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11
60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
- ArmsTrade
summary: "Middle Eastern state whose undeclared nuclear arsenal, intelligence operations in the United States, covert arms sales to Iran and Latin America, and surveillance-technology industry run through much of this vault."
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-12
---
The State of [[Israel]] was established in 1948. Its intelligence services are the [[Mossad]] (foreign intelligence), [[Shin Bet]] (internal security) and military intelligence, [[Aman]], whose signals arm is [[Unit 8200]]; a fourth agency under the defense ministry, the Science Liaison Bureau, [[LAKAM]], collected technical information abroad until the [[Jonathan Pollard]] case of 1985.[^1][^2]
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The former Mossad officer [[Mike Harari]] was named by [[Jose Blandon|José Blan
### Surveillance Technology
Unit 8200 is the recruiting ground of the Israeli private surveillance industry; the founders of the spyware maker [[NSO Group]] are its alumni.[^13] In 2015 the former prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] arranged an investment of about one million dollars by [[Jeffrey Epstein]] in Reporty, later [[Carbyne]], which also had backing from [[Peter Thiel]]'s [[Founders Fund]].[^14] On January 12, 2024, [[Palantir Technologies]] announced "a strategic partnership with the Israeli Ministry of Defense to supply Palantir technology to help the country's war effort."[^15]
Unit 8200 is a recruiting ground of the Israeli private surveillance industry; veterans of the unit are known to have helped develop the technology of the spyware maker [[NSO Group]], according to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.[^13] Ynet reported in 2019 that NSO co-founder [[Shalev Hulio]] did not serve in the unit.[^14] In 2015 the former prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] arranged an investment of about one million dollars by [[Jeffrey Epstein]] in Reporty, later [[Carbyne]], which also had backing from [[Peter Thiel]]'s [[Founders Fund]].[^15] On January 12, 2024, [[Palantir Technologies]] announced "a strategic partnership with the Israeli Ministry of Defense to supply Palantir technology to help the country's war effort."[^16]
### Footnotes
@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ Unit 8200 is the recruiting ground of the Israeli private surveillance industry;
[^10]: "Probe by House finds no 'October surprise,'" *The Baltimore Sun,* January 13, 1993. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-13-1993013111-story.html
[^11]: "Ex-agent of the Mossad Implicated in Drug Deals with Panamanian," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency,* February 1988. https://www.jta.org/archive/ex-agent-of-the-mossad-implicated-in-drug-deals-with-panamanian
[^12]: "Media Baron Sues Seymour Hersh," *The Washington Post,* October 25, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/10/25/media-baron-sues-seymour-hersh/c16c29e2-04ba-4038-9fff-08113fa33b77/ ; "Maxwell, Colossus Even in Death, Laid to Rest on Mount of Olives," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency,* 1991. https://www.jta.org/archive/maxwell-colossus-even-in-death-laid-to-rest-on-mount-of-olives
[^13]: "Where NSO Group Came From and Why It's Just the Tip of the Iceberg," OCCRP. https://www.occrp.org/en/project/the-pegasus-project
[^14]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 2026.
[^15]: "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech." *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024.
[^13]: "Where NSO Group Came From and Why It's Just the Tip of the Iceberg," OCCRP, The Pegasus Project. https://www.occrp.org/en/project/the-pegasus-project/where-nso-group-came-from-and-why-its-just-the-tip-of-the-iceberg
[^14]: Ronen Bergman, "Weaving a cyber web," *Ynetnews*, January 11, 2019. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5444998,00.html
[^15]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 2026.
[^16]: "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech." *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024.

20
60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Uruguay.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---
---
category: "Country"
tags:
- Country
@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ tags:
- CIA
- Tupamaro
- ColdWar
summary: "Uruguay under its military dictatorship (1973-1985) was a founding Operation Condor participant whose intelligence service coordinated the cross-border tracking and killing of Uruguayan political opponents who had fled to Argentina and elsewhere; the Tupamaro guerrilla movement that prompted the dictatorship had itself been used as a CIA training case study."
summary: "Uruguay's military dictatorship (1973-1985) was a founding Operation Condor participant whose intelligence service tracked and killed exiled opponents; the Tupamaro movement had been a CIA training case study."
created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-12
location: "Montevideo, Uruguay"
---
@ -17,13 +17,17 @@ Uruguay is a small country on the Atlantic coast of [[South America]], bordered
### Tupamaro Movement and CIA
The [[Tupamaro]] (Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional, MLN) urban guerrilla movement emerged in Uruguay in the early 1960s and conducted high-profile kidnappings and bank robberies through the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Tupamaros' operations became a training case study for both the CIA and the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Public Safety (OPS), which trained Latin American police forces in counterinsurgency techniques that often included torture.
The [[Tupamaro]] (Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional, MLN) urban guerrilla movement emerged in Uruguay in the early 1960s and conducted high-profile kidnappings and bank robberies through the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Tupamaros' operations became a training case study for both the CIA and the [[Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development's]] Office of Public Safety (OPS), which trained Latin American police forces in counterinsurgency techniques that often included torture.
Dan Mitrione, an OPS adviser stationed in Montevideo, was kidnapped by the Tupamaros in August 1970 and killed when the Uruguayan government refused to release prisoners. The Mitrione case brought international attention to the U.S. public safety program's role in supporting torture training; it was dramatized in Constantin Costa-Gavras's 1972 film *State of Siege*.[^2]
[[Dan Mitrione]], an OPS adviser stationed in Montevideo, was kidnapped by the Tupamaros in August 1970 and killed when the Uruguayan government refused to release prisoners. The Mitrione case brought international attention to the U.S. public safety program's role in supporting torture training; it was dramatized in Constantin Costa-Gavras's 1972 film *State of Siege*.[^2]
On August 11, 1970 Representative [[Gerald R. Ford]] told the House that the death Monday of an American citizen in Montevideo "at the hands of Communist terrorists" was "a senseless, savage, cowardly act." Ford commended [[Byron Engle]], the director of the Office of Public Safety in AID, for "the leading role he played in this effort" to secure Mitrione's release.[^3] The Tupamaros had demanded the release of 150 imprisoned Tupamaros; the government of President [[Jorge Pacheco Areco]] stated that it could not release them, and Mitrione's body was found on Monday, August 10, 1970.[^4]
[[A. J. Langguth]] wrote in Hidden Terrors (1978) that the Montevideo police were torturing prisoners with a rudimentary electric needle from Argentina when Mitrione arrived, that Mitrione arranged newer needles which a Uruguayan police officer understood to have come in through the embassy's diplomatic pouch, and that the police commissioner [[Alejandro Otero]] was told by a detainee that Mitrione had watched and assisted at an interrogation.[^4] [[Manuel Hevia Cosculluela]], a Cuban who had worked alongside Mitrione in Montevideo, wrote in Pasaporte 11333 (Havana, 1978) that beggars from the outskirts of Montevideo and a woman were used in a demonstration of electric shock and drugs for Uruguayan police, and that "the four of them died"; in a statement reported in The New York Times of August 5, 1978 he said that Mitrione had personally tortured four beggars to death.[^5] The AID public safety program in Uruguay began in 1964 and was phased out in August 1974.[^6]
### Military Dictatorship and Condor
The military coup of June 27, 1973, dissolved the Uruguayan parliament and established a civilian government under military control that shifted to outright military rule in 1976. Uruguay became a founding member of [[Operation Condor]] at the November 1975 Santiago meeting. Uruguayan intelligence (OCOA, Organismo Coordinador de Operaciones Antisubversivas) participated in Phase I and Phase II Condor operations, tracking and returning Uruguayan opponents who had fled to [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], and other Condor partner states.
The military coup of June 27, 1973, dissolved the Uruguayan parliament and established a civilian government under military control that shifted to outright military rule in 1976. Uruguay became a founding member of Operation Condor at the November 1975 Santiago meeting. Uruguayan intelligence (OCOA, Organismo Coordinador de Operaciones Antisubversivas) participated in Phase I and Phase II Condor operations, tracking and returning Uruguayan opponents who had fled to Argentina, [[Chile]], and other Condor partner states.
The assassination in [[Buenos Aires]] on May 20, 1976, of former Uruguayan Senators Zelmar Michelini and Hector Gutierrez Ruiz - both abducted and killed by a joint Argentine-Uruguayan Condor team - was among the most prominent Phase II operations. Their murders occurred shortly after the Argentine coup of March 1976, when the new Argentine junta's expanded cooperation with Condor created the conditions for such operations.[^1]
@ -35,3 +39,7 @@ The military government negotiated a return to civilian rule. Julio Maria Sangui
[^1]: "Uruguay," *Encyclopaedia Britannica.* https://www.britannica.com/place/Uruguay
[^2]: McSherry, J. Patrice. *Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America.* Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
[^3]: Gerald R. Ford, House floor statement, August 11, 1970, "House Speech Assassination of Dan Mitrione, August 11, 1970," Ford Congressional Papers, Press Secretary and Speech File, Box D30, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0054/4526305.pdf
[^4]: A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors: The Truth About U.S. Police Operations in Latin America (New York: Pantheon, 1978), account of Mitrione's Montevideo posting (the Tupamaro demand for 150 prisoners, the discovery of the body on Monday, August 10, 1970, the electric needles, and the Otero complaint).
[^5]: Manuel Hevia Cosculluela, Pasaporte 11333: Ocho años con la CIA (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1978), pp. 284-287; Hevia's later statement reported in The New York Times, August 5, 1978, p. 3.
[^6]: U.S. General Accounting Office, Stopping U.S. Assistance to Foreign Police and Prisons, Report ID-76-5 to the Congress by the Comptroller General of the United States, February 19, 1976, chapters 1 and 3. https://www.gao.gov/assets/id-76-5.pdf