving and former heads of Israeli intelligence were present.[^7][^34] His friend and longtime attorney [[Samuel Pisar]], a Holocaust survivor, recited the Kaddish.[^1]
Maxwell's body was flown to Israel and lay in state at Jerusalem's Binyanei Ha'uma convention center, an honor usually reserved for Israel's government leaders. On November 10, 1991, he was given a state-style funeral and buried on the [[Mount of Olives]] in [[Jerusalem]], one of Judaism's most revered burial grounds. President [[Chaim Herzog]] and Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] headed a galaxy of dignitaries and politicians, both government and opposition, who attended.[^34] Gordon Thomas and Martin Dillon wrote that at least six serving and former heads of Israeli intelligence were among the mourners.[^27] His friend and longtime attorney [[Samuel Pisar]], a Holocaust survivor, recited the Kaddish.[^1]
Herzog eulogized him with the words, "He scaled the heights of human endeavor. Kings and princes waited on him."[^34] Shamir praised the connections and investment Maxwell had brought to Israel during the 1980s, reportedly saying that Maxwell had done more for Israel than could then be told.[^35] The scale of the official Israeli observance was later cited by writers who argued it reflected an intelligence relationship, though attendance at a prominent Jewish philanthropist's funeral is not itself evidence of espionage, and no Israeli official has confirmed that Maxwell was an agent.[^7][^34]
@ -154,5 +154,5 @@ Herzog eulogized him with the words, "He scaled the heights of human endeavor. K
[^31]: Ostrovsky, Victor. *The Other Side of Deception: A Rogue Agent Exposes the Mossad's Secret Agenda.* HarperCollins, 1994, on the alleged Mossad motive to eliminate Maxwell as a collapsing liability.
[^32]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02816127, Court Records, Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 22-cv-10904 (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 285-12, Exhibit 55, filed August 15, 2023, "AM Reputation Risk Committee Meeting Summary," meeting of December 6, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02816127.pdf
[^33]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02507843, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein, "he was passed away," March 15, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02507843.pdf
[^34]: "Maxwell, Colossus Even in Death, Laid to Rest on Mount of Olives," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency,* 1991. https://www.jta.org/archive/maxwell-colossus-even-in-death-laid-to-rest-on-mount-of-olives
[^34]: "Maxwell, Colossus Even in Death, Laid to Rest on Mount of Olives," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency,* 11 November 1991. https://www.jta.org/archive/maxwell-colossus-even-in-death-laid-to-rest-on-mount-of-olives
[^35]: "Maxwell buried on Mount of Olives," *UPI,* 1991. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/11/10/Maxwell-buried-on-Mount-of-Olives/4340689749200/

11
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert McFarlane.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ aliases:
- Robert C. "Bud" McFarlane
- Robert Carl McFarlane
created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-12
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- KeyFigure
@ -88,6 +88,14 @@ After the Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa published the story on November 3, 1986,
On March 11, 1988 McFarlane pleaded guilty to four misdemeanors of unlawfully withholding information from Congress: his September 5, 1985 reply to Hamilton, his September 12, 1985 reply to Barnes, his October 7, 1985 response to Hamilton's questions, and his December 8, 1986 testimony to the [[House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]] that third-country financing was "beyond my ken." He agreed to cooperate, was named an unindicted co-conspirator in Count One of the March 1988 indictment of Poindexter, North, [[Richard Secord]] and [[Albert Hakim]], and on March 3, 1989 was sentenced to two years' probation, 200 hours of community service and a $20,000 fine. The Independent Counsel gave up felony charges of conspiracy, false statements and obstruction in the plea, and wrote that the prosecution of North and Poindexter "would be seriously hampered by the jury's realization that McFarlane, their superior, had been permitted to plead guilty to crimes less severe than those for which his subordinates were on trial."[^1][^9] After he testified in 1991 that his trial testimony had been "colored" by North's immunized testimony, the Independent Counsel consented to the dismissal of the remaining charges against North.[^10] President George H.W. Bush pardoned McFarlane on December 24, 1992, with Caspar Weinberger, [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Duane Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and [[Alan Fiers]].[^9]
### Esquire article and lawsuit
In October 1991 [[Esquire]] published an article by [[Craig Unger]] that quoted [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. According to the court's account of the article, Ben-Menashe said that McFarlane had been recruited by [[Rafael Eitan]] and that "McFarlane was the famous Mr. X in the [[Jonathan Pollard|Pollard]] case."[^11] The article attributed the recruitment statement to a sworn affidavit that [[Elliot Richardson]] submitted in the [[INSLAW]] litigation for one of his clients. The appeals court found that the recruitment clause "is not in the affidavit," that the affidavit's text "supports only the idea of a 'special relationship'" between McFarlane and [[Earl Brian]] and Israeli intelligence, and recorded that McFarlane "does not dispute that Ben-Menashe made these assertions to Unger."[^11]
McFarlane sued the magazine for libel. On January 30, 1996 the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed the judgment for Esquire. The district court had held that no reasonable jury could find actual malice by clear and convincing evidence, and that it had no personal jurisdiction over Unger.[^11] The article, as the opinion quotes it, continues: "In Pollard's case there were persistent allegations about another, unnamed American who secretly worked for the Israelis."[^11]
### Death
McFarlane died on May 12, 2022, at a hospital in Lansing, Michigan, aged 84; his son Scott McFarlane said the cause was an exacerbation of a lung condition.[^8]
### Footnotes
@ -102,3 +110,4 @@ McFarlane died on May 12, 2022, at a hospital in Lansing, Michigan, aged 84; his
[^8]: "Robert 'Bud' McFarlane, Reagan national security adviser, dies at 84." Associated Press, May 13, 2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/05/13/nation/robert-bud-mcfarlane-reagan-national-security-adviser-dies-84
[^9]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, "Summary of Prosecutions" and ch. 1, section "The Guilty Plea." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/summpros.htm
[^10]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," section on the dismissal of September 16, 1991. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
[^11]: *McFarlane v. Esquire Magazine*, 74 F.3d 1296 (D.C. Cir. 1996), No. 94-7137, decided January 30, 1996. https://static.case.law/f3d/74/cases/1296-01.json

5
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shulamit Ingerman.md
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@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
summary: "Israeli civilian cryptographer and head of the Iranian desk in Unit 8200 who played a key role in Ari Ben-Menashe's intelligence career."
updated: 2026-10-12
---
[[Shulamit Ingerman]] was a civilian cryptographer and head of the [[Iran|Iranian]] desk in [[Unit 8200]], an [[Israel|Israeli]] Signals Intelligence (Sigint) unit. She was recognized as one of [[Israel|Israel's]] best cryptographers, having won the highest award for contributions to [[Israel|Israel's]] security twice.[^1]
[[Shulamit Ingerman]] was a civilian cryptographer and head of the [[Iran|Iranian]] desk in [[Unit 8200]], an [[Israel|Israeli]] Signals Intelligence (Sigint) unit. She was recognized as one of Israel's best cryptographers, having won the highest award for contributions to Israel's security twice.[^1]
[[Shulamit Ingerman|Ingerman]] introduced [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to the [[Iran|Iranian]] team of six within [[Unit 8200]]. She was called by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] when he successfully broke the [[Iran|Iranian]] diplomatic code. She later intervened to obtain a pardon for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] after he was court-martialed for insubordination by [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Sasson Yishaek]].[^1]
According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], Ingerman introduced him to the Iranian team of six within Unit 8200. He wrote that he called her when he successfully broke the Iranian diplomatic code, and that she later intervened to obtain a pardon for him after he was court-martialed for insubordination by [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Sasson Yishaek]].[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).