disinfozone/The_Info_Web
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

vault backup: 2026-10-27 00:25:03

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
disinfo.zone 2026-10-27 00:25:03 -04:00
parent fee42b73b8
commit 974685db34
No known key found for this signature in database
71 changed files with 10752 additions and 1921 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

111
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Allen Dulles.md
View file

@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ relations:
with: "[[American Committee on United Europe]]"
start: 1949
role: "vice-chairman"
fn: 4
fn: 5
- type: member_of
with: "[[Warren Commission]]"
start: 1963-11-29
end: 1964-09-24
fn: 20
fn: 23
---
Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7, 1893 - January 29, 1969) served as [[Director of Central Intelligence]] from February 26, 1953, to November 29, 1961 - the longest tenure of any DCI, the first civilian DCI, and the only brother of a sitting Secretary of State to hold the position. Dulles built the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] into the instrument of Cold War covert action that executed [[Operation AJAX]] in [[Iran]] (1953), [[Operation PBSUCCESS]] in [[Guatemala]] (1954), and the [[Bay of Pigs]] invasion of [[Cuba]] (1961). The Bay of Pigs disaster cost him his position - President [[John F. Kennedy]] forced his resignation, along with [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Charles P. Cabell|C.P. Cabell]] - and his subsequent appointment by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to the [[Warren Commission]] investigating Kennedy's assassination placed him in the remarkable position of overseeing the investigation of the event that had ended both his patron's life and his own career.[^1]
@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ Dulles was born in Watertown, [[New York]], to a Presbyterian minister. His mate
After [[Princeton University|Princeton]] (B.A. 1914, M.A. 1916)[^2] and brief missionary work in [[India]], Dulles entered the diplomatic service and served at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as an intelligence analyst. He joined the law firm [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] - which also employed his brother [[John Foster]] - where Sullivan & Cromwell represented major corporate interests including [[United Fruit Company]]. This connection became significant two decades later when the Dulles brothers, now respectively CIA Director and Secretary of State, authorized operations against a Guatemalan government that had expropriated United Fruit's landholdings. He was a trustee of Princeton by August 1961.[^3]
As a State Department officer in 1925 Dulles wrote memoranda of conversations on the [[League of Nations]] Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia. Arnold H. Taylor cites his memoranda of conversations with Elizabeth Washburn Wright and Helen H. Moorhead (November and December 1925), with Representative Stephen G. Porter (December 16) and, on December 22, 1925, with [[Frederic Adrian Delano]], the former Federal Reserve Board member who chaired the commission.[^4]
During World War II, Dulles served the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] as station chief in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] from 1942 to 1945 - the most significant OSS posting in Europe, given Switzerland's position as a neutral intelligence hub. His operational achievements included:
- [[Fritz Kolbe]] (codenamed "George Wood"), a German Foreign Ministry official who provided hundreds of authentic diplomatic cables, widely considered the most valuable Allied human source of the war in Europe.
@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ The unverifiable provenance of Gehlen's Soviet networks meant that the intellige
### American Committee on United Europe
Dulles was vice-chairman of the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE), which [[Richard Aldrich]] describes as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]] and officially incorporated in February 1949. [[William J. Donovan]] was its chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, was its executive director.[^4] Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^5] Dulles also corresponded with [[Max Ascoli]], whose papers index a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles dated May 27 among the 1968 letters on the closing of [[The Reporter]].[^6] A February 7, 1958 letter to Dulles from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses a participant list that includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^7] [[Hugh Wilford]] writes that The Reporter's deputy [[Philip Horton]] used contacts with Donovan, Dulles and James Jesus Angleton to enhance its foreign coverage.[^8]
Dulles was vice-chairman of the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE), which [[Richard Aldrich]] describes as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]] and officially incorporated in February 1949. [[William J. Donovan]] was its chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, was its executive director.[^5] Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^6] Dulles also corresponded with [[Max Ascoli]], whose papers index a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles dated May 27 among the 1968 letters on the closing of [[The Reporter]].[^7] A February 7, 1958 letter to Dulles from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses a participant list that includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^8] [[Hugh Wilford]] writes that The Reporter's deputy [[Philip Horton]] used contacts with Donovan, Dulles and James Jesus Angleton to enhance its foreign coverage.[^9]
### DCI: Iran, Guatemala, and the Covert Action Doctrine
@ -64,25 +66,29 @@ Dulles was named Deputy Director (Plans) in 1951 and became DCI on February 26,
Operation AJAX (August 1953): Working with British intelligence, Dulles's CIA executed the coup that overthrew Iranian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] and returned [[Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi|Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] to full power. The operation was designed and led in the field by [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit Roosevelt Jr.]], grandson of Theodore Roosevelt. Operation AJAX established the operational template that Dulles and Bissell believed could be replicated elsewhere.
Operation PBSUCCESS (June 1954): The CIA's overthrow of Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] was presented to Eisenhower as a vindication of covert action - a small paramilitary force, CIA air assets, and psychological warfare had collapsed a government with minimal U.S. exposure. Dulles and his team drew exactly the wrong lesson: that the model was transferable. The direct organizational line from PBSUCCESS to the Bay of Pigs ran through the same personnel - [[Howard Hunt]], [[Tracy Barnes]], [[David Atlee Phillips]] - applying the same framework to a target that had fundamentally different characteristics.[^9]
Operation PBSUCCESS (June 1954): The CIA's overthrow of Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] was presented to Eisenhower as a vindication of covert action - a small paramilitary force, CIA air assets, and psychological warfare had collapsed a government with minimal U.S. exposure. Dulles and his team drew exactly the wrong lesson: that the model was transferable. The direct organizational line from PBSUCCESS to the Bay of Pigs ran through the same personnel - [[Howard Hunt]], [[Tracy Barnes]], [[David Atlee Phillips]] - applying the same framework to a target that had fundamentally different characteristics.[^10]
[[MKULTRA]]: Dulles authorized the CIA's human experimentation program in April 1953 under Technical Services Staff chief [[Sidney Gottlieb]]. The program used LSD and other substances on unconsenting subjects, including mental patients, prisoners, and unwitting CIA employees. Dulles's authorization memorandum noted concerns about Soviet brainwashing capabilities and framed the program as defensive research. The program's scope - eventually comprising 150 subprojects at 80 institutions - far exceeded what Dulles's authorization documents described.
On August 26, 1960 Dulles cabled the Leopoldville station that the station officer was to be given "wider authority," including "even more aggressive action if it can remain covert," and wrote that "we realize that targets of opportunity may present themselves to you."[^10] The cable authorized up to $100,000 "to carry out any crash programs on which you do not have the opportunity to consult HQS," and assured the station officer that the message had been "seen and approved at competent level" in the State Department.[^10] The Church Committee documented the cable as one of a sequence that began with Tweedy's cable of August 18, 1960 and Bissell's of August 19.[^10]
On August 26, 1960 Dulles cabled the Leopoldville station that the station officer was to be given "wider authority," including "even more aggressive action if it can remain covert," and wrote that "we realize that targets of opportunity may present themselves to you."[^11] The cable authorized up to $100,000 "to carry out any crash programs on which you do not have the opportunity to consult HQS," and assured the station officer that the message had been "seen and approved at competent level" in the State Department.[^11] The Church Committee documented the cable as one of a sequence that began with Tweedy's cable of August 18, 1960 and Bissell's of August 19.[^11]
### Correspondence with Senator McCarthy, 1953
In July 1953 [[Joseph McCarthy]], as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to Dulles about [[William P. Bundy]], an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, whom McCarthy linked to a $400 contribution to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]].[^11] McCarthy's letter of July 27, 1953 said the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency."[^12] The CIA reply of July 22, 1953, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, gave the agency's account of Bundy's disclosure on his March 1951 application and of the field investigation and loyalty determinations that followed. It deferred comment on the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution until a review was complete.[^11] A newspaper article by [[Allen Drury]] dated August 4, 1953 reported that Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation, and reported that on July 22 Dulles informed McCarthy of the results of a CIA security check on Bundy and of Bundy's 1940 membership in the United Public Workers of America.[^13] Dulles's reply of August 1, 1953, as quoted in that article, read: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and he declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^13] McCarthy replied on August 3 that Bundy's contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^14] An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent [[Sam Papich]] he had taken the position that permitting CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States, that he had been in touch with the White House about the position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information; Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^15]
In July 1953 [[Joseph McCarthy]], as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to Dulles about [[William P. Bundy]], an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, whom McCarthy linked to a $400 contribution to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]].[^12] McCarthy's letter of July 27, 1953 said the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency."[^13] The CIA reply of July 22, 1953, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, gave the agency's account of Bundy's disclosure on his March 1951 application and of the field investigation and loyalty determinations that followed. It deferred comment on the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution until a review was complete.[^12] A newspaper article by [[Allen Drury]] dated August 4, 1953 reported that Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation, and reported that on July 22 Dulles informed McCarthy of the results of a CIA security check on Bundy and of Bundy's 1940 membership in the United Public Workers of America.[^14] Dulles's reply of August 1, 1953, as quoted in that article, read: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and he declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^14] McCarthy replied on August 3 that Bundy's contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^15] An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent [[Sam Papich]] he had taken the position that permitting CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States, that he had been in touch with the White House about the position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information; Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^16]
On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." The letter answered press reports that CIA classified material had been printed at the [[Government Printing Office]]. It said the agency's legislative counsel had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, 1953, and it asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^16]
On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." The letter answered press reports that CIA classified material had been printed at the [[Government Printing Office]]. It said the agency's legislative counsel had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, 1953, and it asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^17]
### Correspondence with William Sloane Coffin, 1958
On March 27, 1958, Dulles wrote to [[William Sloane Coffin]] about his recent appointment as chaplain of Yale University, and wished him every success in the year ahead.[^18] The appointment had been announced in the New York Times on March 17, 1958, with Coffin then serving as chaplain of [[Williams College]].[^19]
### MKULTRA: The Sandoz Panic and the Olson Death
Dulles approved MKULTRA on April 13, 1953, ten days after Richard Helms proposed a program for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," with an initial $300,000 exempt from normal financial controls and payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]]. Acting in a climate of Cold War urgency, that same month Dulles approved a $240,000 payment after an intelligence report claimed [[Sandoz]] wanted to sell 10 kilograms of [[LSD]] on the open market; CIA officers flew to Switzerland with a black bag of cash only to learn Sandoz had produced barely 40 grams in fifteen years, the entire panic stemming from a military attaché who confused milligrams with kilograms. When [[Frank Olson]] died in November 1953 after Gottlieb dosed him with LSD at [[Deep Creek Lodge]], Dulles ordered Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] to investigate; the resulting reprimands were softened through six drafts and placed in no personnel file.[^17]
Dulles approved MKULTRA on April 13, 1953, ten days after Richard Helms proposed a program for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," with an initial $300,000 exempt from normal financial controls and payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]]. Acting in a climate of Cold War urgency, that same month Dulles approved a $240,000 payment after an intelligence report claimed [[Sandoz]] wanted to sell 10 kilograms of [[LSD]] on the open market; CIA officers flew to Switzerland with a black bag of cash only to learn Sandoz had produced barely 40 grams in fifteen years, the entire panic stemming from a military attaché who confused milligrams with kilograms. When [[Frank Olson]] died in November 1953 after Gottlieb dosed him with LSD at [[Deep Creek Lodge]], Dulles ordered Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] to investigate; the resulting reprimands were softened through six drafts and placed in no personnel file.[^20]
### Rockefeller's Special Group and the Human Ecology Front
Under Eisenhower, Dulles reported all CIA covert operations, including MKULTRA, the coups, and assassination planning, to the NSC "[[Special Group]]" chaired by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the structure formalized by NSC 5412/2 in December 1955 that gave the president plausible deniability; in a 1955 "Family Jewels" briefing Dulles described the full range of covert programs to Rockefeller's board. When MKULTRA needed a research hospital, Dulles sought Rockefeller's approval for a scheme to channel CIA money through private foundations to win matching federal grants for a wing at [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. The program's primary funding front, the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], was organized at Dulles's initiative through [[Harold Wolff]], the Cornell neurologist who had treated Dulles's brain-damaged son; Dulles attended one of its first board meetings. His relationship with [[D. Ewen Cameron]] predated the funding: in November 1945, still with the OSS, Dulles had sent Cameron to Nuremberg to assess whether [[Rudolf Hess]] was fit to stand trial.[^18]
Under Eisenhower, Dulles reported all CIA covert operations, including MKULTRA, the coups, and assassination planning, to the NSC "[[Special Group]]" chaired by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the structure formalized by NSC 5412/2 in December 1955 that gave the president plausible deniability; in a 1955 "Family Jewels" briefing Dulles described the full range of covert programs to Rockefeller's board. When MKULTRA needed a research hospital, Dulles sought Rockefeller's approval for a scheme to channel CIA money through private foundations to win matching federal grants for a wing at [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. The program's primary funding front, the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], was organized at Dulles's initiative through [[Harold Wolff]], the Cornell neurologist who had treated Dulles's brain-damaged son; Dulles attended one of its first board meetings. His relationship with [[D. Ewen Cameron]] predated the funding: in November 1945, still with the OSS, Dulles had sent Cameron to Nuremberg to assess whether [[Rudolf Hess]] was fit to stand trial.[^21]
### Bay of Pigs and Forced Resignation
@ -90,68 +96,71 @@ The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 17-19, 1961 was the catastrophic failure that
Kennedy publicly accepted responsibility but was privately furious. He reportedly told aide [[Ted Sorensen]] that he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds" - a remark almost certainly apocryphal in its precise wording but consistent with his documented anger. The Taylor Commission's findings and the classified Kirkpatrick IG report both pointed to fundamental CIA failures in planning, execution, and judgment.
Dulles submitted his resignation in September 1961; it was formally accepted November 29, 1961. He was replaced by [[John McCone]]. The CIA's own history states that a "humiliated President Kennedy did not wait for either report before cleaning house at CIA" and that he accepted resignations from Dulles and from Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell, who stayed at their posts until their successors were selected a few months later.[^19] Bissell and Cabell were also forced out. CIA veterans viewed their dismissal as Kennedy scapegoating the agency for a failure the [[White House]] had co-created by canceling the air strikes.[^1]
Dulles submitted his resignation in September 1961; it was formally accepted November 29, 1961. He was replaced by [[John McCone]]. The CIA's own history states that a "humiliated President Kennedy did not wait for either report before cleaning house at CIA" and that he accepted resignations from Dulles and from Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell, who stayed at their posts until their successors were selected a few months later.[^22] Bissell and Cabell were also forced out. CIA veterans viewed their dismissal as Kennedy scapegoating the agency for a failure the [[White House]] had co-created by canceling the air strikes.[^1]
### The Warren Commission
On November 29, 1963 - exactly two years after Dulles's forced resignation - President Lyndon Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate Kennedy's assassination. Among the seven commissioners Johnson named was Allen Dulles despite Kennedy’s firing of Dulles.[^20]
On November 29, 1963 - exactly two years after Dulles's forced resignation - President Lyndon Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate Kennedy's assassination. Among the seven commissioners Johnson named was Allen Dulles despite Kennedy’s firing of Dulles.[^23]
The investigation was examining whether CIA-connected parties (specifically the anti-Castro exile networks and organized crime figures that Dulles had directly overseen) had any role in the assassination. He was now in a position to shape what evidence the Commission sought, what witnesses it called, and what conclusions it reached regarding the CIA programs he had run.
Dulles was reportedly among the most active commissioners in shaping the investigation's scope. He briefed commissioners on CIA history and procedures. Book V of the Church Committee's final report states that, with the exception of Dulles, it is unlikely anyone on the Warren Commission knew of the CIA's assassination efforts, and that Dulles knew of the plots with underworld figures that had taken place during his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence.[^21] The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Dulles "did not inform the other members about the plots that had occurred during his term as DCI,"[^22] and also states that "it is not entirely certain that Dulles was ever made aware of the true nature of the underworld operation."[^23] The [[ZR/RIFLE]] assassination plotting program was, in the same period, not disclosed to the Commission at the agency level by [[Richard Helms]] as Deputy Director for Plans. Helms testified that Dulles "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^24] The CIA's failure to disclose the assassination plots to the Warren Commission was documented by the Church Committee in 1975; Dulles's role as both a commissioner and the former DCI who had authorized the programs is the structural conflict of interest the Commission's composition created.
Dulles was reportedly among the most active commissioners in shaping the investigation's scope. He briefed commissioners on CIA history and procedures. Book V of the Church Committee's final report states that, with the exception of Dulles, it is unlikely anyone on the Warren Commission knew of the CIA's assassination efforts, and that Dulles knew of the plots with underworld figures that had taken place during his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence.[^24] The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Dulles "did not inform the other members about the plots that had occurred during his term as DCI,"[^25] and also states that "it is not entirely certain that Dulles was ever made aware of the true nature of the underworld operation."[^26] The [[ZR/RIFLE]] assassination plotting program was, in the same period, not disclosed to the Commission at the agency level by [[Richard Helms]] as Deputy Director for Plans. Helms testified that Dulles "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^27] The CIA's failure to disclose the assassination plots to the Warren Commission was documented by the Church Committee in 1975; Dulles's role as both a commissioner and the former DCI who had authorized the programs is the structural conflict of interest the Commission's composition created.
Angleton testified that Dulles consulted him before agreeing to President Johnson's request that he serve, that the two were in frequent contact, and that they informally discussed the progress of the investigation and what further work the CIA could do.[^25] At the January 22, 1964 executive session, the Commission took up a report that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had been a paid FBI informant. Dulles asked whether the purpose of such a hire could have been to penetrate the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]]. He said that practically any American could obtain a passport good for anywhere, and that the Passport Bureau had no record of Oswald's defection. Near the end of the meeting, Dulles said: "I think this record ought to be destroyed."[^26] FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s files held an index card on Dulles that cross-referenced a November 29, 1963 memorandum.[^27]
Angleton testified that Dulles consulted him before agreeing to President Johnson's request that he serve, that the two were in frequent contact, and that they informally discussed the progress of the investigation and what further work the CIA could do.[^28] At the January 22, 1964 executive session, the Commission took up a report that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had been a paid FBI informant. Dulles asked whether the purpose of such a hire could have been to penetrate the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]]. He said that practically any American could obtain a passport good for anywhere, and that the Passport Bureau had no record of Oswald's defection. Near the end of the meeting, Dulles said: "I think this record ought to be destroyed."[^29] FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s files held an index card on Dulles that cross-referenced a November 29, 1963 memorandum.[^30]
The [[HSCA|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979) found that the Warren Commission's failure to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy was "attributable in part to the failure of the Commission to receive all the relevant information that was in the possession of other agencies and departments of the Government," and that the CIA "was deficient in its collection and sharing of information both prior to and subsequent to the assassination."[^28] The report does not name Dulles in those findings. It states that the committee did not ignore the possibility that certain CIA officials who knew that close scrutiny of United States-Cuban relations could have exposed the CIA-Mafia plots might have tried to keep the CIA's or the Warren Commission's inquiry from the question of Cuban complicity, and that it determined that only Deputy Director Helms was in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to accomplish such a cover-up and was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was "highly unlikely he in fact did so."[^29] It found that the details of the AMLASH plot and the CIA-Mafia plots should have been provided to the Warren Commission.[^30]
The [[HSCA|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979) found that the Warren Commission's failure to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy was "attributable in part to the failure of the Commission to receive all the relevant information that was in the possession of other agencies and departments of the Government," and that the CIA "was deficient in its collection and sharing of information both prior to and subsequent to the assassination."[^31] The report does not name Dulles in those findings. It states that the committee did not ignore the possibility that certain CIA officials who knew that close scrutiny of United States-Cuban relations could have exposed the CIA-Mafia plots might have tried to keep the CIA's or the Warren Commission's inquiry from the question of Cuban complicity, and that it determined that only Deputy Director Helms was in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to accomplish such a cover-up and was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was "highly unlikely he in fact did so."[^32] It found that the details of the AMLASH plot and the CIA-Mafia plots should have been provided to the Warren Commission.[^33]
### Dallas Council on World Affairs and Neil Mallon
A Dallas News editorial of October 27, 1953 refers to a meeting of the Dallas Council on World Affairs the previous week, which had drawn interest in what the head of the Central Intelligence Agency might say.[^31] On February 27, 1954, Dulles wrote to Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] that a Texas correspondent had sent him a copy of a February 24, 1954 letter that the correspondent had written to Nixon about the council. Dulles described the council as "an excellent forum of persons who take a deep interest in our foreign relations." He wrote that he had known [[Neil Mallon]] "for several years," and that Mallon had made "a real accomplishment in organizing the Council and keeping it a live and vigorous organization." The routing block of the letter shows a copy sent to Mallon.[^32] On February 5, 1958, the council's executive director, Roger Kennedy, wrote to Dulles asking him to speak in Dallas in April or May; Dulles's reply to Kennedy, dated February 13, 1958 (drafted February 7), declined the invitation at that time.[^33] The council's letterhead on Kennedy's letter lists [[Earle Cabell]] and "H. N. Mallon" (executive committee) among its members. The Handbook of Texas names Earle Cabell's brother as Charles Pearre Cabell, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953.[^34]
A Dallas News editorial of October 27, 1953 refers to a meeting of the Dallas Council on World Affairs the previous week, which had drawn interest in what the head of the Central Intelligence Agency might say.[^34] On February 27, 1954, Dulles wrote to Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] that a Texas correspondent had sent him a copy of a February 24, 1954 letter that the correspondent had written to Nixon about the council. Dulles described the council as "an excellent forum of persons who take a deep interest in our foreign relations." He wrote that he had known [[Neil Mallon]] "for several years," and that Mallon had made "a real accomplishment in organizing the Council and keeping it a live and vigorous organization." The routing block of the letter shows a copy sent to Mallon.[^35] On February 5, 1958, the council's executive director, Roger Kennedy, wrote to Dulles asking him to speak in Dallas in April or May; Dulles's reply to Kennedy, dated February 13, 1958 (drafted February 7), declined the invitation at that time.[^36] The council's letterhead on Kennedy's letter lists [[Earle Cabell]] and "H. N. Mallon" (executive committee) among its members. The Handbook of Texas names Earle Cabell's brother as Charles Pearre Cabell, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953.[^37]
[[Anthony L. Kimery]]'s article in the CovertAction Information Bulletin (number 41, Summer 1992) states that Mallon, a Dresser Industries chairman, "steered prospective candidates for spy work to Dulles and often provided cover employment to CIA operatives." Kimery's article gives this as its own claim.[^35]
[[Anthony L. Kimery]]'s article in the CovertAction Information Bulletin (number 41, Summer 1992) states that Mallon, a Dresser Industries chairman, "steered prospective candidates for spy work to Dulles and often provided cover employment to CIA operatives." Kimery's article gives this as its own claim.[^38]
### Death and Legacy
Dulles spent his post-CIA years writing, lecturing, and defending the covert action programs he had built. His book *The Craft of Intelligence* (1963) was the first major public account of CIA operations by a former director. He died in Washington on January 29, 1969, of influenza complicated by pneumonia, eighteen months before the full extent of MKULTRA and the assassination plots became public.
The 2022 report of the United Nations Eminent Person summarized the argument of Greg Poulgrain's 2020 book, *JFK vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia*, which posits that Dulles formed a motive to remove [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] following a policy conflict over the United Nations' intended intervention in the dispute over the sovereignty of West New Guinea.[^36] The report recorded Poulgrain's proposition that the Operation Celeste documents, which refer to a plan to kill Hammarskjöld by causing his plane to crash, mention Dulles by name, stating: "UNO is becoming troublesome and it is felt that Hammarskjöld should be removed. Allen Dulles agrees and has promised full cooperation from his people."[^36] Poulgrain compared this with the Church Committee's account of Dulles expressing a "wish [to] give every possible support" to a plan to kill Lumumba.[^36] The report stated that it was not necessary at that stage to assess the probative value of Poulgrain's information, and that it underscored the importance of "proving or disproving the veracity of the Operation Celeste hypothesis and Dulles's alleged involvement (as relied on by Poulgrain)."[^37]
The 2022 report of the United Nations Eminent Person summarized the argument of Greg Poulgrain's 2020 book, *JFK vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia*, which posits that Dulles formed a motive to remove [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] following a policy conflict over the United Nations' intended intervention in the dispute over the sovereignty of West New Guinea.[^39] The report recorded Poulgrain's proposition that the Operation Celeste documents, which refer to a plan to kill Hammarskjöld by causing his plane to crash, mention Dulles by name, stating: "UNO is becoming troublesome and it is felt that Hammarskjöld should be removed. Allen Dulles agrees and has promised full cooperation from his people."[^39] Poulgrain compared this with the Church Committee's account of Dulles expressing a "wish [to] give every possible support" to a plan to kill Lumumba.[^39] The report stated that it was not necessary at that stage to assess the probative value of Poulgrain's information, and that it underscored the importance of "proving or disproving the veracity of the Operation Celeste hypothesis and Dulles's alleged involvement (as relied on by Poulgrain)."[^40]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Kinzer, Stephen. *The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War.* Times Books, 2013 (covers both brothers, the Sullivan & Cromwell connections, and the covert action programs). Grose, Peter. *Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles.* Houghton Mifflin, 1994.
[^2]: *Allen W. Dulles Papers*, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library (MC019), biography/history and acquisition information. https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC019
[^3]: Allen W. Dulles to Hadley Cantril, August 28, 1961, replying to a letter of July 21, 1961. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80B01676R003500040028-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500040028-2
[^4]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," Diplomacy & Statecraft 8, no. 1 (1997), p. 192, DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf.
[^5]: Aldrich (1997), pp. 211-212 (Braden's 1980s assertion at p. 211; Rabattet passage at p. 212), same URL.
[^6]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968.
[^7]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^8]: Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer (Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231.
[^9]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. *Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba.* New Press, 1998. Church Committee. "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders." Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975. Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
[^10]: United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, section on the Congo, quoting the CIA cables of August 18, August 19 and August 26, 1960. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
[^11]: Letter from Alba W. Doan, Director, Central Intelligence Agency, to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
[^12]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^13]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^14]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^15]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^16]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^17]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4; "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," Joint Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
[^18]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995, Ch. 18; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^19]: Warner, Michael, "The CIA's Internal Probe of the Bay of Pigs Affair: Lessons Unlearned," *Studies in Intelligence*, Winter 1998-1999. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf
[^20]: Executive Order 11130, "Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11130-appointing-commission-report-upon-the-assassination-president-john-f
[^21]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, pp. 67-68. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^22]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269, note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^23]: *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, p. 267. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^24]: Book V, p. 70 (Helms testimony of July 18, 1975). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^25]: Book V, p. 69 (note 134, Angleton testimony of February 6, 1976, pp. 31-34). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^26]: Warren Commission, executive session transcript, January 22, 1964, 5:30 to 7:00 p.m. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcexec/pdf/WcEx0122.pdf
[^27]: U.S. Assassination Records Review Board, memorandum by Ronald G. Haron, "Assassination Records Among the Files of J. Edgar Hoover (FBI-36)," January 8, 1998. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/RHARON/HARON/FBIMEM.002.pdf
[^28]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, 95th Cong., 2d sess. (1979), summary Findings I.D.4 and I.D.5(b) (p. 4). https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^29]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, p. 128. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^30]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, pp. 112-116. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^31]: "World Affairs Council," editorial, Dallas News, October 27, 1953, CIA reading room clipping, CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080037-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70-00058r000100080037-2
[^32]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to the Honorable Richard M. Nixon, Vice-President of the United States, February 27, 1954, with distribution "cc - Neil Mallon," CIA-RDP80R01731R000900110025-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000900110025-8
[^33]: Roger Kennedy, Executive Director, Dallas Council on World Affairs, letter of February 5, 1958 to Allen Dulles, Central Intelligence Agency, with council letterhead, and Dulles's reply to Kennedy drafted February 7 and dated February 13, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800110043-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800110043-4
[^34]: Michael V. Hazel, "Cabell, Earle," and "Cabell, Charles Pearre," Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association (brothers; sons of Ben E. and Sadie Pearre Cabell; Earle on the Dallas Council on World Affairs; Charles deputy director of the CIA from 1953). https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-earle ; https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-charles-pearre
[^35]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), passage on Henry Neil Mallon, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^36]: A/76/892, report of the Eminent Person, August 25, 2022, paragraphs 241 to 244. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^37]: A/76/892, paragraph 246. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^4]: Arnold H. Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939* (Durham: Duke University Press, 1969), pp. 312-313 and notes 38 to 42 (Dulles memoranda of November 2, November 5 and December 7, 1925 on Wright and Moorhead, of December 16, 1925 with Representative Stephen G. Porter, and of December 22, 1925 with Delano, file SDR 511.4A2/444). https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac02tayl
[^5]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," Diplomacy & Statecraft 8, no. 1 (1997), p. 192, DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf.
[^6]: Aldrich (1997), pp. 211-212 (Braden's 1980s assertion at p. 211; Rabattet passage at p. 212), same URL.
[^7]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968.
[^8]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^9]: Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer (Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231.
[^10]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. *Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba.* New Press, 1998. Church Committee. "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders." Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975. Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
[^11]: United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, section on the Congo, quoting the CIA cables of August 18, August 19 and August 26, 1960. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
[^12]: Letter from Alba W. Doan, Director, Central Intelligence Agency, to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
[^13]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^14]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^15]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^16]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^17]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^18]: Allen W. Dulles to William Sloane Coffin Jr., March 27, 1958, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800030070-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r003800030070-3
[^19]: CIA Reading Room, "Former Infantry Officer Named Yale Chaplain," special dispatch to *The New York Times*, March 17, 1958, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020009-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020009-4
[^20]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4; "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," Joint Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
[^21]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995, Ch. 18; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^22]: Warner, Michael, "The CIA's Internal Probe of the Bay of Pigs Affair: Lessons Unlearned," *Studies in Intelligence*, Winter 1998-1999. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf
[^23]: Executive Order 11130, "Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11130-appointing-commission-report-upon-the-assassination-president-john-f
[^24]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, pp. 67-68. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^25]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269, note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^26]: *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, p. 267. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^27]: Book V, p. 70 (Helms testimony of July 18, 1975). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^28]: Book V, p. 69 (note 134, Angleton testimony of February 6, 1976, pp. 31-34). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^29]: Warren Commission, executive session transcript, January 22, 1964, 5:30 to 7:00 p.m. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcexec/pdf/WcEx0122.pdf
[^30]: U.S. Assassination Records Review Board, memorandum by Ronald G. Haron, "Assassination Records Among the Files of J. Edgar Hoover (FBI-36)," January 8, 1998. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/RHARON/HARON/FBIMEM.002.pdf
[^31]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, 95th Cong., 2d sess. (1979), summary Findings I.D.4 and I.D.5(b) (p. 4). https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^32]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, p. 128. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^33]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, pp. 112-116. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^34]: "World Affairs Council," editorial, Dallas News, October 27, 1953, CIA reading room clipping, CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080037-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70-00058r000100080037-2
[^35]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to the Honorable Richard M. Nixon, Vice-President of the United States, February 27, 1954, with distribution "cc - Neil Mallon," CIA-RDP80R01731R000900110025-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000900110025-8
[^36]: Roger Kennedy, Executive Director, Dallas Council on World Affairs, letter of February 5, 1958 to Allen Dulles, Central Intelligence Agency, with council letterhead, and Dulles's reply to Kennedy drafted February 7 and dated February 13, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800110043-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800110043-4
[^37]: Michael V. Hazel, "Cabell, Earle," and "Cabell, Charles Pearre," Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association (brothers; sons of Ben E. and Sadie Pearre Cabell; Earle on the Dallas Council on World Affairs; Charles deputy director of the CIA from 1953). https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-earle ; https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-charles-pearre
[^38]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), passage on Henry Neil Mallon, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^39]: A/76/892, report of the Eminent Person, August 25, 2022, paragraphs 241 to 244. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^40]: A/76/892, paragraph 246. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf

347
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel Coit Gilman.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
---
aliases:
- Daniel C. Gilman
- D. C. Gilman
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- SkullAndBones
- RussellTrustAssociation
- YaleUniversity
- JohnsHopkins
- CarnegieInstitution
- VenezuelaBoundary
- CivilServiceReform
- GeneralEducationBoard
- SlaterFund
- PeabodyFund
- RussellSageFoundation
- SuttonHypothesis
summary: "Yale librarian who became president of the University of California, Johns Hopkins University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and who is named in the 1856 act incorporating the Russell Trust Association."
born: 1831-07-06
died: 1908-10-13
location: "Baltimore, Maryland"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1851
role: "class of 1852"
fn: 10
- type: founded
with: "[[Russell Trust Association]]"
role: "named incorporator in the 1856 act"
start: 1856
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Yale University]]"
role: "assistant librarian, then librarian"
start: 1856
end: 1865
fn: 37
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Sheffield Scientific School]]"
role: "professor of physical and political geography; secretary; incorporator in 1871"
start: 1863
end: 1872
fn: 39
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Thomas H. Seymour]]"
role: "attache of the United States legation at St. Petersburg"
start: 1853
end: 1854
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[University of California]]"
start: 1872
end: 1875
fn: 41
- type: head_of
with: "[[Johns Hopkins University]]"
start: 1875
end: 1901
fn: 50
- type: head_of
with: "[[Carnegie Institution of Washington]]"
start: 1902
end: 1904
fn: 69
- type: director_of
with: "[[General Education Board]]"
role: "member and named incorporator"
start: 1902
fn: 86
- type: head_of
with: "[[John F. Slater Fund]]"
role: "president, succeeding Rutherford B. Hayes"
start: 1893
end: 1908
fn: 61
- type: director_of
with: "[[John F. Slater Fund]]"
role: "original trustee"
start: 1882
fn: 61
- type: director_of
with: "[[Peabody Education Fund]]"
role: "trustee, later vice president"
start: 1893
fn: 81
- type: director_of
with: "[[Russell Sage Foundation]]"
role: "trustee on its establishment"
start: 1907
fn: 91
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Civil Service Reform League]]"
start: 1901
end: 1907
fn: 92
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Social Science Association]]"
start: 1879
fn: 61
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Bible Society]]"
start: 1903
fn: 61
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Venezuela Boundary Commission]]"
role: "commissioner"
start: 1896
end: 1897
fn: 65
- type: appointed
with: "[[Grover Cleveland]]"
reverse: true
role: "member of the Venezuela Boundary Commission"
start: 1896
fn: 65
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Andrew Dickson White]]"
role: "fellow attache of the United States legation at St. Petersburg; fellow commissioner"
start: 1853
fn: 21
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Edward W. Gilman]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 8
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Joseph Parrish Thompson]]"
role: "brother-in-law"
fn: 8
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Elizabeth Dwight Woolsey]]"
start: 1877
end: 1908
fn: 94
---
Daniel Coit Gilman (July 6, 1831 to October 13, 1908) was a [[Yale University]] librarian and professor of geography who became president of the [[University of California]], of [[Johns Hopkins University]] and of the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and a trustee of the [[John F. Slater Fund]], the [[Peabody Education Fund]], the [[General Education Board]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]].[^1] The 1856 act of the [[Connecticut General Assembly]] incorporating the [[Russell Trust Association]], the corporate body of [[Skull and Bones]], names him among its six incorporators.[^2] [[Antony C. Sutton]] placed the Gilman family on his chart of old-line American families with a settlement at Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638.[^3]
### Family and origins
Edward Gilman, the progenitor of most of the Gilman name in America, came from Hingham, Norfolk, England, with his wife and family in 1638 and settled at Hingham on Massachusetts Bay; a few years later he removed to Exeter, New Hampshire.[^4] Daniel Coit Gilman was born at [[Norwich, Connecticut]], on July 6, 1831, the son of William Charles Gilman and Eliza Coit.[^5] Sutton and [[Kris Millegan]] give the birth date as July 8, 1831.[^6]
At fourteen he moved with his parents to [[New York City]] and prepared for college under John J. Owen, principal of the Cornelius Institute. During his college course he lived in the household of his uncle, Professor James L. Kingsley of Yale, was president of the Linonian Society and was an editor of the Yale Literary Magazine.[^7] His brother Edward W. Gilman (Yale 1843) was for thirty years secretary of the [[American Bible Society]], and his brother-in-law, the clergyman Joseph Parrish Thompson (Yale 1838), was an author whose works Gilman edited together with those of [[Francis Lieber]].[^8] Millegan wrote that Gilman's uncle Henry Coit Kingsley (class of 1834), treasurer of Yale from 1862 to 1886, and his brother-in-law Thompson were both members of the Order.[^9]
### Yale class of 1852 and Skull and Bones
Gilman entered Yale in 1848 and graduated in 1852; of fifty-five prizes awarded to twenty-eight members of the class, he took four.[^10] The class secretary, Ephraim Cutter, listed Gilman's society memberships by college year in the memorial volume the class published in 1909 after his death, and gave "Skull and Bones" with Phi Beta Kappa for his senior year.[^10]
An 1876 pamphlet, The Fall of Skull and Bones, compiled from the minutes of the seventh regular meeting of the Order of the [[File and Claw]], described the contents of the society's hall after a night entry by that body. It reported a framed engraving of an open burial vault accompanied by a card on which was written "From the German Chapter. Presented by Patriarch D.C. Gilman of D. 50."[^11] Millegan reproduced the passage and glossed the name on the card as that of "Daniel Coit Gilman, initiated into the Order of Skull and Bones 1850."[^12]
Sutton lists him as "Daniel Coit Gilman ('52)" and Millegan as "S&B 1852."[^13] Millegan wrote that Gilman, [[Timothy Dwight]] (class of 1849) and [[Andrew Dickson White]] (class of 1853) "formed a troika which still influences American life today."[^14] [[Lyman Bagg]], in his 1871 account of Yale, described the society as founded in 1832 by fifteen members of the class that graduated the following year, with William H. Russell, "the valedictorian of that class," as its reputed founder and [[Alphonso Taft]] of Cincinnati as the best known of his associates.[^15]
### Russell Trust Association
The act of the Connecticut General Assembly passed in 1856 reads: "Resolved by this Assembly, That William H. Russell, John S. Beach, Henry B. Harrison, Daniel C. Gilman, Henry T. Blake and Henry D. White, and all such other persons as may be from time to time associated with them, together with their successors, be and they are hereby constituted a body corporate and politic," under the name of the Russell Trust Association "for the purpose of the intellectual and moral improvement of its members, and for that only." Section 1 limited the real and personal estate the association could hold to fifteen thousand dollars; section 2 fixed the first meeting at New Haven on the last Wednesday of July 1856; section 3 made the act subject to alteration or repeal by the General Assembly.[^2]
Lyman Bagg listed the six names with their class years ("William H. Russell of '33, John S. Beach of '39, Henry B. Harrison of '46, Henry T. Blake of '48, Henry D. White of '51, and Daniel C. Gilman of '52") and wrote that "the first of whom has since acted as president, the one next the last as treasurer, of the association." In Bagg's list the name next to the last is Henry D. White.[^15] Sutton wrote that Gilman became treasurer and that [[William Huntington Russell]], the cofounder, was president, and Millegan gave the same offices.[^16] Millegan also wrote that there is no mention of the Order or the Russell Trust "in Gilman's biography, nor in open records."[^17] Millegan further described Gilman as "a Russell & Co. partner relation" who "incorporated the Order of Skull & Bones as the Russell Trust Association."[^18]
John S. Beach, one of the other five incorporators of the association, was with Gilman among the six incorporators of the Sheffield Scientific School in 1871, together with [[William Walter Phelps]], whom Sutton's list places in the Order in 1860.[^19] Gilman's papers at Yale include correspondence with William H. Russell dated 1855, the year before the act.[^20]
### Saint Petersburg and Berlin, 1853 to 1855
In December 1853 Gilman and White sailed for Europe as attaches of the United States legation at [[Saint Petersburg]] under [[Thomas H. Seymour]], the former governor of Connecticut, minister plenipotentiary.[^21] White wrote that Gilman, "then of the class above mine," had been invited by Seymour to go as an attache and that, at Seymour's suggestion, a similar invitation would be extended to him; White also wrote that on a train to New York he found himself beside Seymour, whom he described as "pro-slavery" while he was "anti-slavery."[^22] White sailed on December 10, 1853 with Gilman.[^23] A classmate, William W. Crapo, told the [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] that Seymour, "not a diplomat by training or experience," had "desired a friendly companionship which might at times be of assistance to him."[^24]
While the minister was detained in America, the attaches waited in England. Gilman, by invitation of [[Richard Cobden]] and [[John Bright]], addressed a meeting of the National Public School Association at Manchester on "Common School Education in America," which the Manchester newspapers reported as "enthusiastically received."[^25] A letter of February 23, 1854 describes his attendance at the reception ball of the Emperor and Empress at the Tuileries in Paris, which Seymour had declined to attend over the question of diplomatic costume.[^26] He arrived in St. Petersburg on March 24, 1854, after nine days from Berlin.[^27]
A letter of June 19, 1854 describes how Seymour wrote to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nesselrode, asking leave for Gilman to see the public establishments of the city; a diplomatic letter sealed with the double-headed eagle answered that the request had been referred to the Grand Duke Heritier, and similar notes followed from the Grand Duke Constantine, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Appanages. Officers then called in their carriages to conduct him through the military corps, the naval corps, the Lyceum and the corps of pages. He wrote that the attentions were "intended by the authorities as a compliment to the Legation."[^28] He inspected the flagship of the Russian fleet at Kronstadt under the escort of the admiral.[^29]
In April 1854 he wrote to his sister from St. Petersburg: "Day and night I think of that time, and in all I see and do I am planning for being useful at home. I find my wishes cling more and more towards a home in New England, and I long for an opportunity to influence New England minds." He added: "I look therefore more and more to the ministry as probably the place where I can do more good than anywhere else."[^30] Sutton quotes the same letter.[^31] The family of William Ropes, an American merchant long resident in the city, drew him to the American Chapel, whose deacons asked him to conduct services after the pastor's departure; he declined.[^32]
White did not arrive in the Russian capital until October 31, 1854, after nearly a year in Paris, and lived in Seymour's household for the rest of his stay; he wrote that part of his duty was to accompany the minister as interpreter in his interviews with Nesselrode, Gortschakoff "and others then in power."[^33] White later wrote that when he succeeded Gilman as attache he found at St. Petersburg "a number of the best people" who spoke of Gilman "in the highest terms."[^34] Gilman spent the winter of 1854 to 1855 at Berlin, where he formed friendships with the historian Georg Pertz, the geographer Karl Ritter, Adolf Trendelenburg and Karl Lepsius.[^35] In 1855 Connecticut appointed him its commissioner to the [[Paris Universal Exposition]], and he served as secretary of the board of associated commissioners.[^36]
### Yale librarian and Sheffield
Gilman returned at the end of 1855 and in the summer of 1856 was made assistant librarian of Yale College and, two years later, librarian; he resigned the librarianship in 1865. From 1856 to 1860 he was also acting visitor of the schools of [[New Haven]], and from 1865 to the close of 1866 secretary of the State Board of Education of Connecticut. He assisted in preparing the 1864 edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary and edited the Yale Obituary Record of graduates for 1863 to 1865.[^37] White wrote that on his own return in 1856 he was urged by "Porter and Gilman" to remain in New Haven, where they "virtually pledged" him a position in the school of art about to be established.[^38]
He held the Yale Corporation's appointment as professor of physical and political geography at the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] from 1863, and in September 1866 the governing board of the school elected him its secretary.[^39] In February 1871 Professors Brush, Gilman and Trowbridge and Messrs. John S. Beach, William Walter Phelps and Charles J. Sheffield associated themselves as a body corporate for the school, with a board of nine in which the Governor of Connecticut, the President of Yale and the chairman of the trustees of the Peabody Museum sat ex officio and the six incorporators filled the remaining seats.[^19] Millegan wrote that three of the six were members of the Order, that Gilman's report on the reorganization of the school was prepared while members of the Order obtained Connecticut's share of the federal land scrip under the Morrill Act, and that Gilman was rewarded with the professorship.[^40]
### University of California
Gilman was offered the presidency of the University of California on its opening in 1870 and declined; the Regents elected Professor Henry Durant, and after Durant insisted in the summer of 1872 that they find a successor, Gilman accepted.[^41] A letter of April 5, 1874 to White, written during a legislative contest with the Granges over the university, says: "I could not conclude on any new proposition without conferring upon it with some of my family friends; and I have not felt at liberty to do so. I confess that the Baltimore scheme has ofttimes suggested itself to me, but I have no personal relations in that quarter."[^42] Sutton wrote that the board of the Johns Hopkins trust did not adopt by-laws until March 7, 1874, and that Gilman "knew what was happening over in Baltimore BEFORE HIS NAME HAD BEEN PRESENTED TO THE TRUSTEES."[^43] He resigned in 1875 after three years.[^44]
### Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins died on December 24, 1873. His will divided seven million dollars between a university and a hospital: to the university he gave his estate at Clifton and the shares he owned in the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], fifteen thousand of them.[^45] The founder, a director of the railroad for many years, directed the trustees "to watch over and protect the interests of the road."[^46] Gilman later wrote that when the board was organized, "the chairman of the finance committee of the railroad, Mr. Galloway Cheston, was made president of the trustees of the University, and Mr. John W. Garrett, the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was made chairman of the finance committee in the University board," and that "Originally nine of the twelve trustees were trustees in both corporations," the university and the hospital. Of the combination he wrote: "The combination was most unfortunate. It was likewise a misfortune that so many eggs were placed in one basket, and that the founder explicitly advised that they be so carried."[^47] The original board had seven members in business, two judges, two other lawyers and one physician; seven were Quakers.[^48]
In the summer of 1874 the trustees invited Presidents Eliot of Harvard, White of Cornell and Angell of Michigan to Baltimore, and afterward asked each whom they would recommend. [[James B. Angell]] later recalled that "without the least conference between us three, we all wrote letters, telling them that the one man was Daniel C. Gilman, of California."[^49] Sutton wrote that only White of the three was in the Order.[^43]
Gilman toured the universities of Europe in 1875 and 1877, began as president in May 1875 and gave his inaugural address on February 22, 1876.[^50] In his own account of the founding he wrote: "So we did not undertake to establish a German university, nor an English university, but an American university, based upon and applied to the existing institutions of this country."[^51] [[Francis T. King]], president of the hospital board, chose as one of his counsellors Dr. [[John S. Billings]] of the United States Army, who was for a long time associated with the university professors studying medical education.[^52] In 1884 the trustees chose [[William H. Welch]], a Yale graduate, as professor of pathology, the first appointment in the medical school; [[William Osler]], [[William Halsted]] and [[Howard Kelly]] followed.[^53] The medical school opened in the fall of 1893, after Miss [[Mary Elizabeth Garrett]] and other women formed a committee asking for contributions "provided that women should be admitted to its privileges"; the subscription came to somewhat less than $100,000, and she added a sum sufficient to make up $500,000 "with certain funds which the Trustees controlled."[^54]
The Baltimore and Ohio suspended dividends on its common stock for several years. In 1889 an emergency fund of somewhat more than one hundred thousand dollars was subscribed by twenty persons at five thousand dollars each, with Gilman the first subscriber; the university's holdings of the stock were ultimately sold "for an amount far below their value at the time of its foundation."[^55] In 1896 his name was proposed for the superintendency of the public schools of New York City, and a relief fund of $250,000 was subscribed in Baltimore.[^56] Gilman retired in 1901 (the Yale finding aid says 1902) and became president emeritus.[^57] Sutton wrote that Welch, "a fellow member of The Order, was brought in by Gilman to head up the Hopkins medical school," and that Gilman's offer of a chair to [[G. Stanley Hall]] after a course of lectures in 1881 carried the experimental psychology of [[Wilhelm Wundt]] into American education.[^58] Millegan wrote that Gilman was "founding president of Johns Hopkins University as a great center for the racialist [[Eugenics|eugenics]] movement."[^59]
In Baltimore he also founded the Charity Organization Society, the Baltimore Reform League, the Municipal Art Society and the New Mercantile Library, and was a member of the commission that drafted the 1897 charter of the city; the Yale record credits him with organizing the [[Walter Reed Memorial Association]].[^60]
### American Social Science Association
In 1879 Gilman was made president of the [[American Social Science Association]]; its presidents were W. B. Rogers, Samuel Eliot, George William Curtis, President Woolsey, David A. Wells, "President Gilman, of Baltimore," and Francis Wayland.[^61][^62] His annual address, "American Education, 1869-1879," was printed in the Journal of Social Science in December 1879.[^63] [[Franklin B. Sanborn]] and [[Henry Villard]] appear among its secretaries.[^62] At its Albany meeting in 1881 Gilman heard an account of the London Charity Organization Society; on his return to Baltimore he called a few gentlemen to his office, which led to the Charity Organization Society of Baltimore, of which he was president from 1891 to 1901.[^64]
### Venezuela Boundary Commission
On December 21, 1895 Congress passed an act for a commission to investigate the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. The commissioners were appointed on January 1, 1896, and on January 4 they organized at the office of the Secretary of State with [[David J. Brewer]] as president and [[Severo Mallet-Prevost]] as secretary. Their report of February 27, 1897 bears the names of Brewer, [[R. H. Alvey]], [[Frederic R. Coudert]], Gilman and White.[^65] White listed the commissioners "in the order named by the President" as Brewer, Alvey, White, Coudert and Gilman, and wrote that Gilman "was given charge of the whole matter of map-seeking and -making."[^66] Their charge was "to investigate and report upon the true divisional line between the Republic of Venezuela and British Guiana."[^65] Justice Brewer wrote that he had been "associated with Dr. Gilman on the Venezuelan Commission appointed by President Cleveland," and that the range and accuracy of Gilman's knowledge were soon manifest.[^67]
### Carnegie Institution of Washington
A letter from Andrew D. White at the American Embassy in Berlin, dated May 20, 1901, asked Gilman's views on the endowment of "a great American university" at Washington and in a postscript named the prospective donor. Gilman's first interview with [[Andrew Carnegie]] took place in November 1901 at Carnegie's house in New York, with John S. Billings the only other person present; Carnegie asked the two to prepare a paper on what should be done and said to Gilman, "You must be President."[^68] Gilman told the first meeting of the trustees that he had heard Carnegie say "he was prepared to give $10,000,000."[^69] White wrote of the same period: "Going thence to America, I found time to co-operate with my old friend, President Gilman, in securing data for Mr. Carnegie, especially at Washington, in view of his plan of a national institution for the higher scientific research."[^70]
The articles of incorporation of the Carnegie Institution were signed on January 4, 1902 by John Hay, [[Edward D. White]], Billings, Gilman, [[Charles D. Walcott]] and [[Carroll D. Wright]] before a notary in the District of Columbia.[^71] At the first meeting of the trustees on January 29, 1902, Gilman was elected President of the Institution; he also served as chairman of the Executive Committee, with Walcott as secretary.[^69][^72] The act of Congress named Gilman, Billings, Walcott, [[S. Weir Mitchell]], Hay, [[Elihu Root]] and Wright as the trustees who would call the first meeting.[^73] The trustees listed in the second Year Book included [[Cleveland H. Dodge]], [[Lyman J. Gage]], [[Henry L. Higginson]], [[D. O. Mills]], [[Seth Low]], [[Wayne MacVeagh]], [[John C. Spooner]] and White.[^74]
### Station for Experimental Evolution
On May 5, 1902 [[Charles Davenport]], then of the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Chicago, submitted to the trustees a proposal for "a Biological Experiment Station for the study of evolution," whose aims would be "the analytic and experimental study of the causes of specific differentiation." It called for cross-breeding of animals and plants "to find the laws of commingling of qualities," for a staff of "a director and two assistants; also two or more laborers," and for a station at Cold Spring Harbor. It stated: "The Carnegie fund offers the opportunity for which the world has so long been waiting."[^75] The first Year Book printed it with a second scheme, by Roswell P. Johnson, favoring a protected marine shore.[^76]
The Executive Committee, of which Gilman was chairman, took nearly two years to consider the subject. Its report to the Board of Trustees for 1903 stated that "the best mode of dealing with this important field of research was to organize a Biological Experimental Department, to which could be referred all questions and problems of evolution, specific differentiation, heredity, etc.," including "the establishment of an investigating station at Cold Spring Harbor, where ground and some buildings were offered." The Board of Trustees approved the recommendations.[^76] At the annual meeting of December 8, 1903 the Board appropriated $70,000 for the Department of Experimental Biology, with $30,000 for a Department of Economics and Sociology and $8,500 for a Bureau of Historical Research among the same group of appropriations.[^77] "A grant of $34,250 was made to the station at Cold Spring Harbor, and of $20,000 to the Marine Biological Laboratory at the Dry Tortugas," and Davenport was appointed Director of the Station for Experimental Evolution at [[Cold Spring Harbor]], Long Island.[^76]
At the opening on June 11, 1904, Davenport thanked "Gentlemen of the Wawepex Society" for the land "intrusted to you by the late John D. Jones." John S. Billings, as chairman of the Board of Trustees, said for the Institution: "We also found that there was a man who was willing and anxious to take charge of the work."[^78]
Gilman's letter resigning the presidency, dated December 1904, recalled his notice of December 8, 1903 that "having passed the age of seventy years, I was looking forward to a release from serious official responsibilities," and stated that he was "not a candidate for reappointment under any other designation." The Board accepted it with a resolution on "the prestige that the retiring officer has brought to the Carnegie Institution of Washington by his presidency," and elected [[Robert S. Woodward]] of Columbia University as his successor.[^79]
### John F. Slater Fund and Peabody Education Fund
In 1882 Gilman became one of the original trustees of the John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen, and in 1893 he succeeded [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] as its president, an office he held until his death.[^61] The 1901 roster lists him as president; the trustees were Chief Justice [[Melville W. Fuller]] (vice president), [[J. L. M. Curry]] (secretary), [[Morris K. Jesup]] (treasurer), John A. Stewart, William A. Slater, [[William E. Dodge]], Bishop [[Henry C. Potter]], Bishop C. B. Galloway, Alexander E. Orr and [[William H. Baldwin Jr.]]; the clerk was Benjamin Strong, the name of the later governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who worked in New York trust banking in 1901; the Slater proceedings give no other details of the clerk. Gilman chaired the Executive Committee and sat on the Educational Committee. The annual meeting of April 3, 1901 was held at the office of the United States Trust Company on Wall Street.[^80]
At the Peabody Education Fund, the trustees at their meeting of October 1893 filled four vacancies by electing [[Joseph H. Choate]], Charles E. Fenner, "President Daniel C. Gilman of Maryland" and George W. Childs. At the meeting of October 4, 1894 the members present included [[William M. Evarts]], [[J. P. Morgan]], Chief Justice Fuller, Choate and Gilman.[^81] The standing committees named on September 25, 1895 put Gilman on the Executive Committee with Fuller, Courtenay, Endicott and Fenner, Evarts as chairman ex officio, and named a Finance Committee of Evarts, President [[Grover Cleveland]], William Wirt Henry, Choate and George Peabody Wetmore, with the treasurer, Mr. Morgan, ex officio.[^82] Sutton and Millegan place Evarts in the Order in 1837.[^83]
### General Education Board
The General Education Board began informally on the evening of January 15, 1902 when some of its later members met to discuss "the probable scope and methods of an educational organization, the creation of which Mr. Rockefeller was then contemplating"; at a second meeting the following month, attended by [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], [[Frederick T. Gates]], Baldwin, Curry, [[Robert C. Ogden]], Gilman, [[Walter Hines Page]], [[Albert Shaw]] and [[Wallace Buttrick]], the counsel, [[Edward M. Shepard]], submitted articles of association.[^84] On March 8, 1902 the trustees wrote to Rockefeller Jr. to acknowledge a pledge of one million dollars on behalf of [[John D. Rockefeller]] to be spent over ten years, and confirmed that Baldwin, Curry, Gates, Gilman, Jesup, Ogden, Page, [[George Foster Peabody]] and Shaw "have formed themselves into an Association to be called the 'General Education Board.'" The letter added that "immediate attention is to be given to the promotion of the educational needs of the people in the Southern States" and that the charter was "in the hands of United States Senator Aldrich, to be presented to Congress."[^85]
The act of incorporation, of January 12, 1903, constituted the nine named persons, Gilman among them, "a body corporate of the District of Columbia" with the object of "the promotion of education within the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex, or creed."[^86] The [[Southern Education Board]], "organized by the late Robert C. Ogden, was an outgrowth of the Annual Conference for Education in the South," and that the support of rural school supervisors was undertaken by the Southern Education Board "in cooperation with the Peabody Fund."[^87] His biographer, [[Fabian Franklin]], wrote that Gilman's share in shaping the work of the Slater and Peabody boards "was of great importance, but cannot be explicitly traced."[^88]
### Russell Sage Foundation and civil service reform
On October 29, 1906 Gilman answered a request from [[Robert W. de Forest]] for advice on the use of a prospective ten-million-dollar endowment. His enclosure proposed "an institution for encouraging inquiry and publication in respect to the best methods of promoting Philanthropy, Popular Education, and Social Improvements; the study of the causes of Ignorance, Poverty, Vice and Crime," to be "an independent establishment like those founded by Peabody, Smithson, Lowell, Peter Cooper, Rockefeller, Carnegie and others," with a paid secretary or executive officer, "A central office and library for the accumulation of printed and manuscript information, akin to the well equipped index-bureau of the General Education Board," annual or occasional grants to societies and institutions "on certain prescribed conditions," and publications and lectures.[^89] In 1904 White wrote that he had more than once talked over with Gilman "the idea of our working together in the production of a pamphlet or volume with some such title as, 'What Rich Americans have Done and can Do with their Money.'"[^90] He was named a trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation on its establishment in 1907, in his seventy-sixth year.[^91]
Gilman was president of the [[National Civil Service Reform League]] from 1901 to 1907, succeeding [[Carl Schurz]], and delivered the League's address "Successful Progress" at Philadelphia on December 11, 1902.[^92][^93] He was a vice president of the American Bible Society from 1896 and its president from 1903, and president of the [[American Oriental Society]] from 1893 to 1905 or 1906.[^61][^92]
### Death and papers
Gilman returned from Europe on October 7, 1908 and died suddenly of heart disease on October 13 at the home of his sister in Norwich, Connecticut, and was buried in Yantic Cemetery. He married Mary Ketcham of New York on December 4, 1861; she died on October 25, 1869. On June 13, 1877 he married at Newport Elizabeth Dwight Woolsey, a niece of the Yale president [[Theodore Dwight Woolsey]], who survived him. A service in his memory was held at Johns Hopkins University on November 8, 1908.[^94]
In the memorial volume of the class of 1852, Andrew D. White described how he and Gilman were cabin mates on their first voyage and roommates for some weeks in London and Paris, and that they were "especially thrown together" on the Venezuela Commission; Charles W. Eliot and William Osler contributed letters, and John C. Thomas, treasurer of Johns Hopkins University, wrote that in the early days of the Baltimore and Ohio, when its credit was exhausted, "Johns Hopkins bought largely, loaned it money, and helped to reform the management."[^95][^96]
His papers at Yale University Library are catalogued as MS 582 in a finding aid compiled in 1971; its biographical note says that the university's "mode of graduate studies became the model for American universities."[^97]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910 (New Haven, 1910), entry for the class of 1852, pp. 1012-1017. https://archive.org/details/1900t10obituary00yaleuoft
[^2]: Connecticut Secretary of the State, certified copy (March 28, 2001) of "An Act incorporating Russell Trust Association," passed 1856, as reprinted in Kris Millegan (ed.), Fleshing Out Skull & Bones (Trine Day, 2003), "RTA, Incorporated, a Shell Game," pp. 693-694; the act is also cited on the William Huntington Russell page. https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^3]: Antony C. Sutton, America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," listing "Gilman (1638, Hingham)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^4]: Fabian Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1910), p. 1. https://archive.org/details/lifeofdanielcoit00fran
[^5]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 5 (born at Norwich, Connecticut, July 6, 1831); Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1012 (son of William Charles and Eliza Coit Gilman, born July 6, 1831, in Norwich).
[^6]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Gilman was born in Norwich, Connecticut July 8,1831"); Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman, the same date.
[^7]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1012 (removal to New York City in his fourteenth year; preparation under John J. Owen at the Cornelius Institute; residence with Professor James L. Kingsley; president of the Linonian Society; editor of the Yale Literary Magazine).
[^8]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1015 (brother Rev. Edward W. Gilman, Yale 1843, secretary of the American Bible Society for thirty years) and p. 1016 (edited the works of Francis Lieber and of his brother-in-law, Dr. Joseph P. Thompson, Yale 1838).
[^9]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Uncle Henry Coit Kingsley (The Order '34) was Treasurer of Yale from 1862 to 1886"; "Gilman's brother-in-law, the Reverend Joseph Parrish Thompson ('38) was in The Order").
[^10]: Memorial Symposium of the Class of Yale 1852, Academic, held on their Classmate Daniel Coit Gilman (New Bedford, Mass.: published by the class, 1909), Fasciculus IX, "Contribution of the Secretary" by Ephraim Cutter, pp. 28-29 ("Daniel Coit Gilman entered Yale in 1848 and graduated in 1852"; "Out of fifty-five prizes awarded to twenty-eight of his class, he took four"; society memberships by year, ending "Skull and Bones and ... as senior"). https://archive.org/details/fasciculiofmemor00yaleuoft
[^11]: The Fall of Skull and Bones, compiled from the minutes of the 7th regular meeting of the Order of the File and Claw (New Haven, 1876), as reproduced in Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, appendix, passage on the interior of the hall ("The picture is accompanied by a card, on which is written, 'From the German Chapter. Presented by Patriarch D. C. Gilman of D. 50.'"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^12]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on the Tomb, reproducing "The Fall of Skull and Bones" with the card "From the German Chapter. Presented by D. C. Gilman of D. 50" and the gloss "D.C. Gilman refers to Daniel Coit Gilman, initiated into the Order of Skull and Bones 1850." https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^13]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Daniel Coit Gilman ('52)"); Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Daniel Coit Gilman (S&B 1852)").
[^14]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman: "Daniel Coit Gilman (1852), along with two other 'Bonesmen,' formed a troika which still influences American life today. Soon after their initiation in Skull and Bones, Daniel Gilman, Timothy Dwight (1849) and Andrew Dickinson White (1853) went to study philosophy in Europe at the University of Berlin."
[^15]: Lyman Bagg, Four Years at Yale (New Haven: Henry Holt, 1871), pp. 145-146 (the May 1856 incorporation as the Russell Trust Association; the names in the act with class years; the society "originated in 1832 by fifteen members of the class which graduated the following year"; "General Russell, the valedictorian of that class, is its reputed founder, and the best known of his associates is Judge Alphonso Taft of Cincinnati"). https://archive.org/details/fouryearsatyale00baggrich
[^16]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Gilman became Treasurer and William H. Russell, the cofounder, was President"); Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones ("with himself as Treasurer and William H. Russell as President").
[^17]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman: "It is notable that there is no mention of The Order, Skull & Bones, The Russell Trust, or any secret society activity in Gilman's biography, nor in open records."
[^18]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Russell and Company ("In 1856, Daniel C. Gilman (S&B 1852), a Russell & Co. partner relation, incorporated the Order of Skull & Bones as the Russell Trust Association, with General W.H. Russell as its president").
[^19]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 94-95 (incorporation of the Sheffield Scientific School in February 1871 by Professors Brush, Gilman and Trowbridge and Messrs. John S. Beach, William Walter Phelps and Charles J. Sheffield); Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, list of the Sheffield trustees marking Gilman, Beach and Phelps ('60) as members of the Order. Also *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1893-1894*, pp. 238 to 239 (entry for William Walter Phelps: "liberal gifts" to the Sheffield Scientific School; alumni trustee of Yale College from 1872 to 1892). https://web.archive.org/web/2024/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1859_1924/1893-94.pdf
[^20]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Guide to the Daniel Coit Gilman Papers, MS 582, compiled by Ann Ronberg (February 1971), Series I, box 2, folder 123 ("Russell, William H., 1855"). https://ead-pdfs.library.yale.edu/4054.pdf
[^21]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 15 (December 1853 sailing as attaches of the United States legation at St. Petersburg under ex-Governor Thomas H. Seymour, minister plenipotentiary).
[^22]: Andrew D. White, Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White (New York: Century, 1905), vol. 1, p. 447. https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofa01whit
[^23]: White, Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 448 ("On the 10th of December, 1853, I sailed for England, with Gilman, and in London awaited Governor Seymour").
[^24]: Memorial Symposium of the Class of Yale 1852, Fasciculus I, remarks of William W. Crapo to the Massachusetts Historical Society, November 12, 1908, pp. 7-8.
[^25]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 16.
[^26]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 20-21 (letter of February 23, 1854).
[^27]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 21-22.
[^28]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 22-24 (letter of June 19, 1854).
[^29]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 22.
[^30]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 28 (letter to his sister, April 1854).
[^31]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman ("Gilman wrote his sister from St. Petersburg in April, 1854").
[^32]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 31-32.
[^33]: White, Autobiography, vol. 1, pp. 38 and 449 (arrival "on the last day of October, 1854"; interpreter in the minister's interviews with Nesselrode, Gortschakoff "and others then in power").
[^34]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 325 (letter of Andrew D. White: "when I succeeded him as Attache at St. Petersburg, where a number of the best people with whom I made acquaintance spoke to me in the highest terms regarding him").
[^35]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 32.
[^36]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1013.
[^37]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1013 ("in the summer of 1856 was made Assistant Librarian and, two years later, Librarian of Yale College. The latter office he resigned in 1865"; acting visitor of schools in New Haven; secretary of the State Board of Education; Webster's Unabridged Dictionary; the Obituary Record for 1863, 1864 and 1865).
[^38]: White, Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 42.
[^39]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, pp. 1013-1014 (professorship appointed by the Yale Corporation in 1863; secretary of the Sheffield Scientific School; one of its six incorporators in 1871); Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 82 (elected secretary of the governing board in September 1866).
[^40]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman, section "The Sheffield Scientific School."
[^41]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 94 and 117-118 (call to the presidency in 1870 declined; the Regents elected Professor Durant; Durant's retirement in the summer of 1872 and the renewed call).
[^42]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 155-157 (letter to President White, April 5, 1874). https://archive.org/details/lifeofdanielcoit00fran
[^43]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman, section "Daniel Gilman Becomes President Of Johns Hopkins."
[^44]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1014 (accepted in 1872; resigned after three years).
[^45]: Daniel Coit Gilman, The Launching of a University, and Other Papers (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1906), pp. 27-29. https://archive.org/details/launchingofunive00gilm
[^46]: Gilman, The Launching of a University, p. 29 ("his injunction to the trustees to watch over and protect the interests of the road").
[^47]: Gilman, The Launching of a University, pp. 29-30.
[^48]: Gilman, The Launching of a University, p. 36.
[^49]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 193-195 (James B. Angell's recollection at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the university).
[^50]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1014 (visits to the universities of Europe in 1875 and 1877; began as president in May 1875; inaugural address February 22, 1876).
[^51]: Gilman, The Launching of a University, pp. 48-49.
[^52]: Gilman, The Launching of a University, pp. 32-33 (Dr. John S. Billings as counsellor to Francis T. King, president of the hospital board); Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 253 (Professors Remsen, Martin and Welch, "with whom for a long time Dr. Billings was associated").
[^53]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 253-254 (appointment of Welch to the chair of pathology in 1884; Osler, Halsted and Kelly).
[^54]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 252.
[^55]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 307-308.
[^56]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 308-309.
[^57]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1015 (retired in 1901 and became President Emeritus); Yale University Library, Guide to the Daniel Coit Gilman Papers, MS 582, p. 4 (president of Johns Hopkins until 1902). https://ead-pdfs.library.yale.edu/4054.pdf
[^58]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, chapter on Daniel C. Gilman, sections "Gilman Starts The Revolution in American Education" and "Daniel Gilman Becomes President Of Johns Hopkins" (Hall's 1881 lecture invitation and appointment; Welch "brought in by Gilman").
[^59]: Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, section listing Bonesmen of the modern world ("Daniel Coit Gilman (S&B 1852): co-incorporator of the Russell Trust; founding president of Johns Hopkins University as a great center for the racialist eugenics movement").
[^60]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, pp. 1014-1015.
[^61]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 267-268 (American Social Science Association president in 1879; original trustee of the Slater Fund in 1882 and president from 1893 succeeding Hayes; Peabody Education Fund trustee in 1893 and later vice president; American Oriental Society president from 1893 until 1906; National Civil Service League president 1901 to 1907; American Bible Society vice president in 1896 and president in 1903; Russell Sage Foundation trustee in 1907).
[^62]: Journal of Social Science, Number XIII (Boston, 1881), notice "The American Social Science Association," listing its presidents and secretaries. https://archive.org/details/journalsocialsc00russgoog
[^63]: Journal of Social Science, contents of Number Ten, "Transactions of the Association, 1879. I. American Education, 1869-1879. Annual Address by President Gilman," as listed in Number XIII (1881). https://archive.org/details/journalsocialsc00russgoog
[^64]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 268.
[^65]: Report and Accompanying Papers of the Commission Appointed by the President of the United States to Investigate and Report upon the True Divisional Line between the Republic of Venezuela and British Guiana (Washington, 1897), Report of the Commission (act of December 21, 1895, 29 Stat. L., 1; appointment on January 1, 1896; organization on January 4; signatures of February 27, 1897). https://archive.org/details/reportandaccomp07guiagoog
[^66]: White, Autobiography, vol. 2, pp. 119 and 122. https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofa00whit
[^67]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 269 (letter of Justice David J. Brewer).
[^68]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 390-392.
[^69]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 393 (first meeting of the trustees, January 29, 1902; "My first knowledge of Mr. Carnegie's intention to make this gift was at the end of November ... he was prepared to give $10,000,000").
[^70]: White, Autobiography, vol. 2, p. 201.
[^71]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 2 (1903), Articles of Incorporation, signed January 4, 1902. https://archive.org/details/yearbookcarnegie02carn
[^72]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 2 (1903), list of officers and Report of the Executive Committee ("Mr. Gilman, Chairman, and Mr. Walcott, Secretary").
[^73]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 3 (1904), act of incorporation, section 6. https://archive.org/details/yearbookcarnegie03carn
[^74]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 2 (1903), list of trustees.
[^75]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 1 (1902), "Biological Experiment Station for Studying Evolution," by Charles B. Davenport, Zoological Laboratory, University of Chicago, May 5, 1902, pp. 280-282. https://archive.org/details/yearbookcarnegie01carn
[^76]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 3 (1904), Report of the Executive Committee, "Department of Experimental Biology," pp. 22-23.
[^77]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 3 (1904), Report of the Executive Committee, "Appropriations," p. 21.
[^78]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 3 (1904), "Addresses at Opening of the Station for Experimental Evolution, June 11, 1904," pp. 33-38.
[^79]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book No. 3 (1904), pp. 17-18 (Gilman's resignation and the resolution accepting it) and the election of Robert S. Woodward.
[^80]: Proceedings of the Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen (Baltimore, 1901), list of trustees and standing committees; Twenty-sixth Meeting, April 3, 1901. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoftru00john
[^81]: Proceedings of the Trustees of the Peabody Education Fund, vol. 5 (Boston, 1900), Thirty-third Meeting, New York, October 4, 1894, pp. 65-68. https://archive.org/details/proceedingstrus00fundgoog
[^82]: Proceedings of the Trustees of the Peabody Education Fund, vol. 5 (Boston, 1900), meeting of September 25, 1895, standing committees, pp. 189-190, and the list of trustees at the front of the volume.
[^83]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment, and Millegan, Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, lists of members (William M. Evarts, class of 1837).
[^84]: General Education Board, The General Education Board: An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914 (New York, 1915), p. 3. https://archive.org/details/generaleducation029311mbp
[^85]: General Education Board, An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914, Appendix II, pp. 216-217 (letter of March 8, 1902).
[^86]: General Education Board, An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914, Appendix I, pp. 212-215 (the act of incorporation); p. 3 (incorporation by Act of Congress, January 12, 1903).
[^87]: General Education Board, An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914, pp. 11 and 179.
[^88]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 267.
[^89]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, pp. 278-279 (letter to Robert W. de Forest, October 29, 1906, and enclosure).
[^90]: White, Autobiography, vol. 2, p. 502.
[^91]: Franklin, The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman, p. 425.
[^92]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1015 (American Oriental Society 1893 to 1905; American Bible Society; National Civil Service Reform League 1901 to 1907, succeeding Carl Schurz; trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation; incorporator of the General Education Board).
[^93]: Daniel Coit Gilman, "Successful Progress," address at the annual meeting of the National Civil Service Reform League, Philadelphia, December 11, 1902. https://archive.org/details/successfulprogre00gilm
[^94]: Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale University, deceased 1900 to 1910, p. 1017.
[^95]: Memorial Symposium of the Class of Yale 1852, Fasciculus VI, letter of Andrew D. White, May 8, 1909, pp. 23-24.
[^96]: Memorial Symposium of the Class of Yale 1852, Fasciculus VII, John C. Thomas, treasurer of Johns Hopkins University, pp. 25-26.
[^97]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Guide to the Daniel Coit Gilman Papers, MS 582, compiled by Ann Ronberg (February 1971), p. 4. https://ead-pdfs.library.yale.edu/4054.pdf

10
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dean Acheson.md
View file

@ -65,16 +65,24 @@ The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in Ap
### Legacy
Acheson was a target of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attacks, primarily over the "loss" of [[China]] to communism - which McCarthy attributed to State Department subversion - and over Acheson's refusal to condemn former State Department official Alger Hiss following Hiss's conviction for perjury in connection with Soviet espionage. McCarthy called Acheson's State Department a "Dean Acheson College of Cowardly Communist Containment."
Acheson was a target of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attacks, primarily over the "loss" of [[China]] to communism, which McCarthy attributed to State Department subversion, and over Acheson's refusal to condemn former State Department official Alger Hiss following Hiss's conviction for perjury in connection with Soviet espionage. On January 25, 1950, the day Hiss was sentenced, Acheson told reporters at his news conference, as the New York Times reported, "I do not intend to turn my back on Alger Hiss."[^8] McCarthy called Acheson's State Department a "Dean Acheson College of Cowardly Communist Containment."
After leaving government, Acheson returned to law practice and remained influential in Democratic foreign policy circles, advising subsequent administrations informally. He won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for History in 1970 for *Present at the Creation*. He died at Sandy Spring, Maryland, on October 12, 1971.
### Footnotes
[^1]: Acheson, Dean. *Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department.* Norton, 1969. Beisner, Robert L. *Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War.* Oxford University Press, 2006.
[^2]: *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. VI, no. 154 (June 6, 1942), "Address by Assistant Secretary Acheson to Americans of Italian Descent," released to the press June 3. https://archive.org/details/sim_department-of-state-bulletin_1942-06-06_6_154
[^3]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) with the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 (the report's final date and Acheson's receipt on February 15, 1951).
[^5]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[^6]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189
[^7]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^8]: Harry S. Truman Library, "The President's News Conference," January 27, 1950, footnote 1 (quoting the New York Times report of Acheson's January 25, 1950 remark). https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/23/presidents-news-conference

377
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Delano family.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- Delano family
- The Delanos
- Delano family of Fairhaven
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- Family
- Delano
- RussellAndCompany
- ChinaTrade
- OpiumTrade
- Canton
- HongKong
- Fairhaven
- FederalReserve
- Roosevelt
- Railroads
- NewDeal
- RegionalPlan
- LeagueOfNations
summary: "Fairhaven shipping family whose Warren Delano Jr. headed Russell and Company at Canton, whose daughter Sara bore Franklin D. Roosevelt, and whose Frederic A. Delano chaired the National Resources Planning Board."
location: "Fairhaven, Massachusetts; Canton, China; Newburgh, New York"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1840-01-01
end: 1846-12-31
role: "Warren Delano Jr. (Warren Delano II), partner, chief of the house after Robert Bennet Forbes"
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1861-01-01
end: 1866-12-31
role: "Warren Delano Jr., readmitted as partner"
fn: 17
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1841-01-01
end: 1846-12-31
role: "Edward Delano, partner until his return home in 1846"
fn: 29
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Opium War]]"
start: 1839-03-22
end: 1842-08-29
role: "Warren Delano Jr. remained at Canton and Macao and acted as vice-consul of the United States"
fn: 25
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]"
role: "grandson of Warren Delano Jr. through Sara Delano Roosevelt"
fn: 2
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[William Howell Forbes]]"
start: 1867-04-25
role: "Deborah Perry (Dora) Delano married William Howell Forbes of Hong Kong at Paris"
fn: 30
- type: head_of
with: "[[Wabash Railroad]]"
start: 1905-10-05
end: 1911-12-01
role: "president (Frederic Adrian Delano), succeeding Joseph Ramsey Jr."
fn: 44
- type: appointed
with: "[[Wabash Railroad]]"
start: 1911-12-01
end: 1913-12-01
role: "receiver (Frederic Adrian Delano), with Edward B. Pryor and William K. Bixby"
fn: 50
- type: head_of
with: "[[Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway]]"
start: 1913-12-27
end: 1914-08-09
role: "president (Frederic Adrian Delano) until his appointment to the Federal Reserve Board"
fn: 50
- type: appointed
with: "[[Federal Reserve Board]]"
start: 1914-08-10
end: 1916-08-09
role: "vice governor (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 52
- type: member_of
with: "[[Federal Reserve Board]]"
start: 1916-08-10
end: 1918-07-21
role: "member (Frederic Adrian Delano), resigned for service with the Army Engineer Corps in France"
fn: 54
- type: appointed
with: "[[Supreme Court of the United States]]"
start: 1920-04-01
end: 1925-06-01
role: "receiver of the disputed Red River lands in Oklahoma v. Texas (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 56
- type: head_of
with: "[[League of Nations]]"
start: 1925-12-01
end: 1927-07-06
role: "chairman of the Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 57
- type: director_of
with: "[[Russell Sage Foundation]]"
start: 1922-05-10
role: "trustee and member of the committee on the Regional Plan of New York (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 65
- type: head_of
with: "[[Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs]]"
start: 1923-01-01
end: 1929-12-31
role: "chairman of the committee after Charles D. Norton (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 67
- type: director_of
with: "[[Smithsonian Institution]]"
start: 1935-08-07
role: "citizen regent, reappointed 1935 and 1941 (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 75
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Resources Planning Board]]"
start: 1939-07-01
end: 1943-08-31
role: "chairman (Frederic Adrian Delano)"
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad]]"
start: 1932-01-01
role: "chairman (Lyman Delano), succeeding Henry Walters"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]]"
start: 1932-01-01
role: "chairman (Lyman Delano), succeeding Henry Walters"
fn: 4
---
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Planning Board]]"
start: 1933-07-20
end: 1934-06-30
role: "chairman (Frederic Adrian Delano), within the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works; superseded by the National Resources Board under EO 6777"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Resources Committee]]"
start: 1935-06-07
end: 1939-06-30
role: "vice chairman (Frederic Adrian Delano), as listed in 1937"
fn: 70
The Delano family was a shipping family from [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts]] that traced its American descent to [[Philippe de Lannoy]], who reached [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] on the Fortune in 1621.[^1] Its best-known branch ran through [[Warren Delano Jr.]], who became a partner of [[Russell and Company]] at [[Canton]] in 1840, and through his daughter [[Sara Delano Roosevelt]], mother of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].[^2] Warren's son [[Frederic Adrian Delano]] presided over the [[Wabash Railroad]], served on the [[Federal Reserve Board]], chaired the League of Nations commission on opium in Persia, and chaired the [[National Resources Planning Board]] under his nephew.[^3] Warren's grandson [[Lyman Delano]] became chairman of the [[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad]].[^4]
### Plymouth and the Fairhaven line
The 1899 genealogy compiled by [[Joel Andrews Delano]] ties the American family to Philippe de Lannoy, also written Philippe de la Noye, who left [[Leiden]] to join the Fortune, the second vessel to follow the Mayflower, and landed at Plymouth on November 11, 1621. He died at [[Bridgewater, Massachusetts]] in 1681, and the genealogy lists five sons: Philip Jr., Dr. Thomas, John, Lieutenant Jonathan and Samuel.[^1] The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library]] sketch for the family papers describes the family as "descended from Philippe de la Noye who arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1621," whose members "were involved in the New England sea trade."[^5] The genealogy also records a desk, "said to have been by Philippe brought on the 'Fortune' 1621," that passed to a branch at Cooper, Michigan.[^6]
[[William Bradford]]'s history of the colony lists "Philip Delanoy" among the purchasers of 1640 and records that in 1628 Philip Delanoy sold to [[Stephen Deane]] one acre of land, which he had received in the division of 1623, for four pounds sterling.[^7]
The family's maritime base was Fairhaven. [[Captain Warren Delano]] (1779 to 1866), the great-grandfather of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a sea captain and ship owner, and he married [[Deborah Perry Church]] (1783 to 1827) on November 6, 1808. After her death he married Eliza Adams on April 2, 1828.[^8] His descent ran from Philippe through the son Lieutenant Jonathan, who served with Benjamin Church in the war of 1675 and 1676 and was commissioned lieutenant at Dartmouth in 1689, then through Thomas Delano, Captain Ephraim Delano and the captain himself, who was the tenth child of Ephraim and was born on October 28, 1779.[^8]
A whaling ship registered at Fairhaven carried the name [[Phillipe De La Noye]]. Her log, kept by [[William Childs]], covers a voyage from September 6, 1852 to November 13, 1854 under her master, [[David G. Pierce]], in the North Pacific, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Western Arctic.[^9] The papers of Frederic A. Delano include logs of a whaler of the same name owned by the Delano family from 1848 to 1855.[^10]
### Amasa Delano and the Tryal
Captain [[Amasa Delano]] of [[Duxbury, Massachusetts]], born there on February 21, 1763, was a distant cousin of the Fairhaven Delanos. The genealogy traces his line from Philippe through the second son, Dr. Thomas Delano (born 1642, married Mary Alden, a daughter of John and Priscilla Mullins Alden), then Jonathan Delano Sr. (died 1765, married Hannah Doten in 1699), Jonathan Delano 2d of Rochester, and Captain Samuel Delano Sr. (died 1814, married Abigail Drew in 1762), whose eldest son Amasa became a ship master and "wrote his book of voyages." The genealogy records that he married Hannah Appleton, a widow of Boston, left no children, and died about 1823.[^11] Warren Delano Jr.'s line descended from Philippe through a different son, Lieutenant Jonathan, so that the two men shared Philippe as their common ancestor and no nearer one.[^8] Amasa's own "Biographical Sketch" gives his birth at Duxbury on February 21, 1763, to Samuel Delano and a mother of the Drew family, and mentions a brother Amasa who served in Rogers' Rangers.[^12]
He published his *Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres* in [[Boston]] in 1817. Its eighteenth chapter, "Particulars of the Capture of the Spanish Ship Tryal, at the island of St. Maria," begins on page 319. His ship [[Perseverance]] arrived at St. Maria on February 13, 1805, and on Wednesday, February 20, the journal records a sail opening round the south head, "a Spaniard from Buenos Ayres, four months and twenty six days out of port, with slaves on board."[^13] The notary's certificate in the same chapter describes the slaves as "the Senegal Negroes, that the ship Tryal was carrying from the port of Valparaiso, to that of Callao of Lima." In his declaration Delano states that the Spanish captain "told him that the negroes of the Tryal had taken her, and had murdered twenty-five men," and that five or six of the Africans were killed in the boarding.[^14] The King of Spain sent Delano a gold medal through the consul at Boston, and in his reply of August 8, 1807 Delano wrote that the services rendered to Spanish subjects off the island were "from pure motives of humanity."[^15]
[[Herman Melville]]'s story "Benito Cereno," collected in *The Piazza Tales*, opens: "In the year 1799, Captain Amasa Delano, of Duxbury, in Massachusetts, commanding a large sealer and general trader, lay at anchor ... in the harbour of St. Maria." The story's Spanish captain, [[Benito Cereno]], bears the name of the real commander of the Tryal.[^16]
### Warren Delano Jr. at Canton
Warren Delano II, whom the Roosevelt Library numbers as the second Warren and whom this vault records as Warren Delano Jr., was born at Fairhaven on July 13, 1809, the eldest child of Captain Warren Delano and Deborah Church.[^8] In 1833 he sailed for Canton as supercargo on the [[Commerce]] and became associated with [[Russell Sturgis and Company]].[^2] Forbes's appendix gives him as a partner of Russell, Sturgis and Company from December 31, 1835, and as admitted to Russell and Company on January 1, 1840, a partnership that continued until December 31, 1846.[^17]
During the confinement of the foreign merchants in the Canton factories in March to May 1839, [[Robert Bennet Forbes]] records that lots were drawn for the household duties and Delano replaced him as chief cook; Forbes's journal for April 1, 1839 lists "Warren Delano, head cook."[^18] Forbes had arranged for the junior partner of Russell, Sturgis and Company to join Russell and Company, and he names Delano, [[Abiel Abbot Low]], [[Edward King]] and [[W. C. Hunter]] as his "most able and efficient co-operators."[^19] Hunter, a partner of the house from 1837 to 1842, gives Delano's entry as January 1840, describes him as formerly of Russell, Sturgis and Company, and records that he succeeded Forbes as chief of the firm after Forbes left for New York on the Niantic on July 7, 1840.[^20]
In 1840 the Chinese authorities wanted a large foreign ship to anchor above a raft across the river. Hunter records that "Application being made to Mr. Delano, the then chief of Russell & Co., who had never left Canton," a bargain was concluded for the [[Chesapeake (ship)]], the British ship *Cambridge* that the firm had bought and renamed under the American flag, and that the ship was made over to the mandarins.[^21] Hunter also records that Delano told Forbes that [[Houqua]] was disposed to send orders to India for cotton, and that three ships were despatched with 100,000 pounds remitted.[^22]
The Chinese record names a Delano in the same months. Commissioner [[Lin Zexu]]'s edict of late 1839, as translated in *The Chinese Repository*, refers to "the American foreign merchant who has purchased his vessel, Delano," who also bought cotton from the country ship Charles Grant, and the vessel is the Indian store-ship Mermaid; the translation does not say which Delano is meant.[^23] A shipwrecked captain's letter of January 1840 thanked "Mr. Snow, the consul, W. Delano, esq., and the houses of Russell & Co., and Wetmore and Co."[^24] By September 1840, when the consul Snow embarked for New York, the Repository stated that "W. Delano, jun. esq. acts as vice-consul."[^25] The *Repository*'s journal for May 1840 prints a petition of the American merchants at Canton to the governor of the province on the blockade notice, dated April 25, 1840 and signed by "The American vice-consul, Delano."[^26]
### The memorial of May 25, 1839
A memorial dated at Canton on May 25, 1839 was printed by the [[United States House of Representatives]] as House Document 40 of the 26th Congress, first session, and referred to the [[House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]. The signature block includes "W. DELANO, Jr.," between the names of A. A. Low and Edward King.[^27]
The memorial states, "We have no wish to see a revival of the opium trade," and says that "most of us" had signed a voluntary pledge to abstain from dealing in the drug. It recites that "upon the twenty-second day of March last," the signers were "made prisoners in our factories," and it asks the government to act with Great Britain, France and Holland on a set of demands and, failing that, to send an agent or commissioner with a naval force to protect American commerce.[^27]
Forbes's memoir states that "Russell & Co. considered it important to keep the pledge made by Mr. Green, and for a long time had nothing to do with opium; certainly not within my time, between 1840 and 1844, when my interest ceased for a time." Forbes also describes the firm's operations for Houqua between January and July 1840, in which shipments made in the firm's name were bought by the house so that they could not be seized in England.[^28]
### The 1846 reorganization and the return home
Forbes records a reorganization of the house under which "W. Delano was to retire after a time," while [[Edward Delano]] remained a partner. The firm of 1844 comprised W. Delano Jr., Edward Delano, W. H. King, D. N. Spooner, P. S. Forbes and Joseph T. Gilman. Forbes writes that "In 1846 Mr. Edward Delano returned home," and in 1842 Russell Sturgis had relieved Warren Delano at the head of the house for a visit home.[^29] Forbes records an embarkation in the Paul Jones on December 9, 1844 that follows Delano's departure from Canton, while the genealogy places the birth of his daughter Susan Maria at Macao on October 13, 1844.[^29][^30]
Warren married [[Catherine Robbins Lyman]] at [[Northampton, Massachusetts]] on November 1, 1843. She was a daughter of [[Joseph Lyman]], a Massachusetts judge, and a granddaughter of [[Edward Hutchinson Robbins]] (1758 to 1829).[^30] After the Macao years the couple lived in New York until 1851, when they moved to [[Algonac]], near [[Newburgh, New York]].[^31]
At Algonac, Warren's financial interests were settled in real estate and mining. He had a financial interest in the iron works at [[Mount Savage, Maryland]], later called the [[Union Mining Company]], and his brother [[Franklin Hughes Delano]] apparently looked after those interests during Warren's third trip to China in the 1860s.[^31] The panic of 1857 brought him "severe financial losses," and in 1859 he returned to China "to refresh his fortune."[^31]
### Hong Kong and the Civil War years
Forbes's appendix records that Delano was again admitted to Russell and Company on January 1, 1861, and that he retired finally on December 31, 1866; it speaks of "the stay in China, from 1861 to 1864, of Warren Delano, Jr."[^17] His family, which included the President's mother, Sara, joined him at [[Hong Kong]] in 1862, the daughters traveling on the clipper Surprise, and they returned to the United States after the Civil War.[^32] Warren's son [[Warren Delano III]] kept a scrapbook at Hong Kong in 1861, which includes a list of imports of rice into Canton waters in 1862 that his father had entered.[^33]
The papers of Warren II hold general correspondence from 1830 to 1891, material on China financial interests from 1835 to 1871, the "Houqua Accounts and Memoranda, 1865-1867," a series of typescript copies of letters to members of Russell and Company in 1840 and 1841, and correspondence with [[Vogel, Hagedorn and Company]] of Canton and Hong Kong for 1868 to 1871.[^34]
Frederic Adrian Delano was born at Hong Kong on September 10, 1863.[^30]
Warren Delano died at Algonac on January 17, 1898, nearly two years after his wife's death on February 10, 1896. The genealogy puts his estate at $1,338,000.[^30] The house burned in 1916, was rebuilt in 1917, and was sold by the family in 1955.[^31]
### Children and the marriage network
The 1899 genealogy lists eleven children of Warren and Catherine Delano, two of whom died in infancy. The marriages extend the family into other China and New York houses.[^30]
- Susan Maria (1844 to 1846), born at Macao.
- Louise Church (born 1846).
- Deborah Perry, called Dora (born 1847), who married [[William Howell Forbes]] of Hong Kong at Paris on April 25, 1867.
- Annie Lyman (born 1849), who married [[Frederick Delano Hitch]] of Shanghai at Newburgh on October 16, 1877. Hitch was a son of Captain George Hitch of Fairhaven.
- Warren (born September 20, 1850, died October 10, 1851).
- Warren Delano III (1852 to 1920).
- Sara (1854 to 1941), who married [[James Roosevelt]] on October 7, 1880.
- Philippe de Lannoy Delano (1857 to 1881).
- Catherine Robbins (born 1860), who married [[Charles Albert Robbins]] in 1882. Robbins belonged to the New York drug firm of Olcott and McKesson, later [[McKesson & Robbins]].
- Frederic Adrian (1863 to 1953).
- Laura Franklin (1864 to 1884).
The genealogy identifies Dora's husband as "William Howell Forbes of Hong Kong China" and records that he died on July 9, 1896.[^30] Forbes's appendix lists a W. Howell Forbes who entered Russell and Company in 1860 and remained a partner.[^35] A Hong Kong bankruptcy petition of July 1891 names a "W. H. Forbes" and a "J. M. Forbes" among the partners of Russell and Company trading under that style.[^36] The Hong Kong Daily Press of December 10, 1891 names William Howell Forbes as the senior partner of the firm in the bankruptcy proceedings, and the Massachusetts Historical Society's genealogy of the [[Forbes family]] gives William Howell Forbes (1837 to 1896) as a son of Paul Siemen Forbes, who lived in China.[^37] The Roosevelt Library's finding aid lists "Forbes, William H. (Dora's first husband)" and "Forbes, Paul R. (Dora's second husband)."[^38]
### Sara Delano Roosevelt
Sara Delano was born on September 21, 1854 and married James Roosevelt on October 7, 1880. Their son Franklin Delano was born in 1882.[^30] Additional Delano family material given to the Roosevelt Library by the President and other donors is filed with the Roosevelt family papers.[^39]
### Franklin Hughes Delano
Franklin Hughes Delano, Warren's younger brother, was born on July 27, 1813. He became a partner of [[Grinnell, Minturn and Company]], a New York shipping house, in January 1839, and he served as consul for Chile at New York from 1840 until 1851.[^40] On September 17, 1844 he married [[Laura Astor]], a daughter of [[William Backhouse Astor]]. The couple received a portion of the Astor estate at [[Rokeby]] near [[Barrytown, New York]], where they built the house called [[Steen Valetje]] around 1850.[^41]
Franklin Delano died at [[Monte Carlo]] on December 23, 1893, and his wife died there in 1902.[^41] The finding aid lists his correspondence with [[John Murray Forbes]] and Robert Bennet Forbes of Boston about shipping ventures in the 1840s, and with [[Francis S. Hathaway]] of New Bedford.[^40]
### Frederic Adrian Delano
Frederic Adrian Delano, the son of Warren II, was born at Hong Kong on September 10, 1863, and married Matilda Annis Peasley at Chicago on November 22, 1888.[^30] He graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1885 and joined the [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]], where he became superintendent of freight terminals, superintendent of motive power in 1899, and in 1901 vice president and general manager of the lines east of the Missouri River, a post he resigned in the latter part of 1904.[^42]
### The Wabash and the Gould roads
In April 1905 Delano was elected president of the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal Railway and vice president in charge of all Wabash properties, with Henry Miller as general manager.[^42] The wire reports of the election described the appointment as part of the reorganization of the roads of [[George J. Gould]].[^43] On October 5, 1905 the directors of the Wabash, among them Gould, [[Edgar T. Welles]], Thomas H. Hubbard, John T. Terry, Winslow S. Pierce and E. T. Jeffery, removed the president, [[Joseph Ramsey Jr.]], "on the ground that he had made an attack upon the railroad," and elected the first vice president, F. A. Delano, to succeed him. Delano had already succeeded Ramsey as president of the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal and of the [[Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway]].[^44] *Engineering News* reported the election on November 2, 1905, and the directors re-elected him in October 1908.[^45][^46] A court record of 1907 states that "The defendant Frederic A. Delano is president of the said defendant The Wabash Railroad Company."[^47]
The annual reports for the fiscal years 1909, 1911, 1912 and 1913 list him as president. The reports of 1912 and 1913 list Delano, [[William K. Bixby]] and Edward B. Pryor as receivers; the directors include George J. Gould, Robert Goelet, H. Rogers Winthrop, Winslow S. Pierce and Edward T. Jeffery.[^48] He was made receiver in December 1911 and served with Pryor and Bixby under Judge Elmer B. Adams for the last two years.[^49] When he left, he wrote to Judge Adams that "the program of necessary improvement and betterment undertaken at an early stage of the Wabash receivership has been substantially completed," and the judge called him an "honest, faithful and efficient public servant." The *Traffic World* of December 27, 1913 reported his election as president of the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway, the Monon, in succession to Fairfax Harrison, who had become president of the Southern Railway.[^50] The papers of Frederic A. Delano date his resignation of the presidency to August 10, 1914, on his appointment to the Board.[^51]
### The Federal Reserve Board
Delano took office as vice governor of the Federal Reserve Board on August 10, 1914, for a six-year term, and held the vice governorship until August 9, 1916.[^51] The Board's January 1916 bulletin lists him as "FREDERIC A. DELANO, Vice Governor," with [[Charles S. Hamlin]] as governor, and the Board's order of March 6, 1916 names "Mr. Hamlin, Governor; Mr. Delano, Vice Governor." The report for 1916 is signed by [[William P. G. Harding]] as governor, [[Paul M. Warburg]] as vice governor, and Delano as a member.[^52][^53] His resignation was the first change in the membership of the Board. The July 1918 bulletin states that "Mr. Delano has served two years as vice governor of the Board and for nearly two years additional as member," and that he resigned to serve with the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] on military railways in France.[^54] He was later a Class C director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond from 1921 and its chairman from March to December 1936.[^55]
### The Red River receivership
From April 1920 to June 1, 1925 Delano served as the receiver appointed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in *Oklahoma v. Texas*, the Red River Boundary Case, over the oil lands in the disputed river bed; his papers include photographs of the lands and records for 1920 to 1928.[^56]
### The League of Nations commission on opium in Persia
In December 1925 Delano became president of the [[League of Nations]] Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia. The League's own listing, reproduced in a study published by the Rockefeller-founded [[Bureau of Social Hygiene]], names the commission as "composed of Mr. Frederic A. Delano (United States of America), a former member of the Federal Reserve Board, Chairman; Dr. Fridiano Cavara (Italy) ... and M. Victor Cayla (France)."[^57] The historian Arnold H. Taylor writes that Elizabeth Washburn Wright, after approaching seven or eight others including Owen D. Young and Norman Davis, secured Delano; that the Bureau of Social Hygiene underwrote the project; that his staff were J. B. Knight and [[Archibald MacLeish]]; and that the commission traveled in Persia from March 24 to June 6, 1926 and recommended a three-year preparation followed by annual reductions of ten percent, with no loan.[^58] Delano's papers include his diary and MacLeish's, letters to his wife from Geneva, and two drafts of the report to the Council, one by each.[^59] In 1927 Delano wrote to the League about the commission's findings.[^60] The commission's report to the Council, C.580.M.219.1926.XI, is dated December 1926 and states that it is "possible and practically feasible, and to the economic interest of Persia, to adopt a programme for the gradual diminution of the cultivation of the opium poppy."[^61] According to Taylor, the Bureau of Social Hygiene pledged to underwrite the project and supplied an additional 100,000 francs after the Assembly halved the appropriation, and a State Department memorandum by [[Allen Dulles]] records a conversation with Delano on December 22, 1925.[^62]
The columnist [[Westbrook Pegler]] wrote in December 1945 that Warren Delano was "the old Canton opium smuggler, who founded the Delano fortune in this trade," and that Frederic Delano and other Delanos still held financial interests in a coal property and company town at Vintondale in Cambria County, Pennsylvania.[^63] Frederic's papers carry subject files for the Samuel Russell Company, the Vinton Colliery Company and the Brookings and Carnegie institutions.[^64]
### The Regional Plan, the Capital Park Commission and the National Resources Planning Board
On May 10, 1922 the trustees of the [[Russell Sage Foundation]] named a committee on a plan of New York and its environs, composed of [[Charles Dyer Norton]] as chairman, [[Robert W. de Forest]], Delano, John M. Glenn, [[Dwight W. Morrow]] and Frank L. Polk; Delano was a trustee of the Foundation.[^65] After Norton's death in 1923 Delano became chairman, and the committee of 1925 consisted of Delano, de Forest, Polk, Glenn, Frederic B. Pratt, Morrow and Lawson Purdy, with [[Thomas Adams]] as general director of plans and surveys.[^66] The first volume, *The Graphic Regional Plan* (1929), lists the committee under "Frederic A. Delano, Chairman," adds John H. Finley, Henry James and George McAneny, and is signed by Delano. It is dedicated to Norton.[^67] *Engineering News-Record* reported that the work cost about $1,000,000, all paid by the Russell Sage Foundation, and covered 436 cities and towns in 22 counties, and that the plan was presented on May 27, 1929.[^68] A British architectural journal described him in August 1929 as "a former railway president and member of the Federal Reserve Board."[^69]
In 1927 President Coolidge appointed Delano president of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, while the 1953 obituary in Planning magazine gives his chairmanship of the commission as 1924 to 1942,[^70] and in 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt named him chairman of the National Resources Planning Board for ten years.[^51] The National Archives guide describes the sequence: the National Planning Board was established within the [[Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works]] on July 20, 1933; it was superseded by the National Resources Board under Executive Order 6777 on June 30, 1934; and that board was replaced by the National Resources Committee under Executive Order 7065 on June 7, 1935. The National Resources Planning Board was established by Reorganization Plan No. I of 1939, effective July 1, 1939, and abolished on August 31, 1943 by 57 Stat. 169. Delano served from July 1933 to August 1943, chairing the National Planning Board in 1933 and 1934 and the National Resources Planning Board from 1939.[^3] In 1937 the proceedings of the National Planning Conference list him as Vice-Chairman of the National Resources Committee.[^71] In the Senate on May 27, 1943 Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] opposed an increase in the Board's appropriation, and Senator [[Charles L. McNary]] had read into the Record Delano's letter of May 26, 1943 calling a book by the Brookings economist [[Harold G. Moulton]] "false in detail and deliberately misleading in purpose."[^72] The appropriation act of June 26, 1943 abolished the Board effective August 31, 1943 and provided that its functions "shall not be transferred to any other agency."[^73] A profile of April 2, 1943 describes him at 79 as an uncle of the President, and credits the board with the "cradle-to-grave" social security plan then recently announced.[^74]
He was a citizen regent of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. His term expired on January 21, 1935, and he was reappointed by joint resolution approved August 7, 1935.[^75] A joint resolution approved August 21, 1941 reappointed him for six years, and the Executive Committee of the Regents that year consisted of Delano, [[Vannevar Bush]] and Clarence Cannon.[^76]
[[China Defense Supplies]], Inc. was the Chinese purchasing and supply agency in the United States through which lend-lease aid to China was requisitioned. The Army's history of the [[American Volunteer Group]] states that the board of directors of China Defense Supplies "included both Franklin Delano, the President's uncle, and Washington lawyer Thomas Corcoran."[^77] [[Sterling Seagrave]] wrote that "One of the directors of China Defense Supplies was Frederic Delano, the President's uncle," [[Daniel Ford]] wrote that Delano "signed on as honorary counselor," and [[John Pomfret]] wrote that he was made honorary chairman.[^78] An Air University history lists the roster as including "FDR's cousin Frederick T. Delano, head" without saying whether that is Frederic Adrian Delano.[^79]
### Lyman Delano and the Atlantic Coast Line
Lyman Delano, the son of Warren III and Jennie Walters, was born at Newburgh in 1883, in July according to the genealogy and on January 16 according to the biographical notice of 1932.[^4][^80] He graduated from Harvard in 1906, worked for Stone and Webster until 1910, and entered the Atlantic Coast Line in 1910 as a clerk and assistant to the chief engineer. He became assistant to the president in January 1912, third vice president in November 1914, and first vice president about two years later. From June 1918 to March 1, 1920 he was federal manager of the road, and on March 1, 1920 he became executive vice president.[^4] In August 1916 he was "third vice-president and head of the Operating Department."[^81]
On January 9, 1932 *Railway Age* reported his election as chairman of the Atlantic Coast Line, succeeding the late [[Henry Walters]], who died on November 30, 1931, and also in the chairmanship of the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]].[^4]
In the Supreme Court case over the Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad, the receiver B. L. Bugg testified that he had suggested the purchase of the old Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic to the Atlantic Coast Line's executive vice president, Lyman Delano, in December 1924. The bondholders' agreement is dated February 23, 1926. Of the new company's 150,000 shares of common stock, 149,995 stood in the name of the Atlantic Coast Line and one share each in the names of Delano, George B. Elliott, Bugg, J. L. Edwards and R. C. Alston, who formed its board.[^82]
### Warren Delano III and the Union Mining Company
Warren Delano III was born at Algonac in 1852 and graduated from Harvard University in 1874. He joined the management of the Union Mining Company at Mount Savage, Maryland, and married Jennie Walters, a daughter of William Thompson Walters, at Baltimore on July 11, 1876.[^80] He had mining, banking and railroad interests and bred horses at Steen Valetje. He was killed on September 9, 1920, when his horse ran into the path of a train at Barrytown. At his death he was a director of the Union Mining Company, president of the [[Delano Coal Company]] and chairman of the board of the [[Vinton Colliery Company]].[^33]
In August and September 1899 Warren III and [[H. A. deWindt]] kept diaries of a trip to Wyoming and Yellowstone, and Warren III's brother Frederic A. and his son Lyman accompanied them.[^33]
### Eugene and Moreau Delano of Brown Brothers
The genealogy also prints a Delano line descended from [[Obadiah Delano]] through [[Moreau Delano]] (died New York, 1870), under the heading "Delano Line Unknown," and does not connect it to Philippe de la Noye. Moreau's son [[Eugene Delano]] is described as a member of the firm of "[[Brown Brothers Harriman|Brown Bros.]]," bankers at 59 Wall Street in New York. He married Susan Magoun Adams at Philadelphia on February 8, 1872. Their children included William Adams (born January 21, 1874, Yale 1895), Moreau (born June 14, 1877, Yale 1897) and Eugene (born February 26, 1887).[^83]
Eugene Delano died on April 2, 1920. The Board of Tax Appeals docket of 1928 names Moreau Delano and William A. Delano as executors of his estate, with [[James Crosby Brown]] as a party, concerning income of $209,788.09 from the partnership of Brown Brothers & Company due to Eugene in 1920.[^84] A bankers' directory of June 1918 lists "Moreau Delano, Brown Brothers & Co.," which places Eugene's son Moreau in the firm that became Brown Brothers Harriman.[^85] A Moreau Delano Brown, born March 30, 1905 to Thatcher Magoun Brown and Caro Lord Noyes, bears the same given names.[^86] The architect William Adams Delano of the firm Delano and Aldrich shares the name of Eugene's son born in 1874, and the sources give no connection between the two.[^83]
### Family papers
The Roosevelt Library's Delano family papers cover 1568 to 1919, occupy 22.1 linear feet (about 55,000 pages), and are arranged in four sections: the papers of Franklin Hughes Delano, of Warren Delano II, of Warren Delano III, and other family papers.[^39] The papers of Warren II came to Warren III from Annie Delano Hitch in 1899.[^39] The Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, occupy 12 linear feet and were given by his daughters Catherine Delano Grant and Laura Delano Houghteling. They include material on the Red River receivership, the Persia commission, the Regional Plan, the Smithsonian, and subject files on the Samuel Russell Company, China Defense Supplies and the Tennessee Valley Authority.[^64]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 1-3, the Philippe de la Noye entry, pp. 49-51 (the Fortune, 1621; his five sons Philip Jr., Dr. Thomas, John, Lt. Jonathan and Samuel). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^2]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch of Warren Delano II, pp. 1-2 of the PDF. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^3]: National Archives, *Guide to the Records of Federal Agencies*, Record Group 187, §187.3 and §187.3.2. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/187.html
[^4]: *Railway Age*, January 9, 1932, vol. 92, no. 2, p. 89, the election of Lyman Delano as chairman of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Louisville and Nashville.
[^5]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch, p. 1 of the PDF. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^6]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, the George De Lano entry, Cooper, Michigan, p. 453, the desk "said to have been by Philippe brought on the 'Fortune' 1621." https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^7]: William Bradford, *History of Plymouth Plantation*, 1912 edition (Massachusetts Historical Society), vol. II, p. 285 (the list of purchasers of December 1, 1640) and p. 11 n. (the 1628 sale, citing Plymouth Colony Records xii. 7). https://archive.org/details/historyofplymout02brad
[^8]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, the Lt. Jonathan Delano entry, pp. 293-294; the Thomas Delano 1st and Capt. Ephraim Delano 1st entries, pp. 483-500; and the Capt. Warren Delano entry with his children, pp. 503-505. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^9]: *Logbook of the Phillipe De La Noye (Ship) of Fairhaven and Cicero (Ship) of New Bedford*, kept by William Childs, catalog description of the voyage of September 6, 1852 to November 13, 1854 under David G. Pierce. https://archive.org/details/logbookofphillip00unse
[^10]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series VI, logs of the Philippe de la Noye, a whaler owned by the Delano family, 1848 to 1855. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^11]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 1-3, the Dr. Thomas Delano entry, p. 155; the Jonathan Delano Sr. entry, p. 188; the Jonathan Delano 2d entry, pp. 209-210; and the Samuel Delano Sr. entry with Capt. Amasa Delano, born February 21, 1763, pp. 210-212. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^12]: Amasa Delano, *A Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres* (Boston, 1817), "Biographical Sketch," pp. 577-580 (born at Duxbury on February 21, 1763, the son of Samuel Delano and a Drew mother, with a brother Amasa in Rogers' Rangers). https://archive.org/details/anarrativevoyag00delagoog
[^13]: Amasa Delano, *A Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres* (Boston, 1817), chapter XVIII, "Particulars of the Capture of the Spanish Ship Tryal, at the island of St. Maria," pp. 319-320, the Perseverance journal for February 13 and 20, 1805. https://archive.org/details/anarrativevoyag00delagoog
[^14]: Amasa Delano, *A Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres* (Boston, 1817), pp. 335 and 343-344, the notary's certificate and Delano's declaration. https://archive.org/details/anarrativevoyag00delagoog
[^15]: Amasa Delano, *A Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres* (Boston, 1817), pp. 352-353, the letter of the King of Spain through the consul at Boston and Delano's reply of August 8, 1807. https://archive.org/details/anarrativevoyag00delagoog
[^16]: Herman Melville, "Benito Cereno," in *The Piazza Tales* (1856), opening paragraph. https://archive.org/details/piazzatales00melvuoft
[^17]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, pp. 355-357 (partnership dates of Warren Delano Jr. and the 1844 firm). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^18]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), p. 147 and the appendix journal of April 1, 1839, p. 351 ("Warren Delano, head cook"). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^19]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 150, 153 and 157 (Delano's joining Russell and Company; the co-operators Delano, A. A. Low, Edward King and W. C. Hunter; the departure of the Niantic). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^20]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 157, the partnership terms and Delano's entry; Forbes's departure on the Niantic on July 7, 1840. https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^21]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 147, the Chesapeake. https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^22]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 150, the cotton orders sent to India on Houqua's behalf. https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^23]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. VIII (December 1839), p. 432, Commissioner Lin's edict as translated.
[^24]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. VIII (January 1840), p. 482, the letter of thanks of a shipwrecked captain.
[^25]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. IX (September 1840), p. 628, the departure of the consul Snow and the acting vice-consulship.
[^26]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. IX (May 1840), Journal of Occurrences, petition of the American merchants at Canton, April 25, 1840.
[^27]: U.S. House of Representatives, 26th Congress, 1st session, H. Doc. 40, "Merchants of the United States at Canton, China. Memorial of R. B. Forbes and others," January 9, 1840, signature block dated Canton, May 25, 1839. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00364_00_00-030-0040-0000
[^28]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 157-158 (Russell and Company's operations for Houqua between January and July 1840) and p. 161 (the pledge made by Mr. Green). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^29]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 166-168 and p. 356 (the 1846 return of Edward Delano). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^30]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, the Warren Delano 2d entry, pp. 504-506. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^31]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series descriptions and biographical sketch (Algonac, the losses of 1857, the 1859 return to China). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^32]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series 10 (story by Elizabeth Babcock, 1862, for travelers on the Surprise bound for China), and Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series VI (Catherine R. Delano's journal on the clipper Surprise, New York to Hong Kong, 1862). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^33]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series 9 and the biographical sketch of Warren Delano III. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^34]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series 5, the papers of Warren Delano II (general correspondence 1830 to 1891; "Houqua Accounts and Memoranda, 1865-1867"; "Russell and Company, Typescript copies of letters to Members of, 1840-1841"). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^35]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, pp. 356-357 (W. Howell Forbes entered the house in 1860 and was a partner). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^36]: *Hong Kong Daily Press*, July 22, 1891, p. 2, "In Bankruptcy," petition concerning Russell and Company. https://archive.org/details/NPDP18910722
[^37]: *Hong Kong Daily Press*, December 10, 1891, "In Bankruptcy," report of the Official Assignee on Charles Alexander Tomes (William Howell Forbes "the senior partner at the firm"); Massachusetts Historical Society, *Forbes Family Papers, 1732-1931* (Ms. N-49), collection guide, condensed genealogy of the Forbes family. https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0269
[^38]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series 9, correspondents ("Forbes, William H. (Dora's first husband)"; "Forbes, Paul R. (Dora's second husband)"). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^39]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, summary description and series list. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^40]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch of Franklin Hughes Delano and series 1. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^41]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, the Capt. Warren Delano entry, pp. 504-505 (Franklin Hughes, born July 27, 1813, died at Monte Carlo December 23, 1893; married September 17, 1844 Laura Astor). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^42]: *Railroad Gazette*, April 28, 1905, the election of F. A. Delano and the account of his career.
[^43]: *Oakland Tribune*, April 24, 1905, wire report on the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal election.
[^44]: *Chicago Daily Tribune*, October 6, 1905, p. 1, the removal of Joseph Ramsey Jr. and the election of F. A. Delano as president of the Wabash.
[^45]: *Engineering News*, November 2, 1905, the election of Delano as president of the Wabash.
[^46]: *Fort Wayne Sentinel*, October 13, 1908, the re-election of Delano as president of the Wabash.
[^47]: *In re Pollitz* (1907), record: "The defendant Frederic A. Delano is president of the said defendant The Wabash Railroad Company."
[^48]: Wabash Railroad Company, *Annual Reports* for the fiscal years 1909, 1911, 1912 and 1913 (St. Louis: Woodward and Tiernan), lists of directors, officers and receivers. https://archive.org/details/annualreportdir04railgoog
[^49]: *Engineering Record*, August 8, 1914, vol. 70, no. 6, "Frederic A. Delano Nominated for Federal Reserve Board" (receivership "In December, 1911"). https://archive.org/details/engineering-record_1914-08-08_70_6_0
[^50]: *Traffic World*, December 27, 1913, pp. 1213-1214, the election of Delano as president of the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway and Judge Adams's letter.
[^51]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, biographical note. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^52]: Federal Reserve Board, *Federal Reserve Bulletin*, January 1916, Board roster. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/1910s/frb_011916.pdf
[^53]: Federal Reserve Board, *Third Annual Report* (for 1916), p. 31 (signature block) and p. 124 (order of March 6, 1916). https://archive.org/details/annualreportfed00boargoog
[^54]: Federal Reserve Board, *Federal Reserve Bulletin*, vol. 4, no. 7 (July 1, 1918), p. 587, "Resignation of the Federal Reserve Board." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/1910s/frb_071918.pdf
[^55]: Federal Reserve History, "Frederic A. Delano," biographical profile (Richmond Class C director, 1921; chairman of the Richmond bank, March to December 1936). https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people/frederic_a_delano
[^56]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series II, 1920 to 1928 (receiver in Oklahoma v. Texas, the Red River Boundary Case, April 1920 to June 1, 1925). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^57]: Edward Terry and Mabel Pellens, *The Opium Problem* (Bureau of Social Hygiene, 1928), pp. 720-721. https://archive.org/details/opiumproblem00terr
[^58]: Arnold H. Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939* (Durham: Duke University Press, 1969), pp. 223 and 312-314. https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac02tayl
[^59]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, Persia opium commission files, 1925 to 1927 (diaries of Delano and Archibald MacLeish; the "Delano Draft" and "MacLeish Draft" of the report to the Council). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^60]: *The United States Daily*, July 6, 1927, Delano's letter to the League of Nations.
[^61]: Elizabeth P. MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium (1908-1928)* (Foreign Policy Association, 1928), Annex III, p. 44, extract from the Report of the League Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia, December 1926. https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^62]: Arnold H. Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939* (Duke University Press, 1969), pp. 312-313 and note 39. https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac02tayl
[^63]: Westbrook Pegler, column distributed by King Features Syndicate, *Hope Star* (Hope, Arkansas), December 5, 1945.
[^64]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, subject files (Samuel Russell Company, Vinton Colliery Company, China Defense Supplies, Brookings Institution, Carnegie Institution, Tennessee Valley Authority). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^65]: Russell Sage Foundation, *Plan of New York and Its Environs; the meeting of May 10, 1922*. https://archive.org/details/planofnewyorkits00russ
[^66]: Edward M. Bassett, *Zoning Practice in the New York Region* (Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, 1925), committee roster. https://archive.org/details/zoningpracticein00bass_0
[^67]: Committee on the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, *The Graphic Regional Plan* (1929), roster and letter of presentation, pp. [9]-[11]. https://archive.org/details/graphicregionalp0000unse
[^68]: *Engineering News-Record*, June 6, 1929, vol. 102, no. 23, account of the presentation of the Regional Plan on May 27, 1929. https://archive.org/details/sim_enr_1929-06-06_102_23
[^69]: *Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects*, August 18, 1929, vol. 36, no. 18. https://archive.org/details/sim_riba-journal_1929-08-18_36_18
[^70]: *Planning*, May 1953, vol. 19, no. 5, obituary of Frederic A. Delano (chairman of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission 1924 to 1942; appointed chairman of the National Planning Board in 1934). https://archive.org/details/sim_planning_1953-05_19_5
[^71]: National Conference on Planning, *New Horizons in Planning* (1937), listing "Frederic A. Delano, Vice-Chairman, National Resources Committee." https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsinpla00natirich
[^72]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 89, Senate, May 27, 1943, pp. 4923-4926 and 4954. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^73]: Act of June 26, 1943, ch. 145, 57 Stat. 169, 170. https://archive.org/details/us-stat
[^74]: *United States News*, April 2, 1943, pp. 59-60.
[^75]: Smithsonian Institution, *Annual Report of the Board of Regents* for the fiscal year 1936. https://archive.org/details/annual-report-board-of-regents-smithsonian_1936
[^76]: Smithsonian Institution, *Annual Report of the Board of Regents* for the fiscal year 1942, p. xi (the Executive Committee). https://archive.org/details/annual-report-board-of-regents-smithsonian_1942
[^77]: U.S. Army Center of Military History, *The Flying Tigers: Chennault's American Volunteer Group in China*, the account of CAMCO and China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/TheFlyingTigers
[^78]: Sterling Seagrave, *The Soong Dynasty* (1985); Daniel Ford, *Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942* (2007); John Pomfret, *The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom* (2016); Robert Schultz, *The Maverick War: Chennault and the Flying Tigers*, each on China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/soongdynasty0000seag_t0v1 ; https://archive.org/details/flyingtigersclai0000ford ; https://archive.org/details/beautifulcountry0000pomf ; https://archive.org/details/maverickwarchenn00schu
[^79]: *American Angels: Forming the Lafayette Escadrille, RAF Eagles, and Flying Tigers* (Air University, 2000), the account of China Defense Supplies, note 49. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA384931
[^80]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, the Warren Delano 3d entry, pp. 505-506. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^81]: *The Morning Star* (Wilmington, North Carolina), August 31, 1916, p. 1.
[^82]: *Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad Co. v. United States*, 296 U.S. 33 (1935), Transcript of Record, No. 9, testimony of B. L. Bugg and the corporate record of the A.B.&C. board. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA40386009_0266
[^83]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pt. 4-6, "Delano Line Unknown," the Moreau Delano and Eugene Delano entries, pp. 522-523. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^84]: *The United States Daily*, March 7, 1928, Board of Tax Appeals docket: Moreau Delano and William A. Delano, executors of the estate of Eugene Delano, deceased.
[^85]: *Trust Companies*, June 1918, vol. 26, no. 6, directory entry "Moreau Delano, Brown Brothers & Co."
[^86]: *Alexander Brown and His Descendants* (1917), the entry for Moreau Delano Brown and the index. https://archive.org/details/alexanderbrownhi1917brow

86
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md
View file

@ -62,17 +62,17 @@ relations:
reverse: true
role: "2008 report on prewar public statements by Bush and Cheney"
start: 2008-06-05
fn: 32
fn: 34
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cheney v. United States District Court]]"
role: "petitioner, Vice President"
start: 2004-06-24
fn: 27
fn: 29
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Lynne Cheney]]"
fn: 36
fn: 38
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-15
updated: 2026-10-26
---
Richard Bruce Cheney was born in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]] on January 30, 1941, and grew up in [[Casper, Wyoming]]. He was a congressional fellow in 1968, worked at the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]] and the [[Cost of Living Council]], and was a vice president of the investment firm [[Bradley, Woods & Co.]] from 1973 to 1974. He was deputy assistant to President [[Gerald R. Ford]] in 1974 and 1975 and his chief of staff from 1975 to 1977. He represented Wyoming in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from January 3, 1979, until March 17, 1989, was [[Secretary of Defense]] from 1989 to 1993, was chief executive of [[Halliburton]] from 1995 to 2000, and was Vice President under [[George W. Bush]] from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009.[^1]
@ -109,45 +109,47 @@ In February 1992 the Pentagon produced a draft [[Defense Planning Guidance]] for
Cheney was chief executive of Halliburton from October 1995 to 2000. The company's FY1998 annual report, filed as an amendment, lists him as chief executive officer "since October 1995."[^15] The House biographical directory gives "chairman and chief executive office of the Halliburton Company 1993-2000" and, in the same entry, "senior fellow, American Enterprise Institute 1993-1995."[^1] [[Ray Hunt]] of [[Hunt Oil Company|Hunt Oil]] joined its board in 1998 (the 10-K/A lists a power of attorney he signed in October 1998 as a director) and went at once onto its compensation committee, which that year gave Cheney a bonus of 1.1 million dollars and restricted stock worth 1.5 million on a salary of 1.18 million.[^16] Halliburton, which acquired [[Dresser Industries]] in 1998, reported in the same filing that since 1976 approximately 190,000 claims had been filed against current and former Dresser divisions and subsidiaries alleging injury from inhaled asbestos fibers.[^15]
On August 3, 2004, the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] announced enforcement actions against Halliburton, its former chief financial officer, Gary V. Morris, and its former controller, Robert C. Muchmore Jr., over the company's failure to disclose a 1998 change to its accounting practice. The commission said Halliburton's public statements about its 1998 and 1999 income were materially misleading. Halliburton agreed to a cease-and-desist order and to a $7.5 million penalty. The release stated that "the company's former Chief Executive Officer, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, provided sworn testimony and cooperated willingly and fully in the investigation."[^17]
Cheney and [[William E. Bradford]], chairman and chief executive of Dresser Industries, met briefly on August 25, 1997, when the meeting concerned Halliburton's then pending acquisition of [[NUMAR Corporation]], and met again in Dallas on October 2, 1997. On January 17, 1998, during a customer's quail hunt in South Texas, they agreed to discuss the matter further in Dallas. At a Dallas meeting on January 27, 1998, Bradford said that Dresser was not for sale. Cheney then proposed a merger at an exchange ratio of 0.95 Halliburton share for each Dresser share, with Bradford as chairman of the combined company and Cheney and [[David J. Lesar]] keeping their Halliburton posts. Bradford said he would expect an improved exchange ratio.[^17] The merger agreement was dated as of February 25, 1998, and the final ratio was one Halliburton share for each Dresser share. The merger was completed on September 29, 1998.[^18]
Halliburton's former subsidiary [[Kellogg, Brown & Root]] (KBR) pleaded guilty in February 2009 in federal court in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] to a five-count criminal information and agreed to pay $402 million in criminal fines. Halliburton and KBR jointly agreed to pay $177 million in forfeited profits to the SEC in a concurrent civil action, for a combined $579 million. The bribes were paid to officials of the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] government from 1995 until 2004 to win contracts to build liquefied natural gas facilities on [[Bonny Island]], valued at more than $6 billion.[^18] The payments began in 1995, the year Cheney became chief executive, and continued until 2004.
On August 3, 2004, the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] announced enforcement actions against Halliburton, its former chief financial officer, Gary V. Morris, and its former controller, Robert C. Muchmore Jr., over the company's failure to disclose a 1998 change to its accounting practice. The commission said Halliburton's public statements about its 1998 and 1999 income were materially misleading. Halliburton agreed to a cease-and-desist order and to a $7.5 million penalty. The release stated that "the company's former Chief Executive Officer, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, provided sworn testimony and cooperated willingly and fully in the investigation."[^19]
The Army's [[Logistics Civil Augmentation Program]] (LOGCAP) had been created in 1985; in 1992 its concept was changed to a single, centrally managed worldwide planning and services contract, and on August 3, 1992, during Cheney's tenure as Secretary of Defense, Brown and Root Services Corporation of Houston was awarded the contract competitively, a cost-plus-award-fee contract for one year with four option years. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] has administered it since 1992. Four companies competed, and a Commerce Business Daily notice drew 37 requests for the solicitation.[^19]
Halliburton's former subsidiary [[Kellogg, Brown & Root]] (KBR) pleaded guilty in February 2009 in federal court in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] to a five-count criminal information and agreed to pay $402 million in criminal fines. Halliburton and KBR jointly agreed to pay $177 million in forfeited profits to the SEC in a concurrent civil action, for a combined $579 million. The bribes were paid to officials of the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] government from 1995 until 2004 to win contracts to build liquefied natural gas facilities on [[Bonny Island]], valued at more than $6 billion.[^20] The payments began in 1995, the year Cheney became chief executive, and continued until 2004.
On December 11, 2003, the [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] issued a draft audit concluding that KBR had overcharged by up to $61 million for fuel imported into Iraq from Kuwait between May and September 2003 under the Restore Iraqi Oil contract; on January 15, 2004, the agency asked the Pentagon's inspector general to consider a formal investigation after finding "suspected irregularities."[^20] [[Bunnatine Greenhouse]], the Army Corps of Engineers' senior procurement executive, told the Senate Democratic Policy Committee on June 27, 2005 that "the abuse related to contracts awarded to KBR represents the most blatant and improper contract abuse I have witnessed during the course of my professional career." She testified that the Office of the Secretary of Defense controlled the award of the Restore Iraqi Oil contract, that she had written on the justification and approval document a caution against extending the noncompetitive effort beyond one year, that the commander of the Corps waived KBR's requirement to provide cost and pricing data about a week after the December 2003 audit without her approval, and that on October 6, 2004 she was notified that she would be removed from the Senior Executive Service and from her contracting post.[^21]
The Army's [[Logistics Civil Augmentation Program]] (LOGCAP) had been created in 1985; in 1992 its concept was changed to a single, centrally managed worldwide planning and services contract, and on August 3, 1992, during Cheney's tenure as Secretary of Defense, Brown and Root Services Corporation of Houston was awarded the contract competitively, a cost-plus-award-fee contract for one year with four option years. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] has administered it since 1992. Four companies competed, and a Commerce Business Daily notice drew 37 requests for the solicitation.[^21]
On December 11, 2003, the [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] issued a draft audit concluding that KBR had overcharged by up to $61 million for fuel imported into Iraq from Kuwait between May and September 2003 under the Restore Iraqi Oil contract; on January 15, 2004, the agency asked the Pentagon's inspector general to consider a formal investigation after finding "suspected irregularities."[^22] [[Bunnatine Greenhouse]], the Army Corps of Engineers' senior procurement executive, told the Senate Democratic Policy Committee on June 27, 2005 that "the abuse related to contracts awarded to KBR represents the most blatant and improper contract abuse I have witnessed during the course of my professional career." She testified that the Office of the Secretary of Defense controlled the award of the Restore Iraqi Oil contract, that she had written on the justification and approval document a caution against extending the noncompetitive effort beyond one year, that the commander of the Corps waived KBR's requirement to provide cost and pricing data about a week after the December 2003 audit without her approval, and that on October 6, 2004 she was notified that she would be removed from the Senior Executive Service and from her contracting post.[^23]
### Continuity of Government
In 2008 [[Jane Mayer]] wrote in [[The Dark Side (Mayer book)|The Dark Side]] that during the 1980s Cheney, then a Republican congressman from Wyoming, took part in one of the classified continuity-of-government programs of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration. "Every year, usually during congressional recesses, Cheney would disappear in the dead of the night." Along with "some four or five dozen federal officials," Cheney "would pretend for several weeks to be chief of staff to a designated substitute 'president,' bivouacked in some remote location in the United States."[^22]
In 2008 [[Jane Mayer]] wrote in [[The Dark Side (Mayer book)|The Dark Side]] that during the 1980s Cheney, then a Republican congressman from Wyoming, took part in one of the classified continuity-of-government programs of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration. "Every year, usually during congressional recesses, Cheney would disappear in the dead of the night." Along with "some four or five dozen federal officials," Cheney "would pretend for several weeks to be chief of staff to a designated substitute 'president,' bivouacked in some remote location in the United States."[^24]
Mayer wrote that a secret executive order signed by Reagan established "a means of re-creating the executive branch without informing Congress," and that Cheney "was evidently unperturbed by this oversight." She wrote that "Mann and others have suggested that these doomsday drills were a dress rehearsal for Cheney's calm, commanding performance on 9/11," citing [[James Mann]]'s account of the neoconservatives in [[The Vulcans]]. Her excerpt describes an eyewitness diary that recorded Cheney's conduct in the [[Presidential Emergency Operations Center]] on September 11, 2001.[^22] [[Andrew Cockburn]] wrote in his 2007 book on Donald Rumsfeld that Rumsfeld "loved these games" and that "[t]here were others who were frequent players in the exercises, notably Dick Cheney," quoting a former Pentagon official: "Cheney and the others often had other priorities. Rumsfeld always came."[^23]
Mayer wrote that a secret executive order signed by Reagan established "a means of re-creating the executive branch without informing Congress," and that Cheney "was evidently unperturbed by this oversight." She wrote that "Mann and others have suggested that these doomsday drills were a dress rehearsal for Cheney's calm, commanding performance on 9/11," citing [[James Mann]]'s account of the neoconservatives in [[The Vulcans]]. Her excerpt describes an eyewitness diary that recorded Cheney's conduct in the [[Presidential Emergency Operations Center]] on September 11, 2001.[^24] [[Andrew Cockburn]] wrote in his 2007 book on Donald Rumsfeld that Rumsfeld "loved these games" and that "[t]here were others who were frequent players in the exercises, notably Dick Cheney," quoting a former Pentagon official: "Cheney and the others often had other priorities. Rumsfeld always came."[^25]
### Vice President, 2001 to 2009
On September 16, 2001, Cheney appeared on [[Meet the Press]] with [[Tim Russert]], broadcast from [[Camp David]]. The official White House transcript records: "We also have to work, though, sort of the dark side, if you will. We've got to spend time in the shadows in the intelligence world. A lot of what needs to be done here will have to be done quietly, without any discussion, using sources and methods that are available to our intelligence agencies, if we're going to be successful."[^24]
On September 16, 2001, Cheney appeared on [[Meet the Press]] with [[Tim Russert]], broadcast from [[Camp David]]. The official White House transcript records: "We also have to work, though, sort of the dark side, if you will. We've got to spend time in the shadows in the intelligence world. A lot of what needs to be done here will have to be done quietly, without any discussion, using sources and methods that are available to our intelligence agencies, if we're going to be successful."[^26]
The [[9/11 Commission]] records that the Secret Service ordered Cheney to the shelter beneath the White House after American Airlines Flight 77 turned south at 9:34 a.m., and that he entered the tunnel to the shelter at 9:37.[^25] The commission concluded that Cheney "arrived in the room shortly before 10:00, perhaps at 9:58." Cheney told the commission that he called the President to discuss the rules of engagement for a combat air patrol over Washington, and that the President "signed off" on the concept that pilots could shoot down a plane that would not divert. The report states that the President "emphasized to us that he had authorized the shootdown of hijacked aircraft."[^25] When a military aide reported an aircraft 80 miles out, between 10:10 and 10:15, the commission reports that the Vice President "authorized fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane." Scooter Libby described the reaction as quick and decisive, "in about the time it takes a batter to decide to swing." White House deputy chief of staff [[Joshua Bolten]] suggested that Cheney confirm the order with the President, and the report logs the call at 10:18.[^25]
The [[9/11 Commission]] records that the Secret Service ordered Cheney to the shelter beneath the White House after American Airlines Flight 77 turned south at 9:34 a.m., and that he entered the tunnel to the shelter at 9:37.[^27] The commission concluded that Cheney "arrived in the room shortly before 10:00, perhaps at 9:58." Cheney told the commission that he called the President to discuss the rules of engagement for a combat air patrol over Washington, and that the President "signed off" on the concept that pilots could shoot down a plane that would not divert. The report states that the President "emphasized to us that he had authorized the shootdown of hijacked aircraft."[^27] When a military aide reported an aircraft 80 miles out, between 10:10 and 10:15, the commission reports that the Vice President "authorized fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane." Scooter Libby described the reaction as quick and decisive, "in about the time it takes a batter to decide to swing." White House deputy chief of staff [[Joshua Bolten]] suggested that Cheney confirm the order with the President, and the report logs the call at 10:18.[^27]
On January 29, 2001, President Bush established the National Energy Policy Development Group with Cheney as chairman. The [[Government Accountability Office]] (then the General Accounting Office) demanded its records on July 18, 2001, reported to Congress on August 17, 2001 that the Vice President had persisted in refusing, and on February 22, 2002 sued for them, the first time it had used its statutory authority to sue an executive branch entity.[^26] [[Judicial Watch]] and the [[Sierra Club]] also sued under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court as [[Cheney v. United States District Court]]. The group had issued its final report five months after its creation. On June 24, 2004, Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] delivered the opinion of the Court, which vacated the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] and remanded the case, reported at 334 F.3d 1096.[^27]
On January 29, 2001, President Bush established the National Energy Policy Development Group with Cheney as chairman. The [[Government Accountability Office]] (then the General Accounting Office) demanded its records on July 18, 2001, reported to Congress on August 17, 2001 that the Vice President had persisted in refusing, and on February 22, 2002 sued for them, the first time it had used its statutory authority to sue an executive branch entity.[^28] [[Judicial Watch]] and the [[Sierra Club]] also sued under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court as [[Cheney v. United States District Court]]. The group had issued its final report five months after its creation. On June 24, 2004, Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] delivered the opinion of the Court, which vacated the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] and remanded the case, reported at 334 F.3d 1096.[^29]
On August 26, 2002, in a speech to the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] convention in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Cheney said that during the spring of 1995 inspectors were on the verge of declaring Iraq's chemical weapons and missile programs accounted for, "[t]hen Saddam's son-in-law suddenly defected and began sharing information," and that "[t]hat should serve as a reminder to all that we often learned more as the result of defections than we learned from the inspection regime itself."[^28] The son-in-law was [[Hussein Kamel]]. The record of his debriefing by [[Rolf Ekeus]] of [[UNSCOM]] and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] on August 22, 1995 has Kamel saying: "All weapons - biological, chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed."[^29]
On August 26, 2002, in a speech to the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] convention in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Cheney said that during the spring of 1995 inspectors were on the verge of declaring Iraq's chemical weapons and missile programs accounted for, "[t]hen Saddam's son-in-law suddenly defected and began sharing information," and that "[t]hat should serve as a reminder to all that we often learned more as the result of defections than we learned from the inspection regime itself."[^30] The son-in-law was [[Hussein Kamel]]. The record of his debriefing by [[Rolf Ekeus]] of [[UNSCOM]] and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] on August 22, 1995 has Kamel saying: "All weapons - biological, chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed."[^31]
I. Lewis Libby, Cheney's chief of staff, was indicted on October 28, 2005, in the CIA leak investigation of the disclosure of the identity of [[Valerie Plame]], a CIA officer. At the press conference announcing the indictment, special counsel [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] said: "We make no allegation that the Vice President committed any criminal act."[^30] Libby was sentenced on June 22, 2007 to 30 months' imprisonment, two years of supervised release and a $250,000 fine. On July 2, 2007, President Bush commuted the prison term to expire immediately and left the supervised release and the rest of the sentence in effect.[^31]
I. Lewis Libby, Cheney's chief of staff, was indicted on October 28, 2005, in the CIA leak investigation of the disclosure of the identity of [[Valerie Plame]], a CIA officer. At the press conference announcing the indictment, special counsel [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] said: "We make no allegation that the Vice President committed any criminal act."[^32] Libby was sentenced on June 22, 2007 to 30 months' imprisonment, two years of supervised release and a $250,000 fine. On July 2, 2007, President Bush commuted the prison term to expire immediately and left the supervised release and the rest of the sentence in effect.[^33]
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's report of June 5, 2008, on prewar public statements, found that "statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that [[Saddam Hussein]] was prepared to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were contradicted by available intelligence information." It also found that statements "by President Bush and Vice President Cheney regarding the postwar situation in Iraq . . . did not reflect the concerns and uncertainties expressed in the intelligence products."[^32]
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's report of June 5, 2008, on prewar public statements, found that "statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that [[Saddam Hussein]] was prepared to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were contradicted by available intelligence information." It also found that statements "by President Bush and Vice President Cheney regarding the postwar situation in Iraq . . . did not reflect the concerns and uncertainties expressed in the intelligence products."[^34]
The [[Senate Armed Services Committee]]'s inquiry into the treatment of detainees, dated November 20, 2008, records that the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]'s opinions of August 1, 2002 were issued "after consultation with senior Administration attorneys, including then White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and then-Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^33]
The [[Senate Armed Services Committee]]'s inquiry into the treatment of detainees, dated November 20, 2008, records that the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]'s opinions of August 1, 2002 were issued "after consultation with senior Administration attorneys, including then White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and then-Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^35]
The Inspectors General of the Justice, Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, [[NSA|National Security Agency]] and Office of the Director of National Intelligence reviewed the President's Surveillance Program under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. Their unclassified report of July 10, 2009 states that "[c]ertain senior officials either declined or did not respond to our requests to be interviewed for this review, including Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^34]
The Inspectors General of the Justice, Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, [[NSA|National Security Agency]] and Office of the Director of National Intelligence reviewed the President's Surveillance Program under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. Their unclassified report of July 10, 2009 states that "[c]ertain senior officials either declined or did not respond to our requests to be interviewed for this review, including Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^36]
### Allegations
[[Cathy O'Brien]], who describes herself as a survivor of [[Project Monarch]] mind control, named Cheney among officials she said abused her, in *Trance Formation of America* (1995, with Mark Phillips). Her claims about named officials are uncorroborated.[^35]
[[Cathy O'Brien]], who describes herself as a survivor of [[Project Monarch]] mind control, named Cheney among officials she said abused her, in *Trance Formation of America* (1995, with Mark Phillips). Her claims about named officials are uncorroborated.[^37]
### Death
Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statement from his family.[^36] The family wrote that "his beloved wife of 61 years, Lynne, his daughters, Liz and Mary, and other family members were with him as he passed," and that "the former vice president died due to complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease."[^37] George W. Bush called his death "a loss to the nation and a sorrow to his friends."[^36]
Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statement from his family.[^38] The family wrote that "his beloved wife of 61 years, Lynne, his daughters, Liz and Mary, and other family members were with him as he passed," and that "the former vice president died due to complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease."[^39] George W. Bush called his death "a loss to the nation and a sorrow to his friends."[^38]
### Footnotes
@ -167,24 +169,26 @@ Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statem
[^14]: PBS, FRONTLINE, "Iraq," 1992 theme page (excerpts of the 1992 Defense Planning Guidance and its leak). https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/themes/1992.html
[^15]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K/A for fiscal 1998, executive officer table (Richard B. Cheney, "Chief Executive Officer, since October 1995") and Dresser asbestos litigation discussion ("Since 1976, approximately 190,000 claims have been filed"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000045012/000093066100000032/0000930661-00-000032.txt
[^16]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission.
[^17]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Press Release 2004-104, "SEC Charges Halliburton and Two Former Officers for Failure to Disclose a 1998 Change in Accounting Practice," August 3, 2004. https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-104.htm
[^18]: PBS, FRONTLINE/World, "KBR Hit With Record Bribery Fine," February 2009, reporting the Justice Department announcement of February 11, 2009 and the plea, fine and forfeiture figures. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/02/kbr-hit-with-record-bribery-fine.html
[^19]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Contingency Operations: Opportunities to Improve the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program,* GAO/NSIAD-97-63, February 11, 1997. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63.htm
[^20]: Strohm, Chris. "Pentagon auditors request Halliburton probe." *Government Executive,* January 15, 2004. https://govexec.com/defense/2004/01/pentagon-auditors-request-halliburton-probe/15746; Associated Press, "Halliburton: $61M Overcharge?" CBS News, December 12, 2003. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/halliburton-61m-overcharge/
[^21]: Greenhouse, Bunnatine H. Statement, Senate Democratic Policy Committee hearing, "An Oversight Hearing on Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in U.S. Government Contracting in Iraq," June 27, 2005. http://dpc.senate.gov/hearings/hearing22/greenhouse.pdf (Wayback capture of July 8, 2008).
[^22]: Mayer, Jane. *The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals* (New York: Doubleday, 2008), excerpt published by NPR and WFAE, July 15, 2008, passages on the continuity-of-government exercise and the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. https://www.wfae.org/2008-07-15/excerpt-the-dark-side.
[^23]: Cockburn, Andrew. *Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy* (New York: Scribner, 2007), excerpt published as "When Rummy Tried to Nuke Russia," Salon, February 26, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/35849
[^24]: Office of the Vice President, transcript, "The Vice President appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russert," September 16, 2001, George W. Bush White House archive. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html
[^25]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (2004), ch. 1, "We Have Some Planes," pp. 39-42, notes 209-221. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^26]: Congressional Research Service, *Walker v. Cheney: Statutory and Constitutional Issues Arising From the General Accounting Office's Suit Against the Vice President,* RL31397, May 1, 2002. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31397.html
[^27]: *Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia,* 542 U.S. 367 (2004), No. 03-475, opinion of Justice Kennedy, decided June 24, 2004, on writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 334 F.3d 1096, vacated and remanded. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-475.ZC.html
[^28]: Office of the Press Secretary, "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," remarks of the Vice President, August 26, 2002, White House archive (Wayback capture of August 27, 2002). http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html
[^29]: UNSCOM/IAEA, "Interview with Hussein Kamal on 22 August 1995," p. 13, marked "UNSCOM/IAEA Sensitive." https://www.casi.org.uk/info/unscom950822.pdf; Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
[^30]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Special Counsel, remarks of Patrick J. Fitzgerald, press conference on the indictment of I. Lewis Libby, October 28, 2005 (Exhibit E to the Government's filing of March 17, 2006). https://www.justice.gov/archive/osc/documents/2006_03_17_exhibits_e_g.pdf
[^31]: The White House, "Grant of Executive Clemency for Lewis Libby," Proclamation, July 2, 2007, reciting the judgment in *United States v. Libby,* Crim. No. 05-394 (RBW), imposed June 22, 2007. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-4.html
[^32]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, press release, "Senate Intelligence Committee Unveils Final Phase II Reports on Prewar Iraq Intelligence," June 5, 2008, summarizing the committee's report on whether public statements regarding Iraq were substantiated by intelligence. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/2008/06/05/press-senate-intelligence-committee-unveils-final-phase-ii-reports-prewar-iraq-intelligence/
[^33]: U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, *Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody,* Committee Print, November 20, 2008, PDF pp. 17 and 29. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Detainee-Report-Final_April-22-2009.pdf
[^34]: Offices of the Inspectors General of the Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Unclassified Report on the President's Surveillance Program,* July 10, 2009, preface (review required under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008). Also at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2009/psp-oigs_090710-01.htm
[^35]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995.
[^36]: WLOS, "Former Vice President Dick Cheney dies at 84," Tennessee Newspaper Network (TNND) report of the family statement and the statement by President George W. Bush, November 4, 2025. https://wlos.com/news/nation-world/former-vice-president-dick-cheney-dies-at-84-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-public-service-george-w-bush-wyoming-chief-of-staff-republican-conservative
[^37]: Green River Star, "Former VP Dick Cheney dies at 84," November 6, 2025 (family statement; death "on Monday, November 3"). https://www.greenriverstar.com/story/2025/11/06/news/former-vp-dick-cheney-dies-at-84/13300.html
[^17]: Halliburton Company, Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed May 18, 1998 (accession 0000930661-98-001212), "Background of the Merger." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000930661-98-001212.txt
[^18]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998 (accession 0000045012-98-000034), Note 10 (merger agreement executed February 25, 1998; approximately 175 million shares issued to Dresser holders), and Form 10-K for fiscal 1998, filed March 23, 1999 (accession 0000045012-99-000005), note on the Dresser merger (completed September 29, 1998). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000045012-98-000034.txt
[^19]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Press Release 2004-104, "SEC Charges Halliburton and Two Former Officers for Failure to Disclose a 1998 Change in Accounting Practice," August 3, 2004. https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-104.htm
[^20]: PBS, FRONTLINE/World, "KBR Hit With Record Bribery Fine," February 2009, reporting the Justice Department announcement of February 11, 2009 and the plea, fine and forfeiture figures. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/02/kbr-hit-with-record-bribery-fine.html
[^21]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Contingency Operations: Opportunities to Improve the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program,* GAO/NSIAD-97-63, February 11, 1997. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63.htm
[^22]: Strohm, Chris. "Pentagon auditors request Halliburton probe." *Government Executive,* January 15, 2004. https://govexec.com/defense/2004/01/pentagon-auditors-request-halliburton-probe/15746; Associated Press, "Halliburton: $61M Overcharge?" CBS News, December 12, 2003. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/halliburton-61m-overcharge/
[^23]: Greenhouse, Bunnatine H. Statement, Senate Democratic Policy Committee hearing, "An Oversight Hearing on Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in U.S. Government Contracting in Iraq," June 27, 2005. http://dpc.senate.gov/hearings/hearing22/greenhouse.pdf (Wayback capture of July 8, 2008).
[^24]: Mayer, Jane. *The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals* (New York: Doubleday, 2008), excerpt published by NPR and WFAE, July 15, 2008, passages on the continuity-of-government exercise and the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. https://www.wfae.org/2008-07-15/excerpt-the-dark-side.
[^25]: Cockburn, Andrew. *Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy* (New York: Scribner, 2007), excerpt published as "When Rummy Tried to Nuke Russia," Salon, February 26, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/35849
[^26]: Office of the Vice President, transcript, "The Vice President appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russert," September 16, 2001, George W. Bush White House archive. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html
[^27]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (2004), ch. 1, "We Have Some Planes," pp. 39-42, notes 209-221. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^28]: Congressional Research Service, *Walker v. Cheney: Statutory and Constitutional Issues Arising From the General Accounting Office's Suit Against the Vice President,* RL31397, May 1, 2002. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31397.html
[^29]: *Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia,* 542 U.S. 367 (2004), No. 03-475, opinion of Justice Kennedy, decided June 24, 2004, on writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 334 F.3d 1096, vacated and remanded. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-475.ZC.html
[^30]: Office of the Press Secretary, "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," remarks of the Vice President, August 26, 2002, White House archive (Wayback capture of August 27, 2002). http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html
[^31]: UNSCOM/IAEA, "Interview with Hussein Kamal on 22 August 1995," p. 13, marked "UNSCOM/IAEA Sensitive." https://www.casi.org.uk/info/unscom950822.pdf; Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
[^32]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Special Counsel, remarks of Patrick J. Fitzgerald, press conference on the indictment of I. Lewis Libby, October 28, 2005 (Exhibit E to the Government's filing of March 17, 2006). https://www.justice.gov/archive/osc/documents/2006_03_17_exhibits_e_g.pdf
[^33]: The White House, "Grant of Executive Clemency for Lewis Libby," Proclamation, July 2, 2007, reciting the judgment in *United States v. Libby,* Crim. No. 05-394 (RBW), imposed June 22, 2007. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-4.html
[^34]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, press release, "Senate Intelligence Committee Unveils Final Phase II Reports on Prewar Iraq Intelligence," June 5, 2008, summarizing the committee's report on whether public statements regarding Iraq were substantiated by intelligence. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/2008/06/05/press-senate-intelligence-committee-unveils-final-phase-ii-reports-prewar-iraq-intelligence/
[^35]: U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, *Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody,* Committee Print, November 20, 2008, PDF pp. 17 and 29. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Detainee-Report-Final_April-22-2009.pdf
[^36]: Offices of the Inspectors General of the Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Unclassified Report on the President's Surveillance Program,* July 10, 2009, preface (review required under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008). Also at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2009/psp-oigs_090710-01.htm
[^37]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995.
[^38]: WLOS, "Former Vice President Dick Cheney dies at 84," Tennessee Newspaper Network (TNND) report of the family statement and the statement by President George W. Bush, November 4, 2025. https://wlos.com/news/nation-world/former-vice-president-dick-cheney-dies-at-84-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-public-service-george-w-bush-wyoming-chief-of-staff-republican-conservative
[^39]: Green River Star, "Former VP Dick Cheney dies at 84," November 6, 2025 (family statement; death "on Monday, November 3"). https://www.greenriverstar.com/story/2025/11/06/news/former-vp-dick-cheney-dies-at-84/13300.html

250
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/F. Trubee Davison.md
View file

@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ relations:
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1917
role: "member of the Yale class of 1918"
fn: 17
fn: 22
- type: founded
with: "[[First Yale Unit]]"
start: 1916
end: 1917
role: "organized the Yale volunteer aviation group that became the first unit of the Navy air reserve"
fn: 16
fn: 21
- type: appointed
with: "[[Calvin Coolidge]]"
start: 1926
@ -51,30 +51,30 @@ relations:
start: 1922
end: 1926
role: "member for the Nassau County 2nd District"
fn: 39
fn: 45
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Museum of Natural History]]"
start: 1933
end: 1951
role: "president, elected January 1933 to succeed Henry Fairfield Osborn"
fn: 54
fn: 60
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "Assistant Director for Personnel, assistant to Walter Bedell Smith"
fn: 61
fn: 67
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Walter Bedell Smith]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence"
fn: 61
fn: 67
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Museum of Natural History]]"
start: 1923
role: "trustee, later honorary trustee"
fn: 52
fn: 58
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Crime Commission]]"
start: 1925
@ -90,134 +90,134 @@ relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry P. Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 7
fn: 10
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry P. Davison Jr.]]"
role: "younger brother"
fn: 7
fn: 10
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Artemus L. Gates]]"
role: "brother-in-law, husband of his sister Alice Davison"
fn: 7
fn: 10
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Dorothy Peabody Davison]]"
role: "wife"
fn: 69
fn: 75
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Endicott Peabody Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 20
fn: 25
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Daniel Pomeroy Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 19
fn: 24
---
Frederick Trubee Davison (February 7, 1896 to November 14, 1974) was born in [[New York City]], graduated from the [[Groton School]] in 1914, and was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the class of 1918 at [[Yale University]] and a graduate of [[Columbia Law School]] (1922). He organized the [[First Yale Unit]] of naval aviators, was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from 1922 to 1926 and [[Assistant Secretary of War]] for Air from 1926 to 1933, chaired the [[National Crime Commission]], and was president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] from 1933 to 1951. He was promoted to brigadier general in the [[Army Air Forces]] on June 3, 1945, and from July 1951 to April 1952 served the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] as Assistant Director for Personnel.[^1][^2][^3][^4] He was the son of [[Henry P. Davison]], a senior partner of [[J. P. Morgan & Company]] and a chairman of the [[American Red Cross]] War Council.[^5]
Frederick Trubee Davison (February 7, 1896 to November 14, 1974) was born in [[New York City]], graduated from the [[Groton School]] in 1914, and was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the class of 1918 at [[Yale University]] and a graduate of [[Columbia Law School]] (1922). He organized the [[First Yale Unit]] of naval aviators, was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from 1922 to 1926 and [[Assistant Secretary of War]] for Air from 1926 to 1933, chaired the [[National Crime Commission]], and was president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] from 1933 to 1951. He was promoted to brigadier general in the [[Army Air Forces]] on June 3, 1945, and from July 1951 to April 1952 served the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] as Assistant Director for Personnel.[^1][^2][^3][^4] He was the son of [[Henry P. Davison]], a senior partner of [[J. P. Morgan & Co.|J. P. Morgan & Company]] and a chairman of the [[American Red Cross]] War Council.[^5]
### Family and the Morgan partnership
The family collection at the [[Pritzker Military Museum & Library]] records that Henry Pomeroy Davison was born in [[Troy, Pennsylvania]] in 1867 and began as a bookkeeper in a bank managed by a family member.[^5] He met his future wife, [[Mary Kate Trubee]], at a bank in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], and they married on April 13, 1893.[^5] Three years later the couple moved to New York City, where Davison held a position at the [[Astor Place Bank]], later became president of the [[Liberty National Bank]] and took part in founding the [[Bankers Trust Company]].[^5] The finding aid states that he became a senior partner of J. P. Morgan & Company in 1909.[^5]
The family collection at the [[Pritzker Military Museum & Library]] records that Henry Pomeroy Davison was born in [[Troy, Pennsylvania]] in 1867 and began as a bookkeeper in a bank managed by a family member.[^5] He met his future wife, [[Mary Kate Trubee]], at a bank in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], and they married on April 13, 1893.[^5] Three years later the couple moved to New York City, where Davison held a position at the [[Astor Place Bank]], later became president of the [[Liberty National Bank]] and took part in founding the [[Bankers Trust Company]].[^5] [[Walter E. Frew]] testified before the [[Pujo Committee|Pujo subcommittee]] on December 10, 1912 that Davison, "of the First National Bank at that time," had invited him about 1905 to become a director of the Bankers Trust Company, and that Davison was a member of J. P. Morgan & Co. "now" but "was not at the time."[^6] The finding aid states that he became a senior partner of J. P. Morgan & Company in 1909.[^5] Davison told the Pujo subcommittee on January 23, 1913 that he had been president of the Liberty National Bank and then took the post of vice president of the [[First National Bank of New York|First National Bank]], which he gave as "On the 1st of January, 1902."[^7] A New York Times article of October 6, 1915 dates his entry into the Liberty bank to December 1894, when he became assistant cashier after serving as paying teller at the Astor Place Bank.[^8]
Kate Trubee Davison organized the Nassau County chapter of the American Red Cross in 1917 and chaired it for twenty-seven years, according to the same finding aid.[^6] The finding aid lists the children as Alice, born in 1899 and married to [[Artemus L. Gates]] in 1922; [[Henry P. Davison Jr.]], born April 3, 1898; Frances, born in 1903 and married to [[Ward Cheney]] in 1926; and Frederick Trubee, born February 7, 1896.[^7]
Kate Trubee Davison organized the Nassau County chapter of the American Red Cross in 1917 and chaired it for twenty-seven years, according to the same finding aid.[^9] The finding aid lists the children as Alice, born in 1899 and married to [[Artemus L. Gates]] in 1922; [[Henry P. Davison Jr.]], born April 3, 1898; Frances, born in 1903 and married to [[Ward Cheney]] in 1926; and Frederick Trubee, born February 7, 1896.[^10]
The finding aid traces the career of Henry Davison Jr. in some detail. He served in the [[American Ambulance Corps]] in France during the First World War and spent a year at [[Cambridge University]]. In 1929 he became a partner at J. P. Morgan & Company, in 1940 a vice president and director when the firm became an incorporated bank and trust company, in 1953 senior vice president, and in 1955 president. After the firm merged with [[Guaranty Trust Company]] he was elected vice chairman of [[Morgan Guaranty Trust]], and he died on July 2, 1961.[^8]
The finding aid traces the career of Henry Davison Jr. in some detail. He served in the [[American Ambulance Corps]] in France during the First World War and spent a year at [[Cambridge University]]. In 1929 he became a partner at J. P. Morgan & Company, in 1940 a vice president and director when the firm became an incorporated bank and trust company, in 1953 senior vice president, and in 1955 president. After the firm merged with [[Guaranty Trust Company]] he was elected vice chairman of [[Morgan Guaranty Trust]], and he died on July 2, 1961.[^11]
The finding aid says that Henry Davison attended a secret meeting at [[Jekyll Island]], Georgia, in 1910, and states: "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the [[Federal Reserve]]."[^9]
The finding aid says that Henry Davison attended a secret meeting at [[Jekyll Island]], Georgia, in 1910, and states: "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the [[Federal Reserve]]."[^12] [[Frank A. Vanderlip]], who attended the meeting, wrote in 1935 that "Those who had been asked to go were Henry Davison, Paul Warburg, Ben Strong, and myself," and described Henry Davison as "a splendid person to prevent wrangles in any company."[^13] Vanderlip wrote that on the trip by private car "he became Wilbur and I became Orville, after those two aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers," Davison being Wilbur.[^14]
[[Antony C. Sutton]]'s 1983 chart of families places the Davison family under J. P. Morgan, beside the [[Rockefeller family]] and the Payne family under [[Standard Oil]], the [[Harriman family]] under railroads and the [[Weyerhaeuser family]] under lumber.[^10] In his text Sutton wrote that "some of his partners were" members of the society, and that the senior Davison's "son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920."[^11]
[[Antony C. Sutton]]'s 1983 chart of families places the Davison family under J. P. Morgan, beside the [[Rockefeller family]] and the Payne family under [[Standard Oil]], the [[Harriman family]] under railroads and the [[Weyerhaeuser family]] under lumber.[^15] In his text Sutton wrote that "some of his partners were" members of the society, and that the senior Davison's "son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920."[^16]
On May 10, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross. In his 1919 history of the organization, Henry Davison wrote that "I was asked to take the chairmanship."[^12] He wrote that the council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919."[^13] The first War Fund drive, held in the week of June 18 to June 25, 1917, reported subscriptions of approximately $114,000,000 according to the same appendix.[^13] Davison wrote that the council met at Red Cross headquarters during the day, and that in the evenings "we continued them at my house in Washington."[^14]
On May 10, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross. In his 1919 history of the organization, Henry Davison wrote that "I was asked to take the chairmanship."[^17] He wrote that the council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919."[^18] The first War Fund drive, held in the week of June 18 to June 25, 1917, reported subscriptions of approximately $114,000,000 according to the same appendix.[^18] Davison wrote that the council met at Red Cross headquarters during the day, and that in the evenings "we continued them at my house in Washington."[^19]
The family estate was at [[Peacock Point]], [[Locust Valley, New York]], on [[Long Island]]; a [[Yale News]] article reproduces a photograph captioned "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916."[^15] The Navy history describes the Davison home at Locust Valley and the family memorabilia kept there.[^16]
The family estate was at [[Peacock Point]], [[Locust Valley, New York]], on [[Long Island]]; a [[Yale News]] article reproduces a photograph captioned "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916."[^20] The Navy history describes the Davison home at Locust Valley and the family memorabilia kept there.[^21]
### Yale and Skull and Bones
Davison entered Yale in the class of 1918, and the crew he joined in June 1916 became the core of the aviation group he went on to lead.[^1] Sutton's index of members by class year lists "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920.[^17] The younger brother appears as "H.P. Davison, Jr." in Sutton's text.[^11]
Davison entered Yale in the class of 1918, and the crew he joined in June 1916 became the core of the aviation group he went on to lead.[^1] Sutton's index of members by class year lists "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920.[^22] The younger brother appears as "H.P. Davison, Jr." in Sutton's text.[^16]
The [[Yale Alumni Magazine]] reported in May 2006 that [[Marc Wortman]], researching Davison's war years in the F. Trubee Davison Papers at [[Sterling Memorial Library]], had found a letter dated June 7, 1918, from [[Winter Mead]], class of 1919, to Davison. The magazine quoted the letter's account of a skull "exhumed from its tomb at [[Fort Sill]] by your club," with the magazine's bracketed expansions of its abbreviations.[^18] The magazine reported that the yearbook entries for [[Charles C. Haffner Jr.]], Mead and Davison confirmed that all three were members of the society, and that Haffner's entry placed him at the artillery school at Fort Sill between August 1917 and July 1918.[^18] The magazine also stated that Mead was not at Fort Sill.[^18] The letter is one of the documents cited in the rumor that members took [[Geronimo]]'s skull from Fort Sill.
The [[Yale Alumni Magazine]] reported in May 2006 that [[Marc Wortman]], researching Davison's war years in the F. Trubee Davison Papers at [[Sterling Memorial Library]], had found a letter dated June 7, 1918, from [[Winter Mead]], class of 1919, to Davison. The magazine quoted the letter's account of a skull "exhumed from its tomb at [[Fort Sill]] by your club," with the magazine's bracketed expansions of its abbreviations.[^23] The magazine reported that the yearbook entries for [[Charles C. Haffner Jr.]], Mead and Davison confirmed that all three were members of the society, and that Haffner's entry placed him at the artillery school at Fort Sill between August 1917 and July 1918.[^23] The magazine also stated that Mead was not at Fort Sill.[^23] The letter is one of the documents cited in the rumor that members took [[Geronimo]]'s skull from Fort Sill.
Davison's sons are also recorded as members. The [[Covert Action Information Bulletin]], in its 1990 article on the society, stated that two of Davison's sons, [[Endicott Peabody Davison]] and [[Daniel Pomeroy Davison]], were also Bonesmen.[^19] The Yale Alumni Magazine identified Endicott Peabody Davison, class of 1945, as a son of Trubee Davison, and reported that he took part in a meeting with the San Carlos Apache chairman [[Ned Anderson]] at which the Bonesmen produced a display case with a skull "like the one in the photo."[^20] Sutton's post-war list of Morgan partners includes Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20) and Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49).[^21]
Davison's sons are also recorded as members. The [[Covert Action Information Bulletin]], in its 1990 article on the society, stated that two of Davison's sons, [[Endicott Peabody Davison]] and [[Daniel Pomeroy Davison]], were also Bonesmen.[^24] The Yale Alumni Magazine identified Endicott Peabody Davison, class of 1945, as a son of Trubee Davison, and reported that he took part in a meeting with the San Carlos Apache chairman [[Ned Anderson]] at which the Bonesmen produced a display case with a skull "like the one in the photo."[^25] Sutton's post-war list of Morgan partners includes Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20) and Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49).[^26]
Sutton's chart lists [[Henry L. Stimson]] among the old-line families, and the Yale obituary record for 1950 to 1951 lists Stimson, class of 1888, with Skull and Bones among his activities.[^10][^22]
Sutton's chart lists [[Henry L. Stimson]] among the old-line families, and the Yale obituary record for 1950 to 1951 lists Stimson, class of 1888, with Skull and Bones among his activities.[^15][^27]
### The First Yale Unit
The Navy's account of naval aviation in the First World War calls Davison "the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit."[^16] The Yale crew was in training on June 13, 1916, when President Woodrow Wilson ordered additional troops to the Mexican border. Davison recalled that "It could never be said that the race with Harvard was forgotten," adding that "it did lose magnitude as the prospect of war with Mexico loomed larger."[^16] Several crew members had agreed beforehand that they would enter aviation if war came.[^16]
The Navy's account of naval aviation in the First World War calls Davison "the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit."[^21] The Yale crew was in training on June 13, 1916, when President Woodrow Wilson ordered additional troops to the Mexican border. Davison recalled that "It could never be said that the race with Harvard was forgotten," adding that "it did lose magnitude as the prospect of war with Mexico loomed larger."[^21] Several crew members had agreed beforehand that they would enter aviation if war came.[^21]
The original group included [[Allan Ames]], Henry P. Davison Jr., [[John Farwell]], Artemus L. Gates, [[Erl Gould]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[Albert Sturtevant]], [[John Vorys]] and [[C. D. Wiman]]. The Navy history adds [[Wellesley Laud-Brown]] and Albert Ditman as the two non-Yale men.[^16] Among the men consulted about how the group could learn to fly was [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], then governor of the [[Aero Club of America]], who referred the youths to [[Henry Woodhouse]]. Woodhouse and [[Robert Peary]] had proposed a line of air stations along the East Coast, and the Yale men were to be trained as pilots of the first Aerial Coastal Patrol Unit.[^16]
The original group included [[Allan Ames]], Henry P. Davison Jr., [[John Farwell]], Artemus L. Gates, [[Erl Gould]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[Albert Sturtevant]], [[John Vorys]] and [[C. D. Wiman]]. The Navy history adds [[Wellesley Laud-Brown]] and Albert Ditman as the two non-Yale men.[^21] Among the men consulted about how the group could learn to fly was [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], then governor of the [[Aero Club of America]], who referred the youths to [[Henry Woodhouse]]. Woodhouse and [[Robert Peary]] had proposed a line of air stations along the East Coast, and the Yale men were to be trained as pilots of the first Aerial Coastal Patrol Unit.[^21]
[[Rodman Wanamaker]], who ran a flying school at [[Port Washington, New York]], supplied one Curtiss flying boat and the instructor [[David McCulloch]].[^23] The Navy history describes the summer at Locust Valley and the unit's maneuvers off [[Sandy Hook]] with a fleet of battleships, destroyers and coastal patrol boats.[^23] That fall the unit received two seaplanes from friends and neighbors, one of them from Davison's father, then a partner in the J. P. Morgan firm.[^23]
[[Rodman Wanamaker]], who ran a flying school at [[Port Washington, New York]], supplied one Curtiss flying boat and the instructor [[David McCulloch]].[^28] The Navy history describes the summer at Locust Valley and the unit's maneuvers off [[Sandy Hook]] with a fleet of battleships, destroyers and coastal patrol boats.[^28] That fall the unit received two seaplanes from friends and neighbors, one of them from Davison's father, then a partner in the J. P. Morgan firm.[^28]
The Navy history lists further members who joined as 1917 arrived, among them Charles Beach, Graham Brush, Reginald Coombe, [[David Ingalls]], Robert Ireland, Francis Lynch, [[Kenneth MacLeish]], Archibald McIlwaine, Curtis Read, Russell Read, [[William A. Rockefeller]], Kenneth Smith, W. P. Thompson, C. M. Stewart and Samuel Walker.[^23] Davison conceded that the coastal defense idea was remote from the trouble with Mexico, and said that "But the plan was essentially sound and during the World War I period was adopted by the Navy Department."[^16]
The Navy history lists further members who joined as 1917 arrived, among them Charles Beach, Graham Brush, Reginald Coombe, [[David Ingalls]], Robert Ireland, Francis Lynch, [[Kenneth MacLeish]], Archibald McIlwaine, Curtis Read, Russell Read, [[William A. Rockefeller]], Kenneth Smith, W. P. Thompson, C. M. Stewart and Samuel Walker.[^28] Davison conceded that the coastal defense idea was remote from the trouble with Mexico, and said that "But the plan was essentially sound and during the World War I period was adopted by the Navy Department."[^21]
Davison had seen war-ravaged Paris on trips to Europe with his father, and in 1915 he joined the [[American Ambulance Field Service]], transporting soldiers to hospitals outside [[Paris]].[^24] The Yale News account states that on March 24, 1917, at the [[Naval Submarine Base New London]] in [[New London, Connecticut]], the pilots formally enlisted as the Navy's first air reserve squadron, and that Davison was given the rank of lieutenant, junior grade.[^24] Seven others were given the rank of ensign and the rest were made petty officers.[^24] In March 1917 the unit moved to [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], under a Navy lieutenant, [[E. O. McDonnell]], and its members were enrolled in the Navy.[^25] At Palm Beach the pilots flew solo, practiced shooting at kites with machine guns mounted in airplanes, dropped dummy bombs on targets and learned to land in tight spaces.[^26]
Davison had seen war-ravaged Paris on trips to Europe with his father, and in 1915 he joined the [[American Ambulance Field Service]], transporting soldiers to hospitals outside [[Paris]].[^29] The New York Times of September 7, 1915 reported that "Frederick T. Davison, son of Henry P. Davison, a partner in the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., returned yesterday on the French liner Rochambeau after spending two months in France driving an ambulance for the American Ambulance Corps," and that his father met him at the pier on the yacht Shipaki.[^30] The Yale News account states that on March 24, 1917, at the [[Naval Submarine Base New London]] in [[New London, Connecticut]], the pilots formally enlisted as the Navy's first air reserve squadron, and that Davison was given the rank of lieutenant, junior grade.[^29] Seven others were given the rank of ensign and the rest were made petty officers.[^29] In March 1917 the unit moved to [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], under a Navy lieutenant, [[E. O. McDonnell]], and its members were enrolled in the Navy.[^31] At Palm Beach the pilots flew solo, practiced shooting at kites with machine guns mounted in airplanes, dropped dummy bombs on targets and learned to land in tight spaces.[^32]
The Yale News account adds that the unit was also the subject of the society's tapping. On April 19, 1917, Tap Day in New Haven, two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida to tap students at noon. Davison was the first tapped for Skull and Bones, and eleven other members of the First Yale Unit were tapped with him.[^27]
The Yale News account adds that the unit was also the subject of the society's tapping. On April 19, 1917, Tap Day in New Haven, two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida to tap students at noon. Davison was the first tapped for Skull and Bones, and eleven other members of the First Yale Unit were tapped with him.[^33]
The Yale News photograph captions record that Kenneth MacLeish was shot down over [[Belgium]] and was never found.[^28] The Navy history states that Sturtevant was the first naval aviator brought down in combat and that David Ingalls became the Navy's first ace.[^29]
The Yale News photograph captions record that Kenneth MacLeish was shot down over [[Belgium]] and was never found.[^34] The Navy history states that Sturtevant was the first naval aviator brought down in combat and that David Ingalls became the Navy's first ace.[^35]
### The crash of July 28, 1917
Paine records that the flying tests for naval aviators were to begin on July 28, 1917, before a board of [[Commander Read]], Lieutenant Commander Johnson and Lieutenant McDonnell.[^30] Davison was injured in a seaplane accident at [[Huntington, New York]] on that date, on his final examination flight.[^31] The Navy history states: "It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."[^31]
Paine records that the flying tests for naval aviators were to begin on July 28, 1917, before a board of [[Commander Read]], Lieutenant Commander Johnson and Lieutenant McDonnell.[^36] Davison was injured in a seaplane accident at [[Huntington, New York]] on that date, on his final examination flight.[^37] The Navy history states: "It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."[^37]
[[Ralph D. Paine]]'s 1925 history of the unit, *The First Yale Unit*, describes the flight. Davison climbed steadily, came down in a spiral toward a yacht near which he meant to alight, and appeared to stretch his glide too far on a turn. The machine side-slipped and pitched into the harbor, and Lieutenant McDonnell plunged in to free Davison's legs from the wires.[^30]
[[Ralph D. Paine]]'s 1925 history of the unit, *The First Yale Unit*, describes the flight. Davison climbed steadily, came down in a spiral toward a yacht near which he meant to alight, and appeared to stretch his glide too far on a turn. The machine side-slipped and pitched into the harbor, and Lieutenant McDonnell plunged in to free Davison's legs from the wires.[^36]
Paine quotes Davison's own report to the Commandant of the [[Third Naval District]], which reads: "I was injured in a seaplane accident on July 28th, 1917, while on duty with the detachment of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps at Huntington, Long Island, and was removed to [[St. Luke's Hospital]], New York."[^32] A Navy memorandum quoted by Paine states that a Board of Medical Survey recommended two months' sick leave, extended by periods of two months because the injury "would keep him unfit for duty for a considerable length of time."[^33] Paine describes him as "a man with a broken back," the fracture of a vertebra having injured the tissues of the spinal cord, and records six weeks in the hospital before he could be moved to his own home.[^34] The Air Force biography states that he was "badly injured, suffering a broken back, in the crash of a seaplane he was piloting on a training flight over Huntington Bay, New York," and that he was awarded the [[Navy Cross]] in 1919. The citation credits him with "exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility in the organization of the first Yale Aviation Unit which formed the nucleus of the first Naval Reserve Flying Corps, from which the U.S. Naval Aviation Force, Foreign Service, afterwards grew."[^3][^35]
Paine quotes Davison's own report to the Commandant of the [[Third Naval District]], which reads: "I was injured in a seaplane accident on July 28th, 1917, while on duty with the detachment of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps at Huntington, Long Island, and was removed to [[St. Luke's Hospital]], New York."[^38] A Navy memorandum quoted by Paine states that a Board of Medical Survey recommended two months' sick leave, extended by periods of two months because the injury "would keep him unfit for duty for a considerable length of time."[^39] Paine describes him as "a man with a broken back," the fracture of a vertebra having injured the tissues of the spinal cord, and records six weeks in the hospital before he could be moved to his own home.[^40] The Air Force biography states that he was "badly injured, suffering a broken back, in the crash of a seaplane he was piloting on a training flight over Huntington Bay, New York," and that he was awarded the [[Navy Cross]] in 1919. The citation credits him with "exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility in the organization of the first Yale Aviation Unit which formed the nucleus of the first Naval Reserve Flying Corps, from which the U.S. Naval Aviation Force, Foreign Service, afterwards grew."[^3][^41]
Paine wrote that during the period of training "their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back," and that in spite of the handicap "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades."[^36] Paine also recalled Davison limping into his office in [[London]] after the Armistice, still badly crippled, to locate the grave of a member of the unit killed in France.[^37]
Paine wrote that during the period of training "their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back," and that in spite of the handicap "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades."[^42] Paine also recalled Davison limping into his office in [[London]] after the Armistice, still badly crippled, to locate the grave of a member of the unit killed in France.[^43]
Davison never received his wings. In 1966, at the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the naval air reserve, Vice Admiral [[Paul Ramsey]], then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air), presented him with a set of Navy wings and designated him an honorary Naval Aviator. The Navy history lists the wings among his memorabilia at Locust Valley, along with five college diplomas, his Army and Navy commissioning papers, a citation for the Navy Cross and his Yale letter for crew.[^38]
Davison never received his wings. In 1966, at the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the naval air reserve, Vice Admiral [[Paul Ramsey]], then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air), presented him with a set of Navy wings and designated him an honorary Naval Aviator. The Navy history lists the wings among his memorabilia at Locust Valley, along with five college diplomas, his Army and Navy commissioning papers, a citation for the Navy Cross and his Yale letter for crew.[^44]
### New York State Assembly
The Nassau County 2nd District seat in the New York State Assembly is listed for "F. Trubee Davison" from 1922 to 1926, after [[Theodore Roosevelt]] held it for 1920 and 1921.[^39] The family finding aid gives the same span.[^2]
The Nassau County 2nd District seat in the New York State Assembly is listed for "F. Trubee Davison" from 1922 to 1926, after [[Theodore Roosevelt]] held it for 1920 and 1921.[^45] The family finding aid gives the same span.[^2]
In August 1925 [[Time (magazine)|Time]] reported that the organizers of the National Crime Commission had chosen Davison as chairman, a man of twenty-nine who was then a member of the New York Assembly.[^40]
In August 1925 [[Time (magazine)|Time]] reported that the organizers of the National Crime Commission had chosen Davison as chairman, a man of twenty-nine who was then a member of the New York Assembly.[^46]
### Assistant Secretary of War for Air
The Air Force biography records that Davison "on July 16, 1926, was appointed Assistant Secretary of War, having previously spent five years in the New York Legislature," and lists "Assistant Secretary of War (Air) from 1926 to 1933."[^3] The Congressional Directory corrected to January 13, 1933 lists F. Trubee Davison as Assistant Secretary of War in the War Department, and the edition corrected to June 3, 1933 lists the office of Assistant Secretary of War as "[Vacant.]" beside a separate entry for The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring.[^41] A 1951 [[Associated Press]] item and the 1974 [[New York Times]] obituary both gave the span as 1926 to 1932. The Springfield Sun of July 1951 placed him in the "[[Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge]] and [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]] Administrations," and the Navy history gives the service as "late in the '20's and early '30's," for six years.[^42][^43][^44][^45]
The Air Force biography records that Davison "on July 16, 1926, was appointed Assistant Secretary of War, having previously spent five years in the New York Legislature," and lists "Assistant Secretary of War (Air) from 1926 to 1933."[^3] The Congressional Directory corrected to January 13, 1933 lists F. Trubee Davison as Assistant Secretary of War in the War Department, and the edition corrected to June 3, 1933 lists the office of Assistant Secretary of War as "[Vacant.]" beside a separate entry for The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring.[^47] A 1951 [[Associated Press]] item and the 1974 [[New York Times]] obituary both gave the span as 1926 to 1932. The Springfield Sun of July 1951 placed him in the "[[Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge]] and [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]] Administrations," and the Navy history gives the service as "late in the '20's and early '30's," for six years.[^48][^49][^50][^51]
In August 1932 Time reported that David Ingalls had resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Aeronautics and taken the Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio, while Davison, "remaining in the Cabinet," had declared himself a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of New York, in a telegram to [[James L. Downey]], the Nassau County committeeman who had offered to withdraw as candidate for Attorney General to give Davison the head of the ticket.[^46]
In August 1932 Time reported that David Ingalls had resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Aeronautics and taken the Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio, while Davison, "remaining in the Cabinet," had declared himself a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of New York, in a telegram to [[James L. Downey]], the Nassau County committeeman who had offered to withdraw as candidate for Attorney General to give Davison the head of the ticket.[^52]
A telegram of March 26, 1927, from the [[Secretary of State]] to the chargé in [[Haiti]], printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] for 1927, opens with the words "For Secretary of War Davis." It relays a message to [[Admiral Williams]] that "Henderson with 1,500 marines will be sent, arriving [[Shanghai]] in about 30 days," and states that a regiment of infantry from [[Manila]] could reach Shanghai in seven days if the situation demanded. The message is signed "Davison," and the volume's editorial note identifies the signatory as "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War."[^47]
A telegram of March 26, 1927, from the [[Secretary of State]] to the chargé in [[Haiti]], printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] for 1927, opens with the words "For Secretary of War Davis." It relays a message to [[Admiral Williams]] that "Henderson with 1,500 marines will be sent, arriving [[Shanghai]] in about 30 days," and states that a regiment of infantry from [[Manila]] could reach Shanghai in seven days if the situation demanded. The message is signed "Davison," and the volume's editorial note identifies the signatory as "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War."[^53]
Other Yale Unit members held the parallel posts. David Ingalls was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from 1929 to 1932. Robert A. Lovett served as Assistant Secretary of War for Air in the Second World War and was Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953. Artemus L. Gates was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from September 1941 to July 1945.[^44] John Vorys, another member of the unit, served four terms as a Congressman from Ohio.[^44] Lovett's post was held in the War Department under Henry L. Stimson, who served as Secretary of War from July 10, 1940, to September 21, 1945.[^48]
Other Yale Unit members held the parallel posts. David Ingalls was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from 1929 to 1932. Robert A. Lovett served as Assistant Secretary of War for Air in the Second World War and was Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953. Artemus L. Gates was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from September 1941 to July 1945.[^50] John Vorys, another member of the unit, served four terms as a Congressman from Ohio.[^50] Lovett's post was held in the War Department under Henry L. Stimson, who served as Secretary of War from July 10, 1940, to September 21, 1945.[^54]
Yale News reproduces a photograph taken December 12, 1928, of "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Harry Guggenheim]], and [[Edward T. Warner]], assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation" in Washington.[^49] The Air Force biography adds that Davison was commissioned a colonel in the Specialist Reserve Corps of the Army on September 12, 1927, and that he was chairman of the National Crime Commission from 1925 to 1936; Time reported in August 1925 that the organizers of the commission had chosen him as chairman, at the age of twenty-nine.[^3][^40]
Yale News reproduces a photograph taken December 12, 1928, of "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Harry Guggenheim]], and [[Edward T. Warner]], assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation" in Washington.[^55] The Air Force biography adds that Davison was commissioned a colonel in the Specialist Reserve Corps of the Army on September 12, 1927, and that he was chairman of the National Crime Commission from 1925 to 1936; Time reported in August 1925 that the organizers of the commission had chosen him as chairman, at the age of twenty-nine.[^3][^46]
### Second World War
In June 1941 Davison was assigned to Headquarters, Air Force Combat Command, [[Bolling Field]], as Acting Deputy Chief of Staff and aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General [[Delos C. Emmons]]. In January 1943 he went to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, as A-1 of the Air Staff, later Special Projects Officer, and in March 1943 became Chief of the Special Projects Division, responsible for having ready "an adequate plan for demobilization of the Army." He represented the Army Air Forces on the Interdepartmental Group on Material Demobilization Planning and on the subcommittee on the disposal of transport aircraft under the "Baruch plan," and dealt with the Office of the Under Secretary of War on contract termination and the disposal of surpluses.[^3] The American Museum of Natural History recorded that on June 5, 1941 its president "was granted indefinite leave of absence in order to take up his duties as Colonel in the Air Corps, U. S. Army," and that an Administrative Committee of trustees (A. Perry Osborn, Malcolm P. Aldrich, Cleveland E. Dodge, [[E. Roland Harriman]] and H. B. Clark) was created to consult with the First Vice-President.[^50] He was promoted to brigadier general on June 3, 1945 and received the Army Distinguished Service Medal in October 1945.[^3] The Springfield Sun editorial of July 1951 describes the same service as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under [[Henry H. Arnold]].[^51]
In June 1941 Davison was assigned to Headquarters, Air Force Combat Command, [[Bolling Field]], as Acting Deputy Chief of Staff and aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General [[Delos C. Emmons]]. In January 1943 he went to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, as A-1 of the Air Staff, later Special Projects Officer, and in March 1943 became Chief of the Special Projects Division, responsible for having ready "an adequate plan for demobilization of the Army." He represented the Army Air Forces on the Interdepartmental Group on Material Demobilization Planning and on the subcommittee on the disposal of transport aircraft under the "Baruch plan," and dealt with the Office of the Under Secretary of War on contract termination and the disposal of surpluses.[^3] The American Museum of Natural History recorded that on June 5, 1941 its president "was granted indefinite leave of absence in order to take up his duties as Colonel in the Air Corps, U. S. Army," and that an Administrative Committee of trustees (A. Perry Osborn, Malcolm P. Aldrich, Cleveland E. Dodge, [[E. Roland Harriman]] and H. B. Clark) was created to consult with the First Vice-President.[^56] He was promoted to brigadier general on June 3, 1945 and received the Army Distinguished Service Medal in October 1945.[^3] The Springfield Sun editorial of July 1951 describes the same service as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under [[Henry H. Arnold]].[^57]
### American Museum of Natural History
The museum's roster of trustees lists "Davison, Frederick Trubee" from 1923, and "Davison, Henry P." from 1916 to 1922.[^52] The museum's annual report for 1922 records that his father, elected to the board on February 7, 1916, served as Treasurer and Chairman of the Finance Committee until his death on May 6, 1922, and that at his suggestion the board appointed an Advisory Committee on Investments of financial experts.[^53]
The museum's roster of trustees lists "Davison, Frederick Trubee" from 1923, and "Davison, Henry P." from 1916 to 1922.[^58] The museum's annual report for 1922 records that his father, elected to the board on February 7, 1916, served as Treasurer and Chairman of the Finance Committee until his death on May 6, 1922, and that at his suggestion the board appointed an Advisory Committee on Investments of financial experts.[^59]
The annual report for 1933 states: "Upon the retirement of President [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] from the Presidency of the Museum, on January 9, 1933, in order that he might devote himself to his scientific researches, Professor Osborn was elected Honorary President for life. His resignation, after twenty-five years as President of the Board of Trustees, was accepted with great regret. Mr. Frederick Trubee Davison was elected to the Presidency."[^54] The 1932 report, in Osborn's final acknowledgments, welcomed "his warm personal friend, F. Trubee Davison, fifth President of the American Museum," and named the "Jesup-Morgan-Osborn principles" that the new administration was expected to continue.[^55] The 1933 volume opens with Davison's first report as president, written "entering upon its duties as a layman," which thanks "my distinguished predecessor, Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, who for twenty-five years exerted outstanding qualities of leadership." It states that the museum had 1,102,096 visitors in 1933; that the late Harry Payne Whitney's offer of $750,000 for the South Oceanic Bird Wing, conditioned on matching city funds, left the city a quarter of a million dollars short of its pledge, and that the trustees offered to buy $250,000 of city bonds to cover it; and that [[Charles Hayden]] and the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] had made possible the Hayden Planetarium, the federal government agreeing to purchase bonds for its building.[^54] The report also records the donation by Colonel and Mrs. Lindbergh of the airplane they used on their Arctic and Pacific flights.[^54]
The annual report for 1933 states: "Upon the retirement of President [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] from the Presidency of the Museum, on January 9, 1933, in order that he might devote himself to his scientific researches, Professor Osborn was elected Honorary President for life. His resignation, after twenty-five years as President of the Board of Trustees, was accepted with great regret. Mr. Frederick Trubee Davison was elected to the Presidency."[^60] The 1932 report, in Osborn's final acknowledgments, welcomed "his warm personal friend, F. Trubee Davison, fifth President of the American Museum," and named the "Jesup-Morgan-Osborn principles" that the new administration was expected to continue.[^61] The 1933 volume opens with Davison's first report as president, written "entering upon its duties as a layman," which thanks "my distinguished predecessor, Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, who for twenty-five years exerted outstanding qualities of leadership." It states that the museum had 1,102,096 visitors in 1933; that the late Harry Payne Whitney's offer of $750,000 for the South Oceanic Bird Wing, conditioned on matching city funds, left the city a quarter of a million dollars short of its pledge, and that the trustees offered to buy $250,000 of city bonds to cover it; and that [[Charles Hayden]] and the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] had made possible the Hayden Planetarium, the federal government agreeing to purchase bonds for its building.[^60] The report also records the donation by Colonel and Mrs. Lindbergh of the airplane they used on their Arctic and Pacific flights.[^60]
The museum held the Third International Congress of Eugenics in its halls from August 21 to 23, 1932, during Osborn's presidency, and partially opened its Hall of the Natural History of Man on that occasion; the same report lists Davison among the trustees re-elected to the Class of 1937.[^55] The 1933 report records the annual meeting of January 8, 1934, at which the officers re-elected were President F. Trubee Davison, First Vice-President [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]], Second Vice-President Cleveland E. Dodge, Treasurer James H. Perkins and Secretary Clarence L. Hay. It also records that [[John D. Rockefeller III]] was elected in 1933 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of [[Frederick F. Brewster]], and that [[Frederick M. Warburg]] was elected to the vacancy left by his father, [[Felix Warburg]].[^54]
The museum held the Third International Congress of Eugenics in its halls from August 21 to 23, 1932, during Osborn's presidency, and partially opened its Hall of the Natural History of Man on that occasion; the same report lists Davison among the trustees re-elected to the Class of 1937.[^61] The 1933 report records the annual meeting of January 8, 1934, at which the officers re-elected were President F. Trubee Davison, First Vice-President [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]], Second Vice-President Cleveland E. Dodge, Treasurer James H. Perkins and Secretary Clarence L. Hay. It also records that [[John D. Rockefeller III]] was elected in 1933 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of [[Frederick F. Brewster]], and that [[Frederick M. Warburg]] was elected to the vacancy left by his father, [[Felix Warburg]].[^60]
The 1933 report lists the "Davison African Expedition Fund" among the museum's special funds, with a balance of $50,561.04 under the name F. Trubee Davison, and states that "President F. Trubee Davison returned from Africa the middle of October with five elephants to complete the group in the new African Hall," "Financed by President Davison."[^54] The 1974 Times obituary adds that he and his wife, with [[Martin Johnson]] and [[Osa Johnson]], made the 1933 field trip to Africa.[^45] The annual report for 1952 describes the "Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar, organized by F. Trubee Davison," which brought back ethnographic objects, photographs and color-film records of native crafts and ceremonies to the Department of Anthropology.[^56]
The 1933 report lists the "Davison African Expedition Fund" among the museum's special funds, with a balance of $50,561.04 under the name F. Trubee Davison, and states that "President F. Trubee Davison returned from Africa the middle of October with five elephants to complete the group in the new African Hall," "Financed by President Davison."[^60] The 1974 Times obituary adds that he and his wife, with [[Martin Johnson]] and [[Osa Johnson]], made the 1933 field trip to Africa.[^51] The annual report for 1952 describes the "Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar, organized by F. Trubee Davison," which brought back ethnographic objects, photographs and color-film records of native crafts and ceremonies to the Department of Anthropology.[^62]
The annual report for 1950 opens with the statement of his successor, [[Alexander M. White]]: "In June, 1951, a change of command took place at the Museum, Trubee Davison turning over the helm to me after eighteen years of leadership. They had not been easy years for any institution, covering as they did the depression period of the thirties and World War II." The report thanks Davison and the late A. Perry Osborn "for successfully piloting the ship through this stormy period." The officers for 1951 to 1952 list "President Emeritus, F. Trubee Davison," with White as president, Malcolm P. Aldrich as First Vice-President and E. Roland Harriman as Treasurer.[^57] The Navy history states that Davison retired in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York," and the Springfield Sun editorial describes him as "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October."[^38][^58] The Times obituary states that he remained an honorary trustee until his death and was "instrumental in the drive to obtain funds that helped the museum overcome many financial crises and eventually to build the Hayden Planetarium."[^45]
The annual report for 1950 opens with the statement of his successor, [[Alexander M. White]]: "In June, 1951, a change of command took place at the Museum, Trubee Davison turning over the helm to me after eighteen years of leadership. They had not been easy years for any institution, covering as they did the depression period of the thirties and World War II." The report thanks Davison and the late A. Perry Osborn "for successfully piloting the ship through this stormy period." The officers for 1951 to 1952 list "President Emeritus, F. Trubee Davison," with White as president, Malcolm P. Aldrich as First Vice-President and E. Roland Harriman as Treasurer.[^63] The Navy history states that Davison retired in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York," and the Springfield Sun editorial describes him as "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October."[^44][^64] The Times obituary states that he remained an honorary trustee until his death and was "instrumental in the drive to obtain funds that helped the museum overcome many financial crises and eventually to build the Hayden Planetarium."[^51]
### Central Intelligence Agency
The Associated Press reported in July 1951 that "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16."[^59] The item states that a CIA spokesman confirmed he would become "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. [[Walter Bedell Smith]], head of the agency," and that "He will not replace any other assistant." The spokesman added that Davison "probably would do personnel work."[^60] The 1974 Times obituary states that in July 1951 he became director of personnel of the Agency and assistant to Smith, and that "He left his post the following April, when it was announced that he had completed his mission of organizing the C.I.A.'s personnel."[^45]
The Associated Press reported in July 1951 that "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16."[^65] The item states that a CIA spokesman confirmed he would become "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. [[Walter Bedell Smith]], head of the agency," and that "He will not replace any other assistant." The spokesman added that Davison "probably would do personnel work."[^66] The 1974 Times obituary states that in July 1951 he became director of personnel of the Agency and assistant to Smith, and that "He left his post the following April, when it was announced that he had completed his mission of organizing the C.I.A.'s personnel."[^51]
The Springfield Sun editorial, headed "General Smith Names A Deputy," reports that Davison had "been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^61] It says he had been "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York," and that in June 1941 he "became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel" under Arnold, whom it calls "the late General of the Air Force."[^51] The editorial describes him as "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars."[^51] The same editorial says that the CIA "has been rather unfortunate in its chiefs."[^51]
The Springfield Sun editorial, headed "General Smith Names A Deputy," reports that Davison had "been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^67] It says he had been "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York," and that in June 1941 he "became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel" under Arnold, whom it calls "the late General of the Air Force."[^57] The editorial describes him as "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars."[^57] The same editorial says that the CIA "has been rather unfortunate in its chiefs."[^57]
In the Agency's own papers he appears as Assistant Director for Personnel. A memorandum of September 10, 1951 from [[Allen Dulles]], then Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, is addressed to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)" and asks whether he or a member of his staff could arrange to see an individual named in attached correspondence.[^62] A CIA official routing slip carries a memorandum dated September 11, 1951, from Davison to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, whose text includes the line "I will see this fellow myself," followed by the initials "F.T.D."[^63]
In the Agency's own papers he appears as Assistant Director for Personnel. A memorandum of September 10, 1951 from [[Allen Dulles]], then Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, is addressed to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)" and asks whether he or a member of his staff could arrange to see an individual named in attached correspondence.[^68] A CIA official routing slip carries a memorandum dated September 11, 1951, from Davison to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, whose text includes the line "I will see this fellow myself," followed by the initials "F.T.D."[^69]
Davison chaired the Agency's Career Service Committee. The minutes of its second meeting, on October 1, 1951, list "F. Trubee Davison - AD/Personnel, Chairman" with Matthew Baird, Director of Training. They record that the committee separated a "Trainee Program" from a "Career Service Program," that "the establishment of a Career Corps, as such, had been disapproved by the DCI," that of the first class of nineteen trainees sixteen had recently graduated and fourteen had been placed, and that a working group would take up a proposed two-year service requirement for selection.[^64] On October 3, 1951 the committee's executive secretary asked the Director of Personnel and the General Counsel to nominate representatives to five working groups (trainees, employee rating, rotation, career benefits and extension training), citing a memorandum "from General Davison entitled 'Career Service Committee'" of September 28, 1951.[^65] The minutes of the committee's fourteenth meeting, in January 1952, list Davison as AD/Personnel with Matthew Baird and [[Sherman Kent]], Assistant Director for National Estimates, and record the committee's review of a Personnel Evaluation Report and of "Selection Criteria for Participation in CIA Career Service Program."[^66]
Davison chaired the Agency's Career Service Committee. The minutes of its second meeting, on October 1, 1951, list "F. Trubee Davison - AD/Personnel, Chairman" with Matthew Baird, Director of Training. They record that the committee separated a "Trainee Program" from a "Career Service Program," that "the establishment of a Career Corps, as such, had been disapproved by the DCI," that of the first class of nineteen trainees sixteen had recently graduated and fourteen had been placed, and that a working group would take up a proposed two-year service requirement for selection.[^70] On October 3, 1951 the committee's executive secretary asked the Director of Personnel and the General Counsel to nominate representatives to five working groups (trainees, employee rating, rotation, career benefits and extension training), citing a memorandum "from General Davison entitled 'Career Service Committee'" of September 28, 1951.[^71] The minutes of the committee's fourteenth meeting, in January 1952, list Davison as AD/Personnel with Matthew Baird and [[Sherman Kent]], Assistant Director for National Estimates, and record the committee's review of a Personnel Evaluation Report and of "Selection Criteria for Participation in CIA Career Service Program."[^72]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin reported, citing the New York Times of July 5, 1951, that Davison was the agency's director of personnel in 1951.[^67] State Department papers of May 1951 in the same CIA files, concerning the working group on plans for the new Psychological Strategy Board, name W. P. Davison, executive secretary of the Psychological Operations Coordinating Board; he is a different person.[^68]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin reported, citing the New York Times of July 5, 1951, that Davison was the agency's director of personnel in 1951.[^73] State Department papers of May 1951 in the same CIA files, concerning the working group on plans for the new Psychological Strategy Board, name W. P. Davison, executive secretary of the Psychological Operations Coordinating Board; he is a different person.[^74]
### Family after 1951 and death
The Yale News photograph of a 1966 reunion of the First Yale Unit identifies his wife as [[Dorothy Peabody Davison]].[^69] The Times obituary states that he died on the night of Thursday, November 14, 1974 at his home on Peacock Point, Locust Valley, aged 78; that he was survived by his widow and three sons, Endicott, Daniel and Gates; and that the funeral service was held at St. John's of Lattingtown Episcopal Church, Locust Valley. It states that he was "lamed for life by a plane crash during his service in World War I" and had taught himself to walk without crutches and ultimately without a cane.[^45] The Library of Congress name authority and the museum's archives catalog both give his dates as 1896 to 1974.[^70] The family finding aid at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library gives his death as 1976.[^71]
The Yale News photograph of a 1966 reunion of the First Yale Unit identifies his wife as [[Dorothy Peabody Davison]].[^75] The Times obituary states that he died on the night of Thursday, November 14, 1974 at his home on Peacock Point, Locust Valley, aged 78; that he was survived by his widow and three sons, Endicott, Daniel and Gates; and that the funeral service was held at St. John's of Lattingtown Episcopal Church, Locust Valley. It states that he was "lamed for life by a plane crash during his service in World War I" and had taught himself to walk without crutches and ultimately without a cane.[^51] The Library of Congress name authority and the museum's archives catalog both give his dates as 1896 to 1974.[^76] The family finding aid at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library gives his death as 1976.[^77]
### Footnotes
@ -226,69 +226,75 @@ The Yale News photograph of a 1966 reunion of the First Yale Unit identifies his
[^3]: United States Air Force, "Brigadier General Frederick Trubee Davison," official biography (current as of October 2024): born New York, February 7, 1896; Groton 1914; Yale 1918; Columbia Law 1922; appointed Assistant Secretary of War July 16, 1926; Assistant Secretary of War (Air) 1926 to 1933; Chairman, National Crime Commission, 1925 to 1936; wartime assignments; brigadier general June 3, 1945; Navy Cross (1919) and Army Distinguished Service Medal (October 1945); July 28, 1917 crash. https://web.archive.org/web/20250401000815/https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/3928479/frederick-trubee-davison/
[^4]: United States Air Force biography and *New York Times*, November 16, 1974 (see the Air Force biography and Times obituary cited above). https://web.archive.org/web/20240107180328/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/16/archives/f-trubee-davison-dies-at-78-led-natural-history-museum-aviation.html
[^5]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection (PMML ID 320755, Call No. PAPERS 00013), biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison, finding aid written by Kathryn Hofherr (June 2008) and updated by Andrea Martinez (2018). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^6]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Kate Trubee Davison (Nassau County chapter, 1917, chairman for twenty-seven years). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^7]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on the children (Alice, Henry Jr., Frances, Frederick Trubee). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^8]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison Jr. (American Ambulance Corps in France; a year at Cambridge; partner at J. P. Morgan & Company 1929; vice president and director 1940; senior vice president 1953; president 1955; vice chairman after the merger with Guaranty Trust; died July 2, 1961). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^9]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison (senior partner 1909; secret meeting at Jekyll Island, Georgia, the following year; "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the Federal Reserve."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^10]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One," family list including "Davison (J. P. Morgan)," "Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil)," "Harriman (railroads)," "Weyerhaeuser (lumber)," and the old-line families including Stimson. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^11]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), text on the Morgan partnership ("some of his partners were"; "whose son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^12]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), pp. 7 to 8: "On the 10th of May, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross, and I was asked to take the chairmanship." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^13]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), appendix, "The Story in Figures": the War Council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^14]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter II, "Massing the Forces of Mercy," on the War Council's meetings at Headquarters and at the chairman's house in Washington. https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^15]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916," F. Trubee Davison papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^16]: Capt. Paul Jayson, USNR, "F. Trubee Davison, Founder of the First Yale Unit," in Adrian O. Van Wyen and the editors of Naval Aviation News, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 ("the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit"; June 13, 1916 training and Mexican border; Davison's Mexico quotation; Locust Valley memorabilia). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^17]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), index of members by class year: "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^18]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), including the letter of June 7, 1918 from Winter Mead '19 to Davison '18 quoted with the magazine's expansions, Mead's location, and the yearbook entries for Haffner, Mead and Davison. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^19]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, listing Endicott Peabody Davison and Daniel Pomeroy Davison among the members. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^20]: Lassila and Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), on Endicott Peabody Davison '45, "a son of Trubee Davison," and the display case produced at the meeting with Ned Anderson. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^21]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), list of post-World War II partners of J. P. Morgan: "Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20)" and "Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^22]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1950-1951*, entry "Henry Lewis Stimson, B.A. 1888," p. 11 (Skull and Bones among his activities).
[^23]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (crew list including Henry P. Davison Jr., Lovett, Gates and Vorys; non-Yale men; John Hayes Hammond Jr. and Henry Woodhouse; Woodhouse and Admiral Peary's coastal plan). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^24]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Davison's service with the American Ambulance Field Service in 1915, the enlistment of the pilots at the Naval Submarine Base in New London on March 24, and his rank of lieutenant, junior grade. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^25]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (March 1917 transfer to West Palm Beach under Lieutenant E. O. McDonnell, enrolled in the Navy). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^26]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on the unit's training at Palm Beach, Florida, in 1917. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^27]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Tap Day, April 19 (1917): two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida "to 'tap' their fellow students at noon"; Davison "was the first to be tapped (Skull & Bones) as were 11 other members of the First Yale Unit." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^28]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Kenneth MacLeish, who was shot down over Belgium, was never found, a casualty of war." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^29]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (Sturtevant the first naval aviator brought down in combat; Ingalls the Navy's first ace). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^30]: Ralph D. Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), account of the flying tests set to begin July 28, the examining board, and the seaplane's descent and loss of control near the yacht at Huntington. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^31]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 ("It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^32]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), quotation of Davison's report to the Commandant of the Third Naval District. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^33]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), Davison's report and the Board of Medical Survey recommendation of two months' sick leave, extended in two-month periods, "a broken back." https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^34]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), chapter "Trubee, the Crippled Leader" (the fracture of a vertebra; six weeks in St. Luke's Hospital before removal to his home). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^35]: United States Air Force, "Brigadier General Frederick Trubee Davison," official biography (Navy Cross citation, 1919). https://web.archive.org/web/20250401000815/https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/3928479/frederick-trubee-davison/
[^36]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), text on the period of training ("their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back"; "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades"). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^37]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), author's recollection of Davison in London after the Armistice. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^38]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 (1966 presentation of Navy wings by Vice Admiral Paul Ramsey; retirement in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York"; memorabilia list). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^39]: Political Graveyard, "Members of the New York State Assembly, 1920-29," Nassau County 2nd District: "Theodore Roosevelt 1920-21" and "F. Trubee Davison 1922-26." https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly1920s.html
[^40]: "Political Notes: Crime Chairman," *Time*, August 24, 1925 (National Crime Commission chairmanship; Davison identified as twenty-nine and a member of the New York Assembly). https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,720818,00.html
[^41]: *Official Congressional Directory*, 72nd Congress, 2nd session, edition corrected to January 13, 1933 (War Department listing for the Assistant Secretary of War, F. Trubee Davison), and 73rd Congress, 1st session, edition corrected to June 3, 1933 (Assistant Secretary of War, "[Vacant.]"; The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-01-13/text/CDIR-1933-01-13.txt ; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-06-03/text/CDIR-1933-06-03.txt
[^42]: Associated Press item, "F. Trubee Davison to Join CIA in Personnel Post," CIA reading room, document CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2 (released May 10, 2000): "Gen. Davison was Assistant Secretary of War for Air from 1926 to 1932. He has been president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York since 1933." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^43]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," editorial, *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "He was Assistant Secretary of War in the Coolidge and Hoover Administrations." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^44]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 (Davison as Assistant Secretary of War for Air, "late in the '20's and early '30's"; Ingalls as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air 1929 to 1932; Lovett as Assistant Secretary of War for Air and later Secretary of Defense 1951 to 1953; Gates as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air September 1941 to July 1945). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^45]: "F. Trubee Davison Dies at 78. Led Natural History Museum. Aviation Pioneer Served as Assistant War Secretary, C.I.A. Personnel Director," *New York Times*, November 16, 1974 (death on Thursday night at Peacock Point, Locust Valley; Assembly 1922 to 1926; "From 1926 to 1932 he was Assistant Secretary of War for Air"; museum trustee and president; CIA July 1951 to April 1952; 1933 Africa trip with Martin and Osa Johnson; survivors; funeral). https://web.archive.org/web/20240107180328/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/16/archives/f-trubee-davison-dies-at-78-led-natural-history-museum-aviation.html
[^46]: "National Affairs: Friends & Candidates," *Time*, August 15, 1932. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744164,00.html
[^47]: *Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1927*, vol. II, document 73, telegram from the Secretary of State to the Chargé in Haiti (Gross), Washington, March 26, 1927, with the editorial note identifying "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1927v02/d73
[^48]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), title page (Secretary of War 1940 to 1945).
[^49]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, Colonel Charles Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, and Edward T. Warner, assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation in Washington, D.C.," Harris & Ewing, December 12, 1928, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^50]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1941*, report of the Secretary, p. 38 (leave of absence, June 5, 1941; Administrative Committee), and the First Vice-President's statement "on behalf of President F. Trubee Davison, who is on active war service." https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/8899eea9-1f49-4312-b3dd-8a4f579400f4
[^51]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York"; "in June of 1941 he became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under the late General of the Air Force 'Hap' Arnold"; "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^52]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, roster of trustees since 1869 ("Davison, Frederick Trubee 1923-"; "Davison, Henry P. 1916-1922"). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^53]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, "Memorials to Trustees Davison and Cuyler and Curator Allen," pp. 20 to 21. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^54]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1933* (Sixty-fifth Annual Report), "Report of the President" (pp. 1 to 4), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (pp. 53 to 54), expedition notes and Report of the Treasurer (Davison African Expedition Fund). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/03786359-9347-4dbf-a201-0a9319dccccd
[^55]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1932*, president's final acknowledgments (pp. 36 to 37), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (p. 112), and the reports on the Third International Congress of Eugenics held in the Museum, August 21 to 23, 1932. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/4c320241-c3ab-4722-b36b-e0e13566adab
[^56]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1952*, Department of Anthropology (the Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c72e95f0-6528-44fc-96a4-e940d102b1dd
[^57]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1950* (published 1951), statement of the President (Alexander M. White) and list of officers and trustees, 1951 to 1952. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/9c2b388c-1708-473d-b885-2ca62dcc2890
[^58]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^59]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^60]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, head of the agency"; "He will not replace any other assistant"; "probably would do personnel work." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^61]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "has been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^62]: Memorandum from Allen W. Dulles to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)," September 10, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100020077-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100020077-6
[^63]: Memorandum from F. Trubee Davison dated September 11, 1951, "MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence," with the note "I will see this fellow myself," initialed "F.T.D.," on a Central Intelligence Agency Official Routing Slip, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0
[^64]: "Minutes of 2nd Career Service Committee Meeting," October 1, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090089-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090089-6
[^65]: Memoranda of the Executive Secretary, Career Service Committee, "Career Service Working Groups," October 3, 1951, CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030018-0 and CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030022-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030018-0 ; https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030022-5
[^66]: "Minutes of 14th Career Service Committee Meeting," dated January 21, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090006-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090006-7
[^67]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, citing the *New York Times*, July 5, 1951, for Davison as the CIA's director of personnel in 1951. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^68]: Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State (Edward W. Barrett) to Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, May 1951, "State Department Members for Working Group on Plans for Psychological Strategy Board," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003400010031-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003400010031-4
[^69]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption of Trubee Davison recalling the muster at the fiftieth anniversary reunion of the First Yale Unit in 1966, "His wife, Dorothy Peabody Davison, stands behind him." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^70]: Library of Congress Name Authority File, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974" (n2001120423), and American Museum of Natural History Archives Catalog, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974." https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2001120423.html ; https://data.library.amnh.org/archives/agents/people/241
[^71]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Frederick Trubee Davison ("Trubee died in 1976."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^6]: *Money Trust Investigation: Investigation of Financial and Monetary Conditions in the United States under House Resolutions Nos. 429 and 504*, Subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency, 62d Cong., 3d sess., Part 8 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913), testimony of Walter E. Frew, December 10, 1912, p. 596. https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0008.001.umich.edu
[^7]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, January 23, 1913, pp. 1808 to 1809. https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^8]: *New York Times*, October 6, 1915, article on the Liberty National Bank and its move to the Equitable Building. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-10-06_64_21074
[^9]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Kate Trubee Davison (Nassau County chapter, 1917, chairman for twenty-seven years). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^10]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on the children (Alice, Henry Jr., Frances, Frederick Trubee). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^11]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison Jr. (American Ambulance Corps in France; a year at Cambridge; partner at J. P. Morgan & Company 1929; vice president and director 1940; senior vice president 1953; president 1955; vice chairman after the merger with Guaranty Trust; died July 2, 1961). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^12]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison (senior partner 1909; secret meeting at Jekyll Island, Georgia, the following year; "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the Federal Reserve."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^13]: Frank A. Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935), chapter XXI, "A Conclave on Jekyl Island," pp. 209 to 217. https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^14]: Frank A. Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935), pp. 213 to 214. https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^15]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One," family list including "Davison (J. P. Morgan)," "Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil)," "Harriman (railroads)," "Weyerhaeuser (lumber)," and the old-line families including Stimson. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^16]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), text on the Morgan partnership ("some of his partners were"; "whose son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^17]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), pp. 7 to 8: "On the 10th of May, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross, and I was asked to take the chairmanship." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^18]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), appendix, "The Story in Figures": the War Council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^19]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter II, "Massing the Forces of Mercy," on the War Council's meetings at Headquarters and at the chairman's house in Washington. https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^20]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916," F. Trubee Davison papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^21]: Capt. Paul Jayson, USNR, "F. Trubee Davison, Founder of the First Yale Unit," in Adrian O. Van Wyen and the editors of Naval Aviation News, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 ("the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit"; June 13, 1916 training and Mexican border; Davison's Mexico quotation; Locust Valley memorabilia). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^22]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), index of members by class year: "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^23]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), including the letter of June 7, 1918 from Winter Mead '19 to Davison '18 quoted with the magazine's expansions, Mead's location, and the yearbook entries for Haffner, Mead and Davison. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^24]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, listing Endicott Peabody Davison and Daniel Pomeroy Davison among the members. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^25]: Lassila and Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), on Endicott Peabody Davison '45, "a son of Trubee Davison," and the display case produced at the meeting with Ned Anderson. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^26]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), list of post-World War II partners of J. P. Morgan: "Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20)" and "Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^27]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1950-1951*, entry "Henry Lewis Stimson, B.A. 1888," p. 11 (Skull and Bones among his activities).
[^28]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (crew list including Henry P. Davison Jr., Lovett, Gates and Vorys; non-Yale men; John Hayes Hammond Jr. and Henry Woodhouse; Woodhouse and Admiral Peary's coastal plan). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^29]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Davison's service with the American Ambulance Field Service in 1915, the enlistment of the pilots at the Naval Submarine Base in New London on March 24, and his rank of lieutenant, junior grade. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^30]: *New York Times*, September 7, 1915. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-09-07_64_21045
[^31]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (March 1917 transfer to West Palm Beach under Lieutenant E. O. McDonnell, enrolled in the Navy). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^32]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on the unit's training at Palm Beach, Florida, in 1917. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^33]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Tap Day, April 19 (1917): two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida "to 'tap' their fellow students at noon"; Davison "was the first to be tapped (Skull & Bones) as were 11 other members of the First Yale Unit." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^34]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Kenneth MacLeish, who was shot down over Belgium, was never found, a casualty of war." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^35]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (Sturtevant the first naval aviator brought down in combat; Ingalls the Navy's first ace). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^36]: Ralph D. Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), account of the flying tests set to begin July 28, the examining board, and the seaplane's descent and loss of control near the yacht at Huntington. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^37]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 ("It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^38]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), quotation of Davison's report to the Commandant of the Third Naval District. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^39]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), Davison's report and the Board of Medical Survey recommendation of two months' sick leave, extended in two-month periods, "a broken back." https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^40]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), chapter "Trubee, the Crippled Leader" (the fracture of a vertebra; six weeks in St. Luke's Hospital before removal to his home). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^41]: United States Air Force, "Brigadier General Frederick Trubee Davison," official biography (Navy Cross citation, 1919). https://web.archive.org/web/20250401000815/https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/3928479/frederick-trubee-davison/
[^42]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), text on the period of training ("their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back"; "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades"). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^43]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), author's recollection of Davison in London after the Armistice. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^44]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 (1966 presentation of Navy wings by Vice Admiral Paul Ramsey; retirement in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York"; memorabilia list). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^45]: Political Graveyard, "Members of the New York State Assembly, 1920-29," Nassau County 2nd District: "Theodore Roosevelt 1920-21" and "F. Trubee Davison 1922-26." https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly1920s.html
[^46]: "Political Notes: Crime Chairman," *Time*, August 24, 1925 (National Crime Commission chairmanship; Davison identified as twenty-nine and a member of the New York Assembly). https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,720818,00.html
[^47]: *Official Congressional Directory*, 72nd Congress, 2nd session, edition corrected to January 13, 1933 (War Department listing for the Assistant Secretary of War, F. Trubee Davison), and 73rd Congress, 1st session, edition corrected to June 3, 1933 (Assistant Secretary of War, "[Vacant.]"; The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-01-13/text/CDIR-1933-01-13.txt ; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-06-03/text/CDIR-1933-06-03.txt
[^48]: Associated Press item, "F. Trubee Davison to Join CIA in Personnel Post," CIA reading room, document CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2 (released May 10, 2000): "Gen. Davison was Assistant Secretary of War for Air from 1926 to 1932. He has been president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York since 1933." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^49]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," editorial, *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "He was Assistant Secretary of War in the Coolidge and Hoover Administrations." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^50]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 (Davison as Assistant Secretary of War for Air, "late in the '20's and early '30's"; Ingalls as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air 1929 to 1932; Lovett as Assistant Secretary of War for Air and later Secretary of Defense 1951 to 1953; Gates as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air September 1941 to July 1945). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^51]: "F. Trubee Davison Dies at 78. Led Natural History Museum. Aviation Pioneer Served as Assistant War Secretary, C.I.A. Personnel Director," *New York Times*, November 16, 1974 (death on Thursday night at Peacock Point, Locust Valley; Assembly 1922 to 1926; "From 1926 to 1932 he was Assistant Secretary of War for Air"; museum trustee and president; CIA July 1951 to April 1952; 1933 Africa trip with Martin and Osa Johnson; survivors; funeral). https://web.archive.org/web/20240107180328/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/16/archives/f-trubee-davison-dies-at-78-led-natural-history-museum-aviation.html
[^52]: "National Affairs: Friends & Candidates," *Time*, August 15, 1932. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744164,00.html
[^53]: *Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1927*, vol. II, document 73, telegram from the Secretary of State to the Chargé in Haiti (Gross), Washington, March 26, 1927, with the editorial note identifying "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1927v02/d73
[^54]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), title page (Secretary of War 1940 to 1945).
[^55]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, Colonel Charles Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, and Edward T. Warner, assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation in Washington, D.C.," Harris & Ewing, December 12, 1928, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^56]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1941*, report of the Secretary, p. 38 (leave of absence, June 5, 1941; Administrative Committee), and the First Vice-President's statement "on behalf of President F. Trubee Davison, who is on active war service." https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/8899eea9-1f49-4312-b3dd-8a4f579400f4
[^57]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York"; "in June of 1941 he became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under the late General of the Air Force 'Hap' Arnold"; "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^58]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, roster of trustees since 1869 ("Davison, Frederick Trubee 1923-"; "Davison, Henry P. 1916-1922"). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^59]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, "Memorials to Trustees Davison and Cuyler and Curator Allen," pp. 20 to 21. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^60]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1933* (Sixty-fifth Annual Report), "Report of the President" (pp. 1 to 4), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (pp. 53 to 54), expedition notes and Report of the Treasurer (Davison African Expedition Fund). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/03786359-9347-4dbf-a201-0a9319dccccd
[^61]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1932*, president's final acknowledgments (pp. 36 to 37), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (p. 112), and the reports on the Third International Congress of Eugenics held in the Museum, August 21 to 23, 1932. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/4c320241-c3ab-4722-b36b-e0e13566adab
[^62]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1952*, Department of Anthropology (the Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c72e95f0-6528-44fc-96a4-e940d102b1dd
[^63]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1950* (published 1951), statement of the President (Alexander M. White) and list of officers and trustees, 1951 to 1952. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/9c2b388c-1708-473d-b885-2ca62dcc2890
[^64]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^65]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^66]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, head of the agency"; "He will not replace any other assistant"; "probably would do personnel work." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^67]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "has been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^68]: Memorandum from Allen W. Dulles to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)," September 10, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100020077-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100020077-6
[^69]: Memorandum from F. Trubee Davison dated September 11, 1951, "MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence," with the note "I will see this fellow myself," initialed "F.T.D.," on a Central Intelligence Agency Official Routing Slip, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0
[^70]: "Minutes of 2nd Career Service Committee Meeting," October 1, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090089-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090089-6
[^71]: Memoranda of the Executive Secretary, Career Service Committee, "Career Service Working Groups," October 3, 1951, CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030018-0 and CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030022-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030018-0 ; https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030022-5
[^72]: "Minutes of 14th Career Service Committee Meeting," dated January 21, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090006-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090006-7
[^73]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, citing the *New York Times*, July 5, 1951, for Davison as the CIA's director of personnel in 1951. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^74]: Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State (Edward W. Barrett) to Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, May 1951, "State Department Members for Working Group on Plans for Psychological Strategy Board," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003400010031-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003400010031-4
[^75]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption of Trubee Davison recalling the muster at the fiftieth anniversary reunion of the First Yale Unit in 1966, "His wife, Dorothy Peabody Davison, stands behind him." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^76]: Library of Congress Name Authority File, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974" (n2001120423), and American Museum of Natural History Archives Catalog, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974." https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2001120423.html ; https://data.library.amnh.org/archives/agents/people/241
[^77]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Frederick Trubee Davison ("Trubee died in 1976."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf

291
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Forbes family.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- Forbes family
- Forbes family of Boston
- John Murray Forbes
- Robert Bennet Forbes
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Family
- BostonBrahmins
- ChinaTrade
- OpiumTrade
- RussellAndCompany
- PerkinsFamily
- Naushon
- Railroads
- MichiganCentral
- BurlingtonRailroad
- BellTelephone
- JohnBrown
- KansasAid
- Abolition
- MassachusettsFiftyFourth
- Philippines
- Haiti
- Manchuria
- JohnKerry
summary: "Boston family of China traders, railroad builders and Bell Telephone executives, whose members included a Governor-General of the Philippines and the mother of John Kerry."
location: "Boston, Massachusetts"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1834-01-01
end: 1837-12-31
role: "John Murray Forbes (1813 to 1898), partner at Canton from January 1, 1834"
fn: 15
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1839-01-01
end: 1840-07-07
role: "Robert Bennet Forbes, partner and chief of the house at Canton (Hunter's dates)"
fn: 10
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1849-01-01
end: 1857-01-01
role: "Robert Bennet Forbes, partner at Canton (second term, his own dates)"
fn: 11
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1857-01-01
end: 1881-12-31
role: "Francis Blackwell Forbes, went to China in 1857 and became a partner; moved to Europe in the early 1880s"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1863-01-01
end: 1871-12-31
role: "James Murray Forbes (1845 to 1937), son of Robert Bennet Forbes, clerk and then advancing in the firm"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
start: 1889-01-01
end: 1891-06-30
role: "William Howell Forbes, senior partner at Hong Kong (adjudicated bankrupt July 22, 1891)"
fn: 59
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Perkins and Company]]"
start: 1828-01-01
end: 1829-08-09
role: "Thomas Tunno Forbes, agent of the Canton house until his drowning"
fn: 6
- type: represented
with: "[[Houqua]]"
start: 1834-01-01
role: "John Murray Forbes, correspondent and from 1837 Boston agent for Houqua's American business and investments"
fn: 16
- type: funded
with: "[[John Brown]]"
start: 1859-05-01
end: 1859-12-31
role: "John Murray Forbes contributed about $100 to the Harper's Ferry enterprise, which he understood to be for Kansas"
fn: 26
- type: head_of
with: "[[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]"
start: 1878-01-01
end: 1881-12-31
role: "John Murray Forbes, president 1878 to 1881 and thereafter chairman of the board until his death on October 12, 1898"
fn: 23
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Bell Telephone Company]]"
start: 1885-01-01
role: "William Hathaway Forbes, president (he signed the company's stipulation with the Solicitor General as president)"
fn: 42
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert Gould Shaw Memorial]]"
role: "John Murray Forbes, president of the committee that raised the monument fund"
fn: 36
- type: appointed
with: "[[Herbert Hoover]]"
start: 1930-02-07
role: "W. Cameron Forbes, named chairman of the President's Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions in Haiti"
fn: 47
- type: head_of
with: "[[Philippines]]"
start: 1909-11-11
end: 1913-09-01
role: "W. Cameron Forbes, Governor-General"
fn: 44
- type: relative_of
with: "[[John Kerry]]"
role: "Rosemary Isabel Forbes (1913 to 2002), his mother, was the daughter of James Grant Forbes (1879 to 1955), a son of Francis Blackwell Forbes"
fn: 53
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Opium War]]"
start: 1839-03-22
end: 1842-08-29
role: "Russell and Company partners, including Robert Bennet Forbes, signed the May 25, 1839 memorial to Congress"
fn: 12
---
The Forbes family was a [[Boston]] family whose members traded at [[Canton]] from the 1820s, held a share of [[Russell and Company]], built and financed railroads in the Midwest, headed a telephone company, and kept [[Naushon Island]] as a family estate. Its best-known members in the record are [[Robert Bennet Forbes]] and [[John Murray Forbes]], the sons of Ralph Bennet Forbes and Margaret Perkins, and later W. Cameron Forbes, who served as Governor-General of the Philippines, as chairman of the 1930 presidential commission on Haiti and as ambassador to Japan.[^1]
### The Forbes line
The Massachusetts Historical Society's guide to the Forbes family papers begins with the Reverend John Forbes (1740 to 1783), a Scottish clergyman appointed minister at St. Augustine, East Florida, in 1763, who held seats on the Governor's Council and various judgeships there and who married Dorothy Murray, the daughter of a loyalist, in Boston in 1769. The family remained loyal to the crown until East Florida was ceded to Spain in 1783. They had three sons: James Grant Forbes (1769 to 1825), John Murray Forbes (1771 to 1831) and Ralph Bennet Forbes (1773 to 1824).[^1] The second son, brought up at [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]] and a classmate of [[John Quincy Adams]] at [[Harvard University]], was the American consul at [[Copenhagen]] and then [[Hamburg]] from 1801 to 1819, and then Adams's representative in [[Argentina]], where he died in 1831.[^1] The third son, Ralph Bennet Forbes, married Margaret Perkins in 1799. Her brothers [[James Perkins]] and [[Thomas Handasyd Perkins]] headed the Boston house of J. and T. H. Perkins, one of the largest East India merchants in the United States, which kept a branch at Canton (see [[Perkins family]]).[^1][^2]
Ralph Bennet Forbes and Margaret Perkins had three sons, Thomas Tunno Forbes (1802 to 1829), Robert Bennet Forbes (1804 to 1889) and John Murray Forbes (1813 to 1898).[^3] John Murray Forbes wrote that the family's living in the years after his father's collapse came from "three Perkins uncles," who contributed $1,200 a year. His father was prostrated by overwork in his mid-forties and died in October 1824, about fifty-one years old, leaving five children at home.[^4] John Murray Forbes was born at [[Bordeaux]] on February 23, 1813, while his parents were travelling in France after a voyage out from Boston that had ended in a British capture.[^4]
The eldest brother, James Grant Forbes, was the father of the Reverend John Murray Forbes (1807 to 1885) and of Paul Siemen Forbes (1808 to 1886), who lived in China. The Reverend John Murray Forbes was therefore a first cousin of Robert Bennet and John Murray Forbes of Milton. His sons were Francis Blackwell Forbes (1839 to 1908) and John Murray Forbes Jr. (1844 to 1921). Paul Siemen Forbes had three sons, William Howell Forbes (1837 to 1896), Henry De Courcy Forbes (1849 to 1920) and Paul Revere Forbes (1860 to 1936).[^3] Robert Bennet Forbes had three children, Robert Bennet Forbes Jr. (1837 to 1891), Edith Forbes, who married [[Charles Elliott Perkins]] of the [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]] in 1864, and James Murray Forbes (1845 to 1937). John Murray Forbes had a daughter, Mary Hathaway Forbes, and a son, William Hathaway Forbes (1840 to 1897).[^3]
### Thomas Tunno Forbes
Thomas Tunno Forbes, the brother who went out to China after Robert Bennet Forbes, was head clerk, and possibly junior partner, of the Canton house of Perkins and Company under [[John Perkins Cushing]], a cousin of the family.[^5] In 1828 he succeeded Cushing as the agent of the house at Canton. On August 9, 1829 he drowned in a typhoon together with [[S. H. Monson]], the bookkeeper of Russell and Company. Among his papers was a sealed letter asking Russell and Company, in case of accident, to take charge of the local business of Perkins and Company and of J. and T. H. Perkins. The Canton house did so, and the Houqua business came with it.[^6] The Massachusetts Historical Society guide dates the junction of the Perkins interests with Russell and Company, which "went on to dominate American commerce in the Far East throughout the 19th century," to the aftermath of his death.[^1]
### Robert Bennet Forbes
Robert Bennet Forbes was the elder of the two brothers and the more active seaman. He left school for work, sailed to China at thirteen, received his first command at twenty and returned to Boston at twenty-eight.[^1] His memoir, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), describes an 1828 voyage in the Danube, fitted out at New York by [[Sturgis and Perkins]], to buy Turkish opium at [[Smyrna]] for the Chinese market, with a credit on [[Baring Brothers]] of about £60,000.[^7] He describes the store-ships at the [[Lintin]] anchorage, where opium was held outside the Canton river mouth and run up river in small boats, and gives the annual value of the trade as ten or twelve million dollars.[^8] He sought the command of the Lintin station ship in 1829 and 1830, with plans arranged through the Perkins family and [[Bryant and Sturgis]].[^9] In 1830 [[Augustine Heard]] arrived at Canton in the bark Lintin under Captain Forbes.[^10]
Hunter lists Robert Bennet Forbes as admitted to the Russell and Company partnership in 1839 and as leaving for New York in July 1840. Forbes gives his own partnership as running from January 1, 1840 to January 1, 1844, and again from January 1, 1849 to January 1, 1857.[^10][^11] When he left in 1840 the chief's place passed to [[Warren Delano Jr.]] of the [[Delano family]].[^10] The Massachusetts Historical Society guide states that during his years in the Far East he became head of Russell and Company, "played a prominent role in the outbreak of the Opium War," and served as United States vice-consul.[^1]
Forbes was one of the signers of the May 25, 1839 memorial of the American merchants at Canton, printed as House Document 40 of the 26th Congress. The memorial asked for a commercial agent and a naval force to protect American trade after the surrender of opium at Canton. Its signers include [[Russell Sturgis]], Warren Delano Jr., [[Gideon Nye Jr.]] and [[Abiel Abbot Low]].[^12]
The Reminiscences give the fullest account of the 1847 famine voyage. During the Irish famine of 1846 and 1847 New England sent aid. At the suggestion of his brother John Murray Forbes, Robert Bennet Forbes headed a petition to Congress for the loan of a naval vessel. A joint resolution approved by President [[James K. Polk]] granted him the [[USS Jamestown]] and granted the [[USS Macedonian]] to a New Jersey captain.[^13] The Jamestown sailed from the Charlestown Navy Yard on March 28, 1847 with about eight hundred tons of supplies, anchored off [[Cork]] on April 12, and was back in Boston on May 16, forty-nine days after sailing. The Boston relief committee included [[Josiah Quincy Jr.]], then mayor, and the cargo was delivered at Cork to a committee of citizens.[^13]
In 1861 Robert Bennet Forbes organized a Boston Coast Guard, an armed volunteer corps with boats and howitzers. On March 26, 1861 he went to Washington and urged [[Gideon Welles]], the Secretary of the Navy, to build a number of gunboats at once; Welles said he had no power to do so without Congressional action.[^14] The Coast Guard was later disbanded, its boats and guns were transferred to the navy, and many of its officers and men were taken into the navy.[^14] The Historical Society guide adds that he later consulted on the construction of gunboats and built warships for the Union Navy, and that his son James Murray Forbes went to China in 1863 at the age of eighteen, started as a clerk with Russell and Company, advanced rapidly in the firm and returned to the United States a wealthy man in 1871.[^1]
### John Murray Forbes at Canton and Houqua
John Murray Forbes went out to Canton in 1830 and was among the young men admitted to the Russell and Company partnership in the 1834 to 1836 intake that Hunter records.[^10] In his own notes, printed by his daughter [[Sarah Forbes Hughes]], he says that he was put into the Russell and Company office as their youngest clerk by an arrangement of Cushing's, with a private understanding that if he proved competent he would be admitted to the firm on January 1, 1834. Before Cushing left, he introduced Forbes to "his old friend Houqua," the chief of the Hong, "and recommended me to his confidence."[^15] Forbes wrote that Houqua took him as Cushing's successor and that of his brother Tom, "who had been his intimate friend," handed him the foreign letters to read and answer, and before Forbes was eighteen years old ordered him to charter whole ships and load them, with the invoices made out in Forbes's name "just as if the shipments were my own property." At one time, Forbes wrote, "I had as much as half a million dollars thus afloat."[^15]
Houqua wrote to him from Canton on May 4, 1837: "I have given you authority to manage my business," and on August 10, 1838 told him to consult Cushing about the sale of a consignment of tea and silk piece goods.[^16] Hughes, who edited his letters and recollections in 1899, says that he served as the Boston agent of [[Houqua]] after his return, and that the agency "did not stop at Chinese and other merchandise, but embraced general investments in this country." Forbes recalled that he had the management of about half a million of Houqua's money, held at Houqua's request in his own name, with the ownership indicated in his books by the initials A. S. I., "American Stock Investment."[^17] In 1839 he gave the captain of his ship Acbar written instructions for the China coast, naming "Mr. R. B. F." as the person to be told what cargo and funds were aboard, and directing the captain to take "very quietly a pilot at once, or waiting among the islands, if anything secret is to be done, until you can see him and concert measures."[^18]
In 1841 the notes drawn by Russell and Company for Houqua's share of the Canton ransom were deposited for collection with [[Jardine, Matheson and Company]] and [[Dent and Company]].[^19]
### Railroads, Naushon and the Burlington
Hughes writes that her father's business in ships and merchandise was "gradually decreasing" by 1856 and that his work was "mainly devoted to the Michigan Central," with the small roads that became the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q).[^20] In October 1857, when the [[Michigan Central Railroad]] was in trouble, Forbes was asked to go to [[London]] to raise a loan of two million dollars.[^21] The editor records that he had to mortgage both his Milton and his Naushon Island places to advance money to the railroads in which he was interested.[^22]
Forbes and [[William Swain]] of New Bedford, a relative of his mother, bought Naushon Island, an island between [[Buzzards Bay]] and [[Vineyard Sound]]. From 1857 his long vacations were spent there.[^22] The directors of the CB&Q recorded in a resolution of October 18, 1898 that he was elected a director in 1857, served continuously until his death on October 12, 1898, was president of the company from 1878 to 1881, and was chairman of the board from then on.[^23] The Historical Society guide, by contrast, says that he served as president of the Burlington in the 1880s.[^1]
### The Brown meeting and the Kansas network
Hughes describes her father's railroad interests of 1859 as a complication. They "had led him into building" the Hannibal and St. Joseph line, the stock of which stood in the name of three trustees, he being chairman and manager. The road "ran through the heart of Missouri, a bitterly pro-slavery country," and he could not proclaim his distaste for pro-slavery methods while he represented other people's property. "On the other hand," she writes, "the railroad was the direct connecting link of Kansas with the East, and over it, supplied with money and Sharps' rifles, which he had helped to provide, came the free men from Massachusetts." With the Free-Soil party, she writes, he "worked quietly all through that time."[^24]
In February 1859 [[Samuel Gridley Howe]] wrote to Forbes from New York introducing "Captain John Brown of Kansas," of whom he wrote: "He is of the stuff of which martyrs are made." In a second letter from Boston dated May 9, 1859 Howe wrote that Brown was in the city and would call on Forbes "at your house, or your office, as you may appoint."[^25] Forbes invited Brown and [[Franklin Benjamin Sanborn]] to Milton for tea. In the notes printed by Hughes, he wrote that "the storm continuing, we kept them over and sat up talking until after midnight." He described Brown as "a grim, farmer-like looking man, with a long gray beard and glittering, gray-blue eyes which seemed to me to have a little touch of insanity about them." Brown, he wrote, "repelled, almost with scorn, my suggestion that firmness at the ballot-box by the North and West might avert the storm," and said that it had passed the stage of ballots and "nothing but bayonets and bullets could settle it now." Forbes recorded Brown speaking of the battles of Ossawatomie and Black Jack in Kansas, and of having seen the European armies on a visit to Europe.[^26]
Forbes then wrote: "I saw no more of him after that night; indeed did not hear much of him until his outbreak at Harper's Ferry, to which I had contributed $100 or so, supposing it to be merely for use in Kansas."[^26] The next day the Governor of Missouri, who had set a price of $3,250 on Brown's head, "appeared on railroad business" and also passed the night at Milton. Hughes adds that her father made the acquaintance at this time of [[John Albion Andrew]], then a lawyer employed to defend one of Brown's adherents.[^26][^27]
Sanborn gives a different account of the introduction. He wrote that Howe gave him, at New York on February 5, 1859, a letter addressed to "John M. Forbes, Esq." that he never used, and that he personally introduced Brown to Forbes in May 1859 at Forbes's house in Milton.[^28] In a letter of March 4, 1859 to a correspondent, Sanborn wrote that "Dr. Howe thinks John Forbes and some others not of our party would help the project if they knew of it," and he then recorded that he sounded several anti-slavery men of wealth and influence in the spring of 1859 and obtained subscriptions from persons "willing to give to a brave man forcibly interfering with slavery, without inquiring very closely what he would do next."[^28] Sanborn also records Brown remarking, as they drove away from Forbes's house at Milton in 1859, that he had seen few houses of rich men in England so full of beauty and comfort as this one, in which he had passed the night.[^29]
The Kansas committees of 1856 and 1857 form a separate and documented network. Sanborn describes two bodies under which Brown chiefly acted: the National Kansas Committee, formed at Buffalo in the summer of 1856 with headquarters at Chicago, and the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee, formed about the same time and lasting longer. He served as secretary of the Massachusetts committee from December 1856, and [[George L. Stearns]] was its chairman. The State committee, he wrote, bought the rifles that Brown carried to Harper's Ferry, voted them to Brown as its agent in 1857, and raised nearly $100,000 in money and supplies in Massachusetts during 1856.[^30] The membership list of the National Kansas Committee that Sanborn printed includes "W. H. Russell, New Haven, Conn."[^31] Brown's will, signed at Boston on April 13, 1857, left "all trust funds and personal property for the aid of the Free-State cause in Kansas" to Stearns, [[Samuel Cabot Jr.]] and "William H. Russell, of New Haven, Conn.," as trustees.[^32] The third trustee, from New Haven, is [[William Huntington Russell]], the Yale graduate of 1833 who co-founded [[Skull and Bones]]. Forbes is not named in the will. In the same passage as the March 1859 letter, Sanborn counts the gifts of [[Theodore Parker]], [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] and Stearns, and places Forbes among those "not of our party."[^28][^32]
Sanborn's 1885 biography also contains extended passages on a different man named [[Hugh Forbes]], an English-born military adventurer whom Brown engaged as a drill-master in 1858 at a hundred dollars a month, whose manual was printed in New York, and whom Sanborn called "the false member of the little band," who "betrayed the confidence of his employer through vanity and emptiness of head, rather than through malice of heart."[^33] Hugh Forbes wrote letters of complaint and threats to Howe, [[Charles Sumner]] and others in 1858 and 1859.[^33] He is a different man from the Milton host.
After the raid, Hughes records, Forbes wrote in his notes that the execution of Brown on December 2, 1859, "was really almost the turning-point of our own rebellion." In 1860 he was one of the electors at large chosen on the Republican ticket in Massachusetts, a position he attributed to the wish of the Free-Soil party "to ally themselves here with the business men."[^27]
### The Massachusetts colored regiments
In the summer of 1862 Forbes organized a Committee of a Hundred to promote the use of black men as soldiers and acted as its chairman. His notes state: "We raised, I think, about $100,000 by subscription among the most conservative Republicans." In that capacity he helped choose officers for the first two Massachusetts colored regiments, the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]] and the [[55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]], "Colonel Shaw having the 54th and N. P. Hallowell the 55th." The appeal for funds to raise the regiments was not made until February 1863.[^34] He wrote to [[William Pitt Fessenden]] urging an amendment to carry out the government's promise of equal pay to those two regiments.[^35]
Robert Gould Shaw, colonel of the 54th, was a cousin of Forbes. Shaw was killed while leading the regiment against [[Fort Wagner]] in July 1863, and the death grieved Forbes. After the war Forbes was president of the committee that raised the fund for the [[Robert Gould Shaw Memorial]], which stands on the edge of the [[Boston Common]] facing the State House, at the spot where Governor John Albion Andrew had bidden the regiment farewell.[^36]
### The 1863 mission and the Republican party
In 1863 Forbes and [[William Henry Aspinwall]] were entrusted with ten million dollars in 5-20 government bonds and went to England on a mission for the Treasury and Navy. They arranged a loan of five hundred thousand pounds from Baring Brothers for the account of the United States government.[^37] The letters from the mission include correspondence with [[John Bright]] and [[Joshua Bates]] and a discussion of the Laird rams.[^37] The Historical Society guide describes the journey as one made "to prevent the Laird 'rams' from falling into Confederate hands."[^1]
Forbes was an active Republican through the war. The editor records that he retired from the Republican party on the nomination of [[James G. Blaine]] in 1884, and wrote to the chairman of the Independents.[^38]
### William Hathaway Forbes
William Hathaway Forbes, the elder son of John Murray Forbes and Sarah Hathaway, served in the First Massachusetts Cavalry and was taken prisoner in 1864, then held on parole and exchanged.[^39] He married [[Edith Emerson]] in 1865.[^40] The editor describes the success of "my elder brother, as president of the American Bell Telephone Company," and writes that the father's pride in it came because "it showed that he had real ability, and was not spoiled by his too easy surroundings."[^41]
In the 1887 argument over the Government's suit to annul the Bell patent, counsel for the company reproduced the stipulation under which the United States took testimony in Europe on the telephone of Philipp Reis. It is signed "American Bell Telephone Company, by W. H. Forbes, Prest.," and by G. A. Jenks, Solicitor General, acting Attorney General in the matter.[^42] The Historical Society guide calls him "the first president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company."[^1]
### W. Cameron Forbes
William Cameron Forbes, the son of William Hathaway Forbes and Edith Emerson, is named in the family letters as a grandchild of John Murray Forbes.[^41]
In the Philippines, where he was secretary of commerce and police, he was appointed Vice-Governor on July 1, 1908. When [[James F. Smith]] left the islands on May 7, 1909, Forbes became acting president of the Commission and Governor-General.[^43] Smith's resignation took effect on November 11, 1909, and Forbes "became Governor-General by appointment of President Taft"; the formal inauguration was held on November 24.[^44] He left for the United States on six months' leave on March 15, 1912, returned on January 18, 1913, and submitted his resignation, effective September 1, 1913; his successor, Francis Burton Harrison, assumed office at Washington on September 2.[^45][^46]
On February 4, 1930 President [[Herbert Hoover]] described the purpose of a special commission to Haiti: "The primary question which is to be investigated is when and how we are to withdraw from Haiti." On February 7 he named W. Cameron Forbes of Massachusetts chairman, with Henry P. Fletcher, Elie Vezina, James Kerney and William Allen White.[^47] The commission sailed from Key West on the U.S.S. Rochester on February 25, reached [[Port-au-Prince]] on February 28 and sat in public sessions at the Excelsior Hotel. On March 7 the chairman telegraphed Hoover: "The Commission finds the situation in Haiti critical and the people greatly inflamed." The telegram reported that the leagues of the opposition would not accept an election of a President by the Council of State, an appointive body that had elected and reelected President Louis Borno. It described a plan under which delegates of the leagues would endorse a compromise candidate, neutral and out of politics, whom the Council of State would elect, and who would call elections for the legislature and then resign.[^48] The commission's report to Hoover is dated March 26, 1930.[^47] Telegrams of December 1930 from the American High Commissioner refer to the "Forbes plan" and to Haiti's plan for the "immediate Haitianization of the Public Services."[^49]
As ambassador in Japan during the Manchurian crisis, Forbes sent telegrams from Tokyo to the Secretary of State. On September 19, 1931, the day after the Mukden incident, he reported that the Japanese Foreign Office described a minor clash between Japanese railway guards and Chinese soldiers just north of Mukden, which the Japanese Army had since occupied, and that, judging it unwise to cancel his voyage home as such action might be misconstrued, he would sail that afternoon on the Empress of Japan.[^50] On October 1, 1931 he was in Washington, and Secretary [[Henry L. Stimson]] arranged for him to call on [[William Rhinelander Castle]], the under secretary of state.[^51] On November 12 he reported that [[Kijuro Shidehara]] had said Japan would withdraw troops in Manchuria to the railway zone on the satisfaction of either of two conditions, satisfactory police conditions or acceptance of five points, and recommended that the League of Nations and the United States express approval of the police plan; the Department sent the text to the charge in France with instructions that a noncommittal attitude be taken.[^51] On November 18 he reported the General Staff's statement that an additional division was being considered for Manchuria and three more air squadrons had gone there.[^51] He resigned as ambassador on March 22, 1932.[^52]
### The Forbes line and John Kerry
Francis Blackwell Forbes (1839 to 1908), a son of the Reverend John Murray Forbes (1807 to 1885), went to China in 1857 after schooling at Columbia College Grammar School in New York and became a partner in Russell and Company. He was active in the Shanghai Steam Navigation Company, served as consul at [[Shanghai]] for Norway and Sweden, became a specialist in Chinese botany and wrote papers on the Burlingame Mission. He married Isabel Clarke in 1867, left China for Europe in the early 1880s, became managing director of the Serrell Automatic Silk Reeling Company, and was hit hard by its failure in 1894 and by the earlier failure of Russell and Company in 1891.[^3] His children included James Grant Forbes (1879 to 1955), born at Shanghai on October 22, 1879, who died at Paris.[^53]
James Grant Forbes married Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, a daughter of Robert Charles Winthrop Jr., at Boston on November 28, 1906. Their daughter Rosemary Isabel Forbes was born at Paris on October 27, 1913, married Richard John Kerry at Montgomery, Alabama on February 8, 1941, and died at Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts on November 14, 2002. Their son [[John Kerry]], born December 11, 1943, was a grandson of James Grant Forbes.[^53] John Kerry is listed under the class of 1966 in the index of Skull and Bones members that [[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduces.[^54]
The descent runs through the Reverend John Murray Forbes, the son of James Grant Forbes (1769 to 1825), the eldest brother of Ralph Bennet Forbes. It does not run through Ralph Bennet Forbes, Robert Bennet Forbes or John Murray Forbes of Milton, who were first cousins of the Reverend John Murray Forbes.[^3]
### The 1891 failure of Russell and Company
The 1889 Chronicle and Directory for China lists the firm at Hong Kong, "Russell & Co., merchants, Praya," with the partners "William H. Forbes; John M. Forbes (New York); S. W. Pomeroy (London); Charles Vincent Smith (Shanghai); F. D. Bush (New York); G. H. Wheeler (Shanghai); E. H. M. Huntington; C. A. Tomes." The Shanghai entry gives the same list, with "Wm. H. Forbes (Hongkong)" and "John M. Forbes (New York)." Its residents' list has "Forbes, W. H., (Russell & Co.) merchant, Praya" and "Forbes, John M. (Russell & Co.) merchant, Praya (absent)." A separate "W. H. Forbes" of Hatch, Forbes and Company, merchants at Tientsin, appears elsewhere in the same volume. The directory lists the Russell and Company William H. Forbes among the directors of the China Fire Insurance Company and on committees at Hong Kong.[^55] The 1892 volume's chronology of Hong Kong carries the entry "Russell & Co., suspend payment, 1891."[^56]
On July 22, 1891 the [[Hong Kong Daily Press]] reported a petition in bankruptcy before the Acting Chief Justice, E. J. Ackroyd, by Mook Hang Shan, a Canton merchant, against "W. H. Forbes, J. M. Forbes, A. W. Pomeroy, Chas. V. Smith, and C. A. Tomes, trading under the style of Russell & Co. at Hongkong and elsewhere."[^57] On September 2, 1891 the same paper reported a suit over Hong Kong land that had been registered in the Land Office as the property of "John Murray Forbes, junior," and in which counsel read an affidavit stating that Russell and Company had become insolvent in June. The same report records that John Murray Forbes, trustee for How Qua, held an equitable charge for 253,000 taels with interest at seven per cent.[^58]
On December 10, 1891 the paper printed the report of the official assignee in the bankruptcy of Charles Alexander Tomes, a junior partner. The report states that Tomes "was adjudicated bankrupt, with William Howell Forbes, the senior partner at the firm," on July 22, 1891. It names "John Murray Forbes" as "another partner of the firm who conducted the business in New York" and whose sanction the junior partner's admission had never received. It states that the partners entered into a trust deed on June 9, 1891, under the laws of New York, with Henry Hannah of New York as trustee for the benefit of their creditors.[^59] The [[Hong Kong Telegraph]] of August 31, 1891 printed a letter from the [[National Bank of China]], Limited, which referred to "the failure of Russell & Co. in June" as cancelling the firm's agreement to act as secretaries of the bank.[^60]
Sarah Forbes Hughes wrote that her father, who had left the house years before, was grieved by "the failure of his old house in China, Russell & Co., occasioned by some speculations in steamers and the close competition by German commission merchants," and that the suspension of Baring Brothers gave him "an actual physical shock."[^61]
The Historical Society's genealogy for the family papers has one William Howell Forbes, born in 1837 and died in 1896, a son of Paul Siemen Forbes, who lived in China, and it lists William Hathaway Forbes (1840 to 1897) separately. It has one John Murray Forbes Jr. (1844 to 1921), a brother of Francis Blackwell Forbes, whose business letters from Boston, New York and China run from 1879 to 1906. The collection also holds letters from Francis Blackwell Forbes in China, London and Paris to William Howell Forbes, John Murray Forbes Jr., the Russell and Company partners S. W. Pomeroy and G. H. Wheeler, and the firm itself.[^62] On these records the Hong Kong senior partner of 1889 to 1891 is William Howell Forbes, a first cousin of Francis Blackwell Forbes, and the New York partner "John M. Forbes" and the "John Murray Forbes, junior" of the land record are John Murray Forbes Jr. The Boston railroad builder John Murray Forbes (1813 to 1898) had left the firm decades earlier, and William Hathaway Forbes of the Bell company is a separate man from William Howell Forbes.[^61][^62]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Massachusetts Historical Society, *Forbes Family Papers, 1732-1931* (Ms. N-49), collection guide, biographical sketch (Rev. John Forbes and Dorothy Murray; their three sons; Ralph Bennet Forbes and Margaret Perkins; Thomas Tunno, Robert Bennet and John Murray Forbes; the Russell and Company merger; the Opium War, vice-consulship, Union navy and Laird rams passages; William Hathaway Forbes; James Murray Forbes). https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0269
[^2]: Sarah Forbes Hughes, ed., *Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes* (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), vol. 1, introduction, pp. 2-3. https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^3]: Massachusetts Historical Society, *Forbes Family Papers* (Ms. N-49), collection guide, biographical sketch of Francis Blackwell Forbes, Paul Siemen Forbes and James Murray Forbes, and Appendix, "Condensed Genealogy of the Forbes Family." https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0269
[^4]: John Murray Forbes, notes in Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 38-40 (birth at Bordeaux, the three Perkins uncles and their $1,200 a year, and his father's death in October 1824). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^5]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 50-62 (Thomas Tunno Forbes at Canton under J. P. Cushing, and his death in China). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^6]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), pp. 118-119 (the death of Thomas T. Forbes and S. H. Monson on August 9, 1829, the sealed letter to Russell and Company and the Houqua business). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^7]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (Boston: Little, Brown, 1882), pp. 123-125 (the 1828 Danube voyage to Smyrna, the Baring credit). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^8]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences*, pp. 142-144 (the store-ships at Lintin, the smuggling boats, the annual value of the trade). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^9]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences*, pp. 131-132 (plans for the Lintin station command in 1829 and 1830, arranged with the Perkins family and Bryant and Sturgis). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^10]: Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton*, pp. 156-157 (partner admissions and departures, including Robert Bennet Forbes in 1839, the 1834 to 1836 admissions with John Murray Forbes, Warren Delano Jr. from 1840, and Augustine Heard's arrival in 1830 in the Lintin under Captain Forbes). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^11]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences*, p. 223 (partnership in Russell and Company from January 1, 1840 to January 1, 1844, and from January 1, 1849 to January 1, 1857). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^12]: U.S. House of Representatives, 26th Congress, 1st session, H. Doc. 40, "Merchants of the United States at Canton, China. Memorial of R. B. Forbes and others," January 9, 1840 (signatures dated Canton, May 25, 1839). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00364_00_00-030-0040-0000
[^13]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences*, pp. 188-190 (the Jamestown expedition: the petition at his brother's suggestion, the joint resolution, the sailing from Charlestown on March 28, 1847, the arrival at Cork on April 12, the return on May 16, the relief committee). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^14]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences*, pp. 261-263 (the interview with Gideon Welles on March 26, 1861, the Boston Coast Guard, its disbandment and the men taken into the navy). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^15]: John Murray Forbes, notes in Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 62-64 (arrival at Canton, the office of Russell and Company as youngest clerk, the understanding of admission on January 1, 1834, introduction to Houqua, the chartered ships, "half a million dollars thus afloat"). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^16]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 98-99 (Houqua to John Murray Forbes, Canton, May 4, 1837 and August 10, 1838). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^17]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 100-101 (the agency for Houqua in Boston, which "embraced general investments in this country," and Forbes's recollection of the A. S. I. account). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^18]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 101-102 (instructions to Captain Philip Dumaresq of the Acbar on leaving Boston for Canton in 1839). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^19]: Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton*, pp. 45-47 (the three promissory notes of 400,000, 400,000 and 300,000 dollars drawn by Russell and Company in Houqua's favour, deposited with Jardine, Matheson and Company and Dent and Company). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^20]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 138 and 160 (the Michigan Central, the small roads forming the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the ocean telegraph and the decline of the China business). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^21]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 168-169 (the October 1857 request that Forbes go to London to raise a loan of two million dollars for the Michigan Central). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^22]: Hughes, vol. 1, introduction, pp. 16-17 (the purchase of Naushon with Governor Swain, the family's summers there from 1857, and the mortgage of the Milton and Naushon places to advance money to railroads). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^23]: Hughes, vol. 2, p. 237 (death on Wednesday, October 12, 1898) and Appendix A, pp. 239-240 (resolution of the board of directors of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, October 18, 1898). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^24]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 176-177 (the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the railroad as "the direct connecting link of Kansas with the East," the Sharps' rifles and the Free-Soil party). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^25]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 178-179 (S. G. Howe to J. M. Forbes, New York, February 5, 1859, and Boston, May 9, 1859). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^26]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 179-182 (John Murray Forbes's notes on the visit of Captain Brown and Franklin B. Sanborn to Milton, Brown's account of Ossawatomie and Black Jack, the "$100 or so" contributed to the Harper's Ferry enterprise "supposing it to be merely for use in Kansas," and the visit of the Governor of Missouri). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^27]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 182-183 (the footnote on Brown's execution on December 2, 1859, the meeting with John A. Andrew, and Forbes's election as an elector at large in 1860). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^28]: Sanborn, *Life and Letters of John Brown* (1885), p. 493 (Sanborn's letter of March 4, 1859, the spring 1859 subscriptions, and the note on the Howe letter of February 5, 1859 addressed to "John M. Forbes, Esq." that he "never used," with the personal introduction in May 1859 at Milton). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^29]: Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, *The Life and Letters of John Brown: Liberator of Kansas, and Martyr of Virginia* (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1885), p. 71 (Brown's remark on leaving "the country seat of Mr. John M. Forbes at Milton, near Boston" in 1859). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^30]: Sanborn, *Life and Letters of John Brown* (1885), pp. 346-349 (the National Kansas Committee and the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee, Sanborn's secretaryship from December 1856, the rifles bought and voted to Brown, the $100,000 raised in Massachusetts in 1856, and the transfer of the committee's records to its chairman George L. Stearns). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^31]: Sanborn, *Life and Letters of John Brown* (1885), p. 352 (the members of the National Kansas Committee, including "W. H. Russell, New Haven, Conn."). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^32]: Sanborn, *Life and Letters of John Brown* (1885), pp. 385-386 (text of John Brown's will, Boston, April 13, 1857). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^33]: Sanborn, *Life and Letters of John Brown* (1885), pp. 388-390 and 425-431 (Hugh Forbes as drill-master, his manual printed in New York, the "false member of the little band," and his letters of 1858 and 1859). https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00sanb
[^34]: Hughes, vol. 1, pp. 323-324 (the Committee of a Hundred for the use of blacks as soldiers, of which Forbes was chairman, the $100,000, and his part in choosing officers and raising men for the 54th and 55th). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^35]: Hughes, vol. 2, chapter XVI (letter to W. P. Fessenden on the pay of the 54th and 55th regiments). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^36]: Hughes, vol. 2, pp. 67-68 (the death of Robert Shaw, "his young cousin," at Fort Wagner; Forbes as president of the committee for the Shaw Memorial). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^37]: Hughes, vol. 2, contents, chapters XIV and XV ("Mission to England," "The Mission and Its Results": ten million dollars in 5-20's, five hundred thousand pounds borrowed from Barings, Friends' leaders, the Laird rams, letters from John Bright and Joshua Bates). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^38]: Hughes, vol. 2, contents, chapter XX ("Retirement from Republican party on Blaine's nomination in 1884"; "Letter to chairman of the Independents"). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^39]: Hughes, vol. 2, contents and index (the son William taken prisoner in 1864; William Hathaway Forbes, pp. 97-99). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^40]: Massachusetts Historical Society, *Forbes Family Papers* (Ms. N-49), Appendix, "Condensed Genealogy": William Hathaway Forbes (1840-1897) m. Edith Emerson, 1865. https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0269
[^41]: Hughes, vol. 1, introduction (the editor on "my elder brother, as president of the American Bell Telephone Company," and on the grandchildren Edith and Cameron Forbes). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect01forb
[^42]: *The Telephone Appeals* (January 24-February 8, 1887), argument of counsel for the American Bell Telephone Company, note reproducing the stipulation signed "American Bell Telephone Company, by W. H. Forbes, Prest." and "G. A. Jenks, Solicitor General, acting Attorney General in this matter." https://archive.org/details/telephoneappeals00dickrich
[^43]: Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1909 (Annual Reports, War Department, fiscal year ended June 30, 1909), "Changes in the Commission," pp. 39-40 (Forbes appointed Vice-Governor July 1, 1908; Smith leaves May 7, 1909 and Forbes becomes acting president and Governor-General). https://archive.org/details/reportofphi00unit
[^44]: Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1910, Report of the Governor-General, p. 23 ("On November 11, 1909, the resignation of Governor-General Smith took effect, and the undersigned became Governor-General by appointment of President Taft. The formal inauguration was held on November 24"). https://archive.org/details/reportofphilip00unit
[^45]: Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1912, Report of the Governor-General (leave of six months from March 15, 1912, with an Acting Governor-General). https://archive.org/details/reportofphili00unit
[^46]: Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1913, Report of the Governor-General (return from leave on January 18, 1913; resignation effective September 1, 1913; Francis Burton Harrison assumed office at Washington on September 2). https://archive.org/details/reportofphil00unit
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1930, vol. III, Report of the President's Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions in the Republic of Haiti, Washington, March 26, 1930 (appointment on February 7, 1930; members; the President's statement of February 4). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1930v03
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1930, vol. III, telegram from the Chairman of the President's Commission (Forbes) to President Hoover, Port-au-Prince, March 7, 1930 (file 838.00 Commission of Investigation/132); report narrative of the voyage on the U.S.S. Rochester and the sessions at Port-au-Prince. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1930v03
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1930, vol. III, despatches from Port-au-Prince of December 1930 on the Haitianization plan "based upon the recommendations of the Forbes Commission." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1930v03
[^50]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1931, vol. III, telegram from the Ambassador in Japan (Forbes) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, September 19, 1931, noon, no. 150 (793.94/1797). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1931v03
[^51]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1931, vol. III, memorandum by the Secretary of State, October 1, 1931 (793.94/2143) and memorandum by the Under Secretary (Castle) of the same date; telegram from Forbes, November 12, 1931, no. 215 (793.94/2624 and 793.94/2625) and the Secretary's telegram to the Charge in France, November 13; telegram no. 222, November 18, 1931 (793.94/2744). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1931v03
[^52]: *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1932, vol. III, list of persons, "Forbes, W. Cameron, Ambassador to Japan (resigned March 22)." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1932v03
[^53]: Holcombe genealogy, person page 547 (Francis Blackwell Forbes and Isabel Clark as parents of James Grant Forbes, born Shanghai, October 22, 1879, died Paris, April 24, 1955; his marriage on November 28, 1906 to Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, daughter of Robert Charles Winthrop Jr.; Rosemary Isabel Forbes, born Paris, October 27, 1913, married February 8, 1941 at Montgomery, Alabama, died November 14, 2002 at Manchester-by-the-Sea; John Forbes Kerry, born December 11, 1943). https://www.holcombegenealogy.com/g0/p547.htm
[^54]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), index of members by class year, class of 1966 (Kerry, John Forbes). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^55]: *The Chronicle and Directory for China, Corea, Japan, the Philippines, etc., for the Year 1889*, Hongkong firms ("Russell & Co., merchants, Praya"), Shanghai firms ("Russell & Co., merchants, The Bund"), the Hongkong residents' list, the China Fire Insurance Company directors and the Tientsin firm Hatch, Forbes and Company. https://archive.org/details/Directorychronicle1889
[^56]: *The Chronicle and Directory of China, etc., for 1892*, Hongkong chronological table, "Russell & Co., suspend payment, 1891." https://archive.org/details/Directorychronicle1892
[^57]: *Hong Kong Daily Press*, July 22, 1891, p. 2, "In Bankruptcy," before Mr. E. J. Ackroyd, Acting Chief Justice (petition against the partners of Russell & Co.). https://archive.org/details/NPDP18910722
[^58]: *Hong Kong Daily Press*, September 2, 1891, p. 2, Supreme Court, September 1, 1891, No Chi Kiu and four others v. Ng Woon Soon and others (Hong Kong lots registered as the property of John Murray Forbes, junior; the equitable charge in favour of John Murray Forbes, trustee for How Qua; the insolvency of Russell and Co. in June). https://archive.org/details/NPDP18910902
[^59]: *Hong Kong Daily Press*, December 10, 1891, "In Bankruptcy," last examination of Charles Alexander Tomes and report of the Official Assignee (William Howell Forbes as senior partner; John Murray Forbes conducting the New York business; trust deed of June 9, 1891). https://archive.org/details/NPDP18911210
[^60]: *Hong Kong Telegraph*, August 31, 1891, p. 3, letter to the editor from the head office of the National Bank of China, Limited, signed A. B. McKean. https://archive.org/details/NPTG18910831
[^61]: Hughes, vol. 2, pp. 224-225 (the failure of Russell & Co., the suspension of Baring Brothers and the editor's account of her father's last years, with John Murray Forbes having "left it years before"). https://archive.org/details/lettersrecollect02forb
[^62]: Massachusetts Historical Society, *Forbes Family Papers* (Ms. N-49), genealogy and folder lists: William Howell Forbes (1837-1896); John Murray Forbes Jr. (1844-1921), "Business letters ... in Boston, New York, and China, 1879-1906" (reel 27); letters from Francis Blackwell Forbes to William Howell Forbes, John Murray Forbes Jr., S. W. Pomeroy, G. H. Wheeler and Russell & Co. (reels 21-22). https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0269

344
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frederic Adrian Delano.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- Frederic Adrian Delano
- Frederick Adrian Delano
- Frederic A. Delano
- Frederick A. Delano
- F. A. Delano
- Frederic Delano
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- Delano
- DelanoFamily
- Roosevelt
- Railroads
- Wabash
- Monon
- FederalReserve
- RegionalPlan
- NationalResourcesPlanningBoard
- LeagueOfNations
- OpiumTrade
- Persia
- Smithsonian
- RussellSageFoundation
- WorldWarOne
- ChinaDefenseSupplies
- FlyingTigers
summary: "Railroad executive and vice governor of the Federal Reserve Board who chaired the League of Nations opium commission in Persia and the National Planning Board, and was the uncle of Franklin D. Roosevelt."
location: "Hong Kong; Chicago; Newburgh, New York; Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]"
role: "maternal uncle of the President"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Warren Delano Jr.]]"
role: "son of Warren Delano Jr. and Catherine Robbins Lyman"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Sara Delano Roosevelt]]"
role: "brother of Sara Delano Roosevelt"
fn: 4
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Lyman Delano]]"
role: "uncle of Lyman Delano, son of Warren Delano III"
fn: 3
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Matilda Annis Peasley]]"
start: 1888-11-22
role: "married at Chicago"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]"
start: 1885-01-01
end: 1905-12-31
role: "machinist's apprentice (1885), then superintendent of freight terminals, superintendent of motive power (1899), vice president (1901) and general manager at Chicago"
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Wabash Railroad]]"
start: 1905-10-05
end: 1911-12-31
role: "president, succeeding Joseph Ramsey Jr."
fn: 9
- type: appointed
with: "[[Wabash Railroad]]"
start: 1911-12-01
end: 1913-12-31
role: "receiver with Edward B. Pryor and William K. Bixby under Judge Elmer B. Adams"
fn: 14
- type: head_of
with: "[[Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway]]"
start: 1913-12-27
end: 1914-08-10
role: "president (the Monon)"
fn: 14
- type: appointed
with: "[[Federal Reserve Board]]"
start: 1914-08-10
end: 1916-08-09
role: "vice governor"
fn: 16
- type: member_of
with: "[[Federal Reserve Board]]"
start: 1916-08-10
end: 1918-07-21
role: "member, resigned for service with the Army Engineer Corps in France"
fn: 19
- type: director_of
with: "[[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]]"
start: 1921-01-01
end: 1936-12-31
role: "Class C director; chairman from March to December 1936"
fn: 16
- type: participant_in
with: "[[American Expeditionary Forces]]"
start: 1918-07-21
end: 1919-10-25
role: "Army Engineer Corps officer, then lieutenant colonel and colonel of the Transportation Corps, deputy director general of transportation"
fn: 15
- type: appointed
with: "[[Supreme Court of the United States]]"
start: 1920-04-01
end: 1925-06-01
role: "receiver of the disputed Red River lands in Oklahoma v. Texas"
fn: 22
- type: head_of
with: "[[League of Nations]]"
start: 1925-12-01
end: 1927-09-30
role: "chairman of the Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia"
fn: 24
- type: director_of
with: "[[Russell Sage Foundation]]"
start: 1922-05-10
end: 1939-12-31
role: "trustee; declined re-election when his term expired in November 1939"
fn: 36
- type: head_of
with: "[[Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs]]"
start: 1923-04-01
end: 1929-12-31
role: "chairman of the committee after Charles Dyer Norton died in March 1923"
fn: 36
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Capital Park and Planning Commission]]"
start: 1924-01-01
end: 1942-12-31
role: "chairman"
fn: 37
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Planning Board]]"
start: 1933-07-20
end: 1934-06-30
role: "chairman, within the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works"
fn: 44
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Resources Committee]]"
start: 1935-06-07
end: 1939-06-30
role: "vice chairman, as listed in 1937"
fn: 45
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Resources Planning Board]]"
start: 1939-07-01
end: 1943-08-31
role: "chairman until the Board was abolished by the appropriation act of June 26, 1943"
fn: 51
- type: participant_in
with: "[[China Defense Supplies]]"
start: 1941-01-01
role: "director or honorary counselor, according to accounts by Seagrave and Ford; subject file in the Roosevelt Library papers"
fn: 57
- type: director_of
with: "[[Smithsonian Institution]]"
start: 1935-08-07
end: 1947-08-21
role: "citizen regent, reappointed by joint resolutions of August 7, 1935 and August 21, 1941"
fn: 52
- type: director_of
with: "[[Carnegie Institution of Washington]]"
start: 1944-07-01
role: "secretary of the board of trustees"
fn: 54
---
Frederic Adrian Delano (September 10, 1863 to March 28, 1953) was a railroad executive, a member of the [[Federal Reserve Board]] from 1914 to 1918, an Army transportation officer in France, the chairman of the League of Nations commission of enquiry into opium production in Persia, and the chairman of the [[National Planning Board]] and later of the [[National Resources Planning Board]]. He was the son of [[Warren Delano Jr.]], a partner in [[Russell and Company]], and the uncle of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].[^1]
### Birth, family and Harvard
The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library]] finding aid for his papers states that "Frederic Adrian Delano, Franklin D. Roosevelt's uncle, was born in Hong Kong, China on September 10, 1863." His father was then a partner in Russell and Company at [[Hong Kong]]. A few years later the family returned to [[Algonac]], the family home near [[Newburgh, New York]], where he spent much of his childhood.[^1] He graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1885, and the class secretary's report lists him under natural history.[^2]
On November 22, 1888 at [[Chicago]] he married [[Matilda Annis Peasley]], a daughter of James C. Peasley and Louisa (Green) Peasley of Burlington, Iowa. The 1899 family genealogy lists three daughters: Catherine, born November 25, 1889; Louise, born August 1, 1891; and Laura, born February 23, 1893.[^3] Two of them, Catherine Delano Grant and Laura Delano Houghteling, gave his papers to the Roosevelt Library, and Laura Delano Houghteling was co-executrix of his estate.[^1]
His sister [[Sara Delano Roosevelt]] married [[James Roosevelt]] in 1880. The family papers hold her letters to the family from 1863 to 1877 and the condolences received on the death of his other sister, Laura Franklin Delano, in 1884. His nephew was [[Lyman Delano]], a son of Warren Delano III.[^4][^3]
### The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
He entered the [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]] in 1885 as a machinist's apprentice. The biography printed when he was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board gives the sequence: railway inspection tests from 1887 to 1889, a year as assistant to the second vice president, nine years as superintendent of freight terminals at Chicago, two years as superintendent of motive power, and four years as general manager, ending in 1905. The same biography says that he then served for a short period as consulting engineer for the [[United States War Department]] and the [[Philippine Commission]].[^5] The railroad trade press of April 1905 records that he became superintendent of motive power in 1899 and in 1901 vice president and general manager of the lines east of the Missouri River, a position he resigned in the latter part of 1904, and the Roosevelt Library finding aid gives his service as general manager as 1901 through 1904.[^6][^1]
In its 1912 report on the foundation named for [[Charles Elliott Perkins]], a member of the [[Perkins family]], the [[Harvard Commission on Western History]] wrote: "Both Elliott and Delano were trained under Mr. Perkins, in whose memory the Foundation is named." The same report describes Delano, class of 1885, as president of the [[Wabash Railroad]].[^7]
### The Wabash and the Monon
In April 1905 Delano was elected president of the [[Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal Railway]] and vice president in charge of all Wabash properties, with [[Henry Miller]] as general manager. The wire reports of the election described the appointment as part of the reorganization of the roads of [[George J. Gould]].[^6][^8] On October 5, 1905 the directors of the Wabash removed the president, [[Joseph Ramsey Jr.]], "on the ground that he had made an attack upon the railroad," and elected Delano in his place. The directors present besides Ramsey were Gould, [[Edgar T. Welles]], Thomas H. Hubbard, John T. Terry, Winslow S. Pierce and E. T. Jeffery, and Delano was also present. Ramsey sought an injunction on the ground that the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]] was a competing parallel line with the Wabash, and the account of the meeting calls [[Russell Sage]] "for years a friend and ally of Jay Gould." Delano had succeeded Ramsey several months earlier as president of the [[Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway]] and of the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal.[^9]
The Wabash directors re-elected him in October 1908, and the minutes of a court record of 1907 identify him as "president of the said defendant The Wabash Railroad Company."[^10][^11][^12]
In December 1911 the Wabash was forced into receivership, and Delano was appointed one of its receivers.[^5] The receivers were Delano, [[Edward B. Pryor]] and [[William K. Bixby]], under Judge [[Elmer B. Adams]] of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. The annual reports for 1912 and 1913 list the receivers and the directors, who included Gould, Robert Goelet, H. Rogers Winthrop, Pierce and Jeffery.[^13] When Delano left the receivership, the judge's letter, as published in December 1913, called him an "honest, faithful and efficient public servant," and the published notice added: "No successor will be appointed, Bixby and Pryor continuing to administer the receivership."[^14]
On December 27, 1913 the trade press reported his election as president of the [[Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway]], "known as the Monon," in succession to [[Fairfax Harrison]], who had become president of the [[Southern Railway]].[^14] The Roosevelt Library finding aid dates his Monon presidency to January 1911 and his resignation to August 10, 1914, on his appointment to the Federal Reserve Board.[^1] The 1914 biography calls him "now president" of the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville road when he was nominated to the Board.[^5] A January 1919 article described him as "formerly president of the Wabash and later of the Monon."[^15]
### The Federal Reserve Board
President [[Woodrow Wilson]] nominated Delano in August 1914 "to take the place of [[Thomas D. Jones]], the Chicago banker whose name was withdrawn as a candidate for the Federal Reserve Board."[^5] He took office as vice governor on August 10, 1914, one of the five members appointed by Wilson to the first Board, and served as vice governor until August 9, 1916. He remained a member until July 21, 1918.[^16]
The Board's January 1916 bulletin lists "FREDERIC A. DELANO, Vice Governor," with [[Charles S. Hamlin]] as governor.[^17] The minutes of March 6, 1916 record "Present: Mr. Hamlin, Governor; Mr. Delano, Vice Governor; Mr. Miller; Mr. Harding; Mr. Warburg; Mr. Williams," and the Board's report for 1916 carries the signatures of [[William P. G. Harding]] as governor, [[Paul M. Warburg]] as vice governor and Delano as a member.[^18]
In late June 1918 Delano asked the President to release him from the Board so that he could serve with the American forces in France as an officer of the [[United States Army Engineer Corps]] engaged in the construction and operation of military railways. The Board's minutes, reproduced in the July 1, 1918 bulletin, read: "The Board has heard with extreme regret of the proposed resignation of Mr. F. A. Delano." The entry continues: "Mr. Delano has served two years as vice governor of the Board and for nearly two years additional as member." The bulletin notes that his retirement "constitutes the first change" in the membership since the Board was organized.[^19]
After the war Delano returned to Federal Reserve service as a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]] from 1921, and he chaired the Richmond bank's board from March to December 1936.[^16]
### The Army Transportation Corps in France
The [[Federal Reserve History]] profile states that Delano served as a major in the Army Engineer Corps at Tours. It records that in October 1918 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the [[Transportation Corps]] and appointed deputy director general of transportation for the [[American Expeditionary Forces]], that he became a colonel of the Transportation Corps in May 1919, and that he was discharged on October 25, 1919. In January 1920, the profile states, he was "appointed command colonel engineer for the Reserve Corps."[^16]
The class notes of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin list "Frederic A. Delano, '85, Chicago, Ill. Major, Eng." among the Harvard men in service in 1918, and record in 1919 that he "is a lieutenant colonel and deputy director general of transportation, stationed at Paris."[^20] The [[Railway Age]] of January 3, 1919 identifies "Lieut.-Col. Frederic A. Delano, Deputy Director General of Transportation" as the author of a special report on the French chef-de-gare system, and it places him in Paris: "is located in Paris, and handles relations with the higher officers of the French railways." The same issue's list of principal officers names [[William Wallace Atterbury]] as Director General of Transportation and [[William J. Wilgus]] as deputy director general, with Delano among the other officers listed.[^15] In a paper he wrote for the Coast Artillery Journal in 1923 under the byline "Colonel Frederic A. Delano, late Transportation Corps, A.E.F.," the editor described him as having served "as Deputy Director General of Transportation, being the American representative in the French Ministry of Public Works."[^21]
The Federal Reserve History profile records that he received the [[Legion of Honor]] from France in 1919, the [[Distinguished Service Medal]] of the United States in 1921, and the [[Order of Sheng Li]] from the Chinese government in 1948.[^16]
### Oklahoma v. Texas and the Red River lands
The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] named Delano receiver of the disputed Red River lands in [[Oklahoma v. Texas]] in April 1920. He served until the Court's final decree on June 1, 1925.[^1] The Court's decree of 1924 provides for property to be released "from the existing receivership."[^22] His papers include the receivership's Supreme Court documents, a three-volume "History of the Receivership," two albums of photographs of the oil lands, and the receiver's reports of January and April 1925.[^1]
### The League of Nations commission on opium in Persia
The historian [[Arnold H. Taylor]] writes that [[Elizabeth Washburn Wright]], after approaching some seven or eight persons, including [[Owen D. Young]] and [[Norman Davis]], secured Delano to head the commission. Taylor also writes that before the League decided to send the commission, Wright had obtained a pledge from the [[Bureau of Social Hygiene]] that it would underwrite the project financially, and that when the Sixth Assembly reduced the proposed appropriation from 200,000 to 100,000 francs, Wright and Helen H. Moorhead persuaded the foundation to supply the additional 100,000 francs.[^23] Taylor writes that the [[State Department]], although it approved the project, "refrained from associating in any manner with the commission," refused formal assurances, and limited its support to informal assistance to the American finally chosen to head it, so that the work of influencing the composition of the commission fell to private citizens. The Department's files on the matter include a memorandum by [[Allen Dulles]] of a conversation with Delano on December 22, 1925.[^23]
The commission is listed in a 1928 study published by the Bureau of Social Hygiene as "composed of Mr. Frederic A. Delano (United States of America), a former member of the Federal Reserve Board, Chairman," with [[Fridiano Cavara]] of Italy and [[Victor Cayla]] of France.[^24] Taylor names Delano's staff as [[J. B. Knight]], an agricultural expert, and [[Archibald MacLeish]] as private secretary. The Roosevelt Library's finding aid describes MacLeish as "his personal private secretary," and it holds the diaries that Delano and MacLeish kept on the [[Persia|Persian]] journey, letters from Delano to his wife written from [[Geneva]], and two drafts of the report to the Council, the "Delano Draft" and the "MacLeish Draft."[^23][^1]
The [[Foreign Policy Association]]'s Opium Research Committee published a 1928 study by [[Elizabeth P. MacCallum]], which gives the commission's departure from Geneva as March 11, 1926 and its return to [[Marseilles]] on June 16, after seventy-five days in Persia, and describes the party as the three commissioners "accompanied by an American agricultural expert, a general secretary, private secretary and stenographer."[^25] Taylor gives the commission's travel through Persia as March 24 to June 6, 1926.[^23]
The report to the Council, document C.580.M.219.1926.XI, is dated December 1926.[^26][^27] It states that the Commission "has arrived at the conclusion that, while difficult of accomplishment, it is possible and practically feasible, and to the economic interest of Persia, to adopt a programme for the gradual diminution of the cultivation of the opium poppy." The report cites a letter from the Persian Prime Minister to the President of the Commission dated June 1, 1926, which states: "Nevertheless, the Persian Government will take immediate measures to reduce the production of opium to medicinal requirements and will prosecute these measures as rapidly as circumstances permit." On the cash yield, the report states that "the cash yield per unit from the production of poppy to the cultivator is about four times the yield from the growing of wheat."[^27]
The Commission's conclusions place the remedy in transport, water, fuel and tariffs. They state that Persia "is suffering seriously from wretchedly inadequate means of internal communication," that roads for wheeled vehicles were needed, and that there was "an argument, supported not solely on economic grounds, but also by strong political and military reasons, for building a railroad from the capital to a port on the Persian Gulf." They also state that a revival of the dying industries "can only be brought about by a protective tariff." On the use of opium, which the Persian Government considered "a serious menace," the Commission "came to the conclusion that it was even a more serious menace than was usually appreciated; that it was slowly but surely destroying the man-power of the country; that it was impossible to produce opium for export and not have it also consumed in considerable quantities at home."[^28]
Delano's own summary of the findings, in an extract from a letter to the Secretary-General of the League signed by him, runs to fourteen numbered findings. They include that "the Persian people as a whole are poor," that "Land titles in the same way are indefinite and insecure," and that opium poppy "is an ideal crop from several points of view," with a money yield per acre "say, four times that of wheat and barley."[^28][^29] The letter, as printed in the [[United States Daily]] of July 6, 1927, sets out the commission's recommendation: Persia was to be given three years to improve its internal economic condition and build up its revenues, and production was then to be reduced by 10 per cent annually.[^30] The report's numbered suggestions on taxation, licensing and marking of opium pieces are reproduced in MacCallum's study.[^29]
Taylor records that the commission did not recommend a loan to Persia, and that Delano and [[Arthur C. Millspaugh]] both agreed the proposal for a loan had been unwise.[^31] The Persian Government expressed willingness to enter upon a plan of reduction after a three-year preparatory period, but stipulated that the annual ten per cent reductions should be a three-year experiment only, at the end of which it would reconsider its economic position and observe the degree to which other producing countries had curtailed production. Because the Commission had not stated the time or the cost of substitution, it maintained that it could not ask the Mejliss to endorse an unqualified program of reduction.[^32] Colonel D. W. MacCormack presented the Persian observations to the Council in March 1927 and to the Fifth Committee of the Assembly in September 1927, after Delano had addressed the Committee for the Commission. The Assembly's resolution took note of "the letter from the Chairman of the Commission of Enquiry to the Secretary-General dated April 23rd, 1927," and expressed "its sincere thanks to the members of the Commission for their valuable work."[^33][^31]
The columnist [[Westbrook Pegler]] wrote in December 1945 that Warren Delano was "the old Canton opium smuggler, who founded the Delano fortune in this trade," and described Frederic as "a brother of the late Sara Delano Roosevelt." Pegler added: "Ironically, Uncle Frederic's biography reveals that he served for a time as chairman 'of the international commission of the League of Nations on inquiry into the production of opium in Persia.'"[^34]
### The Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs
On May 10, 1922 the trustees of the [[Russell Sage Foundation]] named a committee on a plan of New York and its environs, with [[Charles Dyer Norton]] as chairman and [[Robert W. de Forest]], Delano, [[John M. Glenn]], [[Dwight W. Morrow]] and [[Frank L. Polk]] as members.[^35] The foundation's history records that after Norton died in March 1923, Delano succeeded him as chairman. The history describes Norton and Delano as "one of the initiators of the Chicago City Plan."[^36] Before the First World War, the 1953 obituary in [[Planning magazine]] says, he had been a member of the citizens' group in Chicago that sponsored the pioneer plan for that city.[^37] The committee of 1925 consisted of Delano, de Forest, Polk, Glenn, [[Frederic B. Pratt]], Morrow and [[Lawson Purdy]], with [[Thomas Adams]] as general director of plans and surveys.[^38]
The first volume, *The Graphic Regional Plan* (1929), lists the committee under "Frederic A. Delano, Chairman," adds [[John H. Finley]], [[Henry James]] and [[George McAneny]], and is signed by Delano. It is dedicated to Norton.[^39] The plan was presented to the public on May 27, 1929. Delano said in presenting it that the quantity and variety of detail the survey required were "almost terrifying."[^36] The population of the 436 cities, villages and towns of the region was then some 10,000,000.[^40] A British architectural journal described him in August 1929 as "a former railway president and member of the Federal Reserve Board."[^41] The [[President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership]] printed Delano's name as chairman of its committee on city planning and zoning.[^42]
### The National Capital Park and Planning Commission
The Roosevelt Library's finding aid states that President [[Calvin Coolidge]] appointed Delano president of the [[National Capital Park and Planning Commission]] in 1927.[^1] The 1953 Planning magazine obituary dates his chairmanship of the commission from 1924 to 1942.[^37] The Federal Reserve History profile lists him as chairman emeritus of the [[American Planning and Civic Association]].[^16]
### The National Planning Board and the National Resources Planning Board
In July 1933 [[Harold L. Ickes]], as Public Works Administrator, announced a planning board to study the social and economic effects of public works. The board consisted of Delano, [[Wesley C. Mitchell]] of [[Columbia University]], [[Charles E. Merriam]] of the [[University of Chicago]], and [[Charles Eliot]] 3rd as executive secretary.[^43] The [[National Archives]] describes the sequence that followed. The National Planning Board was established within the [[Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works]] on July 20, 1933. It was superseded by the [[National Resources Board]] under Executive Order 6777 on June 30, 1934, and that board was replaced by the [[National Resources Committee]] under Executive Order 7065 on June 7, 1935. The National Resources Planning Board was established by Reorganization Plan No. I of 1939, effective July 1, 1939. The record group includes a series titled "Records of Chairman Frederic A. Delano," and the National Archives states that he served on the Board and its predecessors from July 1933 to August 1943, as chairman of the National Planning Board in 1933 and 1934 and of the National Resources Planning Board from 1939.[^44] In 1937 the proceedings of the National Planning Conference list him as "Vice-Chairman, National Resources Committee."[^45]
The finding aid says that Roosevelt named him in 1933 as chairman for ten years.[^1] The obituary says that Delano "was appointed Chairman of the National Planning Board in 1934 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his nephew."[^37] When his term on the Russell Sage Foundation board expired in November 1939 he declined re-election, because his duties on the planning board in [[Washington, D.C.]] had grown heavy.[^36] The April 2, 1943 issue of [[United States News]] profiled him at the age of 79 and referred to the recently announced "cradle-to-grave" plan.[^46]
That plan, the Board's 1943 report on social security and work, was taken up in Congress within weeks. In the House, Representative [[Noah M. Mason]] of Illinois, who had credited the plan to [[Eveline M. Burns]] of the Board's staff, said that behind her was "a whole group that is working for the same cause," and when Representative [[August H. Andresen]] asked whether Delano subscribed to it, Mason answered that "Mr. Delano's whole life history proves that he does not believe in any socialistic philosophy. He has had a remarkable career as a practical man at the head of a railroad."[^47] In the Senate on May 27, 1943, Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] rose "to oppose the proposed increase in the appropriation for the National Resources Planning Board offered by the Senator from Tennessee, and also to oppose the committee amendment which would appropriate $200,000 for the National Resources Planning Board, after all appropriations for that board have been eliminated by the House of Representatives." Taft placed in the Record Delano's letter to him of May 20, 1943, in which the chairman wrote that "the Board neither advocates nor believes in" continuous deficit financing.[^48] Senator [[Kenneth McKellar]], who had offered the increase, read to the Senate a letter of February 22, 1943 from the Office of the Chief of Transportation of the War Department, addressed to Delano, which expressed "the appreciation I feel for the help which the National Resources Planning Board has been able to give the Highway Division during the past year."[^49] Senator [[Charles L. McNary]] then had the clerk read Delano's letter to him of May 26, 1943, which called a book by the [[Brookings Institution]] economist [[Harold G. Moulton]] "false in detail and deliberately misleading in purpose," and Taft replied: "Mr. Delano is an estimable gentleman. I can only conclude that he simply has not read the reports written by subordinates."[^50]
Congress abolished the Board in the appropriation act of June 26, 1943. The act appropriated $50,000 "for all expenses incident to the discontinuance of the work of the Board," and provided: "Provided, That the National Resources Planning Board is abolished effective August 31, 1943, and the functions exercised by such Board shall not be transferred to any other agency." It directed that the Board's records and files be transferred to the National Archives.[^51] The obituary records that he and Charles E. Merriam served with the agency through its various changes of name until its final dissolution in 1943.[^37]
His papers include subject files on the [[Harvard University Committee on Regional Planning]], the Washington Monument and the trees of the District of Columbia.[^1]
### The Smithsonian Institution and the Carnegie Institution
He served as a citizen regent of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. His term expired on January 21, 1935, and he was reappointed "for another 6 years by Joint Resolution of Congress approved August 7, 1935."[^52] A joint resolution approved August 21, 1941 reappointed him "to succeed himself for the statutory term of 6 years." In the fiscal year 1942 the Regents' Executive Committee consisted of Delano, [[Vannevar Bush]] and [[Clarence Cannon]].[^53] The 1936 annual report records that Delano presented the Executive Committee's report on the Institution's financial statistics.[^52]
The [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]]'s year book for 1944 to 1945 lists him as secretary of the board of trustees, with [[Walter S. Gifford]] as chairman and [[Elihu Root Jr.]] as vice chairman; Bush was president of the Institution and the trustees included [[Herbert Hoover]].[^54] His papers include subject files on the Carnegie Institution, the Brookings Institution and the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]].[^1] The Federal Reserve History profile describes him as a trustee and as chairman of the Brookings Institution's board.[^16]
The 1953 obituary describes him as an overseer of Harvard University and as a trustee of the University of Chicago.[^37]
### China Defense Supplies
China Defense Supplies, Inc. was the Chinese purchasing and supply agency in the United States through which lend-lease aid for China was requisitioned. According to the Army's official history, it began presenting detailed requisitions against the approved thirty division program in May 1941.[^55] The Army's history of Chennault's [[American Volunteer Group]] states that the equipment and personnel for the group were bought and hired through a commercial company, the Chinese Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO), run by [[William D. Pawley]], and that "the board of directors of China Defense Supplies, Inc., a subsidiary of CAMCO based in the United States, included both Franklin Delano, the President's uncle, and Washington lawyer Thomas Corcoran, a close friend and special advisor to President Roosevelt."[^56] The official history of the China theater adds that in the dispute over equipping the group's P-40 fighters, China Defense Supplies argued "that if the British could not equip the aircraft the War Department had to."[^55]
Accounts differ on the capacity in which Delano appeared. The journalist [[Sterling Seagrave]] wrote that "One of the directors of China Defense Supplies was Frederic Delano, the President's uncle." The historian [[Daniel Ford]] wrote that [[T. V. Soong]] was chairman of the company and that Roosevelt's "elderly uncle, Frederic Delano, signed on as 'honorary counselor.'" [[John Pomfret]] wrote that Roosevelt's uncle, "the Hong Kong-born Frederic Delano," was made honorary chairman.[^57][^58][^59] Delano's papers at the Roosevelt Library include a subject file on China Defense Supplies, alongside files on the Samuel Russell Company and the Vinton Colliery Company.[^1]
A history of the Lafayette Escadrille, the RAF Eagle squadrons and the Flying Tigers published by Air University lists the roster of China Defense Supplies as including "FDR's cousin Frederick T. Delano, head," together with the congressional liaison [[William Brennan]], the lawyer and marine officer Quinn Shaughnessy, the general counsel [[William Youngman]] and [[Whiting Willauer]]. The Frederick T. Delano of that roster is not otherwise identified, and the account does not say whether he is the same man as Frederic Adrian Delano.[^60]
### Business interests
After the war he was chairman of the board of the [[Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad]] in Chicago and a director of the [[Union Mining Company]] of [[Maryland]].[^16] The Federal Reserve History profile says that he patented a one-way window glass in 1933.[^16] His papers include subject files on the Samuel Russell Company, the [[Vinton Colliery Company]], the [[Investors' Equity Company]], the [[Mineral Exploration Company]], the [[New Boston Land Company]], the [[Stable Money Association]] and the [[National Council for Prevention of War]].[^1]
Pegler's column of December 5, 1945 named a coal mine and company town called Vintondale in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, among the properties and sources of income of the Delano family, and wrote that "Frederic Delano, of Washington, an uncle of the late president, and numerous other Delanos, still have financial interests in the properties." The column quotes a statement defending commissions paid to a sales company, which said: "It is only by reason of advances made by the Delano coal company that the Vinton colliery has been able to operate at all." It also quotes a Pittsburgh newspaper story of March 19, 1940 reporting that miners "woke up this morning to find Vinton Collieries Corp., had shut down the mines."[^34]
### Papers and death
Delano died in Washington on March 28, 1953, at the age of 89.[^37] His papers at the Roosevelt Library occupy 12 linear feet and cover 1812 to 1959. They include speeches and writings from 1887 onward, arranged chronologically, and a scrapbook relating to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Correspondence between Delano and the Roosevelts is held in the papers of [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and Franklin D. Roosevelt.[^1] The papers he kept while in the Army are at the [[Library of Congress]].[^16]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, biographical note, series I to VI and subject file list. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^2]: Harvard College, Class of 1885, Secretary's Report, class list (Natural History). https://archive.org/details/n1secretarysre1885harvuoft
[^3]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), the entry for Frederick Adrian Delano (marriage at Chicago, November 22, 1888; children Catherine, Louise and Laura) and the Warren Delano 3d entry (son Lyman). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^4]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series VI, family papers (correspondence of Sara Delano, 1863 to 1877; condolences on the death of Laura F. Delano, 1884). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^5]: *Engineering Record*, August 8, 1914, vol. 70, no. 6, "Frederic A. Delano Nominated for Federal Reserve Board" (career; presidency of the Wabash from October 5, 1905; December 1911 receivership; nomination to succeed Thomas D. Jones). https://archive.org/details/engineering-record_1914-08-08_70_6_0
[^6]: *Railroad Gazette*, April 28, 1905, the appointment of F. A. Delano to the vice presidency of the Wabash and the account of his career (born at Hong Kong September 10, 1863; Harvard 1885; apprentice machinist; superintendent of motive power 1899; vice president 1901). https://archive.org/details/sim_railway-age_1905-04-28_38_17
[^7]: Harvard Commission on Western History, *Charles Elliott Perkins Foundation* (1912), passage on Elliott and Delano. https://archive.org/details/harvardcommissi00histgoog
[^8]: *Oakland Tribune*, April 24, 1905, wire report of the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal election as part of the reorganization of the roads of George J. Gould.
[^9]: *Chicago Daily Tribune*, October 6, 1905, p. 1, the removal of Joseph Ramsey Jr. "on the ground that he had made an attack upon the railroad," the directors present, the injunction proceedings, the succession at the Wheeling and Lake Erie, and the reference to Russell Sage as "for years a friend and ally of Jay Gould." https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1905-10-06_64_239
[^10]: *Engineering News*, November 2, 1905, the election of Delano as president of the Wabash. https://archive.org/details/sim_enr_1905-11-02_54_18_0
[^11]: *Fort Wayne Sentinel*, October 13, 1908, the re-election of Delano as president of the Wabash. https://archive.org/details/fort-wayne-sentinel-1908-10-13
[^12]: *In re Pollitz* (1907), record: "The defendant Frederic A. Delano is president of the said defendant The Wabash Railroad Company."
[^13]: Wabash Railroad Company, *Annual Reports* for the fiscal years 1909, 1911, 1912 and 1913, lists of directors, officers and receivers. https://archive.org/details/annualreportdir04railgoog
[^14]: *Traffic World*, December 27, 1913, vol. 12, no. 26, the receivership, the election as president of the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway to succeed Fairfax Harrison, and Judge Adams's letter. https://archive.org/details/sim_traffic-world_1913-12-27_12_26
[^15]: *Railway Age*, January 3, 1919, vol. 66, no. 1, special report on the French chef-de-gare system by Lieut.-Col. Frederic A. Delano, the principal officers of the Transportation Corps in France, and the description of Delano's post in Paris. https://archive.org/details/sim_railway-age_1919-01-03_66_1
[^16]: Federal Reserve History (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System), "Frederic A. Delano," biographical profile (vice governor 1914 to 1916, member to 1918, Army service and discharge, Reserve Corps appointment of January 1920, Richmond directorship and chairmanship, Brookings, American Planning and Civic Association, Metropolitan West Side Elevated, Union Mining Company, decorations, window glass patent, Library of Congress papers). https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people/frederic_a_delano
[^17]: Federal Reserve Board, *Federal Reserve Bulletin*, January 1916, Board roster. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/1910s/frb_011916.pdf
[^18]: Federal Reserve Board, *Third Annual Report* (for 1916), signature block, and the minutes of March 6, 1916. https://archive.org/details/annualreportfed00boargoog
[^19]: Federal Reserve Board, *Federal Reserve Bulletin*, vol. 4, no. 7 (July 1, 1918), p. 587, "Resignation of the Federal Reserve Board." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/1910s/frb_071918.pdf
[^20]: *Harvard Alumni Bulletin*, 1918 to 1919 volume, class notes, Class of 1885 ("Frederic A. Delano, '85, Chicago, Ill. Major, Eng."; "Frederic A. Delano is a lieutenant colonel and deputy director general of transportation, stationed at Paris"). https://archive.org/details/harvardalumnibu00clubgoog
[^21]: *The Coast Artillery Journal*, vol. 58, no. 2 (February 1923), "Railways and Their Relations to National Defense," by Colonel Frederic A. Delano, late Transportation Corps, A.E.F., and the editor's note. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA499579
[^22]: *Oklahoma v. Texas*, 265 U.S. 493 (1924), decree on the Red River boundary, providing that property be "released from the existing receivership." https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/265/493/
[^23]: Arnold H. Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939* (Durham: Duke University Press, 1969), pp. 312-313 and notes 38 to 43 (Wright's approaches to seven or eight persons, the Bureau of Social Hygiene pledge and the additional 100,000 francs, the staff, the travel dates, the State Department memoranda of December 1925). https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac02tayl
[^24]: Edward Terry and Mabel Pellens, *The Opium Problem* (Bureau of Social Hygiene, 1928), pp. 720-721, the League's listing of the commission. https://archive.org/details/opiumproblem00terr
[^25]: Elizabeth P. MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium (1908-1928)* (Foreign Policy Association, Opium Research Committee, March 1928), p. 29 (membership, departure from Geneva on March 11, 1926, return to Marseilles on June 16, seventy-five days in Persia). https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^26]: League of Nations, Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia, *Report to the Council*, C.580.M.219.1926.XI (Geneva, 1926), as cited in Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic*, p. 313, note 43, and in MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, pp. 29-30.
[^27]: MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, Annex III, pp. 44-45, extract from the Report of the League Commission of Enquiry into the Production of Opium in Persia, December 1926, "Conclusions and Recommendations," and the letter of the Persian Prime Minister to the President of the Commission dated June 1, 1926. https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^28]: MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, Annex II, pp. 40-43, "Chairman's Personal Summary of Findings of League Commission of Enquiry," extract from a letter to the Secretary-General signed by Frederic A. Delano. https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^29]: MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, pp. 29-31, quoting the Commission's *Report*, p. 41 (the three-year preparatory period, annual reductions of ten per cent, and the numbered suggestions on taxation, licensing and marking of opium). https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^30]: *The United States Daily*, July 6, 1927, vol. 2, no. 105, the letter of Frederic A. Delano to the League of Nations on the Persian commission's findings (three years of preparation; annual reduction of 10 per cent). https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-daily_1927-07-06_2_105
[^31]: Arnold H. Taylor, *American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939* (Durham: Duke University Press, 1969), pp. 313-314 and notes 44 to 47 (substance of the report; no loan recommendation; Persian reservations; Colonel MacCormack before the Council in March 1927 and the Fifth Committee in September). https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac02tayl
[^32]: MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, pp. 31-32 (the Persian Government's reservations, the three-year experiment, the import certificate proposal and the monopoly bill). https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^33]: MacCallum, *Twenty Years of Persian Opium*, pp. 33-34 (Delano's address to the Fifth Committee of the Assembly in September 1927; the Assembly resolution thanking the members of the Commission). https://archive.org/details/20yearsofpersian00macc
[^34]: Westbrook Pegler, column distributed by King Features Syndicate, *Hope Star* (Hope, Arkansas), December 5, 1945. https://archive.org/details/hope-star-1945-12-05
[^35]: Russell Sage Foundation, *Plan of New York and Its Environs*, the meeting of May 10, 1922, committee roster. https://archive.org/details/planofnewyorkits00russ
[^36]: John M. Glenn, Lilian Brandt and F. Emerson Andrews, *Russell Sage Foundation, 1907-1946*, vol. 2 (1947), the 1922 regional plan committee, Norton's death in March 1923 and Delano's succession, the 1929 presentation, and the November 1939 decision not to serve longer. https://archive.org/details/russellsagefound02john
[^37]: *Planning*, May 1953 (American Society of Planning Officials), vol. 19, no. 5, obituary of Frederic A. Delano (died March 28, aged 89; chairman of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission 1924 to 1942; "was appointed Chairman of the National Planning Board in 1934 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his nephew"; "various changes of names until its final dissolution in 1943"; overseer of Harvard University; trustee of the University of Chicago). https://archive.org/details/sim_planning_1953-05_19_5
[^38]: Edward M. Bassett, *Zoning Practice in the New York Region* (Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, 1925), committee roster. https://archive.org/details/zoningpracticein00bass_0
[^39]: Committee on the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, *The Graphic Regional Plan* (1929), roster and letter of presentation, pp. [9]-[11]. https://archive.org/details/graphicregionalp0000unse
[^40]: *Engineering News-Record*, June 6, 1929, vol. 102, no. 23, account of the presentation of the Regional Plan on the evening of May 27, 1929 (436 cities, villages and towns). https://archive.org/details/sim_enr_1929-06-06_102_23
[^41]: *Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects*, August 18, 1929, vol. 36, no. 18. https://archive.org/details/sim_riba-journal_1929-08-18_36_18
[^42]: President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, *Planning for Residential Districts* (1932), committee roster for city planning and zoning. https://archive.org/details/planningforresid00presrich
[^43]: *Railway Age*, July 29, 1933, vol. 95, no. 5, the planning board announced by Harold L. Ickes and its membership. https://archive.org/details/sim_railway-age_1933-07-29_95_5
[^44]: National Archives, *Guide to the Records of Federal Agencies*, Record Group 187, Records of the National Resources Planning Board, administrative history (187.1) and 187.3.2, "Records of Chairman Frederic A. Delano." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/187.html
[^45]: National Conference on Planning, *New Horizons in Planning* (proceedings of the National Planning Conference, 1937), listing "Frederic A. Delano, Vice-Chairman, National Resources Committee." https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsinpla00natirich
[^46]: *United States News*, April 2, 1943, special issue, profile of Delano ("At 79, Mr. Delano") and reference to the "cradle-to-grave" plan. https://archive.org/details/sim_u-s-news-weekly-special-issues_1943-04-02_14_14
[^47]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 89 (78th Congress, 1st session), House, May 1943, p. 4469, remarks of Representative Noah M. Mason of Illinois and the exchange with Representative August H. Andresen of Minnesota on the "cradle-to-grave" report. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^48]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 89, Senate, May 27, 1943, pp. 4923-4926, remarks of Senator Robert A. Taft on the appropriation for the National Resources Planning Board, including Delano's letter to Taft of May 20, 1943 (p. 4924). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^49]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 89, Senate, May 27, 1943, p. 4946, remarks of Senator Kenneth McKellar and the letter of February 22, 1943 from the Office of the Chief of Transportation, Services of Supply, War Department, to Frederic A. Delano. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^50]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 89, Senate, May 27, 1943, p. 4954, Senator Charles L. McNary reading Delano's letter of May 26, 1943, and Senator Taft's reply. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89
[^51]: Act of June 26, 1943, ch. 145, 57 Stat. 169, 170, "Making appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1944" (National Resources Planning Board paragraph). https://archive.org/details/us-stat
[^52]: Smithsonian Institution, *Annual Report of the Board of Regents* for the fiscal year 1936 (reappointment by joint resolution approved August 7, 1935; report of the Executive Committee presented by Delano). https://archive.org/details/annual-report-board-of-regents-smithsonian_1936
[^53]: Smithsonian Institution, *Annual Report of the Board of Regents* for the fiscal year 1942 (reappointment by joint resolution approved August 21, 1941; Executive Committee: Delano, Bush, Cannon). https://archive.org/details/annual-report-board-of-regents-smithsonian_1942
[^54]: Carnegie Institution of Washington, *Year Book No. 44* (1944-1945), board of trustees officers (Root as vice chairman; Delano as secretary). https://archive.org/details/yearbookcarne44194445carn
[^55]: Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, *Stilwell's Mission to China* (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953), pp. 19 and 26 (China Defense Supplies as the principal Chinese purchasing and supply agency; detailed requisitions against the thirty division program from May 1941). https://archive.org/details/CMHPub9-1
[^56]: U.S. Army Center of Military History, *The Flying Tigers: Chennault's American Volunteer Group in China* (Washington: Government Printing Office), the account of CAMCO and China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/TheFlyingTigers
[^57]: Sterling Seagrave, *The Soong Dynasty* (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), the account of China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/soongdynasty0000seag_t0v1
[^58]: Daniel Ford, *Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942* (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 2007), the account of the founding of China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/flyingtigersclai0000ford
[^59]: John Pomfret, *The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom: America and China, 1776 to the Present* (New York: Henry Holt, 2016), the account of the founding of China Defense Supplies. https://archive.org/details/beautifulcountry0000pomf
[^60]: *American Angels: Forming the Lafayette Escadrille, RAF Eagles, and Flying Tigers* (Air University, 2000), the account of China Defense Supplies, note 49. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA384931

551
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George H.W. Bush.md
View file

@ -27,40 +27,40 @@ relations:
with: "[[Gerald R. Ford]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence"
start: 1976-01-30
fn: 37
fn: 38
- type: director_of
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence"
start: 1976-01-30
end: 1977-01-20
fn: 37
fn: 38
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Ronald Reagan]]"
role: "Vice President"
start: 1981-01-20
end: 1989-01-20
fn: 119
fn: 120
- type: head_of
with: "[[United States]]"
role: "President of the United States"
start: 1989-01-20
end: 1993-01-20
fn: 119
fn: 120
- type: subject_of
with: "[[October Surprise]]"
start: 1993-01-03
fn: 104
fn: 105
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
fn: 4
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[The Carlyle Group]]"
role: "Senior adviser on Asia"
fn: 158
fn: 159
- type: participant_in
with: "[[South Florida Drug Task Force]]"
start: 1982-01-28
fn: 28
fn: 29
---
George H.W. Bush served as the Vice President under President [[Ronald Reagan]] and later as the 41st President of the United States. He was present at a meeting of Reagan's high command following the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor at [[Osirak bombing]] in June 1981, where he agreed that some sanctions against [[Israel]] were essential.[^1] The same history of Israel's nuclear program includes the Vela incident of September 1979, the double flash recorded by an American Vela satellite over the South Atlantic.[^1]
@ -71,430 +71,433 @@ Bush directed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from January 1976 to January 1
Bush was the son of [[Prescott Bush]], an investment banker who represented Connecticut in the [[United States Senate]] from 1952 until 1963.[^2] He graduated from [[Phillips Academy]] on his eighteenth birthday in 1942 and enlisted in the [[United States Navy]] the same day. He became a naval pilot in July 1943, flew torpedo bombers in the Pacific, and was shot down on September 2, 1944 on a mission against a radio site; a submarine rescued him and he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married [[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]] on January 6, 1945, and after his discharge in September 1945 enrolled at [[Yale University]], where he completed an economics degree on an accelerated program by 1948, captained the baseball team, and joined the Skull and Bones society.[^2] The couple's children were [[George W. Bush|George Walker]] (born July 6, 1946, the eldest son and later the 43rd President), Robin (1949 to 1953), John Ellis ([[Jeb Bush]]), [[Neil Bush]], Marvin and Dorothy.[^2][^3]
The George H. W. Bush Presidential Library's response to a 2009 request for records on the [[Skull and Bones]] Society, filed as FOIA 2009-0116-F, describes the society as one "of which George H. W. Bush and his father Prescott Bush were both members."[^4] The same response describes a rumor about the skull of the Apache leader [[Geronimo]] and the society, and does not endorse it.[^4] The file contains correspondence from President Bush to [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] and [[Thomas W. Ludlow Ashley]] about a Buckley article in [[National Review]] answering [[Pat Buchanan]]'s characterization of Bush's foreign policy as "Skull and Bones foreign policy" during the 1992 campaign, and administrative forms for a Skull and Bones tea held at the White House on October 20, 1989.[^4]
A 1988 profile of Bush, "The Ultimate Loyalist," describes [[William Sloane Coffin]] as an Andover classmate of Bush's and a fellow member of Skull and Bones at Yale, and says the two "took separate paths afterward." The profile adds that Coffin was then the head of [[SANE/FREEZE]], an antinuclear organization, and recounts a squash game the two played when Bush visited Yale during Coffin's chaplaincy.[^4]
The membership index that [[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduces lists Bush under the class of 1948, and the 1971 membership catalogue entry for him gives his service as a United States congressman from 1966 to 1970.[^5] The Yale class history of 1917 states of Prescott Sheldon Bush: "He belongs to the Whiffenpoofs, Psi Upsilon, and Skull and Bones."[^6] In 2017 a pro se complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (*Madrigal v. Russell Trust Association*) named Bush, with the Russell Trust Association, Willard Mitt Romney and Yale University, as defendants; it alleged that the society holds the skull of [[Pancho Villa]]. The court dismissed it for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the plaintiff and Bush were both Texas residents and no federal question was presented, entered final judgment on December 18, 2017, and the Fifth Circuit dismissed the appeal on February 28, 2018.[^7]
The George H. W. Bush Presidential Library's response to a 2009 request for records on the [[Skull and Bones]] Society, filed as FOIA 2009-0116-F, describes the society as one "of which George H. W. Bush and his father Prescott Bush were both members."[^5] The same response describes a rumor about the skull of the Apache leader [[Geronimo]] and the society, and does not endorse it.[^5] The file contains correspondence from President Bush to [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] and [[Thomas W. Ludlow Ashley]] about a Buckley article in [[National Review]] answering [[Pat Buchanan]]'s characterization of Bush's foreign policy as "Skull and Bones foreign policy" during the 1992 campaign, and administrative forms for a Skull and Bones tea held at the White House on October 20, 1989.[^5]
The Yale Alumni Magazine reported in 2006 that the centennial history of the society by F. O. Matthiessen names Prescott Bush, [[Ellery Sedgwick James|Ellery James]] and [[Neil Mallon]], all of the class of 1917 and at [[Fort Sill]] in early 1918, among the members who unearthed a skull there, and that Jonathan Bush met Ned Anderson of the San Carlos Apache Tribe about it.[^8] On May 9, 2006 the Associated Press reported a 1918 letter, found by the researcher [[Marc Wortman]], that one society member wrote to another. The letter describes the skull and remains as taken from the grave at Fort Sill to a stone tomb in New Haven. The report names the writer as [[Winter Mead]] and states that Mead was not at Fort Sill. According to the report, Skull and Bones legend places Prescott Bush among the members who dug up the grave while Army volunteers from Yale were stationed at the fort during World War I. Wortman said that he was skeptical that the remains were Geronimo's.[^9]
The membership index that [[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduces lists Bush under the class of 1948, and the 1971 membership catalogue entry for him gives his service as a United States congressman from 1966 to 1970.[^6] The Yale class history of 1917 states of Prescott Sheldon Bush: "He belongs to the Whiffenpoofs, Psi Upsilon, and Skull and Bones."[^7] In 2017 a pro se complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (*Madrigal v. Russell Trust Association*) named Bush, with the Russell Trust Association, Willard Mitt Romney and Yale University, as defendants; it alleged that the society holds the skull of [[Pancho Villa]]. The court dismissed it for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the plaintiff and Bush were both Texas residents and no federal question was presented, entered final judgment on December 18, 2017, and the Fifth Circuit dismissed the appeal on February 28, 2018.[^8]
On October 20, 1942 at Washington, the [[Alien Property Custodian]], Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order No. 248, which vested the capital stock of the [[Union Banking Corporation]], a New York corporation, in the Custodian. The order was published in the [[Federal Register]] on November 7, 1942. It lists 4,000 shares. [[E. Roland Harriman]] held 3,991 of them and Prescott S. Bush held one. The order states that all of the shares were held for the benefit of [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]], N.V., of Rotterdam, "which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary."[^10]
The Yale Alumni Magazine reported in 2006 that the centennial history of the society by F. O. Matthiessen names Prescott Bush, [[Ellery Sedgwick James|Ellery James]] and [[Neil Mallon]], all of the class of 1917 and at [[Fort Sill]] in early 1918, among the members who unearthed a skull there, and that Jonathan Bush met Ned Anderson of the San Carlos Apache Tribe about it.[^9] On May 9, 2006 the Associated Press reported a 1918 letter, found by the researcher [[Marc Wortman]], that one society member wrote to another. The letter describes the skull and remains as taken from the grave at Fort Sill to a stone tomb in New Haven. The report names the writer as [[Winter Mead]] and states that Mead was not at Fort Sill. According to the report, Skull and Bones legend places Prescott Bush among the members who dug up the grave while Army volunteers from Yale were stationed at the fort during World War I. Wortman said that he was skeptical that the remains were Geronimo's.[^10]
On October 20, 1942 at Washington, the [[Alien Property Custodian]], Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order No. 248, which vested the capital stock of the [[Union Banking Corporation]], a New York corporation, in the Custodian. The order was published in the [[Federal Register]] on November 7, 1942. It lists 4,000 shares. [[E. Roland Harriman]] held 3,991 of them and Prescott S. Bush held one. The order states that all of the shares were held for the benefit of [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]], N.V., of Rotterdam, "which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary."[^11]
### Zapata Petroleum and Zapata Off-Shore
Bush moved to Odessa, Texas in 1948, worked for Dresser Industries from 1950, and that year formed an oil development company in Midland that merged with another company three years later to create [[Zapata Petroleum]]. In 1954 he became president of the subsidiary Zapata Off-Shore Company and moved the company and his family to Houston.[^2] WhoWhatWhy reports that Zapata Petroleum began in 1953 "through joint efforts with Thomas J. Devine, a CIA staffer who had resigned his agency position that same year." The article quotes a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975 that describes Devine as an "oil wild-catting associate of Mr. Bush."[^11] The same article quotes a 1968 memorandum that places Devine back in agency work under commercial cover from 1963.[^12] WhoWhatWhy also reports that the CIA documents were released in 1998 from a batch of records provided to the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]].[^12]
Bush moved to Odessa, Texas in 1948, worked for Dresser Industries from 1950, and that year formed an oil development company in Midland that merged with another company three years later to create [[Zapata Petroleum]]. In 1954 he became president of the subsidiary Zapata Off-Shore Company and moved the company and his family to Houston.[^2] WhoWhatWhy reports that Zapata Petroleum began in 1953 "through joint efforts with Thomas J. Devine, a CIA staffer who had resigned his agency position that same year." The article quotes a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975 that describes Devine as an "oil wild-catting associate of Mr. Bush."[^12] The same article quotes a 1968 memorandum that places Devine back in agency work under commercial cover from 1963.[^13] WhoWhatWhy also reports that the CIA documents were released in 1998 from a batch of records provided to the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]].[^13]
The CIA biographical sheet lists Bush as an oil field supply salesman for Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas, from 1948 to 1951, and records the formation of Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., in 1951.[^13] The Miller Center biography dates his arrival in Midland to 1950, after an equipment-clerk job for an oil company in Odessa in 1948, and places the formation of the oil development company in 1950.[^2]
The CIA biographical sheet lists Bush as an oil field supply salesman for Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas, from 1948 to 1951, and records the formation of Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., in 1951.[^14] The Miller Center biography dates his arrival in Midland to 1950, after an equipment-clerk job for an oil company in Odessa in 1948, and places the formation of the oil development company in 1950.[^2]
Two 1988 accounts tie the Dresser job to Neil Mallon, head of Dresser Industries. [[Bob Woodward]] and [[Walter Pincus]] reported that Mallon gave Bush his first job out of Yale.[^14] [[Randall Rothenberg]] reported that Bucky Bush described Mallon as a family friend who "could charm the fangs off a snake," and who offered George a bottom-of-the-ladder job at Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas.[^15] [[Anthony L. Kimery]] wrote that Bush began his career as a salesman for IDECO, a Dresser subsidiary.[^16]
Two 1988 accounts tie the Dresser job to Neil Mallon, head of Dresser Industries. [[Bob Woodward]] and [[Walter Pincus]] reported that Mallon gave Bush his first job out of Yale.[^15] [[Randall Rothenberg]] reported that Bucky Bush described Mallon as a family friend who "could charm the fangs off a snake," and who offered George a bottom-of-the-ladder job at Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas.[^16] [[Anthony L. Kimery]] wrote that Bush began his career as a salesman for IDECO, a Dresser subsidiary.[^17]
In *All the Best*, Bush wrote that "I accepted the job from Neil Mallon and drove our 1947 Studebaker (a graduation gift from my parents) to Odessa, Texas," described Mallon as "Yale classmate of my Dad's" and "an intimate family friend," and wrote that the couple changed the name of their third son "from Henry to Neil" because "We wanted to name him for Neil Mallon, whose name was really Henry."[^17] In *Looking Forward* he called Mallon "a friend and a mentor second only to my father," and wrote that he became "a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits."[^18] On April 12, 1951 he wrote to "Mr. H.N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas, Texas": "Dear Neil, This will let you know that we are in business."[^17]
In *All the Best*, Bush wrote that "I accepted the job from Neil Mallon and drove our 1947 Studebaker (a graduation gift from my parents) to Odessa, Texas," described Mallon as "Yale classmate of my Dad's" and "an intimate family friend," and wrote that the couple changed the name of their third son "from Henry to Neil" because "We wanted to name him for Neil Mallon, whose name was really Henry."[^18] In *Looking Forward* he called Mallon "a friend and a mentor second only to my father," and wrote that he became "a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits."[^19] On April 12, 1951 he wrote to "Mr. H.N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas, Texas": "Dear Neil, This will let you know that we are in business."[^18]
The corporation that later carried the Zapata name filed with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] under the former conformed names Zapata Off Shore Co, dated from January 15, 1969, and Zapata Norness Inc, dated from March 14, 1972. Its fiscal 1994 annual report states that "Zapata Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized in 1954."[^19] Electronic filings on EDGAR begin on February 8, 1994, and the company's record under Central Index Key 109177 starts from that period.[^20]
The corporation that later carried the Zapata name filed with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] under the former conformed names Zapata Off Shore Co, dated from January 15, 1969, and Zapata Norness Inc, dated from March 14, 1972. Its fiscal 1994 annual report states that "Zapata Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized in 1954."[^20] Electronic filings on EDGAR begin on February 8, 1994, and the company's record under Central Index Key 109177 starts from that period.[^21]
### The 1963 Hoover Memorandum
In 1997 the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] asked the CIA about a memorandum dated November 29, 1963 that carries the name of [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. The Review Board's letter of December 18, 1997 quotes the memorandum's statement that "the substance of the foregoing information [on the assassination of President Kennedy] was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^21] The letter describes the document as "dated November 29,1963, prepared under the name of John Edgar Hoover."[^21]
In 1997 the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] asked the CIA about a memorandum dated November 29, 1963 that carries the name of [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. The Review Board's letter of December 18, 1997 quotes the memorandum's statement that "the substance of the foregoing information [on the assassination of President Kennedy] was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^22] The letter describes the document as "dated November 29,1963, prepared under the name of John Edgar Hoover."[^22]
The routing of the memorandum is recorded in two conflicting ways. A Review Board staff memorandum of January 8, 1998 describes it as concerning Hoover's conversation with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] about the assassination, and says the memorandum is located in Johnson O&C File 92.[^22] A CIA memorandum by Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, dated July 15, 1998, describes it as a memorandum from Hoover to the director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department.[^23]
The routing of the memorandum is recorded in two conflicting ways. A Review Board staff memorandum of January 8, 1998 describes it as concerning Hoover's conversation with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] about the assassination, and says the memorandum is located in Johnson O&C File 92.[^23] A CIA memorandum by Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, dated July 15, 1998, describes it as a memorandum from Hoover to the director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department.[^24]
The Review Board's letter quotes the CIA as having confirmed that "the search query included George Herbert Walker Bush prior to 1970." The letter asks the agency to determine whether George Herbert Walker Bush is the person to whom the memorandum refers.[^21] A CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to Gunn, dated February 25, 1998, states that the search "determined the Agency has no record of any association with George Herbert Walker Bush during the 1963 time period."[^24]
The Review Board's letter quotes the CIA as having confirmed that "the search query included George Herbert Walker Bush prior to 1970." The letter asks the agency to determine whether George Herbert Walker Bush is the person to whom the memorandum refers.[^22] A CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to Gunn, dated February 25, 1998, states that the search "determined the Agency has no record of any association with George Herbert Walker Bush during the 1963 time period."[^25]
The Combs memorandum records that the only other "George Bush" serving in the CIA in 1963 was a junior analyst who has repeatedly denied being the "George Bush" referenced in the memorandum. It also cites an entry in the calendar of Director [[Allen Dulles]] for October 4, 1961 that names an Army major general George Bush, with "no indication if this General Bush could be the referenced George Bush."[^23]
The Combs memorandum records that the only other "George Bush" serving in the CIA in 1963 was a junior analyst who has repeatedly denied being the "George Bush" referenced in the memorandum. It also cites an entry in the calendar of Director [[Allen Dulles]] for October 4, 1961 that names an Army major general George Bush, with "no indication if this General Bush could be the referenced George Bush."[^24]
An undated Review Board draft request bearing Gunn's name refers to an affidavit of George William Bush dated September 21, 1988.[^25]
An undated Review Board draft request bearing Gunn's name refers to an affidavit of George William Bush dated September 21, 1988.[^26]
In 1988 Stephen Hart issued a statement answering a report by [[Joseph McBride]] that appeared in The Nation on July 16, 1988. WhoWhatWhy quotes the statement as concluding: "Must be another George Bush."[^26] McBride described the response as "rather detailed for a ritual non-denial."[^26]
In 1988 Stephen Hart issued a statement answering a report by [[Joseph McBride]] that appeared in The Nation on July 16, 1988. WhoWhatWhy quotes the statement as concluding: "Must be another George Bush."[^27] McBride described the response as "rather detailed for a ritual non-denial."[^27]
The CIA's 1998 answer, the Review Board staff's account of it, the 1988 statement and the 1988 affidavit all concern the same name. The records do not establish which George Bush the memorandum means.
### The South Florida Drug Task Force and the Medellín Cartel
As Vice President, Bush oversaw anti-drug efforts as head of the South Florida Drug Task Force while the administration simultaneously protected Contra-connected drug traffickers. The contradiction between Bush's public anti-drug posture and the covert reality of the Contra supply chain became a recurring theme in the [[Dark Alliance]] narrative.[^27]
As Vice President, Bush oversaw anti-drug efforts as head of the South Florida Drug Task Force while the administration simultaneously protected Contra-connected drug traffickers. The contradiction between Bush's public anti-drug posture and the covert reality of the Contra supply chain became a recurring theme in the [[Dark Alliance]] narrative.[^28]
Reagan's statement of January 28, 1982 announced the federal anticrime task force for southern Florida: "To coordinate this effort, I am today announcing the establishment of a special task force, headed by Vice President George Bush, to analyze the problems and determine what steps we must take during the period of aggravated crime incidence."[^28] In a statement to a 1988 Senate subcommittee, Admiral [[Daniel Murphy]] said: "The President appointed Vice President Bush to direct the task force comprised of the Secretaries of State, Defense, Transportation, Treasury, Health and Human Service, and the Attorney General."[^29]
Reagan's statement of January 28, 1982 announced the federal anticrime task force for southern Florida: "To coordinate this effort, I am today announcing the establishment of a special task force, headed by Vice President George Bush, to analyze the problems and determine what steps we must take during the period of aggravated crime incidence."[^29] In a statement to a 1988 Senate subcommittee, Admiral [[Daniel Murphy]] said: "The President appointed Vice President Bush to direct the task force comprised of the Secretaries of State, Defense, Transportation, Treasury, Health and Human Service, and the Attorney General."[^30]
The [[Kerry Committee]] report, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), states: "These cables led to a 1982 meeting between Vice President Bush, Admiral Daniel Murphy and Bahamian Prime Minister [[Lynden Pindling]], at which the Norman's Cay problem was raised. The Vice President chastised the Prime Minister for what was taking place."[^30]
The [[Kerry Committee]] report, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), states: "These cables led to a 1982 meeting between Vice President Bush, Admiral Daniel Murphy and Bahamian Prime Minister [[Lynden Pindling]], at which the Norman's Cay problem was raised. The Vice President chastised the Prime Minister for what was taking place."[^31]
The [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín Cartel]] reportedly made a deal with Vice President Bush. Informant Allen Raul Rudd told federal officials that [[Pablo Escobar]] described "an agreement or relationship between Bush and the American government and members of the Medellín cartel which resulted in planes flying guns to the cartel in [[Colombia]]." Escobar claimed to have a picture of Bush posing with Medellín cartel leader [[Jorge Ochoa]] in front of suitcases full of money, held as blackmail to be released at "the appropriate time."[^27]
The [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín Cartel]] reportedly made a deal with Vice President Bush. Informant Allen Raul Rudd told federal officials that [[Pablo Escobar]] described "an agreement or relationship between Bush and the American government and members of the Medellín cartel which resulted in planes flying guns to the cartel in [[Colombia]]." Escobar claimed to have a picture of Bush posing with Medellín cartel leader [[Jorge Ochoa]] in front of suitcases full of money, held as blackmail to be released at "the appropriate time."[^28]
### Contra Connections and the War on Drugs
At the same time Reagan and Bush were publicly whipping the American public into a frenzy over street-corner crack dealers, [[Oliver North]] and other top administration officials were livid that Contra-connected drug trafficker General [[Jose Bueso Rosa]] had even been charged with a crime. North's computer messages about Bueso Rosa illustrated how skewed the Reagan administration's sense of justice had become regarding its "War on Drugs." [[Scott Weekly]], a figure connected to the CIA and the Hasenfus shootdown, claimed on tape that he reported to people who reported to Bush.[^31]
At the same time Reagan and Bush were publicly whipping the American public into a frenzy over street-corner crack dealers, [[Oliver North]] and other top administration officials were livid that Contra-connected drug trafficker General [[Jose Bueso Rosa]] had even been charged with a crime. North's computer messages about Bueso Rosa illustrated how skewed the Reagan administration's sense of justice had become regarding its "War on Drugs." [[Scott Weekly]], a figure connected to the CIA and the Hasenfus shootdown, claimed on tape that he reported to people who reported to Bush.[^32]
### Political Career Before the CIA
Bush became Republican Party chairman in Harris County, Texas, lost the 1964 Senate race to Ralph Yarborough, won the House seat for Houston's Seventh District in 1966 and was reelected in 1968. He lost the 1970 Senate race to [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. In December 1970 President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated him as ambassador to the [[United Nations]]; in 1973 Nixon moved him to the chairmanship of the [[Republican National Committee]], which he held through the Watergate period until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. President [[Gerald R. Ford]] then made him chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, and in 1975 asked him to direct the CIA. After Ford lost in 1976, Bush offered to stay as director and [[Jimmy Carter]] declined.[^2] [[James C. Oberwetter]], the spokesman for [[Hunt Oil Company]] in a 1977 episode involving the FBI, had been press secretary to Congressman Bush.[^32]
Bush became Republican Party chairman in Harris County, Texas, lost the 1964 Senate race to Ralph Yarborough, won the House seat for Houston's Seventh District in 1966 and was reelected in 1968. He lost the 1970 Senate race to [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. In December 1970 President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated him as ambassador to the [[United Nations]]; in 1973 Nixon moved him to the chairmanship of the [[Republican National Committee]], which he held through the Watergate period until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. President [[Gerald R. Ford]] then made him chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, and in 1975 asked him to direct the CIA. After Ford lost in 1976, Bush offered to stay as director and [[Jimmy Carter]] declined.[^2] [[James C. Oberwetter]], the spokesman for [[Hunt Oil Company]] in a 1977 episode involving the FBI, had been press secretary to Congressman Bush.[^33]
### Out of Office, 1977 to 1981
In January 1977, as chairman of the [[National Foreign Intelligence Board]], Bush wrote to Vice Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then vice director of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], thanking him for a year of advice to the board.[^33] [[U.S. News & World Report]] stated on April 7, 1980 that Bush was a present or former member of the [[Trilateral Commission]]; the magazine reported that he "resigned from the organization in 1978" and quoted him as saying that "to suggest that those that belong to the commission . . . are involved in a conspiracy is absurd."[^34] Bush announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination on May 1, 1979.[^2] [[William H. Draper III]] was national cochairman of the finance committee for Bush's 1980 presidential campaign, according to the White House announcement of March 18, 1981 nominating Draper to head the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]].[^35] Bush ran on the Reagan ticket and won the vice presidency in the November 1980 election.[^2]
In January 1977, as chairman of the [[National Foreign Intelligence Board]], Bush wrote to Vice Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then vice director of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], thanking him for a year of advice to the board.[^34] [[U.S. News & World Report]] stated on April 7, 1980 that Bush was a present or former member of the [[Trilateral Commission]]; the magazine reported that he "resigned from the organization in 1978" and quoted him as saying that "to suggest that those that belong to the commission . . . are involved in a conspiracy is absurd."[^35] Bush announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination on May 1, 1979.[^2] [[William H. Draper III]] was national cochairman of the finance committee for Bush's 1980 presidential campaign, according to the White House announcement of March 18, 1981 nominating Draper to head the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]].[^36] Bush ran on the Reagan ticket and won the vice presidency in the November 1980 election.[^2]
### Director of Central Intelligence, 1976 to 1977
On November 3, 1975 President Gerald R. Ford announced at a news conference that he intended to nominate Ambassador Bush, then the [[United States]] representative to the People's Republic of China, as [[Director of Central Intelligence]], succeeding [[William Colby]].[^36] Bush was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence on January 30, 1976.[^37] As director of central intelligence in 1976 Bush was briefed on the CIA's remote-viewing research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] after the agency learned that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left office before reacting.[^38]
On November 3, 1975 President Gerald R. Ford announced at a news conference that he intended to nominate Ambassador Bush, then the [[United States]] representative to the People's Republic of China, as [[Director of Central Intelligence]], succeeding [[William Colby]].[^37] Bush was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence on January 30, 1976.[^38] As director of central intelligence in 1976 Bush was briefed on the CIA's remote-viewing research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] after the agency learned that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left office before reacting.[^39]
The Senate Armed Services Committee reported the nomination through Senator [[John Tower]]. Hearings were held on December 15 and 16, 1975. Bush told the committee that "I do feel we need a covert capability," and pledged to "faithfully try to testify before the appropriate oversight committees of the U.S. Congress."[^39] The committee's report of December 18, 1975 recommends confirmation "subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee."[^39] The committee approved him 12 to four. The full United States Senate followed in January with a 64 to 27 vote, after a two-hour debate, according to [[Studies in Intelligence]].[^40]
The Senate Armed Services Committee reported the nomination through Senator [[John Tower]]. Hearings were held on December 15 and 16, 1975. Bush told the committee that "I do feel we need a covert capability," and pledged to "faithfully try to testify before the appropriate oversight committees of the U.S. Congress."[^40] The committee's report of December 18, 1975 recommends confirmation "subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee."[^40] The committee approved him 12 to four. The full United States Senate followed in January with a 64 to 27 vote, after a two-hour debate, according to [[Studies in Intelligence]].[^41]
In a memorandum to the recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, Bush called the estimate "the official appraisal of the Director of Central Intelligence." He wrote that "there is a negative aspect that is already clear and which concerns me deeply; namely, the selective leaks regarding the details of the process and, worse, the substantive conclusions developed by the 'Team B' panel that was concerned with Soviet strategic objectives." He added: "There is no truth to such allegations."[^41]
In a memorandum to the recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, Bush called the estimate "the official appraisal of the Director of Central Intelligence." He wrote that "there is a negative aspect that is already clear and which concerns me deeply; namely, the selective leaks regarding the details of the process and, worse, the substantive conclusions developed by the 'Team B' panel that was concerned with Soviet strategic objectives." He added: "There is no truth to such allegations."[^42]
The Team B report, "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View," describes the experiment as "undertaken by the DCI on behalf of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]." It names [[Richard Pipes]] as team leader and lists William Van Cleave, [[Daniel O. Graham]], Thomas Wolfe and John Vogt as members. An advisory panel included Foy Kohler, Paul Nitze, Seymour Weiss, Jasper Welch and Paul Wolfowitz. The report states that its views "do not represent either coordinated National Intelligence or the views of the Director of Central Intelligence."[^42]
The Team B report, "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View," describes the experiment as "undertaken by the DCI on behalf of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]." It names [[Richard Pipes]] as team leader and lists William Van Cleave, [[Daniel O. Graham]], Thomas Wolfe and John Vogt as members. An advisory panel included Foy Kohler, Paul Nitze, Seymour Weiss, Jasper Welch and Paul Wolfowitz. The report states that its views "do not represent either coordinated National Intelligence or the views of the Director of Central Intelligence."[^43]
William Beecher broke the Team B story in the [[Boston Globe]] on October 20, 1976, according to the editors' note in the Foreign Relations volume. A story by [[David Binder]] in the [[New York Times]] of December 26, 1976 reported the estimate's findings and drew in part on an interview with Bush.[^41] On January 19, 1977 Bush wrote to Cherne, chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, about Team B's recommendations.[^43]
William Beecher broke the Team B story in the [[Boston Globe]] on October 20, 1976, according to the editors' note in the Foreign Relations volume. A story by [[David Binder]] in the [[New York Times]] of December 26, 1976 reported the estimate's findings and drew in part on an interview with Bush.[^42] On January 19, 1977 Bush wrote to Cherne, chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, about Team B's recommendations.[^44]
On February 11, 1976 Bush announced new guidelines governing the agency's relations with the American press. The guideline states: "Effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station."[^44] The report of the [[Church Committee]], chaired by [[Frank Church]], also states that the CIA had maintained covert relationships with about 50 journalists, and that Bush "undertook as one of his first actions to recognize the 'special status afforded the American media under our Constitution.'"[^45]
On February 11, 1976 Bush announced new guidelines governing the agency's relations with the American press. The guideline states: "Effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station."[^45] The report of the [[Church Committee]], chaired by [[Frank Church]], also states that the CIA had maintained covert relationships with about 50 journalists, and that Bush "undertook as one of his first actions to recognize the 'special status afforded the American media under our Constitution.'"[^46]
On February 10, 1976 the [[Washington Star]] reported that Bush, according to a CIA spokesman, "has urged executives of The New York Times and CBS news to support the agency's efforts to keep secret the names of journalists who have aided intelligence operations."[^46]
On February 10, 1976 the [[Washington Star]] reported that Bush, according to a CIA spokesman, "has urged executives of The New York Times and CBS news to support the agency's efforts to keep secret the names of journalists who have aided intelligence operations."[^47]
In June 1976 the Washington Star reported that U.S. District Judge [[June Green]] ordered CIA Director Bush "not to destroy the files gathered by the CIA." Green also granted an appeal that the files be "protected" pending a civil action by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. The files were part of [[Operation CHAOS]] and had been gathered by the CIA at the request of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, who feared extensive foreign influence on domestic unrest.[^47]
In June 1976 the Washington Star reported that U.S. District Judge [[June Green]] ordered CIA Director Bush "not to destroy the files gathered by the CIA." Green also granted an appeal that the files be "protected" pending a civil action by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. The files were part of [[Operation CHAOS]] and had been gathered by the CIA at the request of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, who feared extensive foreign influence on domestic unrest.[^48]
The [[Letelier assassination]] in Washington in September 1976 brought Chile into the Director's correspondence. On September 29, 1976 Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] wrote to Bush thanking him for a briefing, and noted that [[Orlando Letelier]] "was recently discussed at a high-level policy meeting within the Chilean government."[^48] On October 9, 1976 [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Edward Levi]] wrote to Bush that "the Central Intelligence Agency may be in a position to obtain information bearing on these violent activities."[^49] [[Brent Scowcroft]] endorsed the request on October 21, 1976.[^49]
The [[Letelier assassination]] in Washington in September 1976 brought Chile into the Director's correspondence. On September 29, 1976 Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] wrote to Bush thanking him for a briefing, and noted that [[Orlando Letelier]] "was recently discussed at a high-level policy meeting within the Chilean government."[^49] On October 9, 1976 [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Edward Levi]] wrote to Bush that "the Central Intelligence Agency may be in a position to obtain information bearing on these violent activities."[^50] [[Brent Scowcroft]] endorsed the request on October 21, 1976.[^50]
A 1980 radio interview transcript in the CIA reading room quotes a speaker, identified only as "MAN," who refers to "our book" and says: "we've been able to establish that George Bush personally handled the information from Paraguay in this intervening week, and discussed it with [[Vernon Walters]], and together made the decision, first of all, to say, 'No, we have nothing to do with this mission.'"[^50] The transcript does not identify the speaker further.
A 1980 radio interview transcript in the CIA reading room quotes a speaker, identified only as "MAN," who refers to "our book" and says: "we've been able to establish that George Bush personally handled the information from Paraguay in this intervening week, and discussed it with [[Vernon Walters]], and together made the decision, first of all, to say, 'No, we have nothing to do with this mission.'"[^51] The transcript does not identify the speaker further.
The Paraguayan material concerned two Chileans traveling on Paraguayan passports under false names. A later Foreign Relations volume records that in July 1976 presidential adviser Conrado Pappalardo approached Ambassador [[George Landau|George W. Landau]] in Asunción about the two. Pappalardo said they would contact "then-U.S. Deputy Director of Central Intelligence General Vernon Walters."[^51] A memorandum by [[Eugene Propper|Propper]], quoted in the same volume, states that the CIA advised that Walters had retired from the agency on July 2, 1976.[^52]
The Paraguayan material concerned two Chileans traveling on Paraguayan passports under false names. A later Foreign Relations volume records that in July 1976 presidential adviser Conrado Pappalardo approached Ambassador [[George Landau|George W. Landau]] in Asunción about the two. Pappalardo said they would contact "then-U.S. Deputy Director of Central Intelligence General Vernon Walters."[^52] A memorandum by [[Eugene Propper|Propper]], quoted in the same volume, states that the CIA advised that Walters had retired from the agency on July 2, 1976.[^53]
On August 11, 1976 Bush wrote a memorandum headed "The Death of Roselli," concerning the murder of [[Johnny Roselli]]. In it he wrote, "I told him that I would like to see the FBI get into the Roselli case." He wrote that he was "most anxious to see the matter fully investigated so that the CIA would be officially exonerated."[^53]
On August 11, 1976 Bush wrote a memorandum headed "The Death of Roselli," concerning the murder of [[Johnny Roselli]]. In it he wrote, "I told him that I would like to see the FBI get into the Roselli case." He wrote that he was "most anxious to see the matter fully investigated so that the CIA would be officially exonerated."[^54]
The memorandum records that calls to Senators had suggested that the CIA was involved in the murder, and that he had asked Attorney General Levi to bring the FBI into the case.[^53]
The memorandum records that calls to Senators had suggested that the CIA was involved in the murder, and that he had asked Attorney General Levi to bring the FBI into the case.[^54]
On the Letelier investigation, Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[J. Stanley Pottinger]] and Bush met to decide how far the CIA could help with the Cuban exile side of the inquiry.[^54] Newspaper clippings that the defendants in *United States v. Sampol* filed to show prejudicial publicity described "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status." Defense counsel for [[Guillermo Novo]] and others told the jury that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination," and the appeal brief rested the theory on Michael Townley's CIA contacts and on a Fort Lauderdale firm, [[Audio Intelligence Devices]], where Townley spent the morning of September 21, 1976.[^55] The Washington Post reported on November 1, 1976 a belief at the CIA that Chilean operatives had not carried out the bombing, which Bush was said to have expressed to Secretary of State [[Henry A. Kissinger]] the week before.[^56] On November 5, 1976 Assistant Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]] asked the State Department to arrange interviews in Caracas of [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and two others held in connection with the [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing]], naming Propper and FBI special agents [[Carter Cornick]] and Raul Salinas as the investigators to be sent.[^57]
On the Letelier investigation, Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[J. Stanley Pottinger]] and Bush met to decide how far the CIA could help with the Cuban exile side of the inquiry.[^55] Newspaper clippings that the defendants in *United States v. Sampol* filed to show prejudicial publicity described "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status." Defense counsel for [[Guillermo Novo]] and others told the jury that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination," and the appeal brief rested the theory on Michael Townley's CIA contacts and on a Fort Lauderdale firm, [[Audio Intelligence Devices]], where Townley spent the morning of September 21, 1976.[^56] The Washington Post reported on November 1, 1976 a belief at the CIA that Chilean operatives had not carried out the bombing, which Bush was said to have expressed to Secretary of State [[Henry A. Kissinger]] the week before.[^57] On November 5, 1976 Assistant Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]] asked the State Department to arrange interviews in Caracas of [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and two others held in connection with the [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing]], naming Propper and FBI special agents [[Carter Cornick]] and Raul Salinas as the investigators to be sent.[^58]
When Bosch entered the United States on February 18, 1988, Acting Associate Attorney General [[Joe D. Whitley]] ordered him excluded on January 23, 1989, writing that "For 30 years Bosch has been resolute and unwavering in his advocacy of terrorist violence." In 1990, over the Justice Department's objection, the Bush White House released him.[^58] The Bush administration also agreed in 1990 to lift sanctions on Chile if the new civilian government prosecuted [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]] for the Letelier murder, in which [[Ronni Moffitt]] also died; the two served their terms at [[Punta Peuco]].[^59]
When Bosch entered the United States on February 18, 1988, Acting Associate Attorney General [[Joe D. Whitley]] ordered him excluded on January 23, 1989, writing that "For 30 years Bosch has been resolute and unwavering in his advocacy of terrorist violence." In 1990, over the Justice Department's objection, the Bush White House released him.[^59] The Bush administration also agreed in 1990 to lift sanctions on Chile if the new civilian government prosecuted [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]] for the Letelier murder, in which [[Ronni Moffitt]] also died; the two served their terms at [[Punta Peuco]].[^60]
The Foreign Relations volume on Panama prints a memorandum of conversation dated October 6, 1976 that is catalogued among the "DCI (Bush) Files on Noreiga." Its source note records "Three pages not declassified."[^60] The document concerns [[Manuel Noriega]], whose relations with the agency the volume documents.
The Foreign Relations volume on Panama prints a memorandum of conversation dated October 6, 1976 that is catalogued among the "DCI (Bush) Files on Noreiga." Its source note records "Three pages not declassified."[^61] The document concerns [[Manuel Noriega]], whose relations with the agency the volume documents.
On October 18, 1976 Bush wrote to Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on the subject of leaks, in a letter that refers to "where these vicious leaks came from."[^61]
On October 18, 1976 Bush wrote to Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on the subject of leaks, in a letter that refers to "where these vicious leaks came from."[^62]
[[Joseph Trento]] wrote in *Prelude to Terror* that in 1976, after the Church Committee hearings, [[Alexandre de Marenches]] of the French [[SDECE]] organized an informal consortium, the [[Safari Club]], in coordination with Bush. Trento lists its members as the SDECE, Saudi Arabia's General Intelligence Directorate under [[Kamal Adham]], Egypt's [[Mukhabarat]], Morocco's DST under Ahmed Dlimi, and the CIA, with the purpose of continuing anti-Soviet covert operations in Africa and the [[Middle East]] that congressional restrictions had made difficult for the agency; he places Egypt's service in the group as the supplier of Soviet-compatible weapons for operations in the Horn of Africa.[^62] De Marenches maintained personal relationships with American directors including Bush and [[William J. Casey]].[^63]
[[Joseph Trento]] wrote in *Prelude to Terror* that in 1976, after the Church Committee hearings, [[Alexandre de Marenches]] of the French [[SDECE]] organized an informal consortium, the [[Safari Club]], in coordination with Bush. Trento lists its members as the SDECE, Saudi Arabia's General Intelligence Directorate under [[Kamal Adham]], Egypt's [[Mukhabarat]], Morocco's DST under Ahmed Dlimi, and the CIA, with the purpose of continuing anti-Soviet covert operations in Africa and the [[Middle East]] that congressional restrictions had made difficult for the agency; he places Egypt's service in the group as the supplier of Soviet-compatible weapons for operations in the Horn of Africa.[^63] De Marenches maintained personal relationships with American directors including Bush and [[William J. Casey]].[^64]
In Angola the CIA's Operation IAFEATURE (1975 to 1976) supported [[UNITA]] and the [[FNLA]] against the [[MPLA]], with [[Congo|Zaire]] as the logistics base; the Church Committee and later writers record William Colby and then Bush as the directors who managed it. The program was ended by the [[Clark Amendment]], section 404 of Public Law 94-329, enacted June 30, 1976.[^64]
In Angola the CIA's Operation IAFEATURE (1975 to 1976) supported [[UNITA]] and the [[FNLA]] against the [[MPLA]], with [[Congo|Zaire]] as the logistics base; the Church Committee and later writers record William Colby and then Bush as the directors who managed it. The program was ended by the [[Clark Amendment]], section 404 of Public Law 94-329, enacted June 30, 1976.[^65]
[[William Barr|William P. Barr]] worked at the agency from 1973 to 1977 while attending law school, and as assistant legislative counsel under Director Bush in 1976 worked against legislation of Representatives [[Michael Harrington]] and [[Bella Abzug]] that would have required notice to people whose mail the agency had opened under [[HTLINGUAL]]. Barr later joined the White House domestic policy staff, where he worked with [[C. Boyden Gray]], counsel to Vice President Bush, and in 1988 helped screen vice-presidential candidates through [[Robert Kimmitt]].[^65]
[[William Barr|William P. Barr]] worked at the agency from 1973 to 1977 while attending law school, and as assistant legislative counsel under Director Bush in 1976 worked against legislation of Representatives [[Michael Harrington]] and [[Bella Abzug]] that would have required notice to people whose mail the agency had opened under [[HTLINGUAL]]. Barr later joined the White House domestic policy staff, where he worked with [[C. Boyden Gray]], counsel to Vice President Bush, and in 1988 helped screen vice-presidential candidates through [[Robert Kimmitt]].[^66]
### Israel's Nuclear Program and Israeli Channels
In March 1976 [[Carl E. Duckett]] openly discussed Israel's nuclear weapons at an informal seminar, stating that Israel was estimated to have ten to twenty nuclear weapons "available for use." Hersh wrote that the disclosure forced Bush, the newly installed director, to issue a public statement assuming "full responsibility," and that it led to Duckett's retirement. Duckett later acknowledged that rumors of his drinking were the stated reason for his departure but insisted that the real issue was Bush's unwillingness to promote him. Hersh adds that Duckett's 1974 estimate remained the official American estimate until the early 1980s.[^66]
In March 1976 [[Carl E. Duckett]] openly discussed Israel's nuclear weapons at an informal seminar, stating that Israel was estimated to have ten to twenty nuclear weapons "available for use." Hersh wrote that the disclosure forced Bush, the newly installed director, to issue a public statement assuming "full responsibility," and that it led to Duckett's retirement. Duckett later acknowledged that rumors of his drinking were the stated reason for his departure but insisted that the real issue was Bush's unwillingness to promote him. Hersh adds that Duckett's 1974 estimate remained the official American estimate until the early 1980s.[^67]
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that he briefed [[Nachum Admoni]] in July 1986 on the Israeli intelligence network's arms sales to Iran for Vice President Bush.[^67] The Israeli arms dealer [[Al Schwimmer]], a special adviser to Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] from September 1984 at a salary of one shekel a year, met President Reagan and Vice President Bush in that capacity.[^68] Ben-Menashe also wrote that Israeli intelligence believed [[Amiram Nir]]'s death in 1988 to have been a CIA operation intended to keep his testimony from embarrassing Peres, Reagan or Bush.[^67]
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that he briefed [[Nachum Admoni]] in July 1986 on the Israeli intelligence network's arms sales to Iran for Vice President Bush.[^68] The Israeli arms dealer [[Al Schwimmer]], a special adviser to Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] from September 1984 at a salary of one shekel a year, met President Reagan and Vice President Bush in that capacity.[^69] Ben-Menashe also wrote that Israeli intelligence believed [[Amiram Nir]]'s death in 1988 to have been a CIA operation intended to keep his testimony from embarrassing Peres, Reagan or Bush.[^68]
On January 20, 1991 President Bush telephoned Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] twice from Camp David, at 3 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. Washington time, to thank Israel for its "restraint" in not retaliating for the Iraqi Scud attacks. The spokesman [[Marlin Fitzwater]] quoted the president as telling Shamir: "I understand the anguish of your people and your Government." [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were sent to Israel, and American crews arrived to operate [[Patriot]] missile batteries.[^69] According to the counterintelligence history "Decade of the Spy," Bush denied clemency to [[Jonathan Pollard]] in January 1993.[^70]
On January 20, 1991 President Bush telephoned Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] twice from Camp David, at 3 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. Washington time, to thank Israel for its "restraint" in not retaliating for the Iraqi Scud attacks. The spokesman [[Marlin Fitzwater]] quoted the president as telling Shamir: "I understand the anguish of your people and your Government." [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were sent to Israel, and American crews arrived to operate [[Patriot]] missile batteries.[^70] According to the counterintelligence history "Decade of the Spy," Bush denied clemency to [[Jonathan Pollard]] in January 1993.[^71]
### Stargate, Center Lane, and the Army
The [[Stargate Project]] appears in the record through the agency's own accounts. [[Kenneth A. Kress]], writing in Studies in Intelligence for the winter of 1977, states that "During November of 1976, Director George Bush became aware that official Soviets were visiting and questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI about their work in parapsychology. Mr. Bush requested and received a briefing on CIA's investigations into parapsychology. Before there was any official reaction, he left the Agency."[^38]
The [[Stargate Project]] appears in the record through the agency's own accounts. [[Kenneth A. Kress]], writing in Studies in Intelligence for the winter of 1977, states that "During November of 1976, Director George Bush became aware that official Soviets were visiting and questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI about their work in parapsychology. Mr. Bush requested and received a briefing on CIA's investigations into parapsychology. Before there was any official reaction, he left the Agency."[^39]
Kress also writes that Director [[Stansfield Turner]] stated publicly that the CIA "has had operational interest in parapsychology."[^71]
Kress also writes that Director [[Stansfield Turner]] stated publicly that the CIA "has had operational interest in parapsychology."[^72]
As vice president, in 1983 (the chronology's date reads as March 31 or August 3), Bush "was briefed for thirty minutes concerning [[Center Lane|CENTER LANE]] related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA," the Army's remote-viewing unit, with "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg" present ([[Donald Gregg]]). The [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) chronology records that "the briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^72] A memorandum for the record by Major Gerald Fox dated April 1, 1983 lists the three projects used on March 31, 1983 to brief the Vice President, among them Project 8034, described as a "[[KGB]] agent."[^73] Vorona of the DIA is the first-named member of the November 1978 oversight group of the [[Grill Flame]] committee and the first-listed attendee in February 1979.[^74]
As vice president, in 1983 (the chronology's date reads as March 31 or August 3), Bush "was briefed for thirty minutes concerning [[Center Lane|CENTER LANE]] related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA," the Army's remote-viewing unit, with "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg" present ([[Donald Gregg]]). The [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) chronology records that "the briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^73] A memorandum for the record by Major Gerald Fox dated April 1, 1983 lists the three projects used on March 31, 1983 to brief the Vice President, among them Project 8034, described as a "[[KGB]] agent."[^74] Vorona of the DIA is the first-named member of the November 1978 oversight group of the [[Grill Flame]] committee and the first-listed attendee in February 1979.[^75]
According to an Air War College research report by Dolan M. McKelvy citing Ronald McRae's *Mind Wars* (1984), CIA director Bush in 1976 enthusiastically gave [[Edgar Mitchell]] "permission to organize high-level seminars at the CIA to discuss possible intelligence applications" of parapsychology; the report says that interest waned in 1977 when Stansfield Turner replaced Bush.[^75]
According to an Air War College research report by Dolan M. McKelvy citing Ronald McRae's *Mind Wars* (1984), CIA director Bush in 1976 enthusiastically gave [[Edgar Mitchell]] "permission to organize high-level seminars at the CIA to discuss possible intelligence applications" of parapsychology; the report says that interest waned in 1977 when Stansfield Turner replaced Bush.[^76]
### The Vice President's Briefings and Travel
On April 2, 1982 Casey sent Secretary of State [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]] a "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs" referring to "the Argentine invasion Friday," with a copy to Vice President Bush.[^76] In a letter to *Time* in January 1982, Assistant Secretary of State [[John H. Holdridge]] wrote that Bush had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement in the [[Nugan Hand Bank]], and that Frank Church had said the Senate committee found no evidence implicating the agency. A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had immunity, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^77] [[Michael Hand]] was the bank's co-founder.
On April 2, 1982 Casey sent Secretary of State [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]] a "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs" referring to "the Argentine invasion Friday," with a copy to Vice President Bush.[^77] In a letter to *Time* in January 1982, Assistant Secretary of State [[John H. Holdridge]] wrote that Bush had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement in the [[Nugan Hand Bank]], and that Frank Church had said the Senate committee found no evidence implicating the agency. A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had immunity, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^78] [[Michael Hand]] was the bank's co-founder.
On April 12, 1986 Vice President Bush flew to Marib in North Yemen and dedicated the refinery of the Alif field that Hunt Oil had found in 1984, the first oil discovered in the country. [[Ray Hunt]], head of the company, sat on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 2001.[^78]
On April 12, 1986 Vice President Bush flew to Marib in North Yemen and dedicated the refinery of the Alif field that Hunt Oil had found in 1984, the first oil discovered in the country. [[Ray Hunt]], head of the company, sat on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 2001.[^79]
On January 20, 1987 Bush said that an American "in terrorist hands is tortured and, in the case of William Buckley, killed," referring to the CIA's Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]].[^79] On August 17, 1988 he called the death of Pakistan's President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in a [[C-130]] explosion "a great tragedy."[^80] [[Celerino Castillo]] said that on or about January 14, 1986 he tried to alert Vice President Bush at a U.S. embassy party in Guatemala that "something funny" was going on at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and described what followed: "But he just shook my hand, smiled and walked away from me."[^81]
On January 20, 1987 Bush said that an American "in terrorist hands is tortured and, in the case of William Buckley, killed," referring to the CIA's Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]].[^80] On August 17, 1988 he called the death of Pakistan's President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in a [[C-130]] explosion "a great tragedy."[^81] [[Celerino Castillo]] said that on or about January 14, 1986 he tried to alert Vice President Bush at a U.S. embassy party in Guatemala that "something funny" was going on at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and described what followed: "But he just shook my hand, smiled and walked away from me."[^82]
### Gregg, Rodriguez, and the Vice President's Office
At a February 1988 hearing on the testimony of [[Danilo Blandon]], Senator [[John Kerry]] addressed a call to Castro: "while Vice President Bush denied that he made the call, and I do accept his word, it also was learned last night on McNeil-Lehrer that a former NSC staffer admitted that, indeed, there was prior notice given to Castro."[^82]
At a February 1988 hearing on the testimony of [[Danilo Blandon]], Senator [[John Kerry]] addressed a call to Castro: "while Vice President Bush denied that he made the call, and I do accept his word, it also was learned last night on McNeil-Lehrer that a former NSC staffer admitted that, indeed, there was prior notice given to Castro."[^83]
Blandon also described [[Felix Rodriguez]] as "the liaison for providing weapons to the Contras in El Salvador."[^83] Walsh's chapter 29 states that Gregg "arranged for Rodriguez to meet Vice President Bush on January 22, 1985. According to Gregg, the purpose of the meeting was to inform Bush that Rodriguez wanted to work in El Salvador against the guerrillas."[^84] The meeting took place in the Old Executive Office Building, where Rodriguez was "watching a television report on the Bush family."[^84]
Blandon also described [[Felix Rodriguez]] as "the liaison for providing weapons to the Contras in El Salvador."[^84] Walsh's chapter 29 states that Gregg "arranged for Rodriguez to meet Vice President Bush on January 22, 1985. According to Gregg, the purpose of the meeting was to inform Bush that Rodriguez wanted to work in El Salvador against the guerrillas."[^85] The meeting took place in the Old Executive Office Building, where Rodriguez was "watching a television report on the Bush family."[^85]
The 1988 hearing record gives the date of that meeting as February 22, a month later than Walsh's date. In the July 1988 hearings Rodriguez said that he had passed to the FBI and CIA, early in 1985, information from [[Ramon Milian Rodriguez]], whom he called a liar, and in later questioning by Kerry said he met Vice President Bush on February 22.[^85] Rodriguez also answered a question from Kerry: "No, sir. I didn't go there that often as people have publicized."[^85]
The 1988 hearing record gives the date of that meeting as February 22, a month later than Walsh's date. In the July 1988 hearings Rodriguez said that he had passed to the FBI and CIA, early in 1985, information from [[Ramon Milian Rodriguez]], whom he called a liar, and in later questioning by Kerry said he met Vice President Bush on February 22.[^86] Rodriguez also answered a question from Kerry: "No, sir. I didn't go there that often as people have publicized."[^86]
Part IX of Walsh's report states that Gregg "claimed that, notwithstanding the Administration's interest in the success of the contras, he never mentioned any information regarding contra resupply to Vice President Bush."[^86] The Kerry report says that before Murphy's 1987 trips to Panama he met with officials including "the Vice President's National Security Advisor, Donald Gregg."[^87]
Part IX of Walsh's report states that Gregg "claimed that, notwithstanding the Administration's interest in the success of the contras, he never mentioned any information regarding contra resupply to Vice President Bush."[^87] The Kerry report says that before Murphy's 1987 trips to Panama he met with officials including "the Vice President's National Security Advisor, Donald Gregg."[^88]
### Iran-Contra and the Pardons
The executive summary of the final report of the [[Lawrence Walsh|Independent Counsel]] states that the investigation "did not develop evidence that proved that Vice President Bush violated any criminal statute. Contrary to his public pronouncements, however, he was fully aware of the Iran arms sales."[^88] The summary adds that "Bush was regularly briefed, along with the President, on the Iran arms sales, and he participated in discussions to obtain third-country support for the contras." It states that the Independent Counsel "obtained no evidence that Bush was aware of the diversion."[^88] The same summary says that the pardon of [[Caspar Weinberger]] on December 24, 1992 "pre-empted a trial in which defense counsel indicated that they intended to call Bush as a witness."[^88]
The executive summary of the final report of the [[Lawrence Walsh|Independent Counsel]] states that the investigation "did not develop evidence that proved that Vice President Bush violated any criminal statute. Contrary to his public pronouncements, however, he was fully aware of the Iran arms sales."[^89] The summary adds that "Bush was regularly briefed, along with the President, on the Iran arms sales, and he participated in discussions to obtain third-country support for the contras." It states that the Independent Counsel "obtained no evidence that Bush was aware of the diversion."[^89] The same summary says that the pardon of [[Caspar Weinberger]] on December 24, 1992 "pre-empted a trial in which defense counsel indicated that they intended to call Bush as a witness."[^89]
Chapter 28 of the report, headed "George Bush," records that Bush told the FBI in December 1986, and was deposed by the Independent Counsel on January 11, 1988, that he had been regularly informed of events connected with the arms sales, including the 1985 Israeli missile shipments. Walsh writes that these statements "conflicted with his more extreme public assertions that he was 'out of the loop' regarding the operational details of the Iran initiative."[^89] Walsh also writes that "The criminal investigation of Bush was regrettably incomplete."[^89]
Chapter 28 of the report, headed "George Bush," records that Bush told the FBI in December 1986, and was deposed by the Independent Counsel on January 11, 1988, that he had been regularly informed of events connected with the arms sales, including the 1985 Israeli missile shipments. Walsh writes that these statements "conflicted with his more extreme public assertions that he was 'out of the loop' regarding the operational details of the Iran initiative."[^90] Walsh also writes that "The criminal investigation of Bush was regrettably incomplete."[^90]
In 1988 Bush told the [[Washington Post]], "The President and I cooperated fully with the various investigations, turned over thousands of documents and directed our staffs to do the same."[^90] In September 1992 he said, "I have nothing to explain."[^90]
In 1988 Bush told the [[Washington Post]], "The President and I cooperated fully with the various investigations, turned over thousands of documents and directed our staffs to do the same."[^91] In September 1992 he said, "I have nothing to explain."[^91]
Part IX of the report, on the White House investigations, states that the Independent Counsel "concluded that no criminal charges should be brought against President Reagan, Vice President Bush, Meese or Regan because the belated production of notes and other documents delayed the investigation beyond the point where it could be effective."[^91] The same part states that senior advisers including Vice President Bush "were informed in 1985 of presidential approval of the transactions." It also says that the Independent Counsel "found considerable evidence that the President and the Vice President knew about and, in some instances, directly participated in contra-funding efforts during this period."[^91]
Part IX of the report, on the White House investigations, states that the Independent Counsel "concluded that no criminal charges should be brought against President Reagan, Vice President Bush, Meese or Regan because the belated production of notes and other documents delayed the investigation beyond the point where it could be effective."[^92] The same part states that senior advisers including Vice President Bush "were informed in 1985 of presidential approval of the transactions." It also says that the Independent Counsel "found considerable evidence that the President and the Vice President knew about and, in some instances, directly participated in contra-funding efforts during this period."[^92]
The diary is the subject of a separate passage. Walsh writes that "[t]he personal diary of Vice President Bush was disclosed to Independent Counsel only in December 1992, despite early and repeated requests for such documents."[^92] On December 11, 1992 [[Chester Paul Beach]], associate counsel to President Bush, informed the Independent Counsel that a diary kept by Bush from his vice presidency had not been produced. The report describes it as consisting of "Bush's nightly dictation concerning the events of the day."[^92] The first entry, dated November 4, 1986, describes "the beginning of what I hope will be an accurate diary." An entry for November 5, 1986 reads: "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details."[^93]
The diary is the subject of a separate passage. Walsh writes that "[t]he personal diary of Vice President Bush was disclosed to Independent Counsel only in December 1992, despite early and repeated requests for such documents."[^93] On December 11, 1992 [[Chester Paul Beach]], associate counsel to President Bush, informed the Independent Counsel that a diary kept by Bush from his vice presidency had not been produced. The report describes it as consisting of "Bush's nightly dictation concerning the events of the day."[^93] The first entry, dated November 4, 1986, describes "the beginning of what I hope will be an accurate diary." An entry for November 5, 1986 reads: "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details."[^94]
The report records a document request that reached the vice president's office. C. Boyden Gray and John Schmitz told office heads that the request "covers all personal and official records of OVP staff members."[^94]
The report records a document request that reached the vice president's office. C. Boyden Gray and John Schmitz told office heads that the request "covers all personal and official records of OVP staff members."[^95]
After the pardons, Bush refused to be interviewed unless the interview was limited to his non-production of the diary and personal notes. The Independent Counsel declined those conditions. In late February 1993 Bush's counsel set out six professed obstacles to a deposition.[^90] The report states that a grand jury subpoena was not issued because the office did not believe there was an appropriate likelihood of a criminal prosecution.[^92]
After the pardons, Bush refused to be interviewed unless the interview was limited to his non-production of the diary and personal notes. The Independent Counsel declined those conditions. In late February 1993 Bush's counsel set out six professed obstacles to a deposition.[^91] The report states that a grand jury subpoena was not issued because the office did not believe there was an appropriate likelihood of a criminal prosecution.[^93]
On December 24, 1992 Bush issued Proclamation 6518, granting pardons to Caspar Weinberger, [[Robert McFarlane]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Dewey Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and [[Alan Fiers]]. In the proclamation Bush wrote that "the common denominator of their motivation ... was patriotism." He described the prosecutions as "a profoundly troubling development in the political and legal climate of our country: the criminalization of policy differences. ... The proper target is the President, not his subordinates; the proper forum is the voting booth, not the courtroom."[^95]
On December 24, 1992 Bush issued Proclamation 6518, granting pardons to Caspar Weinberger, [[Robert McFarlane]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Dewey Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and [[Alan Fiers]]. In the proclamation Bush wrote that "the common denominator of their motivation ... was patriotism." He described the prosecutions as "a profoundly troubling development in the political and legal climate of our country: the criminalization of policy differences. ... The proper target is the President, not his subordinates; the proper forum is the voting booth, not the courtroom."[^96]
Walsh responded that the pardon of Weinberger "undermines the principle that no man is above the law."[^96] The Fourth Interim Report of February 8, 1993 includes the phrase "prevent full disclosure of some new key fact to the American people," and states that the pardon "thwarted the public airing of new and disturbing facts about the actions of Weinberger and other senior Executive Branch officials."[^97]
Walsh responded that the pardon of Weinberger "undermines the principle that no man is above the law."[^97] The Fourth Interim Report of February 8, 1993 includes the phrase "prevent full disclosure of some new key fact to the American people," and states that the pardon "thwarted the public airing of new and disturbing facts about the actions of Weinberger and other senior Executive Branch officials."[^98]
The [[Tower Commission]] also examined the Vice President's contacts with Israeli channels. Its report records that "The Vice President was in Israel on July 29. While there, he met with Nir." The Vice President told the board that, before the meeting, he had been uneasy and tried to call [[John Poindexter]].[^98] Bush related that his discussion with Amiram Nir "was generally about counterterrorism. There was no discussion of specifics relating to arms going to the Iranians, e.g., the price of TOW missiles was never raised."[^98] The report also contains the phrase that the interests of the United States were "in the grip of the Israelis."[^98]
The [[Tower Commission]] also examined the Vice President's contacts with Israeli channels. Its report records that "The Vice President was in Israel on July 29. While there, he met with Nir." The Vice President told the board that, before the meeting, he had been uneasy and tried to call [[John Poindexter]].[^99] Bush related that his discussion with Amiram Nir "was generally about counterterrorism. There was no discussion of specifics relating to arms going to the Iranians, e.g., the price of TOW missiles was never raised."[^99] The report also contains the phrase that the interests of the United States were "in the grip of the Israelis."[^99]
At the National Security Planning Group meeting of June 25, 1984, the minutes record Casey saying: "We need the legal opinion which makes clear that the US has the authority to facilitate third country funding for the anti-Sandinistas." Vice President Bush asked: "How can anyone object to the US encouraging third parties to provide help to the anti-Sandinistas under the finding? The only problem that might come up is if the United States were to promise to give these third parties something in return so that some people could interpret this as some kind of an exchange." Robert McFarlane proposed "that there be no authority for anyone to seek third party support for the anti-Sandinistas until we have the information we need," and Reagan said: "If such a story gets out, we'll all be hanging by our thumbs in front of the White House until we find out who did it." The meeting took place under the [[Boland Amendment]].[^99]
At the National Security Planning Group meeting of June 25, 1984, the minutes record Casey saying: "We need the legal opinion which makes clear that the US has the authority to facilitate third country funding for the anti-Sandinistas." Vice President Bush asked: "How can anyone object to the US encouraging third parties to provide help to the anti-Sandinistas under the finding? The only problem that might come up is if the United States were to promise to give these third parties something in return so that some people could interpret this as some kind of an exchange." Robert McFarlane proposed "that there be no authority for anyone to seek third party support for the anti-Sandinistas until we have the information we need," and Reagan said: "If such a story gets out, we'll all be hanging by our thumbs in front of the White House until we find out who did it." The meeting took place under the [[Boland Amendment]].[^100]
The [[The Enterprise (Iran-Contra)|Enterprise]] ran the Contra supply operation through the Ilopango Airbase in [[El Salvador]], where CIA Hangar No. 4 was turned over to its operations in 1985; Felix Rodriguez, who had connections to Gregg, then National Security Adviser to the Vice President, coordinated aircraft and logistics there.[^100]
The [[The Enterprise (Iran-Contra)|Enterprise]] ran the Contra supply operation through the Ilopango Airbase in [[El Salvador]], where CIA Hangar No. 4 was turned over to its operations in 1985; Felix Rodriguez, who had connections to Gregg, then National Security Adviser to the Vice President, coordinated aircraft and logistics there.[^101]
In 1992 Bush asked former Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]] to assist in seeking the release of Bush's Iran-Contra deposition, and on December 30, 1992 the White House press secretary issued a statement on the investigation.[^101] Barr later said that at the end of the administration he advised Bush to pardon Weinberger "and about five others," and of the Iran-Contra pardons: "I certainly did not oppose any of them."[^102] [[Christopher Drogoul]], the Atlanta BNL manager, was indicted on February 28, 1991, the day after Bush ordered the ceasefire in the [[Gulf War]].[^103]
In 1992 Bush asked former Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]] to assist in seeking the release of Bush's Iran-Contra deposition, and on December 30, 1992 the White House press secretary issued a statement on the investigation.[^102] Barr later said that at the end of the administration he advised Bush to pardon Weinberger "and about five others," and of the Iran-Contra pardons: "I certainly did not oppose any of them."[^103] [[Christopher Drogoul]], the Atlanta BNL manager, was indicted on February 28, 1991, the day after Bush ordered the ceasefire in the [[Gulf War]].[^104]
### The October Surprise
The October Surprise allegation concerns whether the 1980 Reagan campaign delayed the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the election. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]] issued its joint report on January 3, 1993 as Calendar No. 634 of the 102d Congress.[^104]
The October Surprise allegation concerns whether the 1980 Reagan campaign delayed the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the election. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]] issued its joint report on January 3, 1993 as Calendar No. 634 of the 102d Congress.[^105]
In the task force's account of Ari Ben-Menashe's claims about the Paris meetings of October 1980, he remained in the foyer, and "[j]ust prior to the meeting Mehdi Karrubi arrived, followed shortly by George Bush and William Casey by way of an elevator reserved for this purpose."[^105] The report records that Ben-Menashe "had told reporters for [[Newsweek]] magazine that he was positive he had seen George Bush at the Paris meetings on both October 19 and October 20, 1980." The report also notes that Sukkot fell on September 25 in 1980.[^105]
In the task force's account of Ari Ben-Menashe's claims about the Paris meetings of October 1980, he remained in the foyer, and "[j]ust prior to the meeting Mehdi Karrubi arrived, followed shortly by George Bush and William Casey by way of an elevator reserved for this purpose."[^106] The report records that Ben-Menashe "had told reporters for [[Newsweek]] magazine that he was positive he had seen George Bush at the Paris meetings on both October 19 and October 20, 1980." The report also notes that Sukkot fell on September 25 in 1980.[^106]
The task force concludes that Ben-Menashe's account of the October meetings, "like his other October Surprise allegations, is a total fabrication."[^105] On Ben-Menashe's account of a meeting at the L'Enfant Plaza hotel in Washington, which he tied to the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]], the task force wrote that "Ben-Menashe's account is demonstrably false from beginning to end."[^106] It states that the personnel records supplied by the Government of Israel, with Ben-Menashe's contemporaneous handwritten answers to the questions he had to answer for the External Relations Department when traveling abroad, showed that he did not travel outside Israel in October 1980, and that exit stamps on his civilian passport indicated the same.[^105]
The task force concludes that Ben-Menashe's account of the October meetings, "like his other October Surprise allegations, is a total fabrication."[^106] On Ben-Menashe's account of a meeting at the L'Enfant Plaza hotel in Washington, which he tied to the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]], the task force wrote that "Ben-Menashe's account is demonstrably false from beginning to end."[^107] It states that the personnel records supplied by the Government of Israel, with Ben-Menashe's contemporaneous handwritten answers to the questions he had to answer for the External Relations Department when traveling abroad, showed that he did not travel outside Israel in October 1980, and that exit stamps on his civilian passport indicated the same.[^106]
On Bush's whereabouts the task force reports that Secret Service records place him in Washington on October 19 and campaigning on October 20, 1980. It states that "these records and testimony conclusively prove candidate George Bush's whereabouts in October, 1980," and that "The Task Force has determined that Bush did not travel to Paris during the period of time in question as has been alleged by many October Surprise witnesses."[^107] The report generalizes the point: "In almost all instances, the evidence clearly establishes the presence of major alleged participants in Paris meetings to be someplace else, doing something else."[^108]
On Bush's whereabouts the task force reports that Secret Service records place him in Washington on October 19 and campaigning on October 20, 1980. It states that "these records and testimony conclusively prove candidate George Bush's whereabouts in October, 1980," and that "The Task Force has determined that Bush did not travel to Paris during the period of time in question as has been alleged by many October Surprise witnesses."[^108] The report generalizes the point: "In almost all instances, the evidence clearly establishes the presence of major alleged participants in Paris meetings to be someplace else, doing something else."[^109]
[[Richard Brenneke]] testified that a pilot, Rupp, flew Bush, Casey and others to Paris. The task force records that at Brenneke's trial in Oregon in 1990 he retracted his earlier testimony that he had seen Bush and Allen at the meeting.[^109] The task force states that "Brenneke's testimony that he was in Paris is false." Brenneke's 1980 daily calendar "indicates that he was in the Pacific Northwest when he claimed to have been in Paris."[^110] The report also says that Brenneke "played a central role in falsely propagating the October Surprise allegations for financial and personal reasons."[^110]
[[Richard Brenneke]] testified that a pilot, Rupp, flew Bush, Casey and others to Paris. The task force records that at Brenneke's trial in Oregon in 1990 he retracted his earlier testimony that he had seen Bush and Allen at the meeting.[^110] The task force states that "Brenneke's testimony that he was in Paris is false." Brenneke's 1980 daily calendar "indicates that he was in the Pacific Northwest when he claimed to have been in Paris."[^111] The report also says that Brenneke "played a central role in falsely propagating the October Surprise allegations for financial and personal reasons."[^111]
A 1988 Senate subcommittee report summarizes Brenneke's claims that he had "personally discussed the operation with members of the Vice President's staff." The subcommittee concluded that although Brenneke produced thousands of pages of documents relating to proposed arms deals, "there is no evidence that any of them ever came to fruition." It also found that Brenneke "received completely fabricated information about arms deals from undercover agents of the Customs Service."[^111]
A 1988 Senate subcommittee report summarizes Brenneke's claims that he had "personally discussed the operation with members of the Vice President's staff." The subcommittee concluded that although Brenneke produced thousands of pages of documents relating to proposed arms deals, "there is no evidence that any of them ever came to fruition." It also found that Brenneke "received completely fabricated information about arms deals from undercover agents of the Customs Service."[^112]
The task force examined the calendar of William J. Casey. It records a July 30, 1980 entry for a 6:45 p.m. dinner with George Bush at the Alibi Club.[^112] The report's analysis of Casey's movements states that "The evidence strongly indicates that Casey departed the United States on July 27, arrived in London on July 28, and departed London for the United States on July 29."[^113] Loose calendar pages for July 26 and 27, October 21, October 29, November 3 through 11, and November 13 are listed as missing. The task force states that "[t]he dates July 26th and October 21st are of particular interest to the Task Force."[^114]
The task force examined the calendar of William J. Casey. It records a July 30, 1980 entry for a 6:45 p.m. dinner with George Bush at the Alibi Club.[^113] The report's analysis of Casey's movements states that "The evidence strongly indicates that Casey departed the United States on July 27, arrived in London on July 28, and departed London for the United States on July 29."[^114] Loose calendar pages for July 26 and 27, October 21, October 29, November 3 through 11, and November 13 are listed as missing. The task force states that "[t]he dates July 26th and October 21st are of particular interest to the Task Force."[^115]
[[Robert Parry]] reported in 2011 on a memorandum for the record that Beach wrote on November 4, 1991. The memorandum records that State Department legal adviser Edwin D. Williamson told Beach that the department held material that included "a cable from the Madrid embassy indicating that Bill Casey was in town, for purposes unknown."[^115] Parry writes that "there's no indication that the White House told investigators about Williamson's information," and that the Bush library withholds nearly a quarter of its roughly 4,800 pages.[^115]
[[Robert Parry]] reported in 2011 on a memorandum for the record that Beach wrote on November 4, 1991. The memorandum records that State Department legal adviser Edwin D. Williamson told Beach that the department held material that included "a cable from the Madrid embassy indicating that Bill Casey was in town, for purposes unknown."[^116] Parry writes that "there's no indication that the White House told investigators about Williamson's information," and that the Bush library withholds nearly a quarter of its roughly 4,800 pages.[^116]
The task force also records Reagan's statements. In a June 15, 1991 interview Reagan said, "I did some things actually the other way, to try and be of help in getting those hostages." In a sworn written answer dated October 23, 1992 he wrote that "I and Reagan/Bush campaign officials made it clear by our conduct and statements during the campaign that we were supportive of the Carter administration efforts to secure the release of American hostages held in Iran."[^116]
The task force also records Reagan's statements. In a June 15, 1991 interview Reagan said, "I did some things actually the other way, to try and be of help in getting those hostages." In a sworn written answer dated October 23, 1992 he wrote that "I and Reagan/Bush campaign officials made it clear by our conduct and statements during the campaign that we were supportive of the Carter administration efforts to secure the release of American hostages held in Iran."[^117]
Ben-Menashe's account of the Paris meeting names others besides Bush and Casey. He wrote that [[George Cave]], Robert McFarlane and Donald Gregg attended; that [[Simon Gabbay]] coordinated the October 1980 meeting between Israeli and Iranian delegations that included Bush, Casey and [[Mehdi Karrubi]], with the aim of eliminating direct contact between Israeli and Iranian embassy personnel; and that [[Uri Simchoni]] was part of the Israeli delegation.[^67] Cave also attended a meeting in [[Santiago]] in late 1986, according to Ben-Menashe, where American officials reaffirmed their intention to maintain arms channels to Iraq.[^67] [[Barbara Honegger]] published *October Surprise* (Tudor Publishing, 1989), one of the first extended accounts of the allegations; she alleged meetings in Madrid in July 1980 and in Paris in October 1980 involving Casey, Bush and European intermediaries including de Marenches.[^117]
Ben-Menashe's account of the Paris meeting names others besides Bush and Casey. He wrote that [[George Cave]], Robert McFarlane and Donald Gregg attended; that [[Simon Gabbay]] coordinated the October 1980 meeting between Israeli and Iranian delegations that included Bush, Casey and [[Mehdi Karrubi]], with the aim of eliminating direct contact between Israeli and Iranian embassy personnel; and that [[Uri Simchoni]] was part of the Israeli delegation.[^68] Cave also attended a meeting in [[Santiago]] in late 1986, according to Ben-Menashe, where American officials reaffirmed their intention to maintain arms channels to Iraq.[^68] [[Barbara Honegger]] published *October Surprise* (Tudor Publishing, 1989), one of the first extended accounts of the allegations; she alleged meetings in Madrid in July 1980 and in Paris in October 1980 involving Casey, Bush and European intermediaries including de Marenches.[^118]
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote in *The Last Circle* that the attorney [[Paul Wilcher]] believed his client [[Gunther Karl Russbacher]] to be a political prisoner persecuted because he allegedly flew former President Bush to Paris to meet leading Iranians to make a deal to supply Iran with weapons in exchange for keeping the 52 American hostages until after the November election. On or about May 21, 1993 Wilcher hand-delivered a 100-page letter to Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] claiming that holdover Justice Department employees from the Reagan-Bush era were responsible for government cover-ups; he was interviewed by [[Carl Stern]], Reno's public relations officer, on or about June 11, and his body was found in his apartment on June 23, 1993. [[Sarah McClendon]], a White House correspondent and friend of Wilcher, wrote that Wilcher held the Russbacher belief.[^118] Seymour also wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], a source of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s investigation of [[The Octopus]], claimed that he and an associate named Brian personally carried $40 million to Iranian officials for that purpose.[^118]
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote in *The Last Circle* that the attorney [[Paul Wilcher]] believed his client [[Gunther Karl Russbacher]] to be a political prisoner persecuted because he allegedly flew former President Bush to Paris to meet leading Iranians to make a deal to supply Iran with weapons in exchange for keeping the 52 American hostages until after the November election. On or about May 21, 1993 Wilcher hand-delivered a 100-page letter to Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] claiming that holdover Justice Department employees from the Reagan-Bush era were responsible for government cover-ups; he was interviewed by [[Carl Stern]], Reno's public relations officer, on or about June 11, and his body was found in his apartment on June 23, 1993. [[Sarah McClendon]], a White House correspondent and friend of Wilcher, wrote that Wilcher held the Russbacher belief.[^119] Seymour also wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], a source of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s investigation of [[The Octopus]], claimed that he and an associate named Brian personally carried $40 million to Iranian officials for that purpose.[^119]
### The Presidency: Panama, Appointees and Executive Actions
Bush was inaugurated as the 41st President on January 20, 1989.[^119] [[Dick Cheney]] recalled in the Miller Center oral history of the Bush presidency that "Panama was a great training experience for us as an administration. We had the opportunity to have an objective, have to use force, coordinate with the Congress, deal with the public, all of those things that come with using the force." The invasion of [[Panama]] in December 1989 removed Manuel Noriega; [[Colin Powell]], then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in the same project: "Nobody even remembers the Panama war. You don't ever hear of it. But I viewed it as the template of how we should do things."[^120] Seymour wrote that the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] was contrasted with the Medellin Cartel, which Noriega chose to support, ultimately leading to his ousting by Bush; she wrote that the DEA's Centac 21 task force, which had targeted [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] in the 1978 indictments, was dismantled under the Reagan and Bush administrations, leaving disgruntled agents to suspect a CIA connection.[^118] Seymour added that Bush reportedly made secret visits to Damascus for hostage negotiations, and that after Desert Storm Bush and Secretary of State [[James A. Baker III]] encouraged [[Syria]] and Israel to recognize each other's Lebanese occupation zones under a 1990 accord that left Syria in control of the Bekaa Valley.[^118]
Bush was inaugurated as the 41st President on January 20, 1989.[^120] [[Dick Cheney]] recalled in the Miller Center oral history of the Bush presidency that "Panama was a great training experience for us as an administration. We had the opportunity to have an objective, have to use force, coordinate with the Congress, deal with the public, all of those things that come with using the force." The invasion of [[Panama]] in December 1989 removed Manuel Noriega; [[Colin Powell]], then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in the same project: "Nobody even remembers the Panama war. You don't ever hear of it. But I viewed it as the template of how we should do things."[^121] Seymour wrote that the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] was contrasted with the Medellin Cartel, which Noriega chose to support, ultimately leading to his ousting by Bush; she wrote that the DEA's Centac 21 task force, which had targeted [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] in the 1978 indictments, was dismantled under the Reagan and Bush administrations, leaving disgruntled agents to suspect a CIA connection.[^119] Seymour added that Bush reportedly made secret visits to Damascus for hostage negotiations, and that after Desert Storm Bush and Secretary of State [[James A. Baker III]] encouraged [[Syria]] and Israel to recognize each other's Lebanese occupation zones under a 1990 accord that left Syria in control of the Bekaa Valley.[^119]
The Cox Committee counted twelve national-interest determinations for launches of commercial satellites on Chinese rockets between 1989 and early 1998, three by President Bush and nine by [[Bill Clinton]]; the last, of February 18, 1998, applied to the Loral-built [[Chinasat-8]] satellite, a company then headed by [[Bernard L. Schwartz]].[^121] [[National Security Directive 67]], signed by Bush on March 30, 1992, replaced the lettered programs of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] with three functional directorates, and the existence of the office was declassified on September 18, 1992.[^122] Bush's report to Congress of September 1991 under the [[Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990]] stated that "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." Gonzalez said that after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, [[SerVaas Inc.]] renegotiated a brass-plant contract with its Iraqi counterparts and sold it through a foreign holding company to escape the president's order freezing Iraqi assets.[^123] The prime minister of [[Jamaica]], [[Michael Manley]], sworn in again on February 13, 1989, said that he planned to travel to Washington to meet Bush, congressional leaders and officials of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].[^124]
The Cox Committee counted twelve national-interest determinations for launches of commercial satellites on Chinese rockets between 1989 and early 1998, three by President Bush and nine by [[Bill Clinton]]; the last, of February 18, 1998, applied to the Loral-built [[Chinasat-8]] satellite, a company then headed by [[Bernard L. Schwartz]].[^122] [[National Security Directive 67]], signed by Bush on March 30, 1992, replaced the lettered programs of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] with three functional directorates, and the existence of the office was declassified on September 18, 1992.[^123] Bush's report to Congress of September 1991 under the [[Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990]] stated that "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." Gonzalez said that after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, [[SerVaas Inc.]] renegotiated a brass-plant contract with its Iraqi counterparts and sold it through a foreign holding company to escape the president's order freezing Iraqi assets.[^124] The prime minister of [[Jamaica]], [[Michael Manley]], sworn in again on February 13, 1989, said that he planned to travel to Washington to meet Bush, congressional leaders and officials of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].[^125]
Richard Thornburgh continued as Attorney General under Bush through 1991, resigning in August 1991 to run for the Senate.[^125] [[Kenneth Starr]] was the 39th Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under Bush.[^126] [[Steve Forbes|Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.]], president of [[Forbes]] magazine, was renominated to the Board for International Broadcasting, which oversees [[Radio Free Europe]], by the Bush White House on January 4, 1990 and again on June 19, 1992, each time with designation as chairman.[^127] [[Jay Lefkowitz]] served under Bush as deputy executive secretary of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] and director of cabinet affairs.[^128] [[Loretta Preska]] was appointed a judge of the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York]] by Bush in 1992.[^129] Lawrence Eagleburger, president of [[Kissinger Associates]] from 1984 to 1989, was deputy secretary of state under Baker and secretary of state in the last weeks of the administration; Brent Scowcroft, vice chairman of the firm's Washington office, became national security adviser in January 1989.[^130]
Richard Thornburgh continued as Attorney General under Bush through 1991, resigning in August 1991 to run for the Senate.[^126] [[Kenneth Starr]] was the 39th Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under Bush.[^127] [[Steve Forbes|Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.]], president of [[Forbes]] magazine, was renominated to the Board for International Broadcasting, which oversees [[Radio Free Europe]], by the Bush White House on January 4, 1990 and again on June 19, 1992, each time with designation as chairman.[^128] [[Jay Lefkowitz]] served under Bush as deputy executive secretary of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] and director of cabinet affairs.[^129] [[Loretta Preska]] was appointed a judge of the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York]] by Bush in 1992.[^130] Lawrence Eagleburger, president of [[Kissinger Associates]] from 1984 to 1989, was deputy secretary of state under Baker and secretary of state in the last weeks of the administration; Brent Scowcroft, vice chairman of the firm's Washington office, became national security adviser in January 1989.[^131]
### Iraq, Osirak, and the Teicher Declaration
The Teicher declaration of January 31, 1995, on the [[Iran-Iraq War]], filed in the Florida prosecution of [[Carlos Cardoen]] and others, states in paragraph 7 that a secret 1986 message from Reagan to [[Saddam Hussein]], urging a stepped-up air war against Iran, was delivered by Vice President Bush to [[Hosni Mubarak]], who passed it to Saddam Hussein. The declaration also states that Teicher wrote Bush's talking points for the 1986 meeting with Mubarak.[^131] A corrective declaration filed in October 1996 addresses paragraphs 15 through 18.[^132]
The Teicher declaration of January 31, 1995, on the [[Iran-Iraq War]], filed in the Florida prosecution of [[Carlos Cardoen]] and others, states in paragraph 7 that a secret 1986 message from Reagan to [[Saddam Hussein]], urging a stepped-up air war against Iran, was delivered by Vice President Bush to [[Hosni Mubarak]], who passed it to Saddam Hussein. The declaration also states that Teicher wrote Bush's talking points for the 1986 meeting with Mubarak.[^132] A corrective declaration filed in October 1996 addresses paragraphs 15 through 18.[^133]
### The BNL and Iraqgate Record
The Atlanta branch of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro extended credits to [[Iraq]] that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] examined in February 1993. The committee reports that a National Security Council Deputies Committee meeting on May 29, 1990 was held "to resolve the issue of the second $500 million tranche," and that [[Robert M. Gates]] chaired it.[^133] Barr and Richard opposed going forward with the second tranche, citing the prosecutor's intent to indict Iraqi officials who were involved in "significant criminal violations." The meeting's conclusion was "that the Iraqi government simply be advised that the U.S. would not go forward with the second tranche until the investigation in Atlanta was completed."[^133] The indictment in Atlanta was returned on February 28, 1991.[^133]
The Atlanta branch of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro extended credits to [[Iraq]] that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] examined in February 1993. The committee reports that a National Security Council Deputies Committee meeting on May 29, 1990 was held "to resolve the issue of the second $500 million tranche," and that [[Robert M. Gates]] chaired it.[^134] Barr and Richard opposed going forward with the second tranche, citing the prosecutor's intent to indict Iraqi officials who were involved in "significant criminal violations." The meeting's conclusion was "that the Iraqi government simply be advised that the U.S. would not go forward with the second tranche until the investigation in Atlanta was completed."[^134] The indictment in Atlanta was returned on February 28, 1991.[^134]
On October 2, 1989 Bush signed [[National Security Directive 26]], classified SECRET. It states that the government "should propose economic and political incentives for Iraq to moderate its behavior and to increase our influence with Iraq," and that "any illegal use of chemical and/or biological weapons will lead to economic and political sanctions."[^134]
On October 2, 1989 Bush signed [[National Security Directive 26]], classified SECRET. It states that the government "should propose economic and political incentives for Iraq to moderate its behavior and to increase our influence with Iraq," and that "any illegal use of chemical and/or biological weapons will lead to economic and political sanctions."[^135]
The [[Commodity Credit Corporation Iraq Program]] ran alongside the BNL loans. On October 6, 1989 Secretary of State Baker assured [[Tariq Aziz]] that American concern over proliferation was worldwide and not directed at Iraq; the department then offered Iraq 500 million dollars in guarantees, with a second 500 million to follow "after successful conclusion of the BNL investigation," a condition Iraq rejected.[^135] Friedman wrote in *Spider's Web* on the [[BNL Scandal]] that the House Banking Committee under Gonzalez documented the Reagan administration's and the early Bush administration's consistent support for Iraq's weapons procurement networks, including knowledge of chemical weapons use.[^136]
The [[Commodity Credit Corporation Iraq Program]] ran alongside the BNL loans. On October 6, 1989 Secretary of State Baker assured [[Tariq Aziz]] that American concern over proliferation was worldwide and not directed at Iraq; the department then offered Iraq 500 million dollars in guarantees, with a second 500 million to follow "after successful conclusion of the BNL investigation," a condition Iraq rejected.[^136] Friedman wrote in *Spider's Web* on the [[BNL Scandal]] that the House Banking Committee under Gonzalez documented the Reagan administration's and the early Bush administration's consistent support for Iraq's weapons procurement networks, including knowledge of chemical weapons use.[^137]
In a 1992 statement in the House, Representative [[Henry B. Gonzalez]] quoted the sentence "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." He added that "[s]everal Bush administration officials in a position to know the truth have testified before Congress about the United States role in enhancing Iraq's military capability."[^137] The White House's unclassified summary of September 1991 uses different language on the same question.[^138]
In a 1992 statement in the House, Representative [[Henry B. Gonzalez]] quoted the sentence "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." He added that "[s]everal Bush administration officials in a position to know the truth have testified before Congress about the United States role in enhancing Iraq's military capability."[^138] The White House's unclassified summary of September 1991 uses different language on the same question.[^139]
### BCCI and the Gulf Finance Network
The Senate report on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, prepared by Senators John Kerry and [[Hank Brown]] and published in December 1992, describes a figure named Lake who "received $200,000 in payments from Abu Dhabi last fall in connection with this work." The report says he was performing, "as a volunteer, in an unpaid position," the job of "deputy manager to President Bush's re-election campaign."[^139] Kerry, then subcommittee chairman, said at a hearing on March 18, 1992: "I do not believe that Mr. Lake should be sitting in on White House campaign strategy meetings while he is also providing strategy to Sheikh Zayed on how to deal with problems arising out of his ownership of BCCI."[^139]
The Senate report on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, prepared by Senators John Kerry and [[Hank Brown]] and published in December 1992, describes a figure named Lake who "received $200,000 in payments from Abu Dhabi last fall in connection with this work." The report says he was performing, "as a volunteer, in an unpaid position," the job of "deputy manager to President Bush's re-election campaign."[^140] Kerry, then subcommittee chairman, said at a hearing on March 18, 1992: "I do not believe that Mr. Lake should be sitting in on White House campaign strategy meetings while he is also providing strategy to Sheikh Zayed on how to deal with problems arising out of his ownership of BCCI."[^140]
The report's chapter on [[Ed Rogers]] quotes Rogers's resignation letter, which states that "The ethics atmosphere at the Bush White House was to go the extra mile...."[^140] The report places [[Sam Bamieh]] in Bush's Team 100 fundraising program in 1988.[^141] It also records that [[Richard Helms]] wrote to Vice President Bush on behalf of [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani|Irvani]] on October 29, 1987.[^142]
The report's chapter on [[Ed Rogers]] quotes Rogers's resignation letter, which states that "The ethics atmosphere at the Bush White House was to go the extra mile...."[^141] The report places [[Sam Bamieh]] in Bush's Team 100 fundraising program in 1988.[^142] It also records that [[Richard Helms]] wrote to Vice President Bush on behalf of [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani|Irvani]] on October 29, 1987.[^143]
The Justice Department's response to Kerry's inquiry about its February 1990 letters states that "The first letter by Mr. Saphos is obviously worded poorly."[^143] A July 24, 1990 letter from Deputy Assistant Attorney General [[Bruce Navarro]] to Kerry also appears in the record.[^144] The report asks whether the Customs undercover investigation of BCCI "is the kind of investigation that President Bush and the Congress desire."[^145]
The Justice Department's response to Kerry's inquiry about its February 1990 letters states that "The first letter by Mr. Saphos is obviously worded poorly."[^144] A July 24, 1990 letter from Deputy Assistant Attorney General [[Bruce Navarro]] to Kerry also appears in the record.[^145] The report asks whether the Customs undercover investigation of BCCI "is the kind of investigation that President Bush and the Congress desire."[^146]
### Stephens, Bath and the Gulf Financiers
[[Jackson Stephens]] of [[Stephens Inc.]] gave to Reagan, Bush and Clinton, and in 1977 introduced the Bank of Credit and Commerce International to the American bank it would secretly acquire.[^146] [[Peter Truell]] and [[Larry Gurwin]] wrote in 1992 that Stephens backed Bush that year while employees of Stephens Inc. gave more money to the Clinton campaign than the employees of all but two other firms; they also wrote that [[Hillary Clinton]], then Hillary Rodham, did legal work in 1978 for Systematics Inc. when it was sued over the stock accumulation for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]].[^147] The firm gave 100,000 dollars to a dinner for President Bush in May 1991, and family members and employees gave more than 83,000 dollars to Clinton by the summer of 1992; [[Worthen Bank]], whose chairman [[Curt Bradbury]] had been a Stephens officer, extended the Clinton campaign a 3.5 million dollar line of credit.[^148]
[[Jackson Stephens]] of [[Stephens Inc.]] gave to Reagan, Bush and Clinton, and in 1977 introduced the Bank of Credit and Commerce International to the American bank it would secretly acquire.[^147] [[Peter Truell]] and [[Larry Gurwin]] wrote in 1992 that Stephens backed Bush that year while employees of Stephens Inc. gave more money to the Clinton campaign than the employees of all but two other firms; they also wrote that [[Hillary Clinton]], then Hillary Rodham, did legal work in 1978 for Systematics Inc. when it was sued over the stock accumulation for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]].[^148] The firm gave 100,000 dollars to a dinner for President Bush in May 1991, and family members and employees gave more than 83,000 dollars to Clinton by the summer of 1992; [[Worthen Bank]], whose chairman [[Curt Bradbury]] had been a Stephens officer, extended the Clinton campaign a 3.5 million dollar line of credit.[^149]
[[James R. Bath]] told *Time* in 1991 that his friendship with Bush dated from their service in the Guard and that he was only "slightly" acquainted with the then-President.[^149] [[Craig Unger]] wrote in *Salon* in 2004 that the second name on a Guard order, released earlier under the Freedom of Information Act to the researcher Marty Heldt, was Bath's, and that the White House redacted it when it released George W. Bush's military records in March 2004; Bath confirmed that he was the man named and said: "Geo did not use drugs."[^150] [[Lucy Komisar]] wrote in 2007 that in 1976, when Bush headed the CIA, the agency sold some planes of its proprietary airline [[Air America]] to Skyway, "a company owned by Bath and Bin Mahfouz"; she wrote that [[Khalid bin Mahfouz]]'s family bought 20 to 30 percent of BCCI for nearly one billion dollars, and that when [[Harken Energy]] got into financial trouble in 1987 Stephens helped it obtain 25 million dollars from [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] and a board seat went to the Harken shareholder [[Abdullah Taha Bakhsh]], "whose chief banker was BCCI shareholder Bin Mahfouz." Harken's proxy statement of April 25, 1994 listed Bakhsh with 6,935,364 shares, 11.66 percent of its common stock.[^151] *Time* described Bakhsh as the reclusive Saudi who bought an 11 percent stake in Harken, of which George W. Bush was a director.[^152]
[[James R. Bath]] told *Time* in 1991 that his friendship with Bush dated from their service in the Guard and that he was only "slightly" acquainted with the then-President.[^150] [[Craig Unger]] wrote in *Salon* in 2004 that the second name on a Guard order, released earlier under the Freedom of Information Act to the researcher Marty Heldt, was Bath's, and that the White House redacted it when it released George W. Bush's military records in March 2004; Bath confirmed that he was the man named and said: "Geo did not use drugs."[^151] [[Lucy Komisar]] wrote in 2007 that in 1976, when Bush headed the CIA, the agency sold some planes of its proprietary airline [[Air America]] to Skyway, "a company owned by Bath and Bin Mahfouz"; she wrote that [[Khalid bin Mahfouz]]'s family bought 20 to 30 percent of BCCI for nearly one billion dollars, and that when [[Harken Energy]] got into financial trouble in 1987 Stephens helped it obtain 25 million dollars from [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] and a board seat went to the Harken shareholder [[Abdullah Taha Bakhsh]], "whose chief banker was BCCI shareholder Bin Mahfouz." Harken's proxy statement of April 25, 1994 listed Bakhsh with 6,935,364 shares, 11.66 percent of its common stock.[^152] *Time* described Bakhsh as the reclusive Saudi who bought an 11 percent stake in Harken, of which George W. Bush was a director.[^153]
### Hinckley
John W. Hinckley Jr. shot President Reagan on March 30, 1981. The [[Houston Post]] reported that Neil Bush, a son of Vice President Bush, had been scheduled to have dinner the day after the shooting with [[Scott Hinckley]], the brother of the gunman. WhoWhatWhy reports that the story was picked up by the Associated Press and UPI.[^153]
John W. Hinckley Jr. shot President Reagan on March 30, 1981. The [[Houston Post]] reported that Neil Bush, a son of Vice President Bush, had been scheduled to have dinner the day after the shooting with [[Scott Hinckley]], the brother of the gunman. WhoWhatWhy reports that the story was picked up by the Associated Press and UPI.[^154]
At a press conference the day after the shooting, Neil Bush acknowledged that Scott Hinckley had also been at his house "a couple of months earlier, at his surprise birthday party." Neil Bush said, "I have no idea."[^153]
At a press conference the day after the shooting, Neil Bush acknowledged that Scott Hinckley had also been at his house "a couple of months earlier, at his surprise birthday party." Neil Bush said, "I have no idea."[^154]
The vice president's press secretary, [[Peter Teeley]], told a UPI reporter, as WhoWhatWhy quotes him: "I don't know a damn thing about it. All I know is what you're telling me." Teeley said that the vice president "made no mention of it whatsoever."[^153]
The vice president's press secretary, [[Peter Teeley]], told a UPI reporter, as WhoWhatWhy quotes him: "I don't know a damn thing about it. All I know is what you're telling me." Teeley said that the vice president "made no mention of it whatsoever."[^154]
The diary of [[Chase Untermyer]], a Bush aide, records that "Neil and Sharon do know Hinckley's brother (in Denver) and were planning to have dinner with them tomorrow night."[^153]
The diary of [[Chase Untermyer]], a Bush aide, records that "Neil and Sharon do know Hinckley's brother (in Denver) and were planning to have dinner with them tomorrow night."[^154]
WhoWhatWhy also reports, citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, that the Department of Energy told the Hinckley family's oil business that it might be penalized about $2 million.[^154]
WhoWhatWhy also reports, citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, that the Department of Energy told the Hinckley family's oil business that it might be penalized about $2 million.[^155]
### Franklin Cover-Up Allegations
[[John DeCamp]] wrote on the Franklin matter in Nebraska. An advertisement for his book, reproduced in a compilation of material gathered by [[Ted Gunderson]], states that the book "contains numerous references to President George Bush."[^155]
[[John DeCamp]] wrote on the Franklin matter in Nebraska. An advertisement for his book, reproduced in a compilation of material gathered by [[Ted Gunderson]], states that the book "contains numerous references to President George Bush."[^156]
The same compilation relays a 1989 report in the [[Washington Times]] by [[George Archibald]] that key Reagan and Bush administration officials were ensnared in a federal probe tied to an escort service and [[Craig Spence]].[^156]
The same compilation relays a 1989 report in the [[Washington Times]] by [[George Archibald]] that key Reagan and Bush administration officials were ensnared in a federal probe tied to an escort service and [[Craig Spence]].[^157]
### Allegations in the Casolaro and Mind-Control Literature
Seymour wrote that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police inquirer [[Sean McDade]] told her that Canadian officials might have bought the PROMIS software unlawfully from officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations, that the RCMP had traced banking transactions supporting this, and that a successful inquiry "could cause the entire U.S. Republican Party to be dismantled."[^118] In September 2001 Admiral Daniel Murphy, who had served as chief of staff to Vice President Bush during the first Reagan term when the PROMIS misappropriations began, told [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] that he had a "hunch" that there was still another use of PROMIS that INSLAW had not yet discovered; Murphy died on September 21, 2001.[^118]
Seymour wrote that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police inquirer [[Sean McDade]] told her that Canadian officials might have bought the PROMIS software unlawfully from officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations, that the RCMP had traced banking transactions supporting this, and that a successful inquiry "could cause the entire U.S. Republican Party to be dismantled."[^119] In September 2001 Admiral Daniel Murphy, who had served as chief of staff to Vice President Bush during the first Reagan term when the PROMIS misappropriations began, told [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] that he had a "hunch" that there was still another use of PROMIS that INSLAW had not yet discovered; Murphy died on September 21, 2001.[^119]
[[Project Monarch]] is described in a 1996 PROBE article by A.B.H. Alexander, which reports the claim of Cathy O'Brien that she delivered messages to foreign leaders including Mexican President [[Carlos Salinas]] on behalf of Vice President Bush, using keyword-triggered personality compartments.[^157]
[[Project Monarch]] is described in a 1996 PROBE article by A.B.H. Alexander, which reports the claim of Cathy O'Brien that she delivered messages to foreign leaders including Mexican President [[Carlos Salinas]] on behalf of Vice President Bush, using keyword-triggered personality compartments.[^158]
### The Carlyle Group
In March 2002 Tim Shorrock wrote in [[The Nation]] that "Bush is Carlyle's senior adviser on Asia and makes his money by giving speeches at Carlyle's investment conferences."[^158] The article quotes [[William Conway]] of [[The Carlyle Group]] describing "the cast of ex-Presidents and former officials, including George H.W. Bush, James Baker III and Frank Carlucci, on its payroll."[^158]
In March 2002 Tim Shorrock wrote in [[The Nation]] that "Bush is Carlyle's senior adviser on Asia and makes his money by giving speeches at Carlyle's investment conferences."[^159] The article quotes [[William Conway]] of [[The Carlyle Group]] describing "the cast of ex-Presidents and former officials, including George H.W. Bush, James Baker III and Frank Carlucci, on its payroll."[^159]
### Appointees in the Epstein Record
Lefkowitz, who served under Bush at the Domestic Policy Council, was later the principal defense negotiator of the September 2007 [[Epstein non-prosecution agreement]] between [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida; he retired from [[Kirkland & Ellis]] in March 2026, saying he would not have taken the Epstein matter "knowing what we all know now."[^159] Starr was a partner at Kirkland before and after his service as Solicitor General.[^159] Preska, whom Bush appointed in 1992, took over [[Giuffre v. Maxwell]] after the death of Judge Robert W. Sweet in 2019 and ruled until 2026 on the release of its sealed discovery.[^160] Federal Election Commission records show a 1988 contribution to Bush by [[Philip Scaturro]], whose contributions otherwise went mostly to Democratic candidates.[^161]
Lefkowitz, who served under Bush at the Domestic Policy Council, was later the principal defense negotiator of the September 2007 [[Epstein non-prosecution agreement]] between [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida; he retired from [[Kirkland & Ellis]] in March 2026, saying he would not have taken the Epstein matter "knowing what we all know now."[^160] Starr was a partner at Kirkland before and after his service as Solicitor General.[^160] Preska, whom Bush appointed in 1992, took over [[Giuffre v. Maxwell]] after the death of Judge Robert W. Sweet in 2019 and ruled until 2026 on the release of its sealed discovery.[^161] Federal Election Commission records show a 1988 contribution to Bush by [[Philip Scaturro]], whose contributions otherwise went mostly to Democratic candidates.[^162]
### Unidentified Aerial Phenomena and the FBI Vault
A letter to FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]], held in the Bureau's vault, is quoted by [[Larry Holzwarth]] in a HistoryCollection article. The letter states that "President Bush (George H. W. Bush), when asked about UFOs, told the person asking 'You don't know the half of it.'" The letter writer reminds the director that Bush "was formerly with the CIA." Because the letter calls Bush "President," it can date only from January 1989 onward.[^162]
A letter to FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]], held in the Bureau's vault, is quoted by [[Larry Holzwarth]] in a HistoryCollection article. The letter states that "President Bush (George H. W. Bush), when asked about UFOs, told the person asking 'You don't know the half of it.'" The letter writer reminds the director that Bush "was formerly with the CIA." Because the letter calls Bush "President," it can date only from January 1989 onward.[^163]
The astrophysicist [[Eric Davis]] recalled Bush telling him that humans made contact with aliens at a secretive New Mexico air base in 1964. The account was published by OK! Magazine on November 24, 2025 and carried by AOL, and is tied to the documentary *The Age of Disclosure*. When Bush asked for more details, he was told that he did not have a need-to-know.[^163]
The astrophysicist [[Eric Davis]] recalled Bush telling him that humans made contact with aliens at a secretive New Mexico air base in 1964. The account was published by OK! Magazine on November 24, 2025 and carried by AOL, and is tied to the documentary *The Age of Disclosure*. When Bush asked for more details, he was told that he did not have a need-to-know.[^164]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991).
[^2]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "George H. W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency." Phillips Academy, Navy service 1942 to 1945, marriage of January 6, 1945, Yale economics degree by 1948, baseball captain, Skull and Bones, Prescott Bush's Senate service 1952 to 1963, the Texas oil years, the 1964 to 1974 political offices, the CIA appointment, the May 1, 1979 announcement, and the children's names and birth years. https://millercenter.org/president/bush/life-before-the-presidency
[^3]: White House, "Biography of President George W. Bush" (archived, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov). Born July 6, 1946, in New Haven; sworn in January 20, 2001 and January 20, 2005.
[^4]: George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, FOIA response 2009-0116-F, records relating to the Skull and Bones Society. https://bush41library.gov/download/file/4777
[^5]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), 1971 membership catalogue entry "BUSH, 1948, George Herbert Walker," and index of members by class year, class of 1948. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^6]: *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), entry for Prescott Sheldon Bush, pp. 105 to 106. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^7]: *Madrigal v. Russell Trust Association*, No. 2:17-cv-00340 (S.D. Tex.), docket entries 1, 6, 8 and 17. https://archive.org/details/gov.uscourts.txsd.1463674
[^8]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^9]: Associated Press, reprinted by CBS News, "Letter May Back Yale Claim On Geronimo," May 9, 2006: "according to the letter, written by Winter Mead"; "But Mead was not at Fort Sill"; "According to Skull and Bones legend, members, including President George W. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, dug up Geronimo's grave when a group of Army volunteers from Yale were stationed at the fort during World War I." https://www.cbsnews.com/news/letter-may-back-yale-claim-on-geronimo/
[^10]: Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 248, Washington, October 20, 1942, *Federal Register*, November 7, 1942, pp. 9097-9098.
[^11]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, quoting a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^12]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, citing a 1968 memorandum and the 1998 release of CIA documents. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Biographical Information on George H. W. Bush," undated sheet, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401590001-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401590001-9
[^14]: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, "Bush Opened Up To Secret Yale Society," Washington Post, dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room record, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580058-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580058-8
[^15]: Randall Rothenberg, "In Search of George Bush," March 6, 1988, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580078-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580078-6
[^16]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^17]: George Bush, *All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings* (New York: Scribner, 1999), biographical note on Neil Mallon, the account of the move to Odessa, the letter of April 12, 1951, and the passage on naming the third son. https://archive.org/details/allbestgeorgebus0000bush
[^18]: George Bush with Victor Gold, *Looking Forward* (New York: Doubleday, 1987). https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush
[^19]: Zapata Corporation, annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed December 29, 1994, accession 0000899243-94-000388, Item 1 and filer header (former conformed names), CIK 109177.
[^20]: SEC EDGAR filing history for CIK 109177 (Zapata Corporation and successor names); start of electronic filings February 8, 1994.
[^21]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to John Pereira, December 18, 1997, CIA release 104-10336-10008.
[^22]: Assassination Records Review Board staff memorandum by Haron, January 8, 1998 (FBIMEM.002).
[^23]: CIA memorandum from Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, July 15, 1998 (CIA-IR09).
[^24]: CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to T. Jeremy Gunn, February 25, 1998, within release 104-10336-10008.
[^25]: Assassination Records Review Board draft request, "George Bush," undated, bearing Gunn's name.
[^26]: WhoWhatWhy, "Classic Who: GHW Bush and the JFK Assassination," October 24, 2017, reporting Stephen Hart's 1988 statement and Joseph McBride's report in *The Nation*, July 16, 1988. https://whowhatwhy.org/2017/10/24/classic-ghw-bush-jfk-assassination/
[^27]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
[^28]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement Announcing the Establishment of a Federal Anticrime Task Force for Southern Florida," January 28, 1982. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-announcing-the-establishment-federal-anticrime-task-force-for-southern-florida
[^29]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), statement of Adm. Daniel J. Murphy, pp. 224-225. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0009
[^30]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 19. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^31]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 20, "It is a sensitive matter."
[^32]: FBI Headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 2 (FOIA release), Hunt Oil Company and Estate of H.L. Hunt press releases, March 4 and April 1, 1977, https://archive.org/details/foia_Hunt_H.L.-HQ-2 ; Marie Fagnant (Assassination Records Review Board staff), "Summary of Dallas Figures," memorandum, July 31, 1997; Bill Porterfield, "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly*, March 1975. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/h-l-hunts-long-goodbye/
[^33]: George Bush, Chairman, National Foreign Intelligence Board, letter to Vice Admiral Bobby R. Inman, January 1977 (DCI/IC 77-0402), CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8
[^34]: "We've Been Asked: What Is the Trilateral Commission?" *U.S. News & World Report*, April 7, 1980, p. 37, reprinted in Congressional Research Service, *The Trilateral Commission*, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981).
[^35]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of William H. Draper III To Be President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States," March 18, 1981, The American Presidency Project. https://presidency.ucsb.edu/node/247393
[^36]: "The President's News Conference," November 3, 1975. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-60
[^37]: "Remarks at the Swearing In of George Bush as Director of Central Intelligence," January 30, 1976. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-swearing-george-bush-director-central-intelligence
[^38]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 15. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. Reprinted with the author's January 1999 postscript in *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 13, no. 1 (1999).
[^39]: Senate nomination record for George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of December 15-16, 1975, and committee report of December 18, 1975. CIA reading room CIA-RDP91-00901R000100050001-3.
[^40]: Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Intelligence and Congress: The Nomination of George H. W. Bush as DCI," *Studies in Intelligence* 65, no. 4 (December 2021). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Article_Intel_Congress_Nomination_ofGHWBush_as_DCI_Studies_65_4_December2021.pdf
[^41]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 170, memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Bush to recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, with editorial note citing William Beecher, *Boston Globe*, October 20, 1976, and David Binder, *New York Times*, December 26, 1976.
[^42]: "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View, Report of Team B." CIA reading room CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8.
[^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 174, Bush to Cherne, January 19, 1977.
[^44]: Church Committee, *Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities*, Book I, p. 455 (1976). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^45]: Church Committee, *Final Report*, Book I, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^46]: Norman Kempster, *Washington Star*, February 10, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3.
[^47]: "'Operation Chaos' Files Ordered Held," *Washington Star*, June 16, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170029-4.
[^48]: Letter from Daniel K. Inouye to George Bush, September 29, 1976. CIA reading room 03303946.
[^49]: Letter from Edward H. Levi to George Bush, October 9, 1976, with Scowcroft's endorsement of October 21, 1976. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, pt. 2, doc. 250.
[^50]: CIA reading room document 05535911, 1980 radio interview transcript (speaker identified as "MAN").
[^51]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 209.
[^52]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 217, memorandum quoted in the volume.
[^53]: Memorandum by George Bush, "The Death of Roselli," August 11, 1976. CIA reading room 00508811.
[^54]: Timothy S. Robinson, "The Letelier Case," *The Washington Post*, May 21, 1978, p. A4, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100050048-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100050048-7.
[^55]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol*, Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf ; Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol* (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf.
[^56]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6
[^57]: Secretary of State to American Embassy Caracas, "Interrogation of Bosch," telegram 1976STATE277225, November 11, 1976, quoting Richard L. Thornburgh's letter of November 5, 1976, Department of State, released 2006; Zach Dorfman, "Codename: Chilbom," *The Atavist Magazine*, no. 59, June 21, 2016. https://magazine.atavist.com/2016/codename-chilbom
[^58]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Associate Attorney General, *In the Matter of Orlando Bosch-Avila*, decision of Acting Associate Attorney General Joe D. Whitley in exclusion proceedings, January 23, 1989; National Security Archive, "Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later," Electronic Briefing Book 202, October 5, 2006.
[^59]: Peter Kornbluh, "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation*, September 2026.
[^60]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, Panama, doc. 133, memorandum of conversation, October 6, 1976, source note.
[^61]: Letter from George Bush to Donald H. Rumsfeld, October 18, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP79-00498A000600090009-7.
[^62]: Joseph Trento, *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network* (Carroll & Graf, 2005), pp. 52-108; Alexandre de Marenches and David Andelman, *The Fourth World War* (Random House, 1992); Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976.
[^63]: Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop, *La Piscine: Les Services Secrets Français, 1944-1984* (Seuil, 1985); Alexandre de Marenches and Christine Ockrent, *Dans le Secret des Princes* (Stock, 1986).
[^64]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465, 1975; Ludo De Witte, *The Assassination of Lumumba* (Verso, 2001); International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Public Law 94-329, 90 Stat. 729 (June 30, 1976), sec. 404.
[^65]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^66]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 18.
[^67]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^68]: *The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board* (New York: Bantam Books and Times Books, 1987), pp. 24-25, 30-31; Tom Tugend, "Al Schwimmer, Israel Air Force pioneer, dies at 94," *Jewish Journal* (Los Angeles), June 12, 2011; JTA Staff, "Pardoned American served Israel in 1948," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 28, 2001.
[^69]: Maureen Dowd, "War in the Gulf: The President; Bush Urges Israeli Restraint in Phone Appeals to Shamir," *The New York Times*, January 20, 1991, p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-gulf-president-bush-urges-israeli-restraint-phone-appeals-shamir.html
[^70]: "Decade of the Spy," undated counterintelligence history extract, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 407, Doc. 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB407/docs/EBB-PollardDoc14.pdf
[^71]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 16. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
[^72]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," entry for 1983. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
[^73]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4
[^74]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1; "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.
[^75]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^76]: William J. Casey to Alexander M. Haig, Jr., April 2, 1982, with "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs (April 2, 1982)," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP84B00049R000701780017-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000701780017-6
[^77]: John H. Holdridge, letter, "Australian Intrigue," *Time*, January 3, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1 ; CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," Evening News transcript, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^78]: "Vice President George Bush, completing a 10-day trip aimed...," United Press International, April 12, 1986, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/12/Vice-President-George-Bush-completing-a-10-day-trip-aimed/5692513666000/ ; "Top-secret cronies," *Salon*, November 17, 2005, https://www.salon.com/2005/11/17/pfiab/
[^79]: Bill Gertz, "Vice President confirms Buckley was tortured and killed," *Washington Times*, January 21, 1987, CIA-RDP90-00965R000302310058-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302310058-3
[^80]: Denholm Barnetson, "President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel and...," United Press International, August 17, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/17/President-Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq-US-Ambassador-Arnold-Raphel-and/3467587793600/
[^81]: Dennis Bernstein and Robert Knight (Pacific News Service), report published by *Salon*, October 8, 1996. https://www.salon.com/1996/10/08/news_555/
[^82]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), Senator Kerry, pp. 265-266.
[^83]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), testimony of Danilo Blandon, pp. 136-137.
[^84]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29, citing Gregg grand jury testimony of October 9, 1987 and Rodriguez grand jury testimony of December 4, 1987. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm
[^85]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), Rodriguez testimony, p. 344.
[^86]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, p. 443. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^87]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 96. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^88]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary, p. xviii. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
[^89]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, "George Bush," pp. 473-474. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_28.htm
[^90]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 479 and note 67 (*Los Angeles Times*, September 11, 1992; *Washington Post*, 1988).
[^91]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, "Investigations of the White House," pp. 443-444. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^92]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, pp. 474-475, on the diary, the pardons and the grand jury.
[^93]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 480 and note 74 (diary entries of November 4 and 5, 1986).
[^94]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 478.
[^95]: Proclamation 6518, Granting Pardons, December 24, 1992, 107 *Stat.* 2606-2607.
[^96]: Brown University, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, Iran-Contra materials, "The Pardons," quoting Walsh's response to the pardon of Caspar Weinberger. https://webhelper.brown.edu/cheit/
[^97]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. II, Fourth Interim Report to Congress, February 8, 1993, pp. 585-587.
[^98]: *The Tower Commission Report*, February 26, 1987, pp. 383-384. https://archive.org/details/towercommission00unit
[^99]: National Security Planning Group minutes, June 25, 1984, "Central America," National Security Archive, *The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On*, EBB 210, document 2 (IC 00463), pp. 12, 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/2-NSPG%20minutes%206-25-84%20(IC%2000463).pdf ; Iran-Contra report, ch. 26, pp. 403-404.
[^100]: Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29 (Gregg and Rodriguez); Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Narcotics, Terrorism and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1989), p. 96.
[^101]: George Bush, "Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Iran-Contra Investigation," December 30, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-press-secretary-fitzwater-the-iran-contra-investigation ; U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies.
[^102]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project (remarks on Bua, Lacey, Civiletti, inherent authority, and the pardons). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^103]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993), pp. 4-5, 10; Lacey, Report of the Independent Counsel, Serial No. 103-95, pp. 344-345; "Drogoul gets 37 months in BNL bank scandal," United Press International, December 9, 1993; *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993).
[^104]: *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, 102d Cong., 2d sess., January 3, 1993, Calendar No. 634. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^105]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 148.
[^106]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 110.
[^107]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 172-173.
[^108]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 175.
[^109]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 149, citing the Rupp sentencing (D. Colo., September 23, 1988) and the Brenneke trial (D. Or., May 3, 1990).
[^110]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 150-151.
[^111]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), pp. 131-132. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^112]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 90, Casey calendar.
[^113]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 102.
[^114]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 20-21, missing calendar pages.
[^115]: Robert Parry, "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces," *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/14/october-surprise-evidence-surfaces/
[^116]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 173-174, Reagan statements.
[^117]: Barbara Honegger, *October Surprise* (New York: Tudor Publishing, 1989).
[^118]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010).
[^119]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "George H. W. Bush: Key Events." https://millercenter.org/president/bush/key-events
[^120]: Miller Center, "Statecraft: The Bush 41 Team," "Proving ground: How the December 1989 invasion of Panama shaped the Bush 41 foreign policy team," quoting Richard Cheney and Colin Powell in the George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/proving-ground
[^121]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. III, ch. 9, p. 50. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^122]: Bruce Berkowitz, *The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A Brief History* (Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, September 2011), pp. 20-21, 23-26.
[^123]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Brass Factory in Iraq," *Congressional Record*, House, September 25, 1992, p. H9502; Gonzalez floor statement of August 10, 1992.
[^124]: Gayle Young, "Socialists Take the Helm in Jamaica. Manley hopes to strengthen US ties by aiding war on drugs," *The Christian Science Monitor*, February 14, 1989. https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0214/ojam.html
[^125]: "Richard Lewis Thornburgh," Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, *Attorneys General of the United States*; Miller Center, "Richard Thornburgh."
[^126]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr," historical biography (updated September 18, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/osg/bio/kenneth-w-starr
[^127]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564 ; George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789
[^128]: U.S. Department of State, "Jay Lefkowitz, Special Envoy, Human Rights in North Korea," biography, released May 25, 2006. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/66929.htm ; The White House (George W. Bush archives), "Personnel Announcement," January 31, 2002.
[^129]: Federal Judicial Center, "Preska, Loretta A.," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/preska-loretta
[^130]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
[^131]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla., January 31, 1995), para. 7. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
[^132]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, docket 679, *United States v. Cardoen* (October 31, 1996). Archive.org item utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^133]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993). https://intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
[^134]: National Security Directive 26, "U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf," October 2, 1989, classified SECRET. George H. W. Bush Presidential Library copy.
[^135]: General Accounting Office, report on Iraq's participation in the Commodity Credit Corporation's GSM-102 and GSM-103 export credit guarantee programs, GAO/NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, appendix I; Henry B. Gonzalez, "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House, May 18, 1992, pp. H3370-H3373; "Bush's embarrassing Lavoro scandal," *The Baltimore Sun*, April 28, 1992.
[^136]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (Bantam Books, 1993).
[^137]: Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, *Congressional Record*, 1992. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920925g.htm
[^138]: White House, unclassified summary of Iraq sanctions and weapons exports, September 1991.
[^139]: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140 (December 1992), p. 461. https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003
[^140]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 542, chapter on Ed Rogers.
[^141]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 538.
[^142]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Helms letters to Vice President Bush, October 29, 1987.
[^143]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Justice Department response on the February 1990 letters by Mr. Saphos.
[^144]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, letter of Deputy Assistant Attorney General Bruce Navarro to Senator Kerry, July 24, 1990.
[^145]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 508.
[^146]: "Jackson Thomas Stephens (1923-2005)," *Encyclopedia of Arkansas*; *Financial General Bankshares, Inc. v. Metzger*, 523 F. Supp. 744 (D.D.C. 1981); 680 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
[^147]: Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, *False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire* (Houghton Mifflin, 1992), ch. 18 and p. 428. https://archive.org/details/bypetertruellauthorlarrygurwinauthorfalseprofitsth
[^148]: "Meet The Family That Bankrolled Clinton," *The Seattle Times*, January 31, 1993, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19930131&slug=1682819 ; House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law*, H. Rept. 105-829 (1998), vol. 2; Roger Morris, *Partners in Power* (Henry Holt, 1996); Truell and Gurwin, *False Profits*, pp. 41 and 428.
[^149]: Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/
[^150]: Craig Unger, "Mystery man," *Salon*, April 28, 2004. https://www.salon.com/2004/04/28/james_bath/
[^151]: Lucy Komisar, "Questions Linger About Bushes and BCCI," Inter Press Service, April 4, 2007, https://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/finance-questions-linger-about-bushes-and-bcci/ ; Harken Energy Corporation, proxy statement (Schedule 14A), filed April 25, 1994, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
[^152]: Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/
[^153]: WhoWhatWhy, "Bush Angle to Reagan Shooting Still Unresolved as Hinckley Walks," August 16, 2016, reporting the *Houston Post* story, Neil Bush's press conference, Peter Teeley's statement to UPI, and the Untermyer diary. https://whowhatwhy.org/2016/08/16/bush-angle-reagan-shooting-still-unresolved-hinckley-walks/
[^154]: WhoWhatWhy (2016), citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, on the Department of Energy notice to the Hinckley family business.
[^155]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, advertisement for John DeCamp's book. https://archive.org/details/ted-gunderson-fbi-the-finders
[^156]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, relaying a *Washington Times* report by George Archibald (1989).
[^157]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," *PROBE*, c. 1996.
[^158]: Tim Shorrock, "Crony Capitalism Goes Global," *The Nation*, March 14, 2002. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/crony-capitalism-goes-global/
[^159]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Disgraced Lawyer Jay Lefkowitz Who Secured Sweetheart Deal Leaves Firm," *The Daily Beast*, March 2026; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr"; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02847284.
[^160]: *Brown v. Maxwell; Dershowitz v. Giuffre*, 929 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2019), Nos. 18-2868, 16-3945-cv(L) (July 3, 2019). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4636340/brown-v-maxwell-dershowitz-v-giuffre/
[^161]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^162]: Larry Holzwarth, "FBI Files: Unexplained Phenomenon Files from the FBI's Vault," HistoryCollection, quoting an anonymous letter to FBI Director William S. Sessions. https://historycollection.com/unexplained-phenomenon-files-from-the-fbis-vault/6/
[^163]: Allie Fasanella, "George H. W. Bush 'Knew' Humans Made Contact With Aliens in 1964," *OK! Magazine*, November 24, 2025, carried by AOL. https://www.aol.com/articles/george-h-w-bush-knew-161144400.html
[^4]: "The Ultimate Loyalist," profile of George Bush, 1988, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580046-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp99-01448r000401580046-1
[^5]: George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, FOIA response 2009-0116-F, records relating to the Skull and Bones Society. https://bush41library.gov/download/file/4777
[^6]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), 1971 membership catalogue entry "BUSH, 1948, George Herbert Walker," and index of members by class year, class of 1948. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^7]: *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), entry for Prescott Sheldon Bush, pp. 105 to 106. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^8]: *Madrigal v. Russell Trust Association*, No. 2:17-cv-00340 (S.D. Tex.), docket entries 1, 6, 8 and 17. https://archive.org/details/gov.uscourts.txsd.1463674
[^9]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^10]: Associated Press, reprinted by CBS News, "Letter May Back Yale Claim On Geronimo," May 9, 2006: "according to the letter, written by Winter Mead"; "But Mead was not at Fort Sill"; "According to Skull and Bones legend, members, including President George W. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, dug up Geronimo's grave when a group of Army volunteers from Yale were stationed at the fort during World War I." https://www.cbsnews.com/news/letter-may-back-yale-claim-on-geronimo/
[^11]: Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 248, Washington, October 20, 1942, *Federal Register*, November 7, 1942, pp. 9097-9098.
[^12]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, quoting a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^13]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, citing a 1968 memorandum and the 1998 release of CIA documents. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Biographical Information on George H. W. Bush," undated sheet, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401590001-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401590001-9
[^15]: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, "Bush Opened Up To Secret Yale Society," Washington Post, dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room record, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580058-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580058-8
[^16]: Randall Rothenberg, "In Search of George Bush," March 6, 1988, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580078-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580078-6
[^17]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^18]: George Bush, *All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings* (New York: Scribner, 1999), biographical note on Neil Mallon, the account of the move to Odessa, the letter of April 12, 1951, and the passage on naming the third son. https://archive.org/details/allbestgeorgebus0000bush
[^19]: George Bush with Victor Gold, *Looking Forward* (New York: Doubleday, 1987). https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush
[^20]: Zapata Corporation, annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed December 29, 1994, accession 0000899243-94-000388, Item 1 and filer header (former conformed names), CIK 109177.
[^21]: SEC EDGAR filing history for CIK 109177 (Zapata Corporation and successor names); start of electronic filings February 8, 1994.
[^22]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to John Pereira, December 18, 1997, CIA release 104-10336-10008.
[^23]: Assassination Records Review Board staff memorandum by Haron, January 8, 1998 (FBIMEM.002).
[^24]: CIA memorandum from Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, July 15, 1998 (CIA-IR09).
[^25]: CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to T. Jeremy Gunn, February 25, 1998, within release 104-10336-10008.
[^26]: Assassination Records Review Board draft request, "George Bush," undated, bearing Gunn's name.
[^27]: WhoWhatWhy, "Classic Who: GHW Bush and the JFK Assassination," October 24, 2017, reporting Stephen Hart's 1988 statement and Joseph McBride's report in *The Nation*, July 16, 1988. https://whowhatwhy.org/2017/10/24/classic-ghw-bush-jfk-assassination/
[^28]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
[^29]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement Announcing the Establishment of a Federal Anticrime Task Force for Southern Florida," January 28, 1982. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-announcing-the-establishment-federal-anticrime-task-force-for-southern-florida
[^30]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), statement of Adm. Daniel J. Murphy, pp. 224-225. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0009
[^31]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 19. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^32]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 20, "It is a sensitive matter."
[^33]: FBI Headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 2 (FOIA release), Hunt Oil Company and Estate of H.L. Hunt press releases, March 4 and April 1, 1977, https://archive.org/details/foia_Hunt_H.L.-HQ-2 ; Marie Fagnant (Assassination Records Review Board staff), "Summary of Dallas Figures," memorandum, July 31, 1997; Bill Porterfield, "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly*, March 1975. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/h-l-hunts-long-goodbye/
[^34]: George Bush, Chairman, National Foreign Intelligence Board, letter to Vice Admiral Bobby R. Inman, January 1977 (DCI/IC 77-0402), CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8
[^35]: "We've Been Asked: What Is the Trilateral Commission?" *U.S. News & World Report*, April 7, 1980, p. 37, reprinted in Congressional Research Service, *The Trilateral Commission*, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981).
[^36]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of William H. Draper III To Be President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States," March 18, 1981, The American Presidency Project. https://presidency.ucsb.edu/node/247393
[^37]: "The President's News Conference," November 3, 1975. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-60
[^38]: "Remarks at the Swearing In of George Bush as Director of Central Intelligence," January 30, 1976. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-swearing-george-bush-director-central-intelligence
[^39]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 15. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. Reprinted with the author's January 1999 postscript in *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 13, no. 1 (1999).
[^40]: Senate nomination record for George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of December 15-16, 1975, and committee report of December 18, 1975. CIA reading room CIA-RDP91-00901R000100050001-3.
[^41]: Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Intelligence and Congress: The Nomination of George H. W. Bush as DCI," *Studies in Intelligence* 65, no. 4 (December 2021). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Article_Intel_Congress_Nomination_ofGHWBush_as_DCI_Studies_65_4_December2021.pdf
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 170, memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Bush to recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, with editorial note citing William Beecher, *Boston Globe*, October 20, 1976, and David Binder, *New York Times*, December 26, 1976.
[^43]: "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View, Report of Team B." CIA reading room CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8.
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 174, Bush to Cherne, January 19, 1977.
[^45]: Church Committee, *Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities*, Book I, p. 455 (1976). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^46]: Church Committee, *Final Report*, Book I, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^47]: Norman Kempster, *Washington Star*, February 10, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3.
[^48]: "'Operation Chaos' Files Ordered Held," *Washington Star*, June 16, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170029-4.
[^49]: Letter from Daniel K. Inouye to George Bush, September 29, 1976. CIA reading room 03303946.
[^50]: Letter from Edward H. Levi to George Bush, October 9, 1976, with Scowcroft's endorsement of October 21, 1976. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, pt. 2, doc. 250.
[^51]: CIA reading room document 05535911, 1980 radio interview transcript (speaker identified as "MAN").
[^52]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 209.
[^53]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 217, memorandum quoted in the volume.
[^54]: Memorandum by George Bush, "The Death of Roselli," August 11, 1976. CIA reading room 00508811.
[^55]: Timothy S. Robinson, "The Letelier Case," *The Washington Post*, May 21, 1978, p. A4, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100050048-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100050048-7.
[^56]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol*, Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf ; Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol* (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf.
[^57]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6
[^58]: Secretary of State to American Embassy Caracas, "Interrogation of Bosch," telegram 1976STATE277225, November 11, 1976, quoting Richard L. Thornburgh's letter of November 5, 1976, Department of State, released 2006; Zach Dorfman, "Codename: Chilbom," *The Atavist Magazine*, no. 59, June 21, 2016. https://magazine.atavist.com/2016/codename-chilbom
[^59]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Associate Attorney General, *In the Matter of Orlando Bosch-Avila*, decision of Acting Associate Attorney General Joe D. Whitley in exclusion proceedings, January 23, 1989; National Security Archive, "Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later," Electronic Briefing Book 202, October 5, 2006.
[^60]: Peter Kornbluh, "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation*, September 2026.
[^61]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, Panama, doc. 133, memorandum of conversation, October 6, 1976, source note.
[^62]: Letter from George Bush to Donald H. Rumsfeld, October 18, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP79-00498A000600090009-7.
[^63]: Joseph Trento, *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network* (Carroll & Graf, 2005), pp. 52-108; Alexandre de Marenches and David Andelman, *The Fourth World War* (Random House, 1992); Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976.
[^64]: Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop, *La Piscine: Les Services Secrets Français, 1944-1984* (Seuil, 1985); Alexandre de Marenches and Christine Ockrent, *Dans le Secret des Princes* (Stock, 1986).
[^65]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465, 1975; Ludo De Witte, *The Assassination of Lumumba* (Verso, 2001); International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Public Law 94-329, 90 Stat. 729 (June 30, 1976), sec. 404.
[^66]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^67]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 18.
[^68]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^69]: *The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board* (New York: Bantam Books and Times Books, 1987), pp. 24-25, 30-31; Tom Tugend, "Al Schwimmer, Israel Air Force pioneer, dies at 94," *Jewish Journal* (Los Angeles), June 12, 2011; JTA Staff, "Pardoned American served Israel in 1948," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 28, 2001.
[^70]: Maureen Dowd, "War in the Gulf: The President; Bush Urges Israeli Restraint in Phone Appeals to Shamir," *The New York Times*, January 20, 1991, p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-gulf-president-bush-urges-israeli-restraint-phone-appeals-shamir.html
[^71]: "Decade of the Spy," undated counterintelligence history extract, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 407, Doc. 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB407/docs/EBB-PollardDoc14.pdf
[^72]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 16. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
[^73]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," entry for 1983. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
[^74]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4
[^75]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1; "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.
[^76]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^77]: William J. Casey to Alexander M. Haig, Jr., April 2, 1982, with "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs (April 2, 1982)," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP84B00049R000701780017-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000701780017-6
[^78]: John H. Holdridge, letter, "Australian Intrigue," *Time*, January 3, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1 ; CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," Evening News transcript, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^79]: "Vice President George Bush, completing a 10-day trip aimed...," United Press International, April 12, 1986, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/12/Vice-President-George-Bush-completing-a-10-day-trip-aimed/5692513666000/ ; "Top-secret cronies," *Salon*, November 17, 2005, https://www.salon.com/2005/11/17/pfiab/
[^80]: Bill Gertz, "Vice President confirms Buckley was tortured and killed," *Washington Times*, January 21, 1987, CIA-RDP90-00965R000302310058-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302310058-3
[^81]: Denholm Barnetson, "President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel and...," United Press International, August 17, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/17/President-Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq-US-Ambassador-Arnold-Raphel-and/3467587793600/
[^82]: Dennis Bernstein and Robert Knight (Pacific News Service), report published by *Salon*, October 8, 1996. https://www.salon.com/1996/10/08/news_555/
[^83]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), Senator Kerry, pp. 265-266.
[^84]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), testimony of Danilo Blandon, pp. 136-137.
[^85]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29, citing Gregg grand jury testimony of October 9, 1987 and Rodriguez grand jury testimony of December 4, 1987. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm
[^86]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), Rodriguez testimony, p. 344.
[^87]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, p. 443. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^88]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 96. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^89]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary, p. xviii. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
[^90]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, "George Bush," pp. 473-474. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_28.htm
[^91]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 479 and note 67 (*Los Angeles Times*, September 11, 1992; *Washington Post*, 1988).
[^92]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, "Investigations of the White House," pp. 443-444. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^93]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, pp. 474-475, on the diary, the pardons and the grand jury.
[^94]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 480 and note 74 (diary entries of November 4 and 5, 1986).
[^95]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 478.
[^96]: Proclamation 6518, Granting Pardons, December 24, 1992, 107 *Stat.* 2606-2607.
[^97]: Brown University, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, Iran-Contra materials, "The Pardons," quoting Walsh's response to the pardon of Caspar Weinberger. https://webhelper.brown.edu/cheit/
[^98]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. II, Fourth Interim Report to Congress, February 8, 1993, pp. 585-587.
[^99]: *The Tower Commission Report*, February 26, 1987, pp. 383-384. https://archive.org/details/towercommission00unit
[^100]: National Security Planning Group minutes, June 25, 1984, "Central America," National Security Archive, *The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On*, EBB 210, document 2 (IC 00463), pp. 12, 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/2-NSPG%20minutes%206-25-84%20(IC%2000463).pdf ; Iran-Contra report, ch. 26, pp. 403-404.
[^101]: Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29 (Gregg and Rodriguez); Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Narcotics, Terrorism and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1989), p. 96.
[^102]: George Bush, "Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Iran-Contra Investigation," December 30, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-press-secretary-fitzwater-the-iran-contra-investigation ; U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies.
[^103]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project (remarks on Bua, Lacey, Civiletti, inherent authority, and the pardons). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^104]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993), pp. 4-5, 10; Lacey, Report of the Independent Counsel, Serial No. 103-95, pp. 344-345; "Drogoul gets 37 months in BNL bank scandal," United Press International, December 9, 1993; *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993).
[^105]: *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, 102d Cong., 2d sess., January 3, 1993, Calendar No. 634. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^106]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 148.
[^107]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 110.
[^108]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 172-173.
[^109]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 175.
[^110]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 149, citing the Rupp sentencing (D. Colo., September 23, 1988) and the Brenneke trial (D. Or., May 3, 1990).
[^111]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 150-151.
[^112]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), pp. 131-132. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^113]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 90, Casey calendar.
[^114]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 102.
[^115]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 20-21, missing calendar pages.
[^116]: Robert Parry, "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces," *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/14/october-surprise-evidence-surfaces/
[^117]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 173-174, Reagan statements.
[^118]: Barbara Honegger, *October Surprise* (New York: Tudor Publishing, 1989).
[^119]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010).
[^120]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "George H. W. Bush: Key Events." https://millercenter.org/president/bush/key-events
[^121]: Miller Center, "Statecraft: The Bush 41 Team," "Proving ground: How the December 1989 invasion of Panama shaped the Bush 41 foreign policy team," quoting Richard Cheney and Colin Powell in the George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/proving-ground
[^122]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. III, ch. 9, p. 50. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^123]: Bruce Berkowitz, *The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A Brief History* (Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, September 2011), pp. 20-21, 23-26.
[^124]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Brass Factory in Iraq," *Congressional Record*, House, September 25, 1992, p. H9502; Gonzalez floor statement of August 10, 1992.
[^125]: Gayle Young, "Socialists Take the Helm in Jamaica. Manley hopes to strengthen US ties by aiding war on drugs," *The Christian Science Monitor*, February 14, 1989. https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0214/ojam.html
[^126]: "Richard Lewis Thornburgh," Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, *Attorneys General of the United States*; Miller Center, "Richard Thornburgh."
[^127]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr," historical biography (updated September 18, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/osg/bio/kenneth-w-starr
[^128]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564 ; George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789
[^129]: U.S. Department of State, "Jay Lefkowitz, Special Envoy, Human Rights in North Korea," biography, released May 25, 2006. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/66929.htm ; The White House (George W. Bush archives), "Personnel Announcement," January 31, 2002.
[^130]: Federal Judicial Center, "Preska, Loretta A.," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/preska-loretta
[^131]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
[^132]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla., January 31, 1995), para. 7. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
[^133]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, docket 679, *United States v. Cardoen* (October 31, 1996). Archive.org item utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^134]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993). https://intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
[^135]: National Security Directive 26, "U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf," October 2, 1989, classified SECRET. George H. W. Bush Presidential Library copy.
[^136]: General Accounting Office, report on Iraq's participation in the Commodity Credit Corporation's GSM-102 and GSM-103 export credit guarantee programs, GAO/NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, appendix I; Henry B. Gonzalez, "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House, May 18, 1992, pp. H3370-H3373; "Bush's embarrassing Lavoro scandal," *The Baltimore Sun*, April 28, 1992.
[^137]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (Bantam Books, 1993).
[^138]: Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, *Congressional Record*, 1992. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920925g.htm
[^139]: White House, unclassified summary of Iraq sanctions and weapons exports, September 1991.
[^140]: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140 (December 1992), p. 461. https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003
[^141]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 542, chapter on Ed Rogers.
[^142]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 538.
[^143]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Helms letters to Vice President Bush, October 29, 1987.
[^144]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Justice Department response on the February 1990 letters by Mr. Saphos.
[^145]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, letter of Deputy Assistant Attorney General Bruce Navarro to Senator Kerry, July 24, 1990.
[^146]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 508.
[^147]: "Jackson Thomas Stephens (1923-2005)," *Encyclopedia of Arkansas*; *Financial General Bankshares, Inc. v. Metzger*, 523 F. Supp. 744 (D.D.C. 1981); 680 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
[^148]: Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, *False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire* (Houghton Mifflin, 1992), ch. 18 and p. 428. https://archive.org/details/bypetertruellauthorlarrygurwinauthorfalseprofitsth
[^149]: "Meet The Family That Bankrolled Clinton," *The Seattle Times*, January 31, 1993, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19930131&slug=1682819 ; House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law*, H. Rept. 105-829 (1998), vol. 2; Roger Morris, *Partners in Power* (Henry Holt, 1996); Truell and Gurwin, *False Profits*, pp. 41 and 428.
[^150]: Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/
[^151]: Craig Unger, "Mystery man," *Salon*, April 28, 2004. https://www.salon.com/2004/04/28/james_bath/
[^152]: Lucy Komisar, "Questions Linger About Bushes and BCCI," Inter Press Service, April 4, 2007, https://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/finance-questions-linger-about-bushes-and-bcci/ ; Harken Energy Corporation, proxy statement (Schedule 14A), filed April 25, 1994, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
[^153]: Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/
[^154]: WhoWhatWhy, "Bush Angle to Reagan Shooting Still Unresolved as Hinckley Walks," August 16, 2016, reporting the *Houston Post* story, Neil Bush's press conference, Peter Teeley's statement to UPI, and the Untermyer diary. https://whowhatwhy.org/2016/08/16/bush-angle-reagan-shooting-still-unresolved-hinckley-walks/
[^155]: WhoWhatWhy (2016), citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, on the Department of Energy notice to the Hinckley family business.
[^156]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, advertisement for John DeCamp's book. https://archive.org/details/ted-gunderson-fbi-the-finders
[^157]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, relaying a *Washington Times* report by George Archibald (1989).
[^158]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," *PROBE*, c. 1996.
[^159]: Tim Shorrock, "Crony Capitalism Goes Global," *The Nation*, March 14, 2002. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/crony-capitalism-goes-global/
[^160]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Disgraced Lawyer Jay Lefkowitz Who Secured Sweetheart Deal Leaves Firm," *The Daily Beast*, March 2026; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr"; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02847284.
[^161]: *Brown v. Maxwell; Dershowitz v. Giuffre*, 929 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2019), Nos. 18-2868, 16-3945-cv(L) (July 3, 2019). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4636340/brown-v-maxwell-dershowitz-v-giuffre/
[^162]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^163]: Larry Holzwarth, "FBI Files: Unexplained Phenomenon Files from the FBI's Vault," HistoryCollection, quoting an anonymous letter to FBI Director William S. Sessions. https://historycollection.com/unexplained-phenomenon-files-from-the-fbis-vault/6/
[^164]: Allie Fasanella, "George H. W. Bush 'Knew' Humans Made Contact With Aliens in 1964," *OK! Magazine*, November 24, 2025, carried by AOL. https://www.aol.com/articles/george-h-w-bush-knew-161144400.html

369
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Harvey H. Bundy.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
---
aliases:
- Harvey H. Bundy
- Harvey Hollister Bundy
- Harvey Bundy
- H. H. Bundy
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- SkullAndBones
- StateDepartment
- WarDepartment
- ManhattanProject
- CombinedPolicyCommittee
- InterimCommittee
- TubeAlloys
- Potsdam
- CarnegieEndowment
- AlgerHiss
- WorldPeaceFoundation
- HooverCommission
- DominicanRepublic
- InternationalFriendshipLeague
- YalePoliticalUnion
- ChoateHallStewart
summary: "Harvey Hollister Bundy, Boston lawyer, Assistant Secretary of State and then Stimson's special assistant for the atomic project, and chairman of the Carnegie Endowment after John Foster Dulles."
born: 1888-03-30
died: 1963
location: "Boston, Massachusetts"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1909
role: "class of 1909, per Sutton's index"
fn: 4
- type: member_of
with: "[[Yale University]]"
end: 1909
role: "B.A. 1909"
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Katharine Lawrence Putnam]]"
start: 1915-04-17
role: "married April 17, 1915"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United States Department of State]]"
start: 1931-07-13
end: 1933-03-04
role: "Assistant Secretary of State"
fn: 10
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Henry L. Stimson]]"
start: 1931-07-13
end: 1933-03-04
role: "Assistant Secretary of State"
fn: 11
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Choate, Hall & Stewart]]"
start: 1933
role: "member of the firm 1933 to 1941 and from 1945"
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[War Department]]"
start: 1941-04
end: 1945-09
role: "special assistant to the Secretary of War"
fn: 15
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Henry L. Stimson]]"
start: 1941-04
end: 1945-09
role: "special assistant; 'my closest personal assistant'"
fn: 15
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Combined Policy Committee]]"
start: 1945-01-22
end: 1945-07-04
role: "joint secretary at the January 22, March 8 and July 4, 1945 meetings"
fn: 22
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Interim Committee]]"
start: 1945-05-31
role: "present by invitation at the May 31, 1945 meeting"
fn: 29
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hoover Commission]]"
start: 1949-02-18
role: "headed the task force on foreign affairs with James Grafton Rogers; the commission's report is dated February 18, 1949"
fn: 42
- type: director_of
with: "[[World Peace Foundation]]"
start: 1947
role: "president and trustee; trustees in 1947 included Alger Hiss"
fn: 43
- type: director_of
with: "[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]"
start: 1950
role: "trustee; member of the 1950 nominating committee; vice chairman of the board by 1951; chairman of the board elected December 8, 1952"
fn: 47
- type: head_of
with: "[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]"
start: 1952-12-08
role: "chairman of the board of trustees, elected to fill John Foster Dulles's unexpired term; still chairman in November 1957"
fn: 51
- type: director_of
with: "[[International Friendship League]]"
start: 1955-04-20
role: "board of directors, Boston"
fn: 63
- type: relative_of
with: "[[McGeorge Bundy]]"
role: "son"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William P. Bundy]]"
role: "son"
fn: 2
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
Harvey Hollister Bundy (born March 30, 1888) was a Boston lawyer born in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], who served as Assistant Secretary of State under [[Henry L. Stimson]] from 1931 to 1933, as Stimson's special assistant at the [[War Department]] from April 1941 to September 1945, and as chairman of the board of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] from December 1952. He was the father of [[William P. Bundy]] and [[McGeorge Bundy]].[^1][^2]
### Grand Rapids, Yale and Holmes
Bundy was the son of McGeorge Bundy, a Grand Rapids attorney, and Mary Goodhue (Hollister) Bundy.[^2][^3] He attended the [[Hackley School]] and entered [[Yale University]], where he took the B.A. in 1909.[^1] A Grand Rapids profile of his son William, written after August 1953, recalls Harvey and his elder brother Nathan as state doubles tennis champions in Michigan in the early 1900s, and says that Harvey won the west Michigan singles title in 1910 from Earle S. Irwin in the finals at the Kent Country Club.[^3]
Antony C. Sutton's index of [[Skull and Bones]] lists "Harvey Hollister Bundy (1909)" among the society's members, and his text states that Bundy was initiated in 1909.[^4]
After Yale, Bundy taught at [[St. Mark's School]] in Southborough, Massachusetts, in 1909 and 1910, and then, according to his Who's Who entry, was a "traveling companion" from 1910 to 1914.[^2] He took the LL.B. at [[Harvard Law School]] in 1914. The [[Register of the Department of State]] records him as secretary to a justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1914 to 1915, and Who's Who names the justice as [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]]; Sutton names Holmes as well and notes, as a coincidence, that [[Alger Hiss]] held the same post with Holmes in 1929 and 1930.[^1][^2][^4] Hiss himself testified in 1948 that, immediately after graduating from Harvard Law School, he served as secretary to one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and he named the justice as Oliver Wendell Holmes.[^5] He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1915 and, from 1915 to 1917, was an assistant in a law office.[^1][^2]
### Marriage and family
Bundy married [[Katharine Lawrence Putnam]] on April 17, 1915. Who's Who gives the date in his own entry; the Danvers Historical Society's genealogy of the descendants of Judge Samuel Putnam gives the same date, records that she was born December 5, 1890, and places her as the daughter of William Lowell Putnam, son of the Rev. George Putnam, and Elizabeth Lowell, who married on June 9, 1888.[^2][^6] The genealogy lists Elizabeth Lowell among the children of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lawrence, whose other children it names as the astronomer Percival Lowell, [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], president of [[Harvard University]], and the author [[Amy Lowell]].[^6] A newspaper clipping forwarded to Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] in 1953 described Bundy's son as having "married Dean Acheson's daughter," a reference to the marriage of William P. Bundy to the daughter of [[Dean Acheson]].[^7]
Sutton lists five children of Harvey Hollister Bundy: Harvey Hollister Bundy Jr., who graduated from Yale in 1938; William Putnam Bundy, born in Washington in 1917 and initiated into Skull and Bones in 1939; McGeorge Bundy, initiated in 1940; Harriet Lowell Bundy, who married Gaspar d'Andelot Belin of [[Covington & Burling]]; and Katherine Lawrence Bundy, who married Hugh Auchincloss Jr.[^4] Sutton's family table also lists a Frederick McGeorge Bundy, initiated in 1921.[^4] The Who's Who entry gives McGeorge Bundy's birth in Boston on March 30, 1919.[^2]
### Food Administration and Boston practice
From 1917 to 1919 Bundy was assistant counsel to the [[United States Food Administration]]; the Grand Rapids profile states that William Bundy was born in Washington in 1917 while Harvey was with the Food Administration. From 1919 to 1931 he practiced law in Boston.[^1][^3] The Who's Who entry gives his firm as [[Choate, Hall & Stewart]], of which he was a member from 1933 to 1941 and again from 1945.[^2] A [[Congressional Record]] insert describes him as a partner in that firm, which had its offices at 30 State Street, Boston.[^8][^9]
### Assistant Secretary of State, 1931 to 1933
The Register of the Department of State records that Bundy was commissioned Assistant Secretary of State on June 10, 1931, entered on duty on July 13, 1931, and retired on March 4, 1933.[^10] Stimson was Secretary of State throughout that period. [[James Grafton Rogers]] held the other assistant secretaryship in the same years, commissioned February 27, 1931 and retired March 6, 1933.[^10] Stimson's memoir records that the death of the Under Secretary in March 1931 had left the department "without a senior officer experienced in economic matters," and that Stimson appointed "Harvey H Bundy, a Boston lawyer with experience in finance, as Assistant Secretary." Bundy was assigned first to "defaulted foreign loans of American private investors" and later to the problems of war debts.[^11] The memoir adds that Bundy and [[Herbert Feis]] "were appointed only after other men more familiar to Stimson had regretfully refused to serve," and that on leaving office Stimson counted "in Rogers and Bundy, two new and dear friends."[^12][^13]
The [[Foreign Relations of the United States|Foreign Relations]] volume for 1931 prints correspondence over the [[Dominican Republic]] bonds that carries Bundy's signature. The correspondents were [[Lee, Higginson & Company]], the Boston banking house that acted as fiscal agent for the bonds and that tried in 1931 to arrange a loan for the Dominican government, and the department.[^14] The firm wrote to the department on the loan in June 1931, and the department's letter of June 30 expressed its disinclination to take on increased responsibility for Dominican finances. On November 9, 1931 Lee, Higginson asked the Secretary of State for a statement of United States policy that the firm could send to the bondholders.[^14]
The department's reply of November 10, 1931 is signed "For the Secretary of State: Harvey H. Bundy, Assistant Secretary." It states that the Dominican government had adopted emergency legislation giving priority to interest on the foreign loans and temporarily diverting customs revenue from amortization, and that the United States was not disposed at that time to take any action beyond the position described in the letter.[^14] On November 12 Lee, Higginson sent Bundy the draft introductory comments for its letter to bondholders and asked for suggestions before mailing. The comments state that all interest and sinking fund payments had been made in full until September 20, 1931.[^14]
### Special Assistant to the Secretary of War, 1941 to 1945
In April 1941 Stimson, by then Secretary of War, "acquired a fourth assistant in Harvey H. Bundy," and with the title of Special Assistant to the Secretary Bundy became "my closest personal assistant." The memoir describes him as "a man of unusual tact and discretion" who "handled many of Stimson's troubling problems of administration and correspondence and served as his filter for all sorts of men and problems," and who "also became the Secretary's personal agent in dealings with scientists and educators."[^15] The memoir says that in 1947 Stimson looked back with nostalgia on the days when he had "fumed at Bundy's constant advice not to act on impulse." It also quotes Stimson's diary for December 17, 1941, on a discussion with McCloy, Lovett and Bundy of whether to make "every effort possible in the Far East" or treat it, "like the Navy," as doomed.[^16]
The memoir's chapter on science describes Bundy as Stimson's "principal assistant" in organizing contact between the Army and scientists, "not a scientist but possessed the lawyer's talent for appreciation of the other man's problem." With Bundy and [[Vannevar Bush]], Stimson "worked out in the spring of 1942 an organization, in which the Navy joined, whereby Bush and an officer from each service department became a committee of three for the education of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in scientific problems." In September 1943, the memoir states, Stimson "responded quickly to the suggestion of Bush and Bundy" that new weapons become an independent section of the General Staff.[^17] On the atomic project the memoir says that "Stimson's direct agent was Bundy, who maintained constant contact with the work of General Groves and served as American secretary of the Combined Policy Committee."[^18] Sutton wrote that Bundy was "the key Pentagon man on the [[Manhattan Project]]" and that he accompanied Stimson to conferences in North Africa, Italy and Germany.[^4]
### London, July 1943
On July 22, 1943, at 10 Downing Street, [[Winston Churchill]] opened the question of Anglo-American exchange of information on S-1 to Stimson, Bush and Bundy, with Sir John Anderson and [[Lord Cherwell]] present. Bundy wrote the record, which the Foreign Relations volume for the Washington and Quebec conferences prints from the Stimson files. It records Churchill saying that "it would never do to have Germany or Russia win the race for something which might be used for international blackmail," that Russia "might be in a position to accomplish this result unless we worked together," and that at the peace conference "the United States could never take the position that it alone should have control of this matter." Churchill proposed an agreement with five points, including that neither government use the invention against the other or give information to third parties without the consent of both. The record closes: "After the adjournment of the meeting, Dr. Bush and I waited with Lord Cherwell ... and I pointed out to Lord Cherwell the great difficulty of the President making any promises which were not strictly within the war powers," signed "H[arvey] H. B[undy]."[^19] Bush's own account of the same meeting states that on returning from the earlier conference with the Prime Minister he "reported to Mr. Bundy the general nature of the conference in order that he might inform the Secretary," and that he cabled Bundy the President's instruction on the interchange of information.[^20]
After the conference Bundy wrote a memorandum for Stimson dated August 6, 1943: "I know your views about the S-1 project and the advisability of its ultimately being the joint possession of the U.K. and the U.S.A." He told Stimson that if the matter went to the President, it was "vital that he should understand that what Dr. Bush and Dr. Conant are really trying to do is to work out the agreement for interchange of information so that nobody, including the political opponents of the President, will be in a position to say that he acted otherwise than under the war powers." The source text carries a covering note from Bundy to the Chief of Staff, General [[George Marshall]], reading "I hope the attached is what you had in mind for me to say to the Secretary," and Marshall's penciled reply: "Mr. Bundy: I think it is o.k."[^21]
### Combined Policy Committee
The Combined Policy Committee was the body through which the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada coordinated the atomic project. The minutes of its meetings of January 22, 1945 and March 8, 1945 list Bundy as a joint secretary with Dr. [[William L. Webster]]. The minutes of July 4, 1945 list him as joint secretary with [[Roger Makins]].[^22] At the July 4 meeting the British Field Marshal [[Henry Maitland Wilson]] stated that the British government concurred in the use of the weapon against Japan, and the committee "Took note that the Governments of the United Kingdom and the United States had agreed that T. A. weapons should be used by the United States against Japan."[^23]
Item 6 of the July 4 minutes, headed "Allocation of Material," records Bundy speaking: he "said that the supplies of material from the Belgian Congo received by the Trust, as well as some captured material which had been turned over to the Trust, were on their way to the United States, but it was appropriate that the position in regard to the allocation of material should be on record." [[Lord Halifax]] observed that the decision to allocate to the United States all the material usable in the American plants "would leave Great Britain without any reserve of supplies," and the committee agreed that material in excess of the quantity needed for weapons against Japan would be held by the [[Combined Development Trust]].[^24]
On July 27, 1945, at Prestwick in Scotland, Colonel John Lansdale of Groves's staff met Stimson and Bundy and told them of the impending negotiations with the Netherlands and Swedish governments over uranium supplies.[^25]
### San Francisco and the trusteeship dispute, April 1945
Bundy represented the War Department on the trusteeship question before the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]]. A memorandum of April 7, 1945 by Benjamin Gerig of the State Department records a meeting with Bundy and Major Correa of the Navy Department at which the two officers read the State Department's draft memorandum for the President. The Gerig memorandum states that the position of the Secretaries of War and Navy was that trusteeship machinery could not be discussed without reference to specific territories, and that they proposed a policy statement "so that the public would clearly understand that strategic rights, especially with respect to the Pacific areas, are fully safeguarded and that the trusteeship principle in these areas is applied in form but not in substance." Gerig added that "within an hour after this conversation, Mr. Bundy telephoned a supplementary statement to our draft."[^26]
At the twelfth meeting of the United States delegation on April 18, 1945, Bundy told the delegates that he had shown the revised trusteeship statement to Stimson the night before and that Stimson found it "generally satisfactory." He suggested adding the word "namely" and, when Admiral Willson questioned the use of "shall," said "that the Secretary of War prefers the word 'shall' in a policy statement." [[John Foster Dulles]], also present, said the statement was a directive for the delegation and, if published, "might need some changes" because of "somewhat too much emphasis on United States interests and on the Pacific."[^27]
### The Interim Committee
R. Gordon Arneson, who became the recording secretary of the [[Interim Committee]], stated in a Truman Library oral history interview of June 21, 1989 that he was introduced to the project through Bundy. Colonel [[Dillon Anderson]] told him to "go see Harvey Bundy. He's a very special friend and associate of the Secretary of War." Arneson said that Bundy hired him to replace a captain, that for two weeks he drafted replies to correspondents, and that Bundy then pointed to a safe: "See the safe over here in the corner? I want you to familiarize yourself thoroughly with its contents. It has to do with a weapon that's going to win the war." When Stimson formed the Interim Committee, Arneson said, "Bundy said, 'I guess Gordon maybe you had better be the committee's Recording Secretary.'" Arneson worked for [[George L. Harrison]], whom he called the committee's deputy chairman.[^28]
On May 31, 1945 Bundy attended the Interim Committee meeting as one of the people present by invitation. The notes of that meeting, signed by Arneson as secretary, list the members (Stimson, Chairman; [[Ralph A. Bard]]; Vannevar Bush; [[James F. Byrnes]]; [[William L. Clayton]]; [[Karl T. Compton]]; [[James B. Conant]]; George L. Harrison), the "Invited Scientists" ([[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Arthur H. Compton]] and [[E. O. Lawrence]]) and, under "By Invitation," "General George C. Marshall," "Major Gen. Leslie R. Groves," "Mr. Harvey H. Bundy" and "Mr. Arthur Page."[^29] The meeting ran from 10:00 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. The notes record Stimson's opening statement that the committee would make recommendations on "temporary war-time controls, public announcement, legislation and post-war organization"; Oppenheimer's estimate that one first-stage bomb would have "the explosive force of 2,000 - 20,000 tons of TNT"; the discussion of informing the Russians, in which Byrnes expressed the fear that Stalin would ask to be taken into partnership; and, in the afternoon, the discussion of targets, at which "the Secretary expressed the conclusion, on which there was general agreement, that we could not give the Japanese any warning" and "At the suggestion of Dr. Conant the Secretary agreed that the most desirable target would be a vital war plant employing a large number of workers and closely surrounded by workers' houses."[^30] The next meeting was scheduled for June 1, 1945, at 11:00 a.m. in the office of the Secretary of War, "to secure the views of four representatives from industry."[^31]
Arneson's memorandum to Harrison of June 6, 1945 summarized the Thursday and Friday meetings as recommending that the bomb be used against Japan "as soon as possible," on a dual target, and "without prior warning."[^32] The documents of the committee are filed in the Manhattan Engineer District records as the Harrison-Bundy Files, Record Group 77; the National Security Archive's index places the May 31 notes and the June 6 and June 25 Arneson memoranda in folder 100, the Bush-Conant memorandum of September 30, 1944 in folder 69, and the Franck report and scientific panel papers in folders 76 and 77, and identifies Harrison as Stimson's special assistant on Manhattan Project matters.[^33]
After the atomic attacks, Stimson retreated to the Adirondacks, where, the memoir says, "at the other end of the secret telephone were Harrison and Bundy," as the War Department civilian staff "was thinking long and painful thoughts about the atomic triumph."[^34]
### Potsdam, July 1945
The Foreign Relations volume for the [[Potsdam Conference]] lists Bundy as "Special Assistant to the Secretary of War; Joint Secretary, Combined Policy Committee (on atomic energy)." A War Department memorandum of July 8, 1945 lists Stimson's party for the flight to Gibraltar on July 14 as Stimson, Assistant Secretary of War [[John J. McCloy]], and "Special Assistant to Secretary of War Harvey H. Bundy, Sr.," with the Surgeon General and six other officers.[^35]
Bundy went to the conference with Stimson. The Foreign Relations volume prints Stimson's diary summaries for three conversations at which Bundy was present. On July 19 Stimson's diary records that Cherwell "and Bundy and I sat out under the trees" and discussed the notification of the Russians about the project.[^36] On July 21 Stimson's diary says that he "picked up Bundy, and went to the Prime Minister's house," where he turned over a paper to Churchill.[^37] On July 22 the diary records: "At ten-forty Bundy and I again went to the British headquarters and talked to the Prime Minister and Lord Cherwell for over an hour. Churchill read Groves' report in full." The diary adds that Churchill said Truman had been "evidently much fortified by something that had happened," and that "the sentiment of the four of us was unanimous in thinking that it was advisable to tell the Russians at least that we were working on that subject." The volume's editors state that no official record of the substance of these conversations has been found.[^36][^37][^38]
The same volume records Bundy's own account of Churchill's reaction. In "Remembered Words," an article in the March 1957 issue of [[The Atlantic]], Bundy wrote that Churchill, after learning the contents of the report of the first atomic test, exclaimed: "Stimson, what was gunpowder? Trivial. What was electricity? Meaningless. This atomic bomb is the Second Coming in Wrath."[^39]
Stimson wrote the citations for the Distinguished Service Medals awarded to Patterson, McCloy, Lovett and Bundy.[^40]
### On Active Service in Peace and War
Stimson's memoir, *On Active Service in Peace and War*, was published in 1948 under the names of Stimson and McGeorge Bundy. Its introduction credits the writing to McGeorge Bundy and says that the style and composition are his.[^41] Sutton wrote that the joint authorship gave McGeorge Bundy "a quick start in his career," and that Stimson brought McGeorge into the Pentagon to work on the manuscript while Stimson was still Secretary of War.[^4]
### Hoover Commission task force, 1949
The Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, known as the [[Hoover Commission]], issued a report to Congress on foreign affairs dated February 18, 1949. Its recommendation No. 20 proposed that the permanent State Department establishment and the Foreign Service above certain levels be amalgamated over a short period into a single foreign affairs service.[^42]
A Congressional Record insert, reproduced in a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum dated February 28, 1951, states that the task force that prepared the foreign affairs study was headed "not by Secretary Acheson as [[Bussey|Congressman Bussey]] suggests, but by two former Republican Assistant Secretaries of State" who were James Grafton Rogers and Harvey Bundy, "with Henry R. Stimson as principal adviser." The same insert describes Bundy as "a partner in the conservative Boston firm of Choate, Hall & Stewart, who was also an assistant to the Secretary of War in World War II," and describes Rogers as "President of the [[Foreign Bondholders Council]], and a former deputy director of [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]]."[^42]
### World Peace Foundation
The 1948 edition of *American Foundations and Their Fields* lists the Board of Trustees of the [[World Peace Foundation]], 40 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1947, as "Harvey H. Bundy, President," with Frank Aydelotte, James Phinney Baxter III, Percy W. Bidwell, George H. Blakeslee, Leonard W. Cronkhite, John S. Dickey, [[Christian A. Herter|Christian Herter]], "Alger Hiss," Bruce C. Hopper, [[Manley O. Hudson]], Jacob J. Kaplan, J. Grafton Rogers, Kenneth C. M. Sills, Payson S. Wild and [[Henry M. Wriston]]. The foundation's donor is given as Edwin Ginn and its director as Raymond Dennett.[^43]
The 1953 Grand Rapids profile describes Bundy as president of the World Peace Foundation Memorial Association, alongside his trusteeship at [[Wellesley College]] and his membership in the Boston Bar Association.[^3] The Who's Who entry for 1956-57 lists him as president of the [[Foreign Bondholders Protective Council]], Inc., and chairman of the trustees of the Boston Personal Property Trust.[^2]
### Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment's president Alger Hiss testified before the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] in 1948 that the board elected him in December 1946 and that he assumed office on February 1, 1947. Asked by Representative F. Edward Hebert whether John Foster Dulles was the person who first approached him, Hiss answered: "He first approached me." Hiss said Dulles was "the chairman of my board of trustees" and that he was in the position through Dulles's urging "and other members of the board of trustees." Hiss checked with Byrnes before accepting, to learn whether a charge first raised in March 1946 had been laid to rest; [[Karl Mundt|Representative Mundt]] put to Hiss that he had not raised the matter with the endowment's directors when they employed him, and Hiss answered by describing his conversations with Byrnes.[^44][^45] The 1948 foundation directory shows Hiss and Bundy as fellow trustees of the World Peace Foundation in the same period.[^43]
The 1953 Grand Rapids profile states that Bundy became a member of the endowment in 1948, vice president in 1951, and chairman of the board and trustee in 1952.[^3] The endowment's own minutes fix the later dates. The executive committee minutes of August 8, 1951 list Bundy among the five members present.[^46] At the board meeting of December 10, 1951, "Mr. Harvey H. Bundy, Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees, presided in the absence of the Chairman, Mr. John Foster Dulles." The annual meeting of May 8, 1952 at Princeton, New Jersey, was chaired by Bundy as Vice-Chairman and reelected Dulles as chairman and Bundy as vice chairman, with [[David Rockefeller]] as vice president and treasurer and [[Joseph E. Johnson]] as president.[^47]
The nominating committee for Johnson's presidency, as described in the endowment's 1952 reply to the House tax-exempt foundations committee, consisted of "John Foster Dulles, Chairman, Harvey Bundy, David Rockefeller, Earl Harrison, and Dr. James T. Shotwell." Johnson was elected on May 11, 1950.[^48] In 1951, as part of a Federal Bureau of Investigation loyalty inquiry on Johnson's application for a consultancy, Bundy told agents that he and John Foster Dulles "were members of a committee chosen to nominate a president for the Carnegie Endowment" and that "he, Bundy, nominated and supported Johnson." [[James T. Shotwell]], the president emeritus, told agents that Johnson "was not known to the Board of Trustees and that he was backed by Harvey H. Bundy of Boston," that it was his understanding that Dulles "selected Bundy to head the Nomination Committee," that Johnson and Bundy "had been active in the World Peace Foundation," and that "apparently Bundy was able to influence Dulles in this matter and that between them they were able to carry Johnson's election." The same memorandum records Shotwell's remark that "the Foundation, and particularly Dulles, is quite sensitive regarding the Alger Hiss" matter.[^49]
The August 1951 executive committee minutes record Johnson's report of an invitation to a peace conference at Zagreb, and Bundy's suggestion that the president telephone the executive committee members before answering. Johnson's letter to [[Allen Dulles]] of mid-August 1951, which asks for his advice on attending, states that Johnson had raised the question at the executive committee and that "Harvey Bundy" made the suggestion that Johnson ascertain Allen Dulles's reaction; he had previously discussed it with John Foster Dulles, who "was not at the Executive Committee meeting."[^46][^50]
Following Dulles's designation as Secretary of State, the board of trustees on December 8, 1952 adopted a resolution on his resignation as chairman. The minutes record that Mr. Wriston presided while Dulles left the room, and that the committee on nominations "recommended that Mr. Harvey H. Bundy be elected to fill Mr. Dulles' unexpired term as Chairman of the Board." The acting secretary cast a single vote for Bundy, who "resumed the chairmanship of the meeting and made a brief statement concerning his interpretation of the role of the office." The vice chairmanship was left vacant until the May 1953 annual meeting.[^51] At the annual meeting of May 7, 1953, at which "The Chairman of the Board, Harvey H. Bundy, presided," the members elected Bundy chairman of the board and Rockefeller vice chairman and treasurer. He was elected chairman again at the annual meeting of May 6, 1954.[^52][^53]
As chairman Bundy presided over the board meetings of December 7, 1953, May 6, 1954, December 12, 1955 and (per the agenda) December 10, 1956. He chaired the executive committee on November 23, 1954 and on January 24, April 5 and April 27, 1955, and the nominating committee proposed his reelection as chairman in May 1955.[^53][^54] A letter from Johnson to Edward R. Murrow, a trustee, reports that Bundy as chairman had asked [[David L. Cole]] to chair the nominations committee on an acting basis after Murrow lapsed from the board for non-attendance.[^55] The roster printed in *International Conciliation* lists Bundy as a trustee and "Chairman of the Board" in November 1953, September 1954 and November 1957; by March 1961 the listing carries Bundy among the honorary trustees and gives the chairmanship to Whitney North Seymour.[^56][^57]
The Cox Committee, the House select committee that investigated tax-exempt foundations in 1952, sent the endowment a questionnaire in October 1952. Johnson wrote to Murrow on October 7, 1952 that the executive committee had established a special committee of trustees to work with him on the replies, consisting of Dulles, Bundy, Harrison, Murrow and Rockefeller. In July 1954, when the later Reece committee prepared its hearings, Johnson wrote that his statement for the record had been prepared "in full consultation with Mr. Bundy" and with the endowment's general counsel.[^58][^59] The Cox Committee's report states: "there remains the ugly unalterable fact that Alger Hiss became the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. And this despite the fact that his nomination and election came about through the efforts of men of proven loyalty and broad experience in public affairs. So far as the committee can learn, during his term as president of the Carnegie Endowment, Hiss took no official action to further the Communist cause."[^60]
In April 1953 the Federal Bureau of Investigation sent the Department of Justice material on Bundy that had come from Senator McCarthy's office: a December 1952 letter from a reader in Clanton, Alabama, enclosing a clipping from the *Union Banner* that stated that Bundy "has a post in Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and with Alger Hiss' background" and that Bundy's son had married Dean Acheson's daughter, so that "it may be possible that it was this influence that was brought to bear on Acheson to stand back of Hiss." The bureau replied with Bundy's Who's Who record, and added "According to unverified information received in February 1953, Harvey H. Bundy is now Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace," and that no further action would be taken regarding Bundy.[^7] In July 1953 McCarthy wrote to Allen Dulles about a $400 contribution by William P. Bundy to the defense of Hiss. According to the Grand Rapids profile, Dulles conceded the contribution but denied the reasons Bundy had described for it in his 1951 application to the CIA.[^3]
### International Friendship League
Bundy was a director of the [[International Friendship League]], a Boston organization that its letterhead describes as incorporated in 1936 as "An educational organization to promote better understanding among the youth of the world through personal pen friendships and travel exchanges." The Carnegie Endowment's 1952 questionnaire reply lists him as "Director, International Friendship League, Inc." among his affiliations, with his trusteeship at Wellesley College, directorship of the Foreign Bondholders Protective Council, presidency and trusteeship of the World Peace Foundation, and directorship of the Boston Metropolitan Chapter of the American Red Cross. A letter of April 28, 1955 to Allen Dulles from the league's Mount Vernon Street office encloses the minutes of the annual meeting of April 20, 1955, and reports that two men had accepted invitations to the board.[^61][^62]
The minutes of April 20, 1955 list Bundy among the directors present and among the directors elected. They record a suggestion that Bundy invite his son McGeorge Bundy to the board, and list McGeorge Bundy among the directors elected at that meeting. The same minutes record the league's approaches to foundations. They report a $3,000 grant from the [[Carnegie Corporation]], a suggestion that Bundy or [[William Phillips]] approach [[Whitney Shepardson]], formerly a director of the Carnegie Corporation, for advice on another grant, and a second application to the [[Ford Foundation]], which the minutes say had made a first grant to the league.[^63]
### Yale Political Union
A July 1987 CIA public affairs memorandum about an invitation to speak to the [[Yale Political Union]] describes the union as follows: "Since its founding in 1934, by Dean Acheson and Harvey Bundy among others, it has evolved into a national forum for nonpartisan political discussion." The description gives no middle initial for Bundy.[^64]
### Footnotes
[^1]: *Register of the Department of State for the year 1932*, Biographies, entry "Bundy, Harvey Hollister," which gives birth at Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 30, 1888; Hackley School graduate; Yale, B.A. 1909; Harvard, LL.B. 1914; member of the Massachusetts bar; secretary to a United States Supreme Court justice 1914-15; assistant in a law office 1915-17; assistant counsel, United States Food Administration, 1917-19; law practice 1919-31; appointed assistant secretary of state June 10, 1931; married, https://archive.org/details/registerofdepart1932unit
[^2]: *Who's Who in America*, vol. 29, 1956-1957, entries "BUNDY, Harvey Hollister" (born Grand Rapids March 30, 1888, son of McGeorge and Mary Goodhue (Hollister) Bundy; B.A. Yale 1909; LL.B. Harvard 1914; married Katharine L. Putnam April 17, 1915; five children; teacher, St. Marks School, Southboro, 1909-10; traveling companion 1910-14; secretary to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes 1914-15; admitted to the Massachusetts bar 1915; assistant counsel, Food Administration 1917-19; assistant secretary of state July 1931 to March 1933; member of Choate, Hall & Stewart 1933-41 and from 1945; special assistant to the Secretary of War 1941-45; chairman of the board, Carnegie Endowment; trustee, Wellesley College; president, Foreign Bondholders Protective Council; chairman of trustees, Boston Personal Property Trust) and "BUNDY, McGeorge" (born Boston March 30, 1919, son of Harvey Hollister and Katharine Lawrence (Putnam) Bundy), https://archive.org/details/whos-who-in-america_1956-1957_29_3954
[^3]: William F. Pyper, profile of William P. Bundy, Grand Rapids newspaper, undated (internal references to the 1953 McCarthy inquiry place it after August 1953), which covers Harvey Bundy's birth, tennis, Holmes clerkship, Food Administration service, Carnegie Endowment membership, the World Peace Foundation Memorial Association, and the $400 contribution to the Hiss defense, CIA reading room copy, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100280087-2
[^4]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (Trine Day, 2002 edition), index of members by class year (entries for 1909, 1921, 1939 and 1940) and the section on the Bundy family, including "Harvey Hollister Bundy," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^5]: *Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government*, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Congress, 2d session, 1948, testimony of Alger Hiss, p. 644. https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardin1948unit
[^6]: *The Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society*, vol. 10 (1922), "Descendants of Judge Samuel Putnam," entries for Augustus Lowell (m. June 1, 1854, Katherine Bigelow Lawrence) and for Elizabeth Lowell (b. February 2, 1862, m. June 9, 1888, William Lowell Putnam, son of Rev. George Putnam), whose child "Katharine Lawrence Putnam, b. Dec. 5, 1890, m. Apr. 17, 1915, Harvey Hollister Bundy," https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec10danv
[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum to the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, April 1953, "Harvey Hollister Bundy, Miscellaneous Information Concerning," with the December 27, 1952 letter from A. R. Knight of Clanton, Alabama, to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the *Union Banner* clipping, in the bureau's Alger Hiss file, FOIA release, https://archive.org/details/foia_Hiss_Alger-Whittaker_Chambers-Misc_Field-3
[^8]: Congressional Record insert on the Hoover Commission foreign affairs task force, page 2788, reproduced in a CIA memorandum from the Comptroller's office dated February 28, 1951, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01377r000200010026-7
[^9]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum on Joseph Esrey Johnson, October 23, 1951 (Bundy "attorney and associate of the law firm of Choate, Hall and Stewart, 30 State Street, Boston"), https://archive.org/details/JosephEsreyJohnson
[^10]: *Register of the Department of State for the year 1933*, list of former officers, "Harvey H. Bundy, of Massachusetts. Commissioned June 10, 1931; entered upon duties July 13, 1931; retired March 4, 1933," and "James Grafton Rogers, of Colorado. Commissioned February 27, 1931; entered upon duties March 10, 1931; retired March 6, 1933." The same entries appear in the 1934 edition, https://archive.org/details/registerofdepart1933unit and https://archive.org/details/registerofdepart1934unit
[^11]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 193 (Cotton's death in March 1931; Stimson's appointment of Harvey H. Bundy as Assistant Secretary in April and May 1931; Bundy's assignment to defaulted foreign loans), read in the Digital Library of India copy, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^12]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, p. 193 (Bundy and Feis "appointed only after other men more familiar to Stimson had regretfully refused to serve"), same copy, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^13]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, p. 295, chapter "Out Again" (Stimson leaving the State Department with "in Rogers and Bundy, two new and dear friends"), same copy, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^14]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1931*, vol. II, correspondence on Dominican Republic finances: Lee, Higginson & Company to the Assistant Secretary of State (White), June 9, 1931; the Secretary of State (acting) to Lee, Higginson & Company, June 16 and June 30, 1931; Lee, Higginson & Company to the Secretary of State, November 9, 1931; the Secretary of State to Lee, Higginson & Company, November 10, 1931, signed "For the Secretary of State: Harvey H. Bundy, Assistant Secretary"; Lee, Higginson & Company to the Assistant Secretary of State (Bundy), November 12, 1931, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1931v02
[^15]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, pp. 343-344 (April 1941 appointment as fourth assistant; "my closest personal assistant"), https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^16]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, p. 344 (Stimson's 1947 recollection of "Bundy's constant advice not to act on impulse") and pp. 396-397 (diary entry of December 17, 1941), https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^17]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, pp. 465-466 (Bundy as principal assistant on contact with scientists; the spring 1942 committee of three; the September 1943 suggestion on new weapons), https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^18]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, p. 614 (Bundy as Stimson's "direct agent" on the atomic project and American secretary of the Combined Policy Committee), https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^19]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943*, "Memorandum by the Secretary of War's Special Assistant (Bundy), London, July 22, 1943," Memorandum of Meeting at 10 Downing Street, from the Stimson files (Lot 57 D 688), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943
[^20]: Foreign Relations, Washington and Quebec, 1943, account by Dr. Vannevar Bush of the exchange of information with the British, July 15 to August 1943, same volume, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943
[^21]: Foreign Relations, Washington and Quebec, 1943, document 334, "The Secretary of War's Special Assistant (Bundy) to the Secretary of War (Stimson)," August 6, 1943, with the footnote on the covering memorandum to Marshall, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943/d334
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. II, minutes of meetings of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington: January 22, 1945 (Bundy and Dr. William L. Webster as joint secretaries) and March 8, 1945 (Bundy and Dr. W. L. Webster as joint secretaries), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02
[^23]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. II, minutes of the Combined Policy Committee, July 4, 1945 (Bundy and Roger Makins as joint secretaries; item 3, "Use of Weapon Against Third Parties"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. II, minutes of the Combined Policy Committee, July 4, 1945, item 6, "Allocation of Material," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02
[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. II, memorandum by S. Maurice McAshan, Jr., and Colonel John Lansdale, Manhattan Engineer District, Rio de Janeiro, July 10, 1945, report on negotiations, section 14 ("Colonel Lansdale's Meeting with Secretary of War and Mr. Harvey Bundy at Prestwick, Scotland on 27 July 1945"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. I, "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Dependent Areas (Gerig)," Washington, April 7, 1945, subject "Conversations on Territorial Trusteeships," participants Mr. Raynor, Mr. Gerig, Major Correa and Mr. Harvey Bundy, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v01
[^27]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. I, "Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the United States Delegation, Held at Washington, Wednesday, April 18, 1945, 9:10 a.m.," item "Trusteeship Arrangements," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v01
[^28]: R. Gordon Arneson, oral history interview by Niel M. Johnson, Washington, D.C., June 21, 1989, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript pp. 9-11, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/oralhist/arneson.htm
[^29]: "Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting, Thursday, 31 May 1945, 10:00 A.M. to 1:15 P.M. 2:15 P.M. to 4:15 P.M.," signed R. Gordon Arneson, 2nd Lieutenant, A.U.S., Secretary, Record Group 77, Manhattan Engineer District records, Harrison-Bundy files, folder 100, National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 162, Document 12, p. 1, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/12.pdf
[^30]: Same notes, pp. 1-5 (opening statement and Oppenheimer's estimate), pp. 10-12 (Russia; Byrnes), pp. 13-14 (target discussion), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/12.pdf
[^31]: Same notes, p. 17 (section XII, next meeting), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/12.pdf
[^32]: Memorandum for Mr. Harrison from R. Gordon Arneson, June 6, 1945, Harrison-Bundy files, folder 100, National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 162, Document 14, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/14.pdf
[^33]: National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 162, document index and source notes (Record Group 77, Manhattan Engineer District records, "Harrison-Bundy Files," folders 69, 76, 77 and 100; Documents 1, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22 and 23), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm
[^34]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, p. 641, chapter "The Bomb and Peace with Russia," https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945*, vol. I, list of persons, entry "Bundy, Harvey H., Special Assistant to the Secretary of War; Joint Secretary, Combined Policy Committee (on atomic energy)," and the memorandum from the Secretary of the General Staff (McFarland) to the British Secretary of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, July 8, 1945, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01
[^36]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945*, vol. II, Stimson-Cherwell conversation, noon, July 19, 1945 (Mr. Bundy present), with the editorial note quoting Stimson's diary entry for July 19, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv02
[^37]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945*, vol. II, Stimson-Churchill conversation, about 4:30 p.m., July 21, 1945 (Mr. Bundy and Lord Cherwell present), with the editorial note quoting Stimson's diary entry for July 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv02
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945*, vol. II, Stimson-Churchill conversation, 10:40 a.m., July 22, 1945 (Mr. Bundy and Lord Cherwell present), with the editorial note quoting Stimson's diary entry for July 22, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv02
[^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945*, vol. II, editorial note following the July 22 conversation, citing Harvey H. Bundy, "Remembered Words," *The Atlantic*, March 1957, pp. 56-57, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv02
[^40]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service*, pp. 660-661, chapter "The Last Month," https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^41]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), Introduction by Henry L. Stimson, read in the Digital Library of India copy, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^42]: Congressional Record insert on the Hoover Commission foreign affairs task force, page 2788, reproduced in a CIA memorandum from the Comptroller's office dated February 28, 1951, quoting the Commission's report on foreign affairs of February 18, 1949, page 61, recommendation No. 20, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01377r000200010026-7
[^43]: *American Foundations and Their Fields*, vol. 6 (1948), entry "World Peace Foundation, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston," fiscal year ended December 31, 1947, https://archive.org/details/americanfoundati0000wilm
[^44]: *Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government*, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Congress, 2d session, 1948, testimony of Alger Hiss, pp. 645-646 (election as president; the question of who first approached him; the Dulles exchange with Representative Hebert), https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardin1948unit
[^45]: *Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government* (1948), testimony of Alger Hiss, pp. 1134-1135 (exchange with Representative Mundt on the Byrnes conversation, the FBI and the Carnegie appointment), https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardin1948unit
[^46]: Executive Committee, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, minutes of August 8, 1951 (present: Harvey H. Bundy, Joseph E. Johnson ex officio, Otto L. Nelson Jr., David Rockefeller, Edward L. Ryerson; building loan; Zagreb invitation), in the Edward R. Murrow Papers, 1927-1973, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^47]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees, minutes of December 10, 1951, and annual meetings of the members and of the Board of Trustees, May 8, 1952, Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, with the report of the committee on nominations, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^48]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, answers to the questionnaire of the Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations (Cox Committee), 1952, answer on the nominating committee for the president, and covering letter of October 7, 1952, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^49]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Joseph Esrey Johnson file (consultant applicant, loyalty inquiry), New York teletype of October 11, 1951; Boston memorandum of October 23, 1951 (interview of Harvey H. Bundy); New York memorandum of October 30, 1951 (interviews of Emma B. Sayre and James T. Shotwell), FOIA release 1368175-0, https://archive.org/details/JosephEsreyJohnson
[^50]: Letter from Joseph E. Johnson, president, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, to Allen W. Dulles, August 1951, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100030016-2
[^51]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees, minutes of December 8, 1952 (resolution on Dulles's resignation; election of Bundy as Chairman of the Board), Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^52]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, May 7, 1953, Board Room of the Carnegie Corporation, 522 Fifth Avenue, New York, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^53]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees minutes of December 7, 1953, annual meeting of May 6, 1954 (officers elected: "Chairman of the Board: Harvey H. Bundy"), and trustees' calendar 1953-54, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^54]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees minutes of December 12, 1955, annual meeting committee on nominations report of May 5, 1955, Executive Committee minutes of January 24, April 5, April 27, 1955, and agenda for the December 10, 1956 meeting ("Presiding: Harvey H. Bundy, Chairman"), Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 47, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_47
[^55]: Letter from Joseph E. Johnson to Edward R. Murrow regarding the lapse of Murrow's trusteeship under the by-laws, in which Johnson writes that "Harvey Bundy as Chairman of the Board asked David Cole to take on the chairmanship of the Committee on Nominations on an acting basis," Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 47, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_47
[^56]: *International Conciliation*, no. 495 (November 1953) and no. 499 (September 1954), inside-cover rosters of the Carnegie Endowment ("Chairman of the Board: Harvey H. Bundy"; "Vice Chairman and Treasurer: David Rockefeller"), https://archive.org/details/sim_international-conciliation_1953-11_495 and https://archive.org/details/sim_international-conciliation_1954-09_499
[^57]: *International Conciliation*, no. 515 (November 1957) and no. 532 (March 1961), rosters of the Carnegie Endowment (1957: "Chairman of the Board: Harvey H. Bundy"; 1961: Bundy among the honorary trustees, "Chairman of the Board: Whitney North Seymour"), https://archive.org/details/sim_international-conciliation_1957-11_515 and https://archive.org/details/sim_international-conciliation_1961-03_532
[^58]: Letters from Joseph E. Johnson to Edward R. Murrow, October 7 and October 16, 1952, on the special committee for the Cox Committee questionnaire, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^59]: Letter from Joseph E. Johnson to the trustees on his statement for the Special Committee to Investigate Tax Exempt Foundations (H. Res. 217), 1954, paragraph 8 (the Executive Committee decision of June 18 and the statement sworn July 27), Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^60]: Report of the Select Committee to Investigate Foundations and Other Comparable Organizations, question 2 and 3 discussion (infiltration), as filed in the Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^61]: Letterhead and directors' list of the International Friendship League, Incorporated 1936, and letter of April 28, 1955 to Allen W. Dulles from the league's Mount Vernon Street office, Boston, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200070019-6
[^62]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, questionnaire answers A-10 and A-11 to the Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations, 1952 (Bundy's affiliations), Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^63]: Record of the annual meeting of the International Friendship League, April 20, 1955 (directors present, election of directors and officers, fund-raising and foundation report), CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200070020-4
[^64]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Public Affairs, routing sheet and attachment, "Speaking Invitation, Yale Political Union, New Haven, Connecticut," July 29, 1987, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90g00152r001102380022-1 (a letter in the same reading room files by George V. Lauder repeats the founding sentence with the wording "it has become a national forum," https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp87m00539r002904750017-4)

282
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Henry P. Davison.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- Henry Pomeroy Davison
- Henry P. Davison
- H. P. Davison
- Harry Davison
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- JPMorganAndCompany
- BankersTrustCompany
- LibertyNationalBank
- FirstNationalBank
- GuarantyTrustCompany
- PujoCommittee
- MoneyTrust
- JekyllIsland
- NationalMonetaryCommission
- FederalReserve
- HukuangLoan
- AngloFrenchLoan
- BritishCommercialAgency
- AmericanRedCross
- LeagueOfRedCrossSocieties
- PanicOf1907
- FTrubeeDavison
- HenryPDavisonJr
- SkullAndBones
- PeacockPoint
summary: "Morgan partner from 1909, Bankers Trust organizer, Jekyll Island participant, negotiator of the British commercial agency and chairman of the Red Cross War Council from 1917 to 1919."
born: 1867-06-12
died: 1922-05-06
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[J. P. Morgan & Co.]]"
start: 1909-01-01
role: "member of the firm from January 1, 1909, by his Pujo testimony; senior partner by the family finding aid; the 1922 obituary dates Morgan's invitation to late 1908"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[First National Bank of New York]]"
start: 1902-01-01
end: 1909
role: "vice president from January 1, 1902, and a trustee of the First Security Company"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Liberty National Bank]]"
end: 1902
role: "president before leaving for the First National Bank; later director and chairman of the executive committee"
fn: 4
- type: founded
with: "[[Bankers Trust Company]]"
start: 1903-03-30
role: "one of the organizers and a voting trustee; the company opened for business on March 30, 1903, by his testimony"
fn: 10
- type: member_of
with: "[[Guaranty Trust Company]]"
start: 1910-01-03
role: "voting trustee with George F. Baker and William H. Porter after the purchase of the Mutual Life holding"
fn: 16
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Red Cross]]"
start: 1917-05-10
end: 1919-02-28
role: "chairman of the War Council appointed by President Wilson"
fn: 44
- type: head_of
with: "[[League of Red Cross Societies]]"
start: 1919-05-05
role: "chairman of the board of governors, by his own account"
fn: 53
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Museum of Natural History]]"
start: 1916-02-07
end: 1922-05-06
role: "trustee; treasurer and chairman of the Finance Committee until his death"
fn: 55
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Jekyll Island]]"
start: 1910
role: "attended the late 1910 meeting with Nelson W. Aldrich, according to Frank A. Vanderlip"
fn: 26
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Pujo Committee]]"
start: 1913-01-23
role: "witness before the House subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency"
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hukuang Railway loan]]"
start: 1910-05-23
role: "signed the Paris memorandum of the four banking groups for the American group"
fn: 29
- type: participant_in
with: "[[British commercial agency of J. P. Morgan & Co.]]"
start: 1914-11-25
end: 1915-01-23
role: "sailed with Sir George Paish to London and announced on return that his firm was sole commercial agent for Great Britain"
fn: 34
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Anglo-French loan of 1915]]"
start: 1915-09
end: 1915-10
role: "read the statement of J. P. Morgan & Co. at the announcement of the loan"
fn: 42
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Mary Kate Trubee]]"
start: 1893-04-13
role: "wife"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[F. Trubee Davison]]"
role: "father"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry P. Davison Jr.]]"
role: "father"
fn: 1
---
Henry Pomeroy Davison (1867 to 1922) was an American banker who organized the [[Bankers Trust Company]] in 1903 with other New York bankers and served as one of its voting trustees, became a partner of [[J. P. Morgan & Co.]] on January 1, 1909, and chaired the War Council of the [[American Red Cross]] from 1917 to 1919. He was the father of [[F. Trubee Davison]], who organized the [[First Yale Unit]], and of [[Henry P. Davison Jr.]], who became a Morgan partner in 1929.[^1]
### Troy, Bridgeport and the first banks
Davison was born in 1867 in [[Troy, Pennsylvania]]. The family finding aid gives June 12 as his birth date, and the [[New York Times]] obituary gives June 13.[^1][^2] The finding aid says that he began as a bookkeeper in a bank managed by a family member. The obituary says that he taught school as a teenager, gave his sisters what remained of the family fortune for their education, and entered the [[Astor Place National Bank]]. At twenty-one, according to the finding aid, he took a post at a bank in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], where he met [[Mary Kate Trubee]], who was born in Bridgeport on February 2, 1871. They married on April 13, 1893.[^1]
The finding aid places the move to New York City in 1896, when Davison took a post at the Astor Place Bank.[^1] The 1915 account in the New York Times gives a different sequence. It says that Davison was paying teller at the Astor Place Bank and that in December 1894 he became assistant cashier of the [[Liberty National Bank]], which he served as cashier, vice president and then president within five years; the 1922 obituary says that he became its head at thirty-two.[^3][^2] Davison later told the [[Pujo Committee]] that he had been president of the Liberty National Bank and that "I resigned that position to take the position with the First National Bank."[^4]
### First National Bank and the Pujo testimony
Asked when he became vice president of the [[First National Bank of New York]], Davison answered "On the 1st of January, 1902."[^4] Under questioning from [[Samuel Untermyer]], [[George F. Baker]] confirmed that Davison "was our vice president" and that Davison had been vice president of the First National Bank before [[Thomas W. Lamont]] succeeded him in that post.[^5] An exhibit in the same hearings lists Davison among the six trustees of the [[First Security Company]], the affiliate of the First National Bank whose voting rights were held by its trustees, with George F. Baker, H. C. Fahnestock, F. L. Hine, George F. Baker Jr. and Charles D. Backus.[^6]
In his own testimony of January 23, 1913, Davison said that he had been eight years at the Liberty bank and seven at the First National.[^7] He listed his boards. He was a director of the Liberty National Bank and chairman of its executive committee, which had twelve members including [[Edward C. Converse]], [[Seward Prosser]], [[Daniel G. Reid]], [[A. H. Wiggin]] and himself. He was a director and chairman of the executive committee of the Astor Trust Company, whose committee included Lamont, [[Gates W. McGarrah]], [[William H. Porter]] and [[Benjamin Strong]]. He was a director of the First National Bank, the Chemical National Bank, the [[Bank of Commerce (New York)]] and the First Security Company, and a director and voting trustee of the [[Guaranty Trust Company]] and the Bankers Trust Company. He said that his personal counsel, [[George B. Case]] of White & Case, sat on the Liberty executive committee and that the firm was counsel to the Liberty bank, the Astor Trust and the Bankers Trust.[^8]
[[Walter E. Frew]], a director of the Bankers Trust Company since about 1905, was asked in the same hearings whether "Mr. H. P. Davison, of J. P. Morgan & Co.?" was a Morgan partner. Frew answered, "Of the First National Bank at that time." Asked whether Davison was a member of the firm, Frew said, "He is now; yes, sir. He was not at the time."[^9]
### Bankers Trust Company
Davison testified that "Several of the younger bankers in New York organized the Bankers Trust Co. in 1903."[^10] He said that the company "opened for business on the 30th of March, 1903."[^11] Advertisements in the New York Times on April 1, 5, 7 and 23, 1903 give the company's address as 143 Liberty Street, its capital as $1,000,000 and its president as Edward C. Converse. The April 23 notice names as directors [[Edgar L. Marston]], [[Stephen Baker]] of the Bank of the Manhattan Company, [[Samuel G. Bayne]] of the Seaboard National Bank, [[James G. Cannon]], Converse, "Henry P. Davison, Vice-Pres, First National Bank," [[James H. Eckels]] of the Commercial National Bank of Chicago, [[Granville W. Garth]], [[A. Barton Hepburn]], [[William Logan]], McGarrah and [[Edward F. C. Young]], and the April 5 notice also names [[George W. Perkins]] of J. P. Morgan & Co., William H. Porter, Wiggin and [[Robert Winsor]]. Its officers were Converse as president, John F. Thompson as vice president, Lamont as secretary and treasurer and D. E. Pomeroy as assistant treasurer.[^12][^13]
The company's stock went into a voting trust. Davison described the purpose: "The particular purpose of that was to preclude the purchase overnight of the control of that company by individuals who were at that time active in New York, whose credit and responsibility were somewhat under question." He added that these men were "regarded as promoters."[^10] Untermyer then read from the voting trust agreement, dated March 18, 1903, a recital that the agreement "formed a part of the consideration for the said subscriptions to said stock." Davison answered that it did not refresh his memory and that he was "perfectly willing to concede it."[^11] Untermyer put into evidence three agreements: the first, of March 18, 1903, naming Davison, Perkins and Daniel G. Reid as voting trustees for five years; a second, of March 18, 1908, for a further five years; and a third, of March 9, 1912, naming Davison, George B. Case and Reid.[^14]
Pressed on the role of J. P. Morgan & Co., Davison said that "they were individuals," that the founders were "young men" with reputations still to make in New York, and that "Morgan & Co. were not in any way important in the organization of the company." He acknowledged that Perkins was then a member of the firm and said that "it was Mr. Perkins and not Morgan that was in that."[^15] Frew testified that the voting trustees were "Henry P. Davison, George W. Perkins, and Daniel G. Reid."[^9]
Davison also testified that the Guaranty Trust stock was "purchased in the interest of the Bankers Trust Co." and that the purchasers had in mind "merging the Guaranty Trust Co. and the Bankers Trust Co."[^16] He had negotiated the purchase of about 6,000 shares of the Guaranty Trust Company from the [[Mutual Life Insurance Company]] with its president, Mr. Peabody, in the early part of 1910, and a voting trust agreement for the Guaranty stock was dated January 3, 1910. Baker confirmed that Davison and Porter were his co-trustees there.[^16][^17]
The 1922 obituary says that Davison conceived "the idea of a trust depository for national bank money," a company that could act as a depositary for national bank and insurance funds, and that a marble tablet in the company's building at Wall and Nassau Streets records the directors' appreciation of "the services of Henry Pomeroy Davison in the organization and upbuilding of the company and the erection of its permanent home."[^2] A New York Times article of October 6, 1915 calls him "the chief organizer of the trust company." It says that one of the company's purposes was to supply a tenant to relieve the Liberty bank of its lease in the [[New Jersey Central Building]], and it places the organization of the company in 1908. The voting trust of the company was renewed on March 18, 1908.[^3][^14]
### The panic of 1907
During the October 1907 panic the [[New York Clearing House]] issued clearing house certificates, and a special committee was "appointed to pass on the collateral." [[Frank A. Vanderlip]], who was then with the [[National City Bank]], named its members as A. H. Wiggin, Gates W. McGarrah, Davison, Walter E. Frew and James G. Cannon, and identified Davison as "a vice-president of the First National Bank."[^18] Vanderlip later wrote that "Henry Davison and [[Paul Warburg]] were others who had my deep respect after the panic."[^19] The obituary says that Davison's counsel was sought at the start of the panic, that he was made a member of a special Clearing House committee, and that his work "was highly praised by George F. Baker" and caught the eye of J. P. Morgan.[^2]
Vanderlip also records a February 1910 conference at the Morgan offices with [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]] and Davison about the Bank of Commerce, which he said was then a cloud on the horizon of the National City Bank. Vanderlip wrote that the Morgan partners "were fearful, they told me, that the Bank of Commerce would become a derelict in the financial sea unless the house of Morgan took command of it." At the end of 1910 Jack Morgan and Davison proposed a pool to buy the stock of the Bank of Commerce held by the [[Equitable Life Assurance Society]]. "Davison and Jack Morgan told me plainly that delay was impossible," Vanderlip wrote, and the plan brought in [[Kuhn, Loeb and Company]], which the Morgan partners said George F. Baker regarded as necessary. He recorded that "It was left to Davison, J. P. Morgan, Jr., and myself to work out the details."[^20]
### Partner in J. P. Morgan & Co.
The obituary says that late in 1908 [[J. P. Morgan]] invited Davison "to become a partner" in the firm.[^2] Davison testified before the Pujo subcommittee that he was "a member of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co." and gave the start date as "Since the 1st of January, 1909."[^4] The family finding aid calls him a senior partner from 1909.[^1]
In the Pujo testimony of December 1912 Morgan read the names of the partners of the New York house into the record, and the list included "Henry P. Davison" beside [[Charles Steele]], Lamont and [[Arthur E. Newbold]].[^21] Davison told the subcommittee that Steele was the member of the firm best informed about the Southern Railway, and, asked whether Morgan & Co. were the railway's fiscal agents, answered "I do not think we are, officially. We are in fact."[^22]
### Jekyll Island and the National Monetary Commission
Vanderlip opened the chapter of his memoir on the Jekyll Island meeting with a statement of motive: "there was an occasion, near the close of 1910, when I was as secretive, indeed, as furtive as any conspirator. None of us who participated felt that we were conspirators; on the contrary we felt we were engaged in a patriotic work." He added: "I do not feel it is any exaggeration to speak of our secret expedition to Jekyl Island as the occasion of the actual conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System."[^23]
The letter that began the episode came from [[James Stillman]] in [[Paris]]. It reported that [[Nelson W. Aldrich]] "regretted that Henry Davison of J. P. Morgan and Company and I had been unable to join him in Europe during the summer," and that Stillman had told Aldrich the freedom from interruptions could be had "by getting Davison and me down to his estate in Rhode Island without any one's knowing of it."[^24] Vanderlip described the Commission's European summer as a pleasant one, after which its members "returned to the United States without any definite idea of what they ought to do."[^23] The roster printed in the Commission's 1910 volume of interviews names Aldrich as chairman, [[Edward B. Vreeland]] as vice chairman, fifteen other senators and representatives (among them [[Arsene P. Pujo]] of Louisiana, who chaired the House subcommittee that heard Davison in 1913), [[Arthur B. Shelton]] as secretary and [[A. Piatt Andrew]] as special assistant. Davison is not on it.[^25][^4] The obituary says nonetheless that Davison was appointed "expert on banking" to the [[National Monetary Commission]], which visited [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[England]], and that while abroad he met European financiers.[^2]
Vanderlip wrote that the men asked to attend the late 1910 meeting were "Henry Davison, Paul Warburg, Ben Strong, and myself," with Andrew coming from [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. "We were told to leave our last names behind us," and they were instructed to arrive one at a time at the railroad terminal on the New Jersey side of the Hudson where Aldrich's private car stood. Aboard they used the first names "Ben," "Paul," "Nelson" and "Abe," and Davison and Vanderlip "adopted even deeper disguises, abandoning our own first names. On the theory that we were always right, he became Wilbur and I became Orville, after those two aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers."[^26]
The party was taken by boat to [[Jekyll Island]], Georgia, where for "a week or ten days" they were "completely secluded, without any contact by telephone or telegraph with the outside." Vanderlip wrote that "Sometimes Davison and Strong would be up at day-break to get a horseback ride, or a swim before breakfast," that "Harry Davison was a splendid person to prevent wrangles in any company," and that Warburg, who "apparently felt a little antagonism toward Aldrich," was eased by Davison: "Always he could be counted on to crack a joke just at the right moment to ease a strain." The six, with Vanderlip as the stenographer, came away with "a bill that we felt, pridefully, should be presented to Congress," which "became known to the country as the Aldrich Plan." On return Warburg, Davison, Strong and Vanderlip went back to New York, and Strong and Vanderlip went on to Washington to prepare the accompanying report when Aldrich fell ill.[^27]
Vanderlip wrote that, had the meeting been known, the headlines would have run over "a story that Aldrich was conferring about new money legislation with a Morgan partner and the president of the biggest bank," and that "the bill we drafted did not get through Congress."[^28] The family finding aid says that Davison attended a secret meeting at Jekyll Island in 1910, and states: "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the [[Federal Reserve]]."[^1]
### The Hukuang loan and the Six-Power negotiations
The 1922 obituary says that in 1910 the American group of bankers chose Davison as its official representative in the Six-Power Chinese loan negotiations in Paris, and that he was made chairman of the conference.[^2] The United States government printed the memorandum of terms agreed at the [[Banque de l'Indo-Chine]] in Paris on May 23, 1910, among the British, German, French and American banking groups for a loan of 6,000,000 pounds for the Hankow-Canton and Hankow-Chengtu railways. The loan was "to be divided equally between the four groups." The memorandum names the London firm of [[Morgan, Grenfell & Co.]] as representing the American group, and is signed for the American group by [[E. C. Grenfell]], H. P. Davison, [[Max Warburg]], [[H. H. Harjes]] and [[Willard Straight]]. The document was forwarded by Ambassador [[Robert Bacon]] to the Secretary of State from Paris on May 27, 1910.[^29]
On March 18, 1913 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] issued a statement on the proposed reorganization loan to China. It said that "a certain group of American bankers undertook to participate in the loan now desired by the Government of China (approximately $125,000,000)" at the request of the previous administration, that the group had asked whether the new administration would request them to participate, and that "The administration has declined to make such request, because it did not approve the conditions of the loan." The text continued that the conditions "touch very nearly the administrative independence of China itself" and closed with the open door: "This is the only door we care to enter." The American group, in a letter of March 19, 1913 signed by Willard Straight, recorded that it held a one-fourth share in a 400,000 pound advance of May 23, 1911 under the currency-loan agreement and a one-sixth share, with the other five groups, in the advances made to the Chinese government in 1912.[^30]
### The British commercial agency
On November 25, 1914 Davison sailed for [[Liverpool]] on the White Star liner Adriatic with Sir [[George Paish]], the financial adviser to the British Treasury who had spent six weeks in New York. The New York Times reported that Davison was "going on a business trip to London and Paris," and quoted him as saying that the country "was never in a better condition for an extended trade." J. P. Morgan Jr. was at the pier and told Paish that "if there was anything the New York bank house could do to improve the situation action would not be denied."[^31] Two days earlier the Times had reported that the New York bankers who drafted the report of their conferences with Paish and [[Basil Blackett]] had asked Davison and [[James Brown]] to continue the discussion in London.[^32]
On December 4, 1914 the Times reported that Davison, accompanied by Straight, had arrived in England, and a London dispatch of December 5 stated that neither Davison nor Paish would add to their previous statements while conferences on the adjustment of foreign exchange continued.[^33] On January 23, 1915 Davison and Straight returned on the Cunarder [[RMS Lusitania|Lusitania]]. The Times reported that he "explained that his firm had been appointed the sole commercial agents for Great Britain in the United States," meaning "all purchases in this country for Great Britain would be made through J. P. Morgan & Co.," and that he "did not mean fiscal or financial agents" and would not discuss whether the firm was connected with the financial concerns of the British government.[^34] An editorial in the same issue noted that "Mr. Davison returns with the appointment of his firm as the agents for the payment of British obligations in this country, incurred by purchases on war account," and that the American gold pool formed to guarantee foreign gold debts was dissolved on the day of his return.[^35]
Asked on February 16, 1915 about a credit of $100,000,000 for Britain, Davison, who had attended the London conference on the exchange situation, said that nothing of that kind was being done at the moment.[^36] In February 1915 he was named treasurer of the Mayor's Committee for Relief Work in New York, which asked that contributions be sent to him at 23 Wall Street.[^37]
### The French credit and the Anglo-French loan
Vanderlip wrote that "within a week after France and Germany went to war" the French government had sounded [[Morgan, Harjes & Co.]] in Paris about a credit of $100,000,000 in New York, and that "Henry P. Davison, quite soon after the war began, had gone to Washington and discussed this proposal with [[William Jennings Bryan]]." What came of it was a telegram from Bryan to J. P. Morgan & Co.: "In the judgment of this Government loans by American bankers to any foreign nation which is at war are inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality."[^38] Vanderlip reports that the Morgan partners had not been displeased by the ruling, and that after the National City Bank negotiated with the French ambassador, "Harry Davison explained that they felt the City Bank had usurped their position with the French Government."[^39]
In September 1915 the Times reported that the French commission was met at Quarantine by Morgan and Davison, and that Morgan and Davison were among the first visitors received at the [[Hotel Biltmore]] by the mission of [[Lord Reading]].[^40][^41] On September 28, 1915 the Anglo-French financial commission announced at the Biltmore the completion of a credit for the British and French governments. Davison sat beside [[Henry Babington Smith]], who was described as "one of the four representatives of the British Government," and then read a statement for J. P. Morgan & Co. The loan was $500,000,000 in five-year 5 per cent bonds, offered to the public at 98 and sold through a syndicate. Davison's statement said that the firm "would receive no compensation for its part in the negotiations."[^42] On September 7, 1915 the Times had reported that his son F. Trubee Davison had returned from two months of driving an ambulance in France and been met at the pier by his father on the yacht Shipaki.[^43]
### American Red Cross War Council
On May 10, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross. Davison wrote in his 1919 history of the organization that "I was asked to take the chairmanship."[^44] The War Council's own report of November 1, 1917 lists its original members: Davison, chairman, of J. P. Morgan & Co.; [[Charles D. Norton]], vice president of the First National Bank; Major [[Grayson M.-P. Murphy]], vice president of the Guaranty Trust Company; [[Cornelius N. Bliss Jr.]]; and [[Edward N. Hurley]], formerly chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, with [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Eliot Wadsworth]] as ex-officio members. Hurley later became chairman of the Shipping Board and was replaced by [[John D. Ryan]] of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company.[^45]
The first task was a fund. A National War Finance Committee headed by [[Cleveland H. Dodge]] was appointed by Wilson, with Davison as vice chairman, Seward Prosser as executive committee chairman and [[William G. McAdoo]] as treasurer; its members included [[Henry Morgenthau]], [[Julius Rosenwald]], [[Frank S. Peabody]], [[Francis L. Higginson]] Jr., [[Vance C. McCormick]] and [[Joseph P. Tumulty]]. Wilson proclaimed the week of June 18 to 25, 1917 as Red Cross Week, and the first conference of the War Council was held in Washington on May 24 and 25 with General [[John J. Pershing]], Secretary of War [[Newton D. Baker]] and [[Herbert Hoover]] among the speakers.[^46] Davison described the campaign: "It was finally and definitely decided that we should fix June 18-25 ... as Red Cross week. From that time on it was like a military campaign." Of the 450 leading men called to Washington he wrote that the conference resulted in "enlisting the services of a group of men with large experience in financial matters and in the raising of funds," and that a New York friend of the Red Cross set the keynote with a gift of a million dollars.[^47]
The totals differ inside the book. Davison's narrative gives $115,000,000 for the first drive and "a total subscription of more than $182,000,000" for the second; the appendix gives reported subscriptions of approximately $114,000,000 for the week of June 18 to 25, 1917 and approximately $170,000,000 for the second drive, held May 18 to 25, 1918.[^48][^49] The appendix states that the War Council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919," that total revenues of National Headquarters and chapters for the twenty months ending that date were $400,178,000 and expenditures $272,676,000.[^49] The foreword to the book says: "I have therefore omitted the mention of names."[^50]
General Pershing, asked what the Red Cross could do for him, cabled: "If you want to do something for me for God's sake 'buck up the French.'" Davison wrote that the War Council reached that realization "at its very first meeting."[^51] He was in Paris when the armistice was signed and summoned a conference there of the heads of the Red Cross commissions in Europe, according to the War Council's retirement statement of March 1, 1919, which records that Dr. [[Livingston Farrand]] became chairman of the Central Committee.[^52] The finding aid states that his wife organized the [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] chapter of the Red Cross in 1917 and chaired it for twenty-seven years.[^1]
### League of Red Cross Societies
Davison's 1919 history says that the [[League of Red Cross Societies]] "came formally into being in Paris, May 5, 1919," with delegates from the Red Cross organizations of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan, "whose representatives constitute the board of governors, of which board I was chosen chairman," and that Sir [[David Henderson]] was appointed director-general.[^53] He tied the League to Article XXV of the Covenant of the [[League of Nations]]: "The members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and cooperation of duly authorized, voluntary, national Red Cross organizations having as their purpose the improvement of health, prevention of disease, and mitigation of suffering throughout the world." He added that the relations between the two Leagues would be "of an intimate character" with "no statutory connection," and that the plan had the endorsement of a gathering of medical experts that met at Cannes in April 1919.[^53][^54]
The finding aid gives May 15, 1919 as the League's formation date.[^1] The obituary places the step at a conference in [[Geneva]] after the declaration of peace, where Davison "was made Chairman of the committee of Red Cross Societies" representing the organizations of the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan. The obituary adds that after the conference Davison urged an immediate loan by the United States government of $600,000,000 to the stricken countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and lists the Foreign Finance Corporation, formed in November 1919, among the postwar agencies in which he took a leading part.[^2]
### Honors, directorships and death
The obituary lists directorships at the Bankers Trust Company, the First Security Company, the New York Railway Company and the Guaranty Safe Deposit Company, and a post as treasurer of the National Institute for Social Service. It states that he was made a Commander of the Legion of Honor, "the first American to receive that honor from France," and received a high Belgian decoration from [[Albert I of Belgium]] and the rank of Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy from the king of Italy.[^2]
Davison died in May 1922. The obituary reports that he "died today upon the conclusion of an operation upon an infiltrating tumor which could only be partially removed." The annual report of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] for 1922 records the date as May 6, 1922, and states that he had been elected to the museum's board on February 7, 1916, and served as its treasurer and chairman of the Finance Committee until his death.[^2][^55]
### Peacock Point and the sons
The family estate was at [[Peacock Point]], [[Locust Valley, New York]], on [[Long Island]].[^56] The obituary gives the New York home as Park Avenue and Sixty-ninth Street.[^2] Davison and Mary Kate Trubee had four children: F. Trubee Davison, born February 7, 1896; Henry P. Davison Jr., born April 3, 1898; Alice, born in 1899 and married to [[Artemus L. Gates]] in 1922; and Frances, born in 1903 and married to [[Ward Cheney]] in 1926.[^1] The obituary says that F. Trubee Davison organized a flying corps of young men as the First New York Unit of the Aerial Coast Patrol and was injured in a training accident in June 1917.[^2]
Henry Davison Jr. served in the [[American Ambulance Corps]] in France, spent a year at [[Cambridge University]], became a Morgan partner in 1929, was made vice president and director in 1940, senior vice president in 1953 and president in 1955, and died on July 2, 1961.[^1] [[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote in his 1983 study of [[Skull and Bones]] that "whose son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920," and that "some of his partners were" members of the society.[^57] Sutton's index of members by class year lists "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" in the class of 1920.[^58] His chart places the Davison family under J. P. Morgan among the new-wealth families, beside the [[Rockefeller family]] and the Payne family under [[Standard Oil]].[^59] In his text Sutton lists "Harriman, Rockefeller, Payne, Davison" among the families that "acquired wealth in the last 100 years, sent their sons to Yale."[^57]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection (PMML ID 320755, Call No. PAPERS 00013), biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison, finding aid written by Kathryn Hofherr (June 2008) and updated by Andrea Martinez (2018): birth in Troy, Pennsylvania, June 12, 1867; bookkeeper; Bridgeport; marriage April 13, 1893; Astor Place Bank; Liberty National Bank; Bankers Trust Company; senior partner in 1909; the 1910 Jekyll Island meeting ("Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the Federal Reserve"); Red Cross War Council; League formed May 15, 1919; children; and the note on Henry Pomeroy Davison Jr. (Morgan partner 1929; died July 2, 1961). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^2]: *New York Times*, May 7, 1922, obituary and life sketch of Henry Pomeroy Davison (birth on June 13, 1867; the Astor Place National Bank; the Liberty National Bank presidency at thirty-two; "the idea of a trust depository for national bank money"; the tablet at the Bankers Trust building; the 1907 Clearing House committee; "expert on banking" to the Monetary Commission; Morgan's invitation in late 1908; the 1910 Six-Power Chinese loan negotiations in Paris; the Geneva conference; the $600,000,000 proposal; the Foreign Finance Corporation; honors; directorships; "died today upon the conclusion of an operation upon an infiltrating tumor which could only be partially removed"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1922-05-07_71_23479
[^3]: *New York Times*, October 6, 1915, article on the history of the Liberty National Bank and its move to the Equitable Building ("H. P. Davison, who was the chief organizer of the trust company"; "In December, 1894, Mr. Davison, who was paying teller in the Astor Place Bank, became assistant cashier of the Liberty"; the trust company's organization dated to 1908; the lease of the New Jersey Central Building). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-10-06_64_21074
[^4]: *Money Trust Investigation: Investigation of Financial and Monetary Conditions in the United States under House Resolutions Nos. 429 and 504, Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency*, Part 25, hearing of Thursday, January 23, 1913 (title page: "Arsene P. Pujo, Louisiana, Chairman"), testimony of Henry P. Davison, pp. 1808 to 1809 ("I am a member of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co."; "Since the 1st of January, 1909"; "I was vice president of the First National Bank"; "On the 1st of January, 1902"; "I was president of the Liberty National Bank"; "I resigned that position to take the position with the First National Bank"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^5]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 19, testimony of George F. Baker, p. 1435 ("Mr. Davison was formerly vice president of the First National Bank, was he not?" "Yes; and Mr. Lamont also."; "he was our vice president"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0019.001.umich.edu
[^6]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 19, Exhibit 195 (agreement among George F. Baker, Harris C. Fahnestock, Francis L. Hine, Henry P. Davison, George F. Baker Jr. and Charles D. Backus, parties of the first part, and J. Pierpont Morgan and others as stockholders; "The trustees at this time were George F. Baker, H. C. Fahnestock, F. L. Hine, Henry P. Davison, George F. Baker, jr., and Charles D. Backus"), pp. 1422 to 1424. https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0019.001.umich.edu
[^7]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, p. 1837 ("I was in the Liberty Bank eight years"; "And in the First National, how long?" "Seven years."). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^8]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, pp. 1810 to 1812 (executive committee of the Liberty National Bank, "E. C. Converse, Otis H. Cutler, George B. Case, Arthur F. Luke, D. E. Pomeroy, Seward Prosser, D. G. Reid, C. H. Sabin, F. B. Schenck, C. H. Stout, A. H. Wiggin, and myself"; chairman of that committee and of the Astor Trust committee; directorships; George B. Case "is my personal counsel"; the firm "are counsel for the Bankers' Trust"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^9]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 8, testimony of Walter E. Frew, December 10, 1912, p. 596 ("Mr. H. P. Davison, of J. P. Morgan & Co.?" "Of the First National Bank at that time."; "He is now; yes, sir. He was not at the time."; the voting trustees "Henry P. Davison, George W. Perkins, and Daniel G. Reid"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0008.001.umich.edu
[^10]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, p. 1816 ("Several of the younger bankers in New York organized the Bankers Trust Co. in 1903"; "The particular purpose of that was to preclude the purchase overnight of the control of that company"; "regarded as promoters"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^11]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, p. 1817 ("the company opened for business on the 30th of March, 1903"; the recital of the voting trust agreement of March 18, 1903, "formed a part of the consideration for the said subscriptions to said stock"; "I am perfectly willing to concede it"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^12]: *New York Times*, April 23, 1903, advertisement of the Bankers Trust Company, 143 Liberty Street (capital $1,000,000; directors including "Henry P. Davison, Vice-Pres, First National Bank"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1903-04-23_52_16629
[^13]: *New York Times*, April 5, 1903, advertisement of the Bankers Trust Company (directors and officers: E. C. Converse, president; J. F. Thompson, vice president; D. E. Pomeroy, assistant treasurer; T. W. Lamont, secretary and treasurer; directors including Henry P. Davison, William H. Porter and George W. Perkins); the same notice appears on April 1 and April 7, 1903. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1903-04-05_52_16613
[^14]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 8, Untermyer's offer of the voting trust agreements of the Bankers Trust Co. ("the first dated the 18th of March, 1903, between all the stockholders of the Bankers Trust Co. and Henry P. Davison, George W. Perkins, and Daniel G. Reid ... for a term of five years; the next one between the same parties, dated March 18, 1908, for the further term of five years ... and the third being the agreement of March 9, 1912, between the stockholders of the Bankers Trust Co. and Henry P. Davison, George B. Case, and Daniel G. Reid, trustees"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0008.001.umich.edu
[^15]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, p. 1825 ("They were individuals"; "young men"; "Morgan & Co. were not in any way important in the organization of the company"; "it was Mr. Perkins and not Morgan that was in that"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^16]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, pp. 1812 to 1816 (the Guaranty Trust stock "was purchased in the interest of the Bankers Trust Co."; "merging the Guaranty Trust Co. and the Bankers Trust Co."; "Who negotiated that purchase for the Mutual Life on behalf of the purchaser?" "I did."; about 6,000 shares; the voting trust agreement dated January 3, 1910; voting trustees Baker and Porter). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^17]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 19, testimony of George F. Baker, p. 1448 (voting trust of the Guaranty Trust Company; "Your cotrustees there were Mr. Davison, of J. P. Morgan & Co., and Mr. Porter, were they not?" "Yes, sir."). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0019.001.umich.edu
[^18]: Frank A. Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935), p. 171 (the Clearing House certificates; "appointed to pass on the collateral"; the list of members including "Henry P. Davison, a vice-president of the First National Bank"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^19]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), p. 180 ("Henry Davison and Paul Warburg were others who had my deep respect after the panic"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^20]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 188 to 195 (the February 1910 conference at the Morgan offices, "They were fearful, they told me"; the year-end pool proposal by Jack Morgan and Henry Davison; "Davison and Jack Morgan told me plainly that delay was impossible" at p. 192; the Kuhn, Loeb point and the one-third share for the City Bank; "It was left to Davison, J. P. Morgan, Jr., and myself to work out the details"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^21]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 14, testimony of J. P. Morgan, pp. 1003 to 1004 (partners of the New York house read into the record: "J. P. Morgan, E. T. Stotesbury, Charles Steele, J. P. Morgan, jr., Henry P. Davison, Arthur E. Newbold, William Pierce Hamilton, William H. Porter, Thomas W. Lamont, Horatio G. Lloyd, and Temple Bowdoin"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0014.001.umich.edu
[^22]: *Money Trust Investigation*, Part 25, testimony of Henry P. Davison, pp. 1826 to 1827 (the Southern Railway voting trust; "Are not Morgan & Co. the fiscal agents of the Southern Railway?" "I do not think we are, officially. We are in fact."; "I should say that Mr. Steele is the best informed as to that"). https://archive.org/details/aeu8665.0025.001.umich.edu
[^23]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), chapter XXI, "A Conclave on Jekyl Island," p. 210 ("as secretive, indeed, as furtive as any conspirator"; "the occasion of the actual conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^24]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 210 to 211 (the Stillman letter from Paris; "regretted that Henry Davison of J. P. Morgan and Company and I had been unable to join him in Europe during the summer"; "getting Davison and me down to his estate in Rhode Island without any one's knowing of it"; "any definite idea of what they ought to do"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^25]: *Interviews on the Banking and Currency Systems of England, Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy*, 61st Congress, 2d Session, Senate Document No. 405 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910), front matter (roster of the National Monetary Commission: "Nelson W. Aldrich, Rhode Island, Chairman. Edward B. Vreeland, New York, Vice-Chairman," with Burrows, Overstreet, Hale, Weeks, Knox, Bonynge, Burton, Smith, Daniel, Padgett, Teller, Burgess, Money, Pujo and Bailey; "Arthur B. Shelton, Secretary"; "A. Piatt Andrew, Special Assistant to Commission"). https://archive.org/details/interviewsonbank0000nels
[^26]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 213 to 214 ("Those who had been asked to go were Henry Davison, Paul Warburg, Ben Strong, and myself"; "From Washington came A. Piatt Andrew, who was then an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury"; "We were told to leave our last names behind us"; "he became Wilbur and I became Orville, after those two aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^27]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 215 to 218 ("a week or ten days were completely secluded, without any contact by telephone or telegraph with the outside"; "Sometimes Davison and Strong would be up at day-break to get a horseback ride"; at p. 216, "Harry Davison was a splendid person to prevent wrangles in any company," Warburg's "antagonism toward Aldrich," and "Always he could be counted on to crack a joke just at the right moment"; at p. 217, "a bill that we felt, pridefully, should be presented to Congress," "It became known to the country as the Aldrich Plan"; at p. 218, the report prepared by Strong and Vanderlip). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^28]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 212 and 218 ("Now then, fancy what sort of head-lines might have appeared over a story that Aldrich was conferring about new money legislation with a Morgan partner and the president of the biggest bank" at p. 212; "the bill we drafted did not get through Congress" at p. 218). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^29]: *Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1910, document 257 (Ambassador Bacon to the Secretary of State, Paris, May 27, 1910, No. 161, Inclosure 1, "Hankow-Canton and Hankow-Chengtu railway loan negotiations. Memorandum of terms of agreement come to at a meeting at the Banque de l'Indo-Chine, Paris, on the 23d day of May, 1910"; the parties; article 2, "This loan to be divided equally between the four groups"; signatures "For the American group: E. C. Grenfell. H. P. Davison. Max Warburg. H. H. Harjes. Willard Straight."). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1910/d257
[^30]: *Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1913, document 187 (the Acting Secretary of State to certain American diplomatic officers, March 19, 1913, quoting the statement issued to the press by the President on March 18, 1913; and the American Group to the Secretary of State, New York, March 19, 1913, signed by Willard Straight). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1913/d187
[^31]: *New York Times*, November 26, 1914, "Bond Deals Here Regardless of London Exchange Suggested by Expert, Who Sails" (Paish "sailed for Liverpool yesterday on the White Star liner Adriatic accompanied by Henry P. Davison of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., who is going on a business trip to London and Paris"; Davison's statement that the country "was never in a better condition for an extended trade"; J. P. Morgan at the pier). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1914-11-26_64_20760
[^32]: *New York Times*, November 24, 1914, "Act for Banks in London" (H. P. Davison and James Brown asked to continue the discussion of the Paish report in [[London]]). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1914-11-24_64_20758
[^33]: *New York Times*, December 4 and 6, 1914 (Davison, "accompanied by Willard D. Straight," arrived with Sir George Paish; Davison and Paish and the conferences on foreign exchange adjustment). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1914-12-04_64_20768
[^34]: *New York Times*, January 24, 1915, "Commercial Agent Only" ("Henry P. Davison, partner in the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., who sailed for London six weeks ago with Sir George Paish and Willard Straight, returned with Mr. Straight yesterday on the Cunarder Lusitania. He explained that his firm had been appointed the sole commercial agents for Great Britain in the United States. He said that meant all purchases in this country for Great Britain would be made through J. P. Morgan & Co."; "did not mean fiscal or financial agents"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-01-24_64_20819
[^35]: *New York Times*, January 24, 1915, editorial column on the dissolution of the gold pool ("the return of Mr. Davison from London"; "Mr. Davison returns with the appointment of his firm as the agents for the payment of British obligations in this country, incurred by purchases on war account"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-01-24_64_20819
[^36]: *New York Times*, February 17, 1915 ("H. P. Davison of J. P. Morgan & Co., who attended the London conference on the exchange situation, when asked yesterday about the establishment of such a credit, said that nothing of that kind was being done at the moment"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-02-17_64_20843
[^37]: *New York Times*, February 16, 1915 ("Henry P. Davison of J. P. Morgan & Co. was elected as Treasurer" of the Mayor's Committee for Relief Work; checks to him at 23 Wall Street); February 28, 1915 (receipts of $16,584 in small checks). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-02-16_64_20842
[^38]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), pp. 245 to 246 (the French credit of $100,000,000 sounded at Morgan, Harjes and Company; "I knew that Henry P. Davison, quite soon after the war began, had gone to Washington and discussed this proposal with William Jennings Bryan"; Bryan's telegram, "In the judgment of this Government loans by American bankers to any foreign nation which is at war are inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^39]: Vanderlip, *From Farm Boy to Financier* (1935), p. 247 ("Harry Davison explained that they felt the City Bank had usurped their position with the French Government"; "the Morgan partners ... had not been displeased with the Bryan ruling"). https://archive.org/details/from-farm-boy-to-financier-by-frank-vanderlip
[^40]: *New York Times*, September 11, 1915, report on the arrival of the French commission (met at Quarantine by Mr. Morgan, Mr. Davison and Captain Gaunt). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-09-11_64_21049
[^41]: *New York Times*, September 14, 1915 ("J. P. Morgan and Henry P. Davison, his partner, were among the first of the visitors" at the hotel suite of Lord Reading's mission). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-09-14_64_21052
[^42]: *New York Times*, September 29, 1915, "Success of Credit Assured" (Anglo-French credit announced at the Hotel Biltmore; "Sir Henry Babington Smith, former President of the Bank of Turkey and one of the four representatives of the British Government"; $500,000,000 five-year 5 per cent bonds "to be issued to the public at 98"; "Henry P. Davison of J. P. Morgan & Co. read a statement on behalf of that firm"; "would receive no compensation for its part in the negotiations"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-09-29_64_21067
[^43]: *New York Times*, September 7, 1915 ("Frederick T. Davison, son of Henry P. Davison, a partner in the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., returned yesterday on the French liner Rochambeau after spending two months in France driving an ambulance"; met by his father on his yacht Shipaki). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-09-07_64_21045
[^44]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (New York: Macmillan, 1919), pp. 7 to 8 ("On the 10th of May, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross, and I was asked to take the chairmanship"). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^45]: *The Work of the American Red Cross: Report by the War Council of Appropriations and Activities from Outbreak of War to November 1, 1917* (Washington: American Red Cross, 1917), section on the appointment of the War Council ("The original members of the War Council were: Henry P. Davison, Chairman, of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York"; Norton, Murphy, Bliss, Hurley; ex-officio Taft and Wadsworth; Hurley "replaced by John D. Ryan"). https://archive.org/details/workofamericanre00redc
[^46]: *The Work of the American Red Cross* (1917), the section "The War Fund" (National War Finance Committee headed by Cleveland H. Dodge, "Henry P. Davison was Vice-Chairman"; the committee roster; the proclamation of "Red Cross Week" of June 18 to 25, 1917; the first conference of the War Council in Washington, May 24 to 25; the decision "to ask the American people for $100,000,000"). https://archive.org/details/workofamericanre00redc
[^47]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), pp. 9 to 10 ("It was finally and definitely decided that we should fix June 18-25 ... as Red Cross week. From that time on it was like a military campaign"; the conference of "some 450 leading men"; "enlisting the services of a group of men with large experience in financial matters and in the raising of funds"; the initial gift of a million dollars). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^48]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), p. 10 ("it was known that the country had given $115,000,000") and p. 35 (the second appeal "for another $100,000,000, which resulted in a total subscription of more than $182,000,000"). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^49]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), appendix, "The Story in Figures" ("The Red Cross War Council was appointed May 10, 1917. It went out of existence on February 28th, 1919"; first drive of June 18 to 25, 1917, "approximately $114,000,000"; second drive of May 18 to 25, 1918, "approximately $170,000,000"; revenues of $400,178,000 and expenditures of $272,676,000 for the twenty months ending February 28, 1919). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^50]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), foreword, signed "H. P. Davison. New York, September 20, 1919" ("I have therefore omitted the mention of names"). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^51]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter II, pp. 12 to 13 (the War Council "at its very first meeting" and General Pershing's cable, "If you want to do something for me for God's sake 'buck up the French'"). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^52]: *Statement of Henry P. Davison, Chairman, on Behalf of the American Red Cross War Council on Its Retirement, March 1, 1919* (Washington: American Red Cross, 1919) ("Henry P. Davison, being in Paris when the armistice was signed, summoned a conference there of the heads of all the Red Cross Commissions in Europe"; Dr. Livingston Farrand as the new chairman of the Central Committee). https://archive.org/details/statementofhenry00amer
[^53]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter XXI, "The League of Red Cross Societies," pp. 282 to 283 (the League "came formally into being in Paris, May 5, 1919"; delegates from the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan; "whose representatives constitute the board of governors, of which board I was chosen chairman, and by which Sir David Henderson was appointed director-general"; the text of Article XXV of the Covenant of the League of Nations). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^54]: Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter XXI, pp. 283 to 284 ("of an intimate character"; "no statutory connection"; the medical conference at Cannes in April 1919). https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^55]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, memorials to trustees (Davison elected to the board February 7, 1916; treasurer and chairman of the Finance Committee until his death on May 6, 1922). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^56]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies: Yale's pioneering pilots form first naval aviation unit" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^57]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), text on the Morgan partnership ("Although Morgan himself was not a member of The Order, some of his partners were"; "whose son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920"); text on the families of new wealth ("families who acquired wealth in the last 100 years, sent their sons to Yale and in time became almost old line families, e.g., Harriman, Rockefeller, Payne, Davison"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^58]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), index of members by class year, class of 1920 ("Davison, Harry Pomeroy"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^59]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One," new-wealth families including "Davison (J. P. Morgan)" and "Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones

22
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jimmy Carter.md
View file

@ -48,13 +48,21 @@ The [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] (1979-1981) was a major challenge during his preside
During his presidency, Carter's human rights foreign policy in [[Latin America]] reportedly distanced the CIA under [[Stansfield Turner]] from any death-squad interdiction. His administration was also reportedly reluctant to pursue certain figures involved in the drug trade, such as General Torrijos of [[Panama]], due to ongoing negotiations for the [[Panama Canal]] treaty.[^8]
### Dresser drill bit licence, 1978" placed before the page's last section. The live page does not mention Dresser. Footnotes D1 and D2.
Insert-ready section:
### Dresser drill bit licence, 1978
In June 1978 Soviet trade organizations awarded [[Dresser Industries]] two contracts totaling $180 million, one of them for equipment and technology to make drill bits for oil and gas wells.[^9] In August the Carter administration approved the export license, and [[Juanita Kreps]], the Secretary of Commerce, approved a $140 million drill bit deal.[^10] Carter initialed a memorandum from [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] of August 29, 1978, and wrote "Jody [Powell] is preparing statement." Beside the report's first conclusion, that deep-well drilling technology was wholly concentrated in the United States, he wrote "We knew this."[^10]
### Connections to BCCI
Jimmy Carter accepted millions from [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] and [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] for charitable organizations.[^9] In August 1982, [[Bert Lance]] introduced Abedi to Carter.[^10] Abedi's [[National Bank of Georgia]] was the largest single lender to the Carter family's peanut farm in Plains, Georgia.[^11]
Jimmy Carter accepted millions from [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] and [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] for charitable organizations.[^11] In August 1982, [[Bert Lance]] introduced Abedi to Carter.[^12] Abedi's [[National Bank of Georgia]] was the largest single lender to the Carter family's peanut farm in Plains, Georgia.[^13]
In the early 1980s, Abedi donated $500,000 to help establish the [[Carter Center]] at Emory University in [[Atlanta]] and contributed millions to Carter's Global 2000 Foundation, founded in 1985 for Third World healthcare.[^11] BCCI provided $8.1 million to Carter during the 1980s, and Abedi arranged an additional $2.5 million from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] through the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]].[^11] Carter also utilized BCCI's jet for his travels and Global 2000 Foundation used office space at BCCI's London headquarters.[^11]
In the early 1980s, Abedi donated $500,000 to help establish the [[Carter Center]] at Emory University in [[Atlanta]] and contributed millions to Carter's Global 2000 Foundation, founded in 1985 for Third World healthcare.[^13] BCCI provided $8.1 million to Carter during the 1980s, and Abedi arranged an additional $2.5 million from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] through the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]].[^13] Carter also utilized BCCI's jet for his travels and Global 2000 Foundation used office space at BCCI's London headquarters.[^13]
Carter and his second wife, Rosalynn, became friends with Abedi and his wife, Rabia, and spent holidays together in Switzerland. Carter introduced Abedi to acquaintances like [[James Callaghan]].[^11] Abedi's joint appearances with Carter in various countries, including [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Soviet Union]], served as key targets for BCCI's business development.[^11] Carter continued to accept at least $1.5 million from BCCI even after the bank was indicted and convicted in Florida.[^11]
Carter and his second wife, Rosalynn, became friends with Abedi and his wife, Rabia, and spent holidays together in Switzerland. Carter introduced Abedi to acquaintances like [[James Callaghan]].[^13] Abedi's joint appearances with Carter in various countries, including [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Soviet Union]], served as key targets for BCCI's business development.[^13] Carter continued to accept at least $1.5 million from BCCI even after the bank was indicted and convicted in Florida.[^13]
### Footnotes
@ -66,6 +74,8 @@ Carter and his second wife, Rosalynn, became friends with Abedi and his wife, Ra
[^6]: Carter, White House Diary, p. 405, as cited in Burr and Cohen, note 3. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^7]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
[^10]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 228-229.
[^9]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, Soviet Union, editors' notes to documents 140 and 141 (contracts of June 1978 and total of $180 million). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^10]: Brzezinski to Carter, August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141, with the editors' notes on Kreps's August approval and on Carter's initials and marginal note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
[^12]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
[^13]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 228-229.

77
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John Foster Dulles.md
View file

@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ relations:
start: 1950
end: 1952-12-02
fn: 18
- type: head_of
with: "[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]"
start: 1946-12
end: 1952-12-08
role: "chairman of the board of trustees; resigned on being designated Secretary of State"
fn: 29
---
John Foster Dulles served as the Secretary of State under President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. He, along with his brother [[Allen Dulles]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] director, were infuriated by [[Israel]]'s attempt to mask the extent of its military buildup prior to the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]]. He was regularly present at [[White House]] briefings where intelligence from [[U-2 Spy Plane|U-2]] flights, including early information on [[Dimona]], was presented.[^1]
@ -85,45 +91,96 @@ Dulles was a leader in the U.S. delegation at the San Francisco founding confere
As Secretary of State, Dulles repeatedly clashed with Nelson Rockefeller over Cold War strategy. Nelson's [[Open Skies]] proposal originated from a working group Rockefeller convened at [[Quantico Marine Corps Base]] between June 5 and 10, 1955. Dulles rejected the plan and, together with Under Secretary [[Herbert Hoover Jr.]], blocked most Rockefeller foreign policy initiatives on the grounds that Rockefeller represented outside interference in State Department prerogatives. When Eisenhower nonetheless incorporated Open Skies into his presentation at the [[1955 Geneva Summit]] on July 21, 1955, Dulles told colleagues he might have to resign if the Soviets accepted the offer; he dreaded having to be "the Devil at Geneva." Eisenhower overruled him and delivered the proposal.[^21]
### Carnegie Endowment board, 1946 to 1952
John Foster Dulles was chairman of the board of trustees of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] when the board elected [[Alger Hiss]] president in December 1946; Hiss took office on February 1, 1947. In his 1948 testimony before the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]], asked by Representative F. Edward Hebert whether Dulles first approached him about the post, Hiss answered "He first approached me," and said Dulles was "the chairman of my board of trustees" who urged him to take the position together with "other members of the board of trustees."[^22]
Hiss testified before the House committee on August 25, 1948 that "shortly after I had been elected but before I had assumed office I had a conversation with Mr. John Foster Dulles in which he said that he had heard reports that people had called me a Communist," and said he assumed Dulles was satisfied there was nothing to them.[^23] At the second Hiss trial in 1949 Hiss testified that Dulles telephoned in December 1946 to ask how to answer a letter from a man who called Hiss a Communist, and that he replied the subject had been "laid to rest." Dulles, testifying in rebuttal for the government, said he did not mention the Carnegie Endowment to Hiss on the 1946 voyage to London, that Hiss's reputation "was very high, as far as I knew it," that the letter was Alfred Kohlberg's, dated December 31 and received January 2, and that he first discussed it with Hiss some days later. He also testified that he had been abroad from late August to December 24, 1948, and that at the Hotel Roosevelt in August 1948 he told Hiss the trustees "would not take any initiative in asking for his resignation."[^24]
In 1950 Dulles chaired the endowment's nominating committee for a new president, with [[Harvey H. Bundy]], [[David Rockefeller]], Earl Harrison and [[James T. Shotwell]]; [[Joseph E. Johnson]] was elected on May 11, 1950.[^25] Shotwell told Federal Bureau of Investigation agents in 1951 that it was his understanding that Dulles selected Bundy to head the nomination committee and that Bundy and Dulles together carried Johnson's election.[^26] In August 1951 Johnson wrote to Allen Dulles about a conference at Zagreb; Johnson noted that he had discussed it with John Foster Dulles, who was not at the executive committee meeting.[^27]
Bundy presided as vice chairman in Dulles's absence at the board meeting of December 10, 1951, and chaired the annual meeting of May 8, 1952 while Dulles was reelected chairman.[^28] On December 8, 1952, after Dulles's designation as Secretary of State, the board adopted a resolution on his resignation as chairman; Dulles left the room, [[Henry M. Wriston]] presided, and the nominating committee recommended that Bundy "be elected to fill Mr. Dulles' unexpired term as Chairman of the Board."[^29]
### Key Policy Instruments
Dulles was the primary architect of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO), signed in Manila on September 8, 1954, establishing collective defense obligations among the United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia, [[New Zealand]], the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan, with a separate protocol designating Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam as protected territories. He contributed to the conclusion of the [[Austrian State Treaty]] (1955), the [[Formosa Resolution]] (signed January 29, 1955, Public Law 4), and the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] of 1957.[^22]
Dulles was the primary architect of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO), signed in Manila on September 8, 1954, establishing collective defense obligations among the United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia, [[New Zealand]], the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan, with a separate protocol designating Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam as protected territories. He contributed to the conclusion of the [[Austrian State Treaty]] (1955), the [[Formosa Resolution]] (signed January 29, 1955, Public Law 4), and the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] of 1957.[^30]
On January 12, 1954, Dulles delivered an address before the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in New York articulating the doctrine of "massive retaliation": the United States would "depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our choosing" rather than maintain large conventional forces at every potential flashpoint. The speech was published in the *Department of State Bulletin*, January 25, 1954, pages 107-110.[^23]
On January 12, 1954, Dulles delivered an address before the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in New York articulating the doctrine of "massive retaliation": the United States would "depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our choosing" rather than maintain large conventional forces at every potential flashpoint. The speech was published in the *Department of State Bulletin*, January 25, 1954, pages 107-110.[^31]
On December 14, 1953, Dulles warned the North Atlantic Council that a French failure to ratify the [[European Defense Community]] (EDC) would require "an agonizing reappraisal" of U.S. relations with France. The EDC failed in 1954 when the French National Assembly rejected it, and Dulles's threat was not executed.[^24]
On December 14, 1953, Dulles warned the North Atlantic Council that a French failure to ratify the [[European Defense Community]] (EDC) would require "an agonizing reappraisal" of U.S. relations with France. The EDC failed in 1954 when the French National Assembly rejected it, and Dulles's threat was not executed.[^32]
### Archival Holdings
The John Foster Dulles Papers at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]] (Abilene, Kansas) total over 88,000 pages across eleven series, spanning 1950 to 1961 with the bulk in the period 1953-1959. Key series include: the JFD Chronological Series (approximately 13,600 pages of correspondence, memoranda, and memoranda of conversations); the Telephone Conversations Series (13,000 pages of telephone memoranda covering Guatemala, Iran, Korea, Berlin, and other crises); the White House Memoranda Series (including memoranda of Dulles's conversations with Eisenhower and a file of conversations between John Foster and Allen Dulles on intelligence matters); and the Subject Series and General Correspondence and Memoranda Series. A separate collection of Dulles papers (1860-1988) is held at the [[Mudd Manuscript Library]], Princeton University.[^25]
The John Foster Dulles Papers at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]] (Abilene, Kansas) total over 88,000 pages across eleven series, spanning 1950 to 1961 with the bulk in the period 1953-1959. Key series include: the JFD Chronological Series (approximately 13,600 pages of correspondence, memoranda, and memoranda of conversations); the Telephone Conversations Series (13,000 pages of telephone memoranda covering Guatemala, Iran, Korea, Berlin, and other crises); the White House Memoranda Series (including memoranda of Dulles's conversations with Eisenhower and a file of conversations between John Foster and Allen Dulles on intelligence matters); and the Subject Series and General Correspondence and Memoranda Series. A separate collection of Dulles papers (1860-1988) is held at the [[Mudd Manuscript Library]], Princeton University.[^33]
The FRUS volume *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Guatemala* (edited by Susan Holly, published 2003, 287 documents) is the primary State Department documentary record of PBSUCCESS. The FRUS volume *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951-1954, Iran* is the primary record of TPAJAX. Both are available at history.state.gov.[^26]
The FRUS volume *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Guatemala* (edited by Susan Holly, published 2003, 287 documents) is the primary State Department documentary record of PBSUCCESS. The FRUS volume *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951-1954, Iran* is the primary record of TPAJAX. Both are available at history.state.gov.[^34]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
[^2]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Foster Dulles," *People - Department History*, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/dulles-john-foster. Arlington National Cemetery, "John Foster Dulles," https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jfdulles.htm.
[^3]: Princeton University Library, John Foster Dulles papers, Mudd Manuscript Library, finding aid MC016, biographical note (LL.B., George Washington University Law School, 1911; Sullivan and Cromwell 1911 to 1949; secretary to his grandfather John Watson Foster at the Second Hague Conference, 1907). https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC016
[^4]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "John Foster Dulles (1953-1959)," https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/dulles-1953-secretary-of-state. Dulles admitted to the New York bar 1911; managing partner of Sullivan and Cromwell from 1927.
[^5]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1919*, Paris Peace Conference, Vol. XI, Document 79, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv11/d79. On the ghostwriting arrangement: Stephen Kinzer, *The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War* (Times Books, 2013), drawing on the Sullivan and Cromwell career record.
[^6]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "DULLES, John Foster," https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=d000522. Senate appointment July 7, 1949; special election defeat November 8, 1949, to Herbert H. Lehman.
[^7]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Foster Dulles," *People - Department History*, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/dulles-john-foster. Secretary of State January 21, 1953 to April 22, 1959. Cancer surgery February 1959, Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
[^8]: Stephen Kinzer, *The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War* (Times Books, 2013). Sullivan and Cromwell represented United Fruit, American and Foreign Power Company, and International Railways of Central America as clients.
[^9]: Thomas McCann, *An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit* (Crown, 1976), quoted in multiple secondary accounts of the Sullivan and Cromwell-United Fruit relationship. The 1936 Ubico concession: Sullivan and Cromwell represented United Fruit in the negotiations.
[^10]: Ben Aris and Duncan Campbell, "How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power," *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, quoting a letter of January 1933 from Knight Woolley to W. Averell Harriman from the National Archives files the newspaper cites. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^11]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Guatemala*, Document 169, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/d169. CIA dispatch from PBSUCCESS headquarters (Tracy Barnes, alias William D. Playdon), June 2, 1954. Published 2003, ed. Susan Holly.
[^12]: *FRUS 1952-54, Guatemala*, Document 252, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/d252. Memorandum of telephone conversation, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, June 28, 1954, 9:39 a.m.
[^13]: *FRUS 1952-54, Guatemala*, Document 189, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/d189. Memorandum of telephone conversation, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, June 16, 1954, 11:20 a.m.
[^14]: John Foster Dulles, radio address, June 1954. Full text published in *Department of State Bulletin*, 1954. Transcribed and discussed in "Document 9: John F. Dulles, Secretary of State John F. Dulles, Radio Address, 1954," College of Wooster, https://ufcguatemala.voices.wooster.edu/documents/document-9/.
[^15]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951-1954, Iran*, Document 169 (March 1, 1953, memorandum Dulles to Eisenhower); Document 184 (April 4, 1953, Kermit Roosevelt to Dulles, with notation "Wisner recommended approval and Dulles approved"); Document 194 (April 21, 1953, briefing notes for Dulles, NSC briefing April 22). All at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951-54Iran.
[^16]: *FRUS 1951-54, Iran*, Document 306, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951-54Iran/d306. CIA Station Tehran memorandum, August 28, 1953. The $45 million emergency grant to the post-coup government is documented in secondary accounts drawing on the same FRUS series.
[^17]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon* (HarperCollins, 1995), Ch. 12.
[^18]: The Rockefeller Foundation. *Annual Report 1951,* "President's Review," pp. 95-96, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1951; *Annual Report 1952,* "President's Review," https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1952; *Annual Report 1960,* on Rusk's resignation, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1960; *Annual Report 1935,* list of trustees, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1935. The 1947 report lists Walter W. Stewart as chairman of the board, with Dulles a trustee, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1947.
[^19]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18. Its dating of Dulles's chairmanship to 1935-1952 is contradicted by the foundation's own reports, which date his trusteeship from 1935 and his chairmanship from 1950.
[^20]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 12.
[^21]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 19. Eisenhower Library, "The Cold War in the Early Fifties: Open Skies and the 1955 Geneva Summit," subject guide, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf. Quantico meeting June 5-10, 1955; Geneva Summit proposal July 21, 1955.
[^22]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, signed Manila, September 8, 1954. FRUS 1955-57, Vol. II, Document 56, Formosa Resolution, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v02/d56. On the Austrian State Treaty and Eisenhower Doctrine: Miller Center, "John Foster Dulles (1953-1959)."
[^23]: John Foster Dulles, address before the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, January 12, 1954. Published in *Department of State Bulletin*, January 25, 1954, pp. 107-110. Key passage: "The basic decision was to depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our choosing."
[^24]: Dulles address, North Atlantic Council, December 14, 1953, on the European Defense Community. Discussed in: "Agonizing Reappraisals: Anthony Eden, John Foster Dulles and the Crisis of European Defence, 1953-54," *Diplomacy and Statecraft*, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2002), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714000354.
[^25]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, "John Foster Dulles Papers: Scope and Content Note," finding aid, Abilene, Kansas, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/dulles-john-foster-papers/scope-and-content.pdf. Telephone Conversations Series finding aid, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/dulles-john-foster-papers/telephone-conversations-series.pdf.
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Guatemala*, ed. Susan Holly (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003), 287 documents, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951-1954, Iran*, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951-54Iran.
[^22]: *Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government*, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Congress, 2d session, 1948, testimony of Alger Hiss, pp. 645-646, https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardin1948unit
[^23]: *Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government*, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1948, testimony of Alger Hiss, p. 1133. https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardin1948unit
[^24]: *United States of America against Alger Hiss: Transcript of Record*, second trial, vol. V, testimony of John Foster Dulles, trial transcript pp. 4474-4493 (Hiss's account at vol. IV, pp. 2919-2925). https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam05hiss
[^25]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, answers to the questionnaire of the Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations, 1952, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^26]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Joseph Esrey Johnson file, New York memorandum of October 30, 1951, FOIA release 1368175-0, https://archive.org/details/JosephEsreyJohnson
[^27]: Letter from Joseph E. Johnson to Allen W. Dulles, August 1951, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100030016-2
[^28]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees minutes of December 10, 1951 and annual meeting of May 8, 1952, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 46, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_46
[^29]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Board of Trustees minutes of December 8, 1952, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, signed Manila, September 8, 1954. FRUS 1955-57, Vol. II, Document 56, Formosa Resolution, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v02/d56. On the Austrian State Treaty and Eisenhower Doctrine: Miller Center, "John Foster Dulles (1953-1959)."
[^31]: John Foster Dulles, address before the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, January 12, 1954. Published in *Department of State Bulletin*, January 25, 1954, pp. 107-110. Key passage: "The basic decision was to depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our choosing."
[^32]: Dulles address, North Atlantic Council, December 14, 1953, on the European Defense Community. Discussed in: "Agonizing Reappraisals: Anthony Eden, John Foster Dulles and the Crisis of European Defence, 1953-54," *Diplomacy and Statecraft*, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2002), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714000354.
[^33]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, "John Foster Dulles Papers: Scope and Content Note," finding aid, Abilene, Kansas, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/dulles-john-foster-papers/scope-and-content.pdf. Telephone Conversations Series finding aid, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/dulles-john-foster-papers/telephone-conversations-series.pdf.
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Guatemala*, ed. Susan Holly (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003), 287 documents, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951-1954, Iran*, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951-54Iran.

20
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md
View file

@ -66,6 +66,15 @@ relations:
start: 1947
role: "co-author of On Active Service in Peace and War (1948); Bundy's note describes a joint method"
fn: 8
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Harvey H. Bundy]]"
role: "father"
fn: 53
- type: director_of
with: "[[International Friendship League]]"
start: 1955-04-20
role: "board of directors, Boston"
fn: 52
created: 2026-10-07
updated: 2026-10-26
---
@ -156,6 +165,14 @@ On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Julius A. Stratton, then chairman of the bo
William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in November 1965.[^46] He joined the Central Intelligence Agency's Office of National Estimates in 1951 as chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff, and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1964 to 1972.[^47] The Washington Post obituary of October 7, 2000 calls William the older brother of McGeorge Bundy and records that he was sometimes known as "the other Bundy."[^48] On June 3, 1964, after the Honolulu conference, McGeorge Bundy wrote on William Bundy's notes of the conference, "Hitting the North is required."[^49] On August 5, 1964, Rusk told William Bundy that McGeorge Bundy and George Ball were "going over the final touches" of the Tonkin Gulf resolution.[^50]
### Family
*Who's Who in America* (1956-57) gives McGeorge Bundy's birth in Boston on March 30, 1919, as the son of [[Harvey H. Bundy]] and Katharine Lawrence (Putnam) Bundy; the Danvers Historical Society genealogy of the Putnam family records that his parents married on April 17, 1915 and that his mother's mother, Elizabeth Lowell, was a daughter of Augustus Lowell and a sister of [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]].[^51]
### International Friendship League
McGeorge Bundy was among the directors elected at the annual meeting of the [[International Friendship League]] in Boston on April 20, 1955. The minutes record a suggestion that his father, Harvey H. Bundy, invite him to the board. The league's letterhead gives its incorporation as 1936, and its minutes of that meeting record approaches to the Ford Foundation and the [[Carnegie Corporation]] for grants.[^52]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 156 (Bundy testimony of July 11, 1975), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
@ -208,3 +225,6 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^48]: Bart Barnes, "William Bundy, Dies," The Washington Post, October 7, 2000, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/10/07/william-bundy-dies/1348f410-94d0-40cb-9ee9-d8fad6603457/
[^49]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. I, doc. 193, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d193
[^50]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. I, doc. 293, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d293
[^51]: *Who's Who in America*, vol. 29, 1956-1957, entry "BUNDY, McGeorge," https://archive.org/details/whos-who-in-america_1956-1957_29_3954; *The Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society*, vol. 10 (1922), https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec10danv
[^52]: Record of the annual meeting of the International Friendship League, April 20, 1955, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200070020-4
[^53]: Grand Rapids press item naming his father, 1960, CIA reading room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100280064-7

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Prescott Bush.md
View file

@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ On May 29, 1956 the Senate agreed, 41 to 39, to an amendment offered by Senator
[^8]: George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, FOIA 2009-0116-F, "Records on Skull and Bones Society," scope and content note, processed August 2009. https://bush41library.gov/download/file/4777
[^9]: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the White House Social Office (George H. W. Bush Administration), Cathy Fenton Subject Files, Container 07104, "10/20/89 Skull and Bones Tea," NAID 492080005, as listed in the container list of FOIA 2009-0116-F. https://bush41library.gov/download/file/4777
[^10]: Associated Press, reprinted by CBS News, "Letter May Back Yale Claim On Geronimo," May 9, 2006: letter dated 1918 "written by one member of Skull and Bones to another," found by Marc Wortman "last fall"; "according to the letter, written by Winter Mead"; "But Mead was not at Fort Sill"; "According to Skull and Bones legend, members, including President George W. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, dug up Geronimo's grave when a group of Army volunteers from Yale were stationed at the fort during World War I"; the Wortman quotations. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/letter-may-back-yale-claim-on-geronimo/
[^11]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," with spokes labeled Whitney, Perkins, Stimson, Taft, Phelps, Bundy, Wadsworth, Lord, Gilman, Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil), Harriman (railroads), Davison (J. P. Morgan), Weyerhaeuser (lumber), Pillsbury (flour milling) and Sloane (retail).
[^11]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," with spokes labeled Whitney, Perkins, Stimson, Taft, [[Phelps family|Phelps]], Bundy, Wadsworth, Lord, Gilman, Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil), Harriman (railroads), Davison (J. P. Morgan), Weyerhaeuser (lumber), Pillsbury (flour milling) and Sloane (retail).
[^12]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968), pp. 12 to 13, caption of the photograph of Prescott S. Bush. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^13]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), partner table, pp. 231 to 235.
[^14]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), p. 203. United States Senate, Connecticut timeline. https://www.senate.gov/states/CT/timeline.htm

14
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas A. Flannery.md
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
created: 2026-05-01
updated: 2026-10-15
updated: 2026-10-26
tags:
- Person
- PROMIS
@ -23,8 +23,20 @@ In 1969, Flannery commissioned a team from [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] to d
President Nixon nominated Flannery to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 18, 1971. The Senate confirmed him on December 1, 1971, and his commission issued on December 6, 1971. He assumed senior status on May 10, 1985 and died on September 20, 2007.[^1] He served as Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia from 1977 until approximately 1987, and continued as a senior judge thereafter.
### Dresser Industries cases, 1978 and 1982" at the end of the page's body, before the footnotes. The live page does not mention Dresser. The reported opinions identify the judge as "Flannery, J." (1978) and "The Honorable Thomas A. Flannery of this Court" (1982). Footnotes D1 and D2.
Insert-ready section:
### Dresser Industries cases, 1978 and 1982
In the SEC's investigation of questionable foreign payments by [[Dresser Industries]], Flannery denied Dresser's motion to compel discovery from the Commission on June 16, 1978, explaining in court that discovery is rarely necessary in subpoena enforcement cases, and on June 30, 1978 issued an opinion, reported at 453 F. Supp. 573, requiring Dresser to comply with the SEC subpoena. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed en banc in 1980.[^4]
On August 24, 1982 Flannery denied the request for a temporary restraining order sought by Dresser and its French subsidiary, [[Dresser France]], against Commerce Department sanctions over the Siberian gas pipeline, with a written order the following day finding no substantial likelihood of success on the merits. Two days later a Commerce Hearing Commissioner issued an ex parte temporary denial order that denied Dresser (France) all export privileges. The reported decision of September 9, 1982, by [[Joyce Hens Green]], set an expedited administrative schedule and denied the restraining order without prejudice.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, entry for Flannery, Thomas Aquinas (assistant U.S. attorney, D.C., 1950 to 1962; U.S. attorney, D.C., 1969 to 1971; nominated November 18, 1971; senior status May 10, 1985; died September 20, 2007). https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/flannery-thomas-aquinas
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
[^3]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
[^4]: *Securities and Exchange Commission v. Dresser Industries, Inc.*, 628 F.2d 1368 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc), Part I.B (orders of June 16 and June 30, 1978; 453 F. Supp. 573 (D.D.C. 1978)). https://static.case.law/f2d/628/cases/1368-01.json
[^5]: *Dresser Industries, Inc. and Dresser (France) S.A. v. Baldridge*, 549 F. Supp. 108 (D.D.C. 1982), order of September 9, 1982, reporting the August 24 order of Thomas A. Flannery, the August 26 temporary denial order and the schedule. https://static.case.law/f-supp/549/cases/0108-01.json

296
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Warren Delano Jr..md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
title: Warren Delano Jr.
aliases:
- Warren Delano Jr.
- Warren Delano II
- Warren Delano 2d
- Warren Delano, Jr.
- W. Delano Jr.
- W. Delano, Jr.
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- Delano
- RussellAndCompany
- ChinaTrade
- OpiumTrade
- OpiumWar
- Canton
- HongKong
- Algonac
- Newburgh
- Roosevelt
- Forbes
- Coal
- MountSavage
- CivilWar
summary: "Warren Delano Jr. was a Canton partner of Russell and Company in 1840 to 1846 and 1861 to 1866, acted as vice-consul there in 1839 to 1842, and died at Algonac in 1898."
born: 1809-07-13
died: 1898-01-17
location: "Canton, China; Hong Kong; Algonac, Newburgh, New York"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1840-01-01
end: 1846-12-31
role: "partner, admitted January 1, 1840 (Forbes appendix)"
fn: 31
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1861-01-01
end: 1866-12-31
role: "partner, readmitted January 1, 1861 and retired December 31, 1866"
fn: 44
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Russell, Sturgis and Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1835-12-31
role: "partner at Canton before the admission to Russell and Company"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Russell and Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1840-07-07
end: 1842-01-01
role: "chief of the house after Robert Bennet Forbes left for New York"
fn: 19
- type: member_of
with: "[[General Chamber of Commerce at Canton]]"
reverse: true
start: 1839-03-01
role: "committee member; moved the March 1839 resolution on the cohong bond"
fn: 10
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Opium War]]"
start: 1839-03-22
end: 1842-08-29
role: "confined in the Canton factories from March 22, 1839; remained at Canton and Macao"
fn: 13
- type: director_of
with: "[[Consolidation Coal Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1864-01-01
end: 1875-12-31
role: "director, per Maryland local history and a history of eastern Kentucky coal"
fn: 61
- type: director_of
with: "[[Mount Savage Iron Company]]"
reverse: true
start: 1848-01-01
end: 1867-12-31
role: "director, per Maryland local history (dates are the company's span)"
fn: 59
- type: director_of
with: "[[Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad]]"
reverse: true
start: 1872-10-14
role: "director elected October 14, 1872 (Poor's Manual)"
fn: 63
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Catherine Robbins Lyman]]"
start: 1843-11-01
role: "married at Northampton, Massachusetts"
fn: 38
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]"
role: "maternal grandfather; Sara Delano Roosevelt was his daughter and the mother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
fn: 70
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Frederic Adrian Delano]]"
role: "son (born at Hong Kong, September 10, 1863)"
fn: 47
---
Warren Delano Jr. (July 13, 1809 to January 17, 1898) was a merchant of [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts]] who worked at [[Canton]] for long periods as a partner of [[Russell and Company]]. He was the maternal grandfather of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and the father of [[Frederic Adrian Delano]].
The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library]] catalogues him as Warren Delano II, and its finding aid for the [[Delano family]] papers gives the same dates.[^1]
### Fairhaven and the China voyage
He was the eldest child of Captain Warren Delano (1779 to 1866), a sea captain and ship owner, and of Deborah Perry Church (1783 to 1827).[^2] At fifteen he graduated from Fairhaven Academy, and he then clerked for Hathaway and Company, a Boston importer, and for Goodhue and Company, an import house of New York.[^3] In 1833 he sailed for Canton as supercargo in the Commerce and became associated there with [[Russell, Sturgis and Company]].[^2] The appendix of [[Robert Bennet Forbes]]'s memoir dates his partnership in that house from December 31, 1835.[^4] Forbes's own plans for the Lintin station in 1829 and 1830 ran through arrangements with the [[Perkins family]] of Boston, and members of the [[Forbes family]] worked for the Canton houses during the 1830s.[^4]
### The opium business at Canton
[[Geoffrey C. Ward]] wrote that every American firm at Canton took part in the opium trade except D. W. C. Olyphant and Company, and that under Forbes and then under Delano Russell and Company became the third most important single firm in the trade, British or American. Ward adds that the American houses depended on Turkish opium and on Indian opium sold on consignment for British or Indian firms.[^5] Delano put his own view in a letter to his brothers: "I do not pretend to justify . . . the opium trade in a moral and philanthropic point of view," he wrote, "but as a merchant I insist that it has been . . . fair, honorable and legitimate . . . liable to no further or weightier objections than is the importation of Wines, Brandies & Spirits into the U. States."[^6]
[[Curtis T. Henson Jr.]] records that Russell and Company kept [[Edward Delano]] at [[Macao]], where he acted as the firm's opium agent.[^7] Ward quotes the diary Edward kept in the autumn of 1844, on the way to India to arrange the season's supply of the drug, with his description of the licensed dens he visited at Singapore.[^8]
In 1879 Robert Bennet Forbes wrote to about a hundred former Russell partners asking for their recollections of the China years. Ward writes that Delano answered with a brief outline of his Canton career that left out the opium trade, and that in a footnote he absolved [[Houqua]] of ever having owned a chest of the drug. Forbes's projected history of the firm was never published.[^9]
### The factories and the 1839 surrender
In March 1839, at the start of the [[Opium War]], the foreign residents of Canton were held in their factories while the commissioner [[Lin Zexu]] demanded the opium stored there. The General Chamber of Commerce at Canton, whose chairman was [[William S. Wetmore]], was meeting on a bond proposed by the cohong. Its committee minutes, printed in [[The Chinese Repository]], record that Delano moved a resolution, seconded by H. Rustomjee and carried unanimously, that the committee should not enter further correspondence of a political or personal nature with the Chinese authorities. The resolution gave the reason: "inasmuch as we are prisoners in our factories, surrounded by an armed force, our trade stopped, and all communication with Whampoa, Macao, and the fleet outside, denied to us."[^10]
Forbes's journal for April 1, 1839 lists the household duties of the confinement, and gives "Warren Delano, head cook" among them.[^11] Forbes writes that he had arranged for the junior partner, Delano, to join Russell and Company, and he names Delano, [[Abiel Abbot Low]], [[Edward King]] and [[W. C. Hunter]] as "most able and efficient co-operators" during the trade of May to December 1839.[^12]
The memorial of the American merchants at Canton, dated May 25, 1839, was printed by the [[United States House of Representatives]] as House Document 40 of the 26th Congress. Its signature block reads "A. A. LOW, W. DELANO, Jr., EDWARD KING."[^13] The memorial states that the signers had been "made prisoners in our factories" on "the twenty-second day of March last," and it says: "We have no wish to see a revival of the opium trade." It adds that "most of us" had signed a voluntary pledge to abstain from dealing in the drug.[^13]
Letters Delano wrote to his brothers [[Franklin Hughes Delano]] and Edward Delano in 1839 are quoted in Henson's 1982 study of the East India Squadron. In them he describes the trade as stopped entirely, and two months later he was projecting alternatives: "The opium trade is done up for the present."[^14]
### The Chesapeake and the cotton orders, 1840
In 1840 the Chinese authorities wanted a large foreign ship to anchor above a raft across the river. Hunter records that "Application being made to Mr. Delano, the then chief of Russell & Co., who had never left Canton," a bargain was concluded for the [[Chesapeake (ship)]], the British ship Cambridge that the firm had bought and renamed under the American flag. The ship was made over to the mandarins.[^15] Ward's account has the 900-ton Cambridge slip into Whampoa just before the blockades, sold cheap to Delano by her captain, renamed the Chesapeake, and then sold to Lin himself; Ward adds that during the war Delano also acted as agent for the absent British.[^16]
Hunter also records that Delano passed word to the firm that Houqua was disposed to send orders to India for cotton. Three ships were despatched, and 100,000 pounds were remitted to Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.[^17]
Forbes's account of the Canton opium trade in 1840 has Russell and Company holding shipments for Houqua in the firm's own name so that they could not be seized in England. Forbes then wrote: "Russell & Co. considered it important to keep the pledge made by Mr. Green, and for a long time had nothing to do with opium; certainly not within my time, between 1840 and 1844, when my interest ceased for a time."[^18] Delano was chief of the house from July 1840 until [[Russell Sturgis]] relieved him in 1842, and he remained a partner until the end of 1846.[^19]
An edict of the commissioner, translated in the Chinese Repository for December 1839, concerns the Indian store-ship Mermaid, which had come to Kwangtung for the warehousing of opium. It refers to "the American foreign merchant who has purchased his vessel, Delano," who had also bought cotton and other cargo from the country ship Charles Grant. The translation gives no first name for him.[^20] The same passage appears in the British parliamentary correspondence of 1840.[^21]
### Vice-consul at Canton
In January 1840 the Chinese Repository printed a letter from a shipwrecked captain who thanked "the consul, W. Delano, esq." and the houses of Russell and Co. for their kindness at Canton.[^22] The consul at the time was [[Peter W. Snow]]. A petition from the American houses to the governor of Canton, dated April 25, 1840, opens with the words "The American vice-consul, Delano, in behalf of the merchants of his country, whose names are hereto attached, respectfully presents their petition."[^23] In the September 1840 journal of occurrences, the Repository records that Snow had embarked for New York on the 21st of the preceding month and that "In the meantime" Delano "acts as vice-consul."[^24] The index of volume IX lists "Delano, W., U.S.A. vice-consul."[^25]
In December 1841, as American vice-consul, Delano arranged with the hong merchants for the release of about forty survivors of the wrecked East India Company steamer Madagascar, held at Weichau, and he wrote to the missionary [[Elijah Coleman Bridgman]] at Macao to receive them. His letter of December 18, 1841, as the Repository printed it, says that he had reason to believe the hong merchants had told the authorities the vessel belonged to another country, and that if the officers learned the men were English the merchants "might find a difficulty." He asked that the captain and his companions refrain from publishing any account, and that [[James Matheson]] be asked to keep any notice out of the two Canton newspapers for "a month or two to come." Commander J. M. Dicey, the steamer's captain, wrote that Matheson's influence "with the American consul and merchants" had secured the result, and thanked "Mr. Delano, the American vice-consul and Mr. R., American merchant."[^26]
Henson records that in 1842 Delano, as vice-consul, apprised Commodore [[Lawrence Kearny]] of an outrage against American subjects and urged him to pursue the matter.[^27] The Kearny biography by Carroll Storrs Alden quotes the commodore's report that American interests, so far as he could understand from "Mr. Delano" the vice-consul, had not suffered.[^28]
The official register of the United States for 1841 lists Peter W. Snow alone under China.[^29] The register for 1845 lists [[Paul S. Forbes]] as consul at Canton.[^30]
### Russell and Company, 1840 to 1846
Forbes's appendix gives the partnership in Russell and Company as beginning January 1, 1840, and running to December 31, 1846.[^31] Hunter records that the term beginning in 1840 opened with Delano's admission, that he was formerly of Russell, Sturgis and Company at Canton and Manila, and that he succeeded Forbes as chief of the house when Forbes left for New York in the Niantic on July 7, 1840.[^32]
In 1842 Delano, wanting to go home on a visit, invited Russell Sturgis to relieve him, and Sturgis was admitted on January 1, 1842 and retired in May 1844.[^33] The firm's membership in 1844, as Forbes lists it, was W. Delano Jr., Edward Delano, W. H. King, D. N. Spooner, P. S. Forbes and Joseph T. Gilman.[^34]
Forbes records that Delano and his family embarked on December 9, 1844 in the Paul Jones, Captain James T. Watkins, and that the terms of the 1846 reorganization were that "W. Delano was to retire after a time," while Edward Delano remained a partner.[^35] The genealogy places the birth of his daughter Susan Maria at Macao on October 13, 1844, and she died there in 1846.[^36] Forbes writes that Edward Delano returned home in 1846.[^37]
### Marriage, Algonac and the 1857 losses
Delano married [[Catherine Robbins Lyman]] at Northampton, Massachusetts on November 1, 1843. She was a daughter of [[Joseph Lyman]] of Massachusetts.[^38] The finding aid says that the couple went to Macao and remained there until 1846, and that they lived in New York until 1851, when they moved to [[Algonac]] near [[Newburgh, New York]].[^39]
[[Calvert Vaux]], the landscape architect, altered the house and grounds that Delano called Algonac, and a sketch of Algonac by Vaux is dated 1851.[^40] Ward lists the investments of his return in 1846 as New York waterfront property, railroads, copper mines in Tennessee and Maryland, and land and anthracite coal in Pennsylvania, where a mining town was named Delano for him; he also built and owned several clippers, and the California gold rush gave him a new market for cargoes.[^41] The finding aid says that at Algonac Delano's financial interests were settled in real estate and mining, and that his brother Franklin Hughes Delano looked after his interests in the [[Mount Savage, Maryland]] iron works during Warren's third trip to China in the 1860s.[^42]
During the panic of 1857 Delano suffered severe financial losses. In 1859 he returned to China to restore his fortune.[^39] Ward writes that in January 1860, at fifty, Delano faced bankruptcy and resolved to go to [[Hong Kong]] and re-enter "tea and opium."[^43]
### Hong Kong and the Civil War years, 1861 to 1866
Forbes's appendix records that Delano was admitted to Russell and Company again on January 1, 1861, and that he retired on December 31, 1866. Forbes's memoir refers to "the stay in China, from 1861 to 1864, of Warren Delano, Jr."[^44]
The family joined him at Hong Kong in 1862. Catherine Delano kept a journal of the voyage from New York to Hong Kong on the clipper Surprise, owned by Abiel Abbot Low, and the family papers hold a story written in 1862 for travellers on the Surprise bound for China. Ward dates the departure from New York to June 25 and the first sight of Hong Kong to October 31, 1862, and says that Algonac was leased to Low until 1867. He places the family at Rose Hill and quotes Delano's wish that [[Robert E. Lee]] be hanged and his bones hung with those of [[Jefferson Davis]].[^45][^46] Frederic Adrian Delano was born at Hong Kong on September 10, 1863.[^47]
The Hong Kong directory for 1865 lists Russell and Company at Queen's Road with Paul S. Forbes (absent), Warren Delano Jr., William H. Forbes, George Tyson, David O. Clark, Frank B. Forbes, Henry S. Grew, Richard S. Dana, W. H. Foster Jr., E. D. Barbour and Emil Vogel. The same directory gives Delano's residence as Caine Road and names him a trustee of the Morrison Education Society and of the Sailors' Home.[^48] It gives the United States consul at Hong Kong as H. N. Congar, as do the Official Register of the United States for 1861, 1863 and 1867.[^49]
The finding aid lists, among the papers of Warren II, China accounts for 1862 to 1866, the "Houqua Accounts and Memoranda, 1865-1867," and correspondence with [[Vogel, Hagedorn and Company]] of Canton and Hong Kong for 1868 to 1871.[^50]
### The War Department opium claim
Three accounts say that Delano supplied opium to the Union during the Civil War. [[Daniel W. Delano Jr.]], a relative, answered [[Westbrook Pegler]]'s columns of the 1940s in his 1946 book by writing that Delano's opium dealings were legitimate and that in the Civil War he worked through "legitimate trade channels" to obtain "huge cargoes of the much-needed drug" for the care of the Union wounded. The same book states that [[Abraham Lincoln]] knew Delano and appointed him special agent in China.[^51] [[Jean Edward Smith]] wrote in 2007 that Delano "supplied medicinal opium to the War Department to alleviate the suffering of Union wounded, but that was scarcely his only market."[^52] A Maryland local history by Patrick H. Stakem states that in 1860 Delano "returned to China and made a fortune in the opium trade, supplying opium-based medication to the U. S. War Department during the Civil War."[^53]
Ward's 1985 biography weighs the first of these. Ward writes that Delano "may have helped obtain the drug for the War Department during the Civil War" and did so "presumably at a profit," that the major market remained the Chinese addicts, and that no document shows Lincoln knew Delano or made him a special agent. Ward adds that the Delano papers at the Roosevelt Library hold no trace of a link between the two men, and that Delano served for a time as United States consul at Hong Kong.[^51]
The Army's own history of its supply bureau gives the purchasing side. By far the greater part of the Medical Department's purchases during the war was made by the purveyors at New York and Philadelphia, and smaller purchases at Washington, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, Louisville and other places "when suitable articles could be procured upon favorable terms." The Act of April 16, 1862 charged medical purveyors, under the Surgeon General, with the selection and purchase of all medical supplies. A board sitting at New York in June 1862 under Surgeon [[Richard S. Satterlee]], the purveyor there, revised the supply table, and from the spring of 1863 the department prepared its own preparations at laboratories at Astoria, Long Island and at Philadelphia.[^54] The tabular statement closing that report gives the quantities of supplies purchased and manufactured during the war, among them 652,196 ounces of powdered opium, 828,258 ounces of tincture of opium, 993,311 ounces of camphorated tincture, 447,151 ounces of Dover's powder, 27,200 ounces of sulphate of morphia, and 813,156 dozen opium pills.[^55] The United States Pharmacopoeia of 1860 required opium to yield at least seven per cent of morphia.[^56]
### Coal, iron and the Maryland and Pennsylvania lands
The family papers record that Warren Delano II had a financial interest in the iron works at Mount Savage, Maryland, later called the [[Union Mining Company]]. The finding aid also lists a folder headed "Mt. Savage Iron Company (Takeover by Consolidation Coal Company, 1864)."[^57] Stakem lists [[John A. Graham]], with fellow directors [[John F. Winslow]], Warren Delano, [[John Murray Forbes]] and [[Joseph B. Varnum]], as the men who ran the [[Mount Savage Iron Company]] between 1848 and 1867, and says the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, formed from the company's railroad operations, shared its directors; a locomotive on the road's roster was named W. Delano.[^58][^59]
The Maryland General Assembly incorporated the Consolidation Coal Company of Maryland by an act passed March 9, 1860, naming James D. Armstrong, William Combs and John J. Morrison as incorporators.[^60] Harry Caudill's history of eastern Kentucky coal dates the New York organization of the [[Consolidation Coal Company]] to April 19, 1864, with first directors including Corning, Forbes and [[William H. Aspinwall]], and names Warren Delano, grandfather of Franklin Roosevelt, among its directors.[^61] Stakem gives Delano as a director from 1864 to 1875 and says a Delano Mining Company operated coal at Mount Savage.[^53] Ward writes that [[James Roosevelt]], the father of Franklin Roosevelt, was a director of the Maryland company, that Aspinwall was his uncle and had helped found it, and that Delano wrote to his son of a squabble within the company in which he feared Roosevelt would "vibrate" between two factions.[^62]
Poor's Manual of Railroads for 1873-74 lists the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad as owned and operated by the Consolidation Coal Company. Its directors elected October 14, 1872 were Henry A. Mott, Adam Norrie, William Whitewright Jr., Warren Delano and William H. Aspinwall, all of New York City.[^63] The Manual for 1880 lists a Warren Delano of New York among the directors elected April 15, 1880 of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, alongside H. G. Marquand; the entry does not say which Warren Delano he was.[^64]
The finding aid records Warren II's investments in Pennsylvania coal lands and cites correspondence from C. L. White, superintendent of the [[New Boston Coal Mining Company]].[^57] A report on the New Boston and Morea coal lands in Schuylkill County, written by [[Benjamin Smith Lyman]] and published in the Pennsylvania Geological Survey's annual report for 1887, carries the line "Presented to the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, by Warren Delano, Esq., for publication."[^65] The line gives no first name. The family papers place the New Boston lands among Warren II's own investments, and his son [[Warren Delano III]], born in 1852, later was president of the [[Delano Coal Company]] and managed the Union Mining Company at Mount Savage.[^66]
The family papers hold a file on the [[American and Cuba Copper Company]], but the file sits among the subject papers of Franklin Hughes Delano and not among Warren's own correspondence.[^67]
### Newburgh and the Hudson Valley
An 1891 history of Newburgh describes the [[Church of Our Father, Newburgh]] (Unitarian), at the corner of Johnston and South Streets. A committee chosen in 1869 to consider a church building of the congregation's own was joined by Warren Delano, who subsequently became its president. The building cost $16,000 and was consecrated on July 17, 1870.[^68] The [[American Unitarian Association]]'s report for 1937 lists an [[Annie Delano Hitch]] Memorial Fund for Newburgh, New York, established in 1899 with $10,000.[^69]
### Children
[[Sara Delano Roosevelt]], born in 1854, married James Roosevelt on October 7, 1880, and their son Franklin Delano was born in 1882.[^70] Deborah Perry, called Dora, married [[William Howell Forbes]] at Paris on April 25, 1867. Annie Lyman married [[Frederick Delano Hitch]] at Newburgh on October 16, 1877.[^70] Frederic Adrian was born at Hong Kong in 1863.[^47]
### The Pegler column
In a King Features column of December 1945, Westbrook Pegler described Frederic Delano as born in China "the son of Warren Delano, the old Canton opium smuggler, who founded the Delano fortune in this trade," and wrote that Frederic and numerous other Delanos "still have financial interests in the properties."[^71] Ward records that Pegler wrote at least three columns in the war years calling the President a hypocrite for the source of his grandfather's wealth, and that the White House did not respond. Ward adds that [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], visiting Hong Kong in 1953, talked the charges over with a British merchant and concluded that "the Delanos and Forbeses, like everybody else, had to include a limited amount of opium in their cargoes to do any trading at all."[^51]
### Death and estate
Delano died at Algonac on January 17, 1898, nearly two years after his wife's death on February 10, 1896.[^72] The 1899 genealogy records that he "Left personal estate of 1338000."[^73] The house burned in 1916, was rebuilt in 1917, and was sold by the family in 1955.[^72]
### Family papers
The Roosevelt Library holds his papers within the Delano family collection. They include general correspondence from 1830 to 1891, material on his China financial interests from 1835 to 1871, and typescript copies of letters that he wrote to members of Russell and Company during the Opium War, 1840 to 1841.[^74] The Frederic A. Delano papers hold "Transcripts of Letters from Warren Delano II to members of Russell and Co. during the Opium War, 1840-1841," a set of his notes on United States sea trade made about 1877, and a portrait of Warren Delano by Charles L. Elliott dated 1852.[^75]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch, pp. 1-2 of the PDF. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^2]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, biographical sketch of Warren Delano II (born July 13, 1809 at Fairhaven; parents; sailed for Canton in 1833 as supercargo on the Commerce). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^3]: Geoffrey C. Ward, *Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1905* (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), chapter "Algonac," pp. 61-62 (Fairhaven Academy in 1824; apprenticed to Hathaway and Company of Boston, then Goodhue and Company of New York; 1833 voyage in the Commerce; junior partnership in Russell, Sturgis and Company). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^4]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (Boston, 1882), pp. 131-132 (the Lintin station arrangements with the Perkins family and Bryant and Sturgis) and appendix, pp. 355-357 (partner of Russell, Sturgis and Company from December 31, 1835). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^5]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), pp. 70-71 (Canton firms in the opium trade; Olyphant and Company; Russell and Company third in the trade; American supply from Turkey and Indian opium on consignment). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^6]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), p. 71 (Delano's letter to his brothers, quoted with ellipses as Ward prints it; the original is in the Delano Family Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^7]: Curtis T. Henson Jr., *Commissioners and Commodores: The East India Squadron and American Diplomacy in China* (University of Alabama Press, 1982), chapter on the opium trade ("Russell & Co. kept Edward Delano at Macao, where he acted as their opium agent"; pages not pinned). https://archive.org/details/commissionerscom00hens
[^8]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), p. 71 (Edward Delano's diary, autumn 1844, Singapore dens). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^9]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), pp. 77-78 and note 4 (Forbes's 1879 request to the Russell partners; Delano's outline without the opium trade; the footnote absolving Houqua; the unpublished history; Delano's responses and Forbes's questionnaire files at the Massachusetts Historical Society). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^10]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. VII, no. 12 (April 1839), "Crisis in the Opium Traffic," minutes of the General Chamber of Commerce committee, No. 21 (resolution moved by Mr. Delano, seconded by Mr. H. Rustomjee, carried unanimously). https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor7121unse
[^11]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, journal entry of April 1, 1839, p. 351 ("Warren Delano, head cook"); the household duties of the confinement are described at p. 147. https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^12]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 150, 153 and 157 (the arrangement for the junior partner to join Russell and Company; "most able and efficient co-operators"; the trade of May to December 1839). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, 26th Congress, 1st session, H. Doc. 40, "Merchants of the United States at Canton, China. Memorial of R. B. Forbes and others," signature block dated Canton, May 25, 1839. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00364_00_00-030-0040-0000
[^14]: Henson, *Commissioners and Commodores* (1982), 1839 chapters, quoting letters from Warren Delano to Franklin H. Delano of January 30 and September 3, 1839, and to Edward Delano of March 21, 1839, Delano Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society microfilm reel 13 (pages not pinned). https://archive.org/details/commissionerscom00hens
[^15]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 147 (the application to Mr. Delano, the Chesapeake, and the mandarins). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^16]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), pp. 75-76 (Delano as vice consul, overseer of the Russell accounts and agent for the absent British; the Cambridge renamed Chesapeake and sold to Lin; the 1841 Congreve rocket). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^17]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 150 ("information from Mr. Delano that Houqua was disposed to send orders to India for cotton"; three ships despatched and 100,000 pounds remitted). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^18]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 160-161 (the price of the surrendered opium; the holders of scrip; the pledge made by Mr. Green; the sentence quoted, with "certainly not within my time"). This is Forbes's own account. https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^19]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, p. 356 (partnership until December 31, 1846; Sturgis relieving Delano in 1842). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^20]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. VIII (December 1839), p. 432, "Edicts from the Local Authorities" (the commissioner's reply on the Mermaid and "the American foreign merchant who has purchased his vessel, Delano"). https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor8818unse
[^21]: *Correspondence relating to China* (London, 1840), presented to both Houses of Parliament, the commissioner's edict as printed, same passage. https://archive.org/details/CorrespondenceRelatingToChina1840
[^22]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. VIII (January 1840), p. 482, letter of thanks from a shipwrecked captain to "the consul, W. Delano, esq." and the houses of Russell and Co. and Wetmore and Co. https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor8918unse
[^23]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. IX (May 1840), Journal of Occurrences, petition of the American merchants at Canton dated April 25, 1840, signed by "The American vice-consul, Delano." https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor9118unse
[^24]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. IX, no. V (September 1840), p. 628, Journal of Occurrences (Snow's departure on the 21st ultimo; "In the meantime, W. Delano, esq. acts as vice-consul"). https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor9518unse
[^25]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. IX (May to December 1840), general index, "Delano, W., U.S.A. vice-consul," p. 328. https://archive.org/details/chineserepositor9118unse
[^26]: *The Chinese Repository*, vol. XI, no. XII (December 1842), "Loss of the Madagascar," Commander J. M. Dicey's report dated Hongkong, January 19, 1842, with the copy of Delano's letter to the Rev. E. C. Bridgman, Canton, December 18, 1841, pp. 641-643. https://archive.org/details/chinesereposito111unse_11
[^27]: Henson, *Commissioners and Commodores* (1982), chapter "Commodore Kearny and the Opium War" ("Vice-Consul Warren Delano apprised Kearny of this outrage and urged him to pursue the matter"; the note cites Kearny's letters to the Secretary of the Navy; pages not pinned). https://archive.org/details/commissionerscom00hens
[^28]: Carroll Storrs Alden, *Lawrence Kearny, Sailor Diplomat* (Princeton, 1936), chapter on Kearny's service in China, 1842 to 1843 (the report that American interests, "so far as I have been able to understand from Mr. Delano [vice-consul for the United States]," had not suffered; page not pinned). https://archive.org/details/owb_T4-AQL-853
[^29]: United States, *Official Register of the United States*, September 30, 1841, China entry (Peter W. Snow). https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-official-register-of-the-united-states_1841-09-30
[^30]: United States, *Official Register of the United States*, September 30, 1845, China entry ("Paul S. Forbes ... Consul," Canton). https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-official-register-of-the-united-states_1845-09-30
[^31]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, pp. 355-356 (admitted January 1, 1840; partner until December 31, 1846). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^32]: W. C. Hunter, *The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844* (London, 1882), p. 157 (the term of 1840 to 1842 beginning with Mr. Warren Delano, "formerly of the house of Russell, Sturgis, & Co., of Canton and Manila"; succession to Forbes on July 7, 1840). https://archive.org/details/fankwaeatcanton00huntgoog
[^33]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, p. 356 (1842 leave; Russell Sturgis admitted January 1, 1842, retiring May 1844). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^34]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, p. 356 ("The firm then consisted of: W. Delano, Jr., Edward Delano, W. H. King, D. N. Spooner, P. S. Forbes, Jos. T. Gilman"). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^35]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), pp. 167-168 (Delano and his family embarked December 9, 1844 in the Paul Jones; the 1846 terms under which W. Delano was to retire and Edward Delano remain a partner). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^36]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), p. 505 (Susan Maria, born at Macao, October 13, 1844, died there June 29, 1846). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^37]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), p. 356 ("In 1846 Mr. Edward Delano returned home"). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^38]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), p. 505, Warren Delano 2d entry (married at Northampton, Massachusetts, November 1, 1843, Catherine Robbins, daughter of Judge Joseph Lyman). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^39]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch and series descriptions (Macao until 1846; New York until 1851; Algonac; the losses of 1857; the 1859 return; the family at Hong Kong in 1862; death at Algonac on January 17, 1898). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^40]: Francis R. Kowsky, *Country, Park and City: The Architecture and Life of Calvert Vaux* (1998), text on the alterations to the house and grounds that Delano called Algonac, and fig. 2.5, "Algonac, Balmville, N.Y., 1851" (courtesy of Katherine Delano Ryan Aldrich). https://archive.org/details/countryparkcitya0004kows
[^41]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), chapter "Algonac" (the return of 1846; the New York waterfront property, railroads, Tennessee and Maryland copper, Pennsylvania anthracite land and the town named Delano; the clippers; the steamer Mint built with Forbes and John Ericsson). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^42]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch (Warren II's interest in the Mt. Savage iron works; Franklin H. Delano looking after the interests during the 1860s trip). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^43]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), p. 87 ("In January 1860, Warren Delano was fifty and faced with bankruptcy ... He resolved at last to return to China, to Hong Kong this time, and re-enter the trade which had made him so rich so fast when he was young - tea and opium"). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^44]: Robert Bennet Forbes, *Personal Reminiscences* (1882), appendix, pp. 356-357 (readmitted January 1, 1861; retired December 31, 1866; "the stay in China, from 1861 to 1864, of Warren Delano, Jr."). https://archive.org/details/personalreminis01forbgoog
[^45]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), pp. 89-94 (the Surprise sailing June 25, 1862; Hong Kong sighted October 31; Algonac leased to Abbot Low until 1867; Rose Hill; Delano's letter to his brother Ned on Lee and Davis). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^46]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, series 10 (the 1862 story for travelers on the Surprise bound for China), and finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series VI (Catherine R. Delano's journal of the voyage on the clipper Surprise, New York to Hong Kong, 1862). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^47]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, biographical sketch (born at Hong Kong, September 10, 1863). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf
[^48]: *The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines for 1865* (Hong Kong: Daily Press Office, 1865), directory listing "Russell & Co., Queen's Road," the name list "Delano, W., Jr., partner Russell & Co. merchants, residence Caine Road," and the lists of trustees of the Morrison Education Society and the Sailors' Home. https://archive.org/details/1865-chronicle-and-directory-for-china-etc
[^49]: *The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines for 1865* ("Congar, H. N., U. S. Consul, Wyndham Street"); United States, *Official Register of the United States*, 1861 and 1863 (Horace N. Congar, Consul, Hong Kong, salary $3,500) and 1867 (Hong Kong consulate, same salary). https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-official-register-of-the-united-states_1863-09-30
[^50]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, series 5 (China accounts, 1862 to 1866; "Houqua Accounts and Memoranda, 1865-1867"; Vogel, Hagedorn and Company, Canton and Hong Kong, 1868 to 1871). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^51]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), pp. 87-88, note 7 (Pegler's columns; Daniel W. Delano, *Franklin Roosevelt and the Delano Influence*, Pittsburgh, 1946, quoted for "This charge has no foundation in fact," the "legitimate trade channels" and the "huge cargoes of the much-needed drug," the claim that Lincoln appointed Delano special agent; Ward's five replies; Eleanor Roosevelt, *On My Own*, p. 131). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^52]: Jean Edward Smith, *FDR* (New York: Random House, 2007), chapter 1, text and note 30. https://archive.org/details/fdr00smit
[^53]: Patrick H. Stakem, *Industrial Revolution in Western Maryland* (2010), entry "Warren Delano" (the 1860 return to China; opium-based medication for the War Department; director of Consolidation Coal 1864 to 1875; "The Delano Mining Company operated in Mount Savage, producing coal"; same text in *Mt. S Iron Empire*, 2015 and 2019). https://archive.org/details/IndustrialRevolutionInWesternMaryland
[^54]: *The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion*, Part III, vol. 1, Medical History (Washington, 1888), "The General Hospitals," report of Surgeon W. C. Spencer on the Medical Purveying Bureau, pp. 964-966 (purchases at New York and Philadelphia; the Act of April 16, 1862; the board of June 17, 1862; the laboratories at Astoria and Philadelphia). https://archive.org/details/medicalsurgicalh0001char
[^55]: *The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion*, Part III, vol. 1 (1888), tabular statement "Quantity of certain medical and hospital supplies, etc., issued by the Medical Purveying Bureau during the war," following p. 966. https://archive.org/details/medicalsurgicalh0001char
[^56]: *The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America*, fourth decennial revision (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1860 revision), "Opium." https://archive.org/details/pharmacopoeiaun00phargoog
[^57]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch (Warren II's interest in the Mt. Savage iron works, later the Union Mining Company) and series 5 (correspondence from C. L. White, superintendent of the New Boston Coal Mining Company, on Pennsylvania coal lands; folder "Mt. Savage Iron Company (Takeover by Consolidation Coal Company, 1864)"). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^58]: Patrick H. Stakem, *Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad Revisited* (Laurel, Maryland, 2002), text on the first board (John A. Graham, John F. Winslow, Warren Delano, John M. Forbes, Joseph B. Varnum) and the roster entry "W. Delano," Winans, 1859. https://archive.org/details/revisited1101
[^59]: Patrick H. Stakem, *Mt. S Iron Empire* (2015 and 2019), chapter on the Mount Savage Iron Company (1848 to 1867). https://archive.org/details/mt.-s-iron-empire
[^60]: Maryland, *Act of Incorporation of the Consolidation Coal Company of Maryland* (Baltimore: Hanzsche, 1863), chapter 265, passed March 9, 1860. https://archive.org/details/actofincorporati00mary
[^61]: Harry M. Caudill, *Theirs Be the Power: The Moguls of Eastern Kentucky* (University of Illinois Press, 1983), on the formation of the Consolidation Coal Company in 1864 (April 19, 1864; first directors including Corning, Forbes and Aspinwall; directors including Nathaniel Stone Simpkins, John Murray Forbes and Warren Delano, "grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt"; pages not pinned). https://archive.org/details/theirsbepowerthe00caud
[^62]: Ward, *Before the Trumpet* (1985), chapters on James Roosevelt and on Sara's courtship (James Roosevelt as director of the Consolidated Coal Company of Maryland, the Aspinwall connection, and Delano's remark to his son on the company squabble). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151116
[^63]: Henry V. Poor, *Manual of the Railroads of the United States* for 1873-74, "Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad," p. 300 (directors elected October 14, 1872). https://archive.org/details/poorsmanualofrai00unse
[^64]: Henry V. Poor and Henry W. Poor, *Manual of the Railroads of the United States* for 1880, St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway (directors elected April 15, 1880). https://archive.org/details/poorsmanualofr1880newyuoft
[^65]: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, *Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania for 1887* (Harrisburg, 1889), "Report on the New Boston and Morea Coal Lands in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania," by Benjamin Smith Lyman, presentation note "Presented to the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, by Warren Delano, Esq., for publication." https://archive.org/details/annualreportgeo06survgoog
[^66]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch of Warren Delano III (Union Mining Company, Mt. Savage; president of the Delano Coal Company; chairman of the Vinton Colliery Company). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^67]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series I (subject file of Franklin Hughes Delano, folder "American and Cuba Copper Company"). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^68]: *Newburgh; Her Institutions, Industries and Leading Citizens* (Newburgh, 1891), account of the Church of Our Father (Unitarian), p. 146 (the 1869 advisory council to which Warren Delano was added, and his later presidency; the building cost of $16,000; consecration on July 17, 1870), and index entry "Delano, Warren, 146." https://archive.org/details/newburghherinsti1891nutt
[^69]: American Unitarian Association, *Annual Report* (1937), list of funds, "Annie Delano Hitch Memorial Fund for Newburgh, N.Y. (1899)," $10,000. https://archive.org/details/annualreport0000amer_o1p2
[^70]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), pp. 505-506, Warren Delano 2d entry (children; Sara, born 1854, married James Roosevelt October 7, 1880; son Franklin Delano born 1882; Dora's marriage to William Howell Forbes at Paris April 25, 1867; Annie Lyman's marriage to Frederick Delano Hitch at Newburgh October 16, 1877) and Warren Delano 3d entry. https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^71]: Westbrook Pegler, column distributed by King Features Syndicate, *Hope Star* (Hope, Arkansas), December 5, 1945 (the phrase "the old Canton opium smuggler, who founded the Delano fortune in this trade," and the statement that Frederic Delano and other Delanos "still have financial interests in the properties"). Attributed to Pegler.
[^72]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, biographical sketch (death at Algonac on January 17, 1898; wife died February 10, 1896; the house burned in 1916, was rebuilt in 1917, and was sold by the family in 1955). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^73]: Joel Andrews Delano, *The Genealogy, History and Alliances of the American House of Delano, 1621 to 1899* (1899), p. 505, Warren Delano 2d entry ("d. 'Algonac' Newburg-on-Hudson 17 Jan 1898 'Left personal estate of 1338000'"). https://archive.org/details/genealogyhistory46dela
[^74]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Delano Family Papers, 1568 to 1919, series 5 (general correspondence 1830 to 1891; material on China financial interests 1835 to 1871; typescript copies of letters to members of Russell and Company, 1840 to 1841). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_delanofamily.pdf
[^75]: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, finding aid for the Papers of Frederic A. Delano, 1812 to 1959, series II and subject files (transcripts of letters from Warren Delano II to members of Russell and Co. during the Opium War, 1840 to 1841; notes by Warren Delano II on U.S. sea trade, [1877]; Warren Delano portrait by Charles L. Elliott, 1852). https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_freddelano.pdf

52
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/William J. Casey.md
View file

@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ aliases:
- "William Casey"
category: "Intelligence & Government"
created: 2024-04-25
updated: 2026-10-12
updated: 2026-10-26
tags:
- KeyFigure
- Person
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ relations:
role: "chairman"
start: 1971-04-14
end: 1973-02-02
fn: 18
fn: 20
---
William Joseph Casey was born March 13, 1913, in Elmhurst, Queens, New York. He attended [[St. John's University]] and Fordham Law School, becoming a corporate and tax attorney. During World War II he served in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) under [[William J. Donovan|William "Wild Bill" Donovan]], rising to head the OSS's Secret Intelligence operations in Europe and coordinating the infiltration of agents into Nazi-controlled territory. After the war he became a wealthy lawyer and author of tax shelter guides. President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] appointed him Chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] in 1971, a post he held through 1973. He managed [[Ronald Reagan]]'s 1980 presidential campaign. Reagan appointed him [[Director of Central Intelligence]] in January 1981, and he served as DCI until resigning due to illness in January 1987. He died May 6, 1987, at a hospital in Glen Cove, New York, having suffered a seizure in December 1986 and subsequently undergone brain surgery. He was subpoenaed to testify before the Senate [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra]] investigating committee but died before he could appear.[^1]
@ -53,29 +53,37 @@ Reagan approved the intelligence finding for covert operations in [[Nicaragua]]
In early 1982, Casey and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a formal Memorandum of Understanding that exempted CIA assets from drug crimes reporting. Crimes committed by people "acting for" an intelligence agency no longer needed to be reported to the [[Department of Justice]], and narcotics violations by non-employees were not on the list of crimes the CIA was required to report.[^6] Gary Webb, after quoting [[Fred Hitz|Hitz]]'s March 1998 testimony that the arrangement had been "hammered out" in 1982, wrote that for thirteen years "the CIA and Justice had a gentleman's agreement to look the other way."[^5] In an interview for the PBS series Frontline, Hitz said: "We didn't find any evidence of an understanding that official Washington was going to look the other way with respect to allegations of drug trafficking."[^7] Robert Parry argued the timing proved premeditation: "That could only have been done for one purpose. They were anticipating what eventually happened. They knew drugs were going to be sold."[^5]
### Dresser drill bit plant assessment, 1982" in chronological order among the page's 1982 material. Check the live page for an existing Dresser or tungsten carbide mention first; none was found when the draft was written. Footnotes D1 and D2.
Insert-ready section:
### Dresser drill bit plant assessment, 1982
In February 1982 Casey, as Director of Central Intelligence, wrote to Commerce Secretary [[Malcolm Baldrige]] that "the CIA now believes that the tungsten carbide production technology transferred as part of the Dresser drill bit plant sold to the USSR will be used in improving the armor-penetrating performance of anti-tank ammunition." He sent the attached assessment "because of your current review of this case."[^8] The assessment stated that "we believe this effort derives from Dresser Industries sales to the USSR" and that the know-how "probably was supplied as part of the drill bit turnkey plant built by Dresser Industries in Kuybyshev."[^9] The Carter administration had licensed the plant to [[Dresser Industries]] in August 1978.
### Protecting Drug Traffickers
Casey decided not to raise allegations of [[Manuel Noriega|Noriega's]] cocaine trafficking with him "on the ground that Noriega was providing valuable support for our policies in [[Central America]]." [[Oliver North]] wrote that Casey did not want the Contras' "unofficial funds" coming into U.S. banks because Treasury agents on the lookout for drug money would grow suspicious. A former CIA station chief testified that the unspoken policy was that "we were going to play with these guys. That was made clear by Casey and [[Dewey Clarridge|Clarridge]]."[^5]
### High Frontier correspondence
[[Daniel O. Graham]], the retired lieutenant general who directed the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] from September 1974 to January 1, 1976, wrote to Casey about [[High Frontier]], the space defense group he had founded in 1981. On January 8, 1982 Casey wrote to Graham that the High Frontier prospectus was "very well done and deserving of close attention" and that he found "something of a disconnect" in its budget paragraphs, from a $35 billion figure to a higher $50 billion figure.[^8] Casey wrote to Graham on December 20, 1982 that he had enjoyed Graham's talk at the [[National Strategy Information Center]] breakfast and offered to arrange for Graham to exchange ideas with CIA officers knowledgeable about space and missile technology.[^9]
[[Daniel O. Graham]], the retired lieutenant general who directed the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] from September 1974 to January 1, 1976, wrote to Casey about [[High Frontier]], the space defense group he had founded in 1981. On January 8, 1982 Casey wrote to Graham that the High Frontier prospectus was "very well done and deserving of close attention" and that he found "something of a disconnect" in its budget paragraphs, from a $35 billion figure to a higher $50 billion figure.[^10] Casey wrote to Graham on December 20, 1982 that he had enjoyed Graham's talk at the [[National Strategy Information Center]] breakfast and offered to arrange for Graham to exchange ideas with CIA officers knowledgeable about space and missile technology.[^11]
On July 23, 1986 Graham wrote to Casey enclosing a paper titled "Is the KGB Sabotaging SDI?", written after the loss of the shuttle Challenger, and urged Casey and [[Edwin Meese]] to "leave no stone unturned" in getting answers. A cover memorandum dated July 28, 1986, titled "Possible Soviet Sabotage of Our Space Program," carries Casey's instruction: "Please take the lead in drafting a response from me to General Graham."[^10] Casey replied on August 16, 1986, acknowledging Graham's letters of July 23 and 29, 1986, and rejected Graham's sabotage theory. He wrote that "we do not believe the U.S. space launch failures you cited were due to Soviet action," that the failures had been traced to "errors or procedural problems," and that "none of the investigations found any evidence of Soviet involvement."[^11] On December 8, 1986 Graham wrote to [[Robert Gates|Robert M. Gates]], then deputy director of the CIA, praising his assessment of Soviet strategic defense efforts, with a copy to Casey.[^12]
On July 23, 1986 Graham wrote to Casey enclosing a paper titled "Is the KGB Sabotaging SDI?", written after the loss of the shuttle Challenger, and urged Casey and [[Edwin Meese]] to "leave no stone unturned" in getting answers. A cover memorandum dated July 28, 1986, titled "Possible Soviet Sabotage of Our Space Program," carries Casey's instruction: "Please take the lead in drafting a response from me to General Graham."[^12] Casey replied on August 16, 1986, acknowledging Graham's letters of July 23 and 29, 1986, and rejected Graham's sabotage theory. He wrote that "we do not believe the U.S. space launch failures you cited were due to Soviet action," that the failures had been traced to "errors or procedural problems," and that "none of the investigations found any evidence of Soviet involvement."[^13] On December 8, 1986 Graham wrote to [[Robert Gates|Robert M. Gates]], then deputy director of the CIA, praising his assessment of Soviet strategic defense efforts, with a copy to Casey.[^14]
### National Intelligence Study Center
Casey is listed on the advisory board of the [[National Intelligence Study Center]] in Washington, alongside Graham and [[Paul Nitze]]. The board of directors of the center included [[Ray Cline]]. The center's invitation to an exhibit of intelligence books, dated November 3, 1983, carries these lists.[^13]
Casey is listed on the advisory board of the [[National Intelligence Study Center]] in Washington, alongside Graham and [[Paul Nitze]]. The board of directors of the center included [[Ray Cline]]. The center's invitation to an exhibit of intelligence books, dated November 3, 1983, carries these lists.[^15]
### Recruitment of James D. Theberge to the Senior Review Panel
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, in its October 24, 1991 report on the nomination of Gates, named Casey as one of three CIA officials involved in the recruitment and selection of [[James D. Theberge]] for the Senior Review Panel, with Deputy Director [[John McMahon]] and Executive Director [[James Taylor]].[^14] The report states that "the Committee's documentary evidence makes clear that Director Casey was the CIA official most instrumental in recruiting Mr. Theberge."[^14] The report records that Theberge disclosed his consulting work for a Cardoen subsidiary in the personal history statement he submitted to the CIA in December 1985, and that he was hired on a three-days-per-week basis.[^14] CIA visitor records held in the reading room list Theberge as meeting the director at headquarters in November 1984 and, as "Ambassador Theberge," calling on the director on September 23, 1985.[^15] A routing sheet of August 12, 1985 confirms a courtesy call on the director at 1100 hours on August 14, 1985, twelve days after Theberge left his post in Chile, stating that he "has completed his tour in Chile and has no particular items to discuss."[^16] In a memorandum of August 19, 1985 titled "Soviet Game Plan," Casey told the Vice Chairman of the [[National Intelligence Council]]: "You will get in touch with Theberge, talk about the project generally, see what he has to contribute and perhaps have him do some work on the Latin America phase of it."[^17]
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, in its October 24, 1991 report on the nomination of Gates, named Casey as one of three CIA officials involved in the recruitment and selection of [[James D. Theberge]] for the Senior Review Panel, with Deputy Director [[John McMahon]] and Executive Director [[James Taylor]].[^16] The report states that "the Committee's documentary evidence makes clear that Director Casey was the CIA official most instrumental in recruiting Mr. Theberge."[^16] The report records that Theberge disclosed his consulting work for a Cardoen subsidiary in the personal history statement he submitted to the CIA in December 1985, and that he was hired on a three-days-per-week basis.[^16] CIA visitor records held in the reading room list Theberge as meeting the director at headquarters in November 1984 and, as "Ambassador Theberge," calling on the director on September 23, 1985.[^17] A routing sheet of August 12, 1985 confirms a courtesy call on the director at 1100 hours on August 14, 1985, twelve days after Theberge left his post in Chile, stating that he "has completed his tour in Chile and has no particular items to discuss."[^18] In a memorandum of August 19, 1985 titled "Soviet Game Plan," Casey told the Vice Chairman of the [[National Intelligence Council]]: "You will get in touch with Theberge, talk about the project generally, see what he has to contribute and perhaps have him do some work on the Latin America phase of it."[^19]
### Securities and Exchange Commission, 1971 to 1973
Casey served as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission from April 14, 1971 to February 2, 1973.[^18] During his chairmanship the commission was investigating the 1970 takeover of [[Investors Overseas Services]] by [[International Controls Corporation]]. The complaint filed in November 1972 described transfers of International Controls assets to entities controlled by [[Robert Vesco]].[^19]
Casey served as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission from April 14, 1971 to February 2, 1973.[^20] During his chairmanship the commission was investigating the 1970 takeover of [[Investors Overseas Services]] by [[International Controls Corporation]]. The complaint filed in November 1972 described transfers of International Controls assets to entities controlled by [[Robert Vesco]].[^21]
The New Jersey Supreme Court's disciplinary opinion on [[Harry L. Sears]], a former majority leader of the New Jersey Senate, records that Sears conveyed Vesco's requests to [[John N. Mitchell]], then attorney general, in two letters and three meetings, and that Vesco hoped Mitchell could induce Casey "to monitor and limit the investigation." The opinion records that Mitchell telephoned Casey and arranged a meeting between Sears and the chairman. At that meeting Casey gave assurances that International Controls could respond to the investigation, and that he would personally review its claims of SEC harassment.[^20]
The New Jersey Supreme Court's disciplinary opinion on [[Harry L. Sears]], a former majority leader of the New Jersey Senate, records that Sears conveyed Vesco's requests to [[John N. Mitchell]], then attorney general, in two letters and three meetings, and that Vesco hoped Mitchell could induce Casey "to monitor and limit the investigation." The opinion records that Mitchell telephoned Casey and arranged a meeting between Sears and the chairman. At that meeting Casey gave assurances that International Controls could respond to the investigation, and that he would personally review its claims of SEC harassment.[^22]
### Footnotes
@ -86,16 +94,18 @@ The New Jersey Supreme Court's disciplinary opinion on [[Harry L. Sears]], a for
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue.
[^6]: CIA Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Vol. II, *The Contra Story.* https://archive.org/details/nps56-111612-04
[^7]: PBS Frontline, *Drug Wars,* interview with Frederick P. Hitz, CIA Inspector General 1990 to 1998. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/hitz.html
[^8]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, January 8, 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R001900220074-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r001900220074-1
[^9]: Letter, William J. Casey to Graham, December 20, 1982, CIA-RDP88B00443R001203980021-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88b00443r001203980021-9; the reading room also catalogues Graham's letter to Casey of December 9, 1982 under CIA-RDP83M00914R002400010001-8.
[^10]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to William J. Casey, July 23, 1986, enclosing "Is the KGB Sabotaging SDI?", with the cover memorandum "Possible Soviet Sabotage of Our Space Program," July 28, 1986, CIA-RDP88B00443R001904460005-6.
[^11]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, August 16, 1986, CIA-RDP88B00443R002004470017-0.
[^12]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to Robert M. Gates, December 8, 1986, CIA-RDP88G01116R000700840002-1, copy to William J. Casey.
[^13]: National Intelligence Study Center, invitation to the Russell J. Bowen collection exhibit, Georgetown University, November 3, 1983, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100430001-2.
[^14]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, PDF pages 186 to 188. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, "American Ambassadors" visitor log, November 1984 (1045), CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000100040012-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000100040012-4; visitor record, September 23, 1985 (1645), CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000200230005-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000200230005-0.
[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, "DCI 14 August 1985 Meeting with Mr. James D. Theberge, Former U.S. Ambassador to Chile," August 12, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050023-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050023-0
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Game Plan," memorandum from the Director of Central Intelligence to the Vice Chairman, National Intelligence Council, August 19, 1985, signed William J. Casey, CREST document CIA-RDP97M00248R000500220030-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp97m00248r000500220030-9
[^18]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, "Historical Summary of Chairmen and Commissioners" (William Casey, Chairman, April 14, 1971 to February 2, 1973). https://www.sec.gov/about/sec-commissioners/sec-historical-summary-chairmen-commissioners
[^19]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, News Digest, November 28, 1972 (complaint of November 27, 1972 against Robert L. Vesco and 41 other defendants; transfers from International Controls Corp.; purchase in early 1971 of 6,000,000 shares of Investors Overseas Services). https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1972/dig112872.pdf
[^20]: In re Sears, 71 N.J. 175 (1976) (Supreme Court of New Jersey, disciplinary opinion; the requests conveyed by Sears to Mitchell, and the meeting Mitchell arranged between Sears and Casey). https://static.case.law/nj/71/cases/0175-01.json
[^8]: William J. Casey, letter to Malcolm Baldrige, February 1982, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83M00914R001200090040-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001200090040-0
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, "The Transfer of U.S. Tungsten Carbide Technology to the USSR and its Military Application," CIA-RDP83M00914R001200090041-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001200090041-9
[^10]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, January 8, 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R001900220074-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r001900220074-1
[^11]: Letter, William J. Casey to Graham, December 20, 1982, CIA-RDP88B00443R001203980021-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88b00443r001203980021-9; the reading room also catalogues Graham's letter to Casey of December 9, 1982 under CIA-RDP83M00914R002400010001-8.
[^12]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to William J. Casey, July 23, 1986, enclosing "Is the KGB Sabotaging SDI?", with the cover memorandum "Possible Soviet Sabotage of Our Space Program," July 28, 1986, CIA-RDP88B00443R001904460005-6.
[^13]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, August 16, 1986, CIA-RDP88B00443R002004470017-0.
[^14]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to Robert M. Gates, December 8, 1986, CIA-RDP88G01116R000700840002-1, copy to William J. Casey.
[^15]: National Intelligence Study Center, invitation to the Russell J. Bowen collection exhibit, Georgetown University, November 3, 1983, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100430001-2.
[^16]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, PDF pages 186 to 188. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, "American Ambassadors" visitor log, November 1984 (1045), CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000100040012-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000100040012-4; visitor record, September 23, 1985 (1645), CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000200230005-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000200230005-0.
[^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, "DCI 14 August 1985 Meeting with Mr. James D. Theberge, Former U.S. Ambassador to Chile," August 12, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050023-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050023-0
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Game Plan," memorandum from the Director of Central Intelligence to the Vice Chairman, National Intelligence Council, August 19, 1985, signed William J. Casey, CREST document CIA-RDP97M00248R000500220030-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp97m00248r000500220030-9
[^20]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, "Historical Summary of Chairmen and Commissioners" (William Casey, Chairman, April 14, 1971 to February 2, 1973). https://www.sec.gov/about/sec-commissioners/sec-historical-summary-chairmen-commissioners
[^21]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, News Digest, November 28, 1972 (complaint of November 27, 1972 against Robert L. Vesco and 41 other defendants; transfers from International Controls Corp.; purchase in early 1971 of 6,000,000 shares of Investors Overseas Services). https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1972/dig112872.pdf
[^22]: In re Sears, 71 N.J. 175 (1976) (Supreme Court of New Jersey, disciplinary opinion; the requests conveyed by Sears to Mitchell, and the meeting Mitchell arranged between Sears and Casey). https://static.case.law/nj/71/cases/0175-01.json

156
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/William P. Bundy.md
View file

@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1939
fn: 8
fn: 12
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Covington & Burling]]"
start: 1947
@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ relations:
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1951-06
role: "Office of National Estimates; chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff"
fn: 11
fn: 15
- type: investigated
with: "[[Joseph McCarthy]]"
reverse: true
start: 1953-07
end: 1953-08
role: "Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chairman's inquiry into his $400 contribution to the defense of Alger Hiss"
fn: 13
fn: 17
- type: appointed
with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
start: 1961
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ relations:
start: 1961-02
end: 1961-03
role: "attended the White House meetings of March 11, 15, 16 and 29, 1961 on the Trinidad and Zapata plans"
fn: 19
fn: 23
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]"
start: 1962-10
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ relations:
start: 1972
end: 1984
role: "editor of Foreign Affairs"
fn: 41
fn: 45
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
@ -125,69 +125,73 @@ William Putnam Bundy (September 24, 1917 to October 6, 2000) was a staff officer
The [[Washington Post]] reported that Bundy was born in Washington, where his father was serving as counsel to the World War I Food Administration.[^2] [[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that Harvey Hollister Bundy was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1888, died in 1963, was initiated into [[Skull and Bones]] in 1909, and served as law clerk to Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] in 1914 and 1915, a clerkship Sutton noted [[Alger Hiss]] also held in 1929 and 1930.[^3] [[Henry L. Stimson]] appointed Harvey H. Bundy Assistant Secretary of State, and Stimson's memoir records the appointment as filling a gap left by the death of a senior officer with economic experience.[^4] Harvey H. Bundy was present by invitation at the meeting of the wartime [[Interim Committee]] on May 31, 1945, whose secretary recorded him among the attendees with Stimson and the committee's scientists.[^5]
Sutton listed the elder Bundy's five children: Harvey Hollister Bundy Jr. (Yale 1938, which Sutton recorded as not initiated into Skull and Bones), William Putnam Bundy (initiated 1939), McGeorge Bundy (initiated 1940), Harriet Lowell Bundy, who married Gaspar d'Andelot Belin of [[Covington & Burling]], and Katharine Lawrence Bundy, who married Hugh Auchincloss Jr.[^6] The Post obituary calls William Bundy the older brother of McGeorge Bundy and records that he was sometimes known as "the other Bundy."[^2]
The *Register of the Department of State* for 1932 gives his father's record: Harvey Hollister Bundy, born at Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 30, 1888; Hackley School; Yale, B.A. 1909; Harvard, LL.B. 1914; secretary to a United States Supreme Court justice 1914 to 1915; assistant counsel, United States Food Administration, 1917 to 1919; law practice in Boston 1919 to 1931; appointed Assistant Secretary of State June 10, 1931.[^6] *Who's Who in America* (1956-57) records that his father married Katharine L. Putnam on April 17, 1915 and was chairman of the board of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]];[^7] the endowment's minutes show him vice chairman of the board by December 1951 and elected chairman on December 8, 1952, and the Danvers Historical Society genealogy of the Putnam family records that Katharine Lawrence Putnam, born December 5, 1890, was the daughter of William Lowell Putnam and Elizabeth Lowell, a daughter of Augustus Lowell.[^8] A 1953 Grand Rapids profile of William Bundy places his father's Carnegie Endowment membership in 1948, vice presidency in 1951, and board chairmanship in 1952.[^9]
In 1943 he married Mary Acheson, daughter of Dean Acheson.[^1] The couple had three children.[^2] Sutton described the connection as the "Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," wrote that Dean Acheson was a member of Scroll and Key at Yale, and that Acheson's son David was a member of Skull and Bones; Sutton also wrote that Acheson and Belin were former partners of Covington & Burling, the firm where Bundy worked from 1947 to 1951.[^7]
Sutton listed the elder Bundy's five children: Harvey Hollister Bundy Jr. (Yale 1938, which Sutton recorded as not initiated into Skull and Bones), William Putnam Bundy (initiated 1939), McGeorge Bundy (initiated 1940), Harriet Lowell Bundy, who married Gaspar d'Andelot Belin of [[Covington & Burling]], and Katharine Lawrence Bundy, who married Hugh Auchincloss Jr.[^10] The Post obituary calls William Bundy the older brother of McGeorge Bundy and records that he was sometimes known as "the other Bundy."[^2]
In 1943 he married Mary Acheson, daughter of Dean Acheson.[^1] The couple had three children.[^2] Sutton described the connection as the "Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," wrote that Dean Acheson was a member of Scroll and Key at Yale, and that Acheson's son David was a member of Skull and Bones; Sutton also wrote that Acheson and Belin were former partners of Covington & Burling, the firm where Bundy worked from 1947 to 1951.[^11]
### Groton, Yale and Skull and Bones
Bundy attended [[Groton School]] (completed 1935) and [[Yale University]] (Yale College, 1939), and he attended the [[Harvard University|Harvard Graduate School]] in 1940.[^1] The Post reported that he was a trustee of Yale for 20 years.[^2]
Sutton's index of members by class year lists "William Putnam Bundy" in the class of 1939 of Skull and Bones, with the notation "CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs."[^8] [[Ron Rosenbaum]] wrote in [[Esquire]] in September 1977 that a reader could ask Bill Bundy or [[William F. Buckley Jr.|William F. Buckley]], "both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," whether the society's experience was useful training for the clandestine trade; the same passage names McGeorge Bundy.[^9] The Covert Action Information Bulletin stated in 1990 that "William Bundy is a Bonesman from the class of 1939."[^10]
Sutton's index of members by class year lists "William Putnam Bundy" in the class of 1939 of Skull and Bones, with the notation "CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs."[^12] [[Ron Rosenbaum]] wrote in [[Esquire]] in September 1977 that a reader could ask Bill Bundy or [[William F. Buckley Jr.|William F. Buckley]], "both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," whether the society's experience was useful training for the clandestine trade; the same passage names McGeorge Bundy.[^13] The Covert Action Information Bulletin stated in 1990 that "William Bundy is a Bonesman from the class of 1939."[^14]
### Army service and Bletchley Park
Bundy served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1946. During the war he commanded an [[Army Signal Corps]] unit that worked with the British at [[Bletchley Park]] on the [[Ultra]] operation, which broke high-level German Enigma ciphers. He received the Legion of Merit and was made a member of the Order of the British Empire.[^1] The Post quoted his later writing: "Although I have done many interesting things in my life and known many interesting people, my work at Bletchley Park was the most satisfying of my career."[^2] The Covert Action Information Bulletin wrote that his intelligence career began in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the war.[^10]
Bundy served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1946. During the war he commanded an [[Army Signal Corps]] unit that worked with the British at [[Bletchley Park]] on the [[Ultra]] operation, which broke high-level German Enigma ciphers. He received the Legion of Merit and was made a member of the Order of the British Empire.[^1] The Post quoted his later writing: "Although I have done many interesting things in my life and known many interesting people, my work at Bletchley Park was the most satisfying of my career."[^2] The Covert Action Information Bulletin wrote that his intelligence career began in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the war.[^14]
After law school at [[Harvard Law School]], which he finished in 1947, he worked for four years at Covington & Burling in Washington.[^1]
### Office of National Estimates, from 1951
A CIA letter to [[Joseph McCarthy]] dated July 22, 1953 states that Bundy joined the agency in June 1951 and was attached to the [[Office of National Estimates]], and that from June 1952 he served as assistant to the agency's adviser on the National Security Council's planning board.[^11] A report by [[Allen Drury]] of August 4, 1953 describes him as assistant to the adviser of the Office of National Estimates and as serving on the planning board of the [[National Security Council]].[^12] The Princeton finding aid records his post as chief of staff of the office and liaison to the National Security Council staff.[^1] The Post wrote that his work in the office included evaluating information gathered by field operatives, and quoted him: "I'm not the kind of fellow you can make a spook out of."[^2]
A CIA letter to [[Joseph McCarthy]] dated July 22, 1953 states that Bundy joined the agency in June 1951 and was attached to the [[Office of National Estimates]], and that from June 1952 he served as assistant to the agency's adviser on the National Security Council's planning board.[^15] A report by [[Allen Drury]] of August 4, 1953 describes him as assistant to the adviser of the Office of National Estimates and as serving on the planning board of the [[National Security Council]].[^16] The Princeton finding aid records his post as chief of staff of the office and liaison to the National Security Council staff.[^1] The Post wrote that his work in the office included evaluating information gathered by field operatives, and quoted him: "I'm not the kind of fellow you can make a spook out of."[^2]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin gave his CIA service as 1951 to 1961, and Sutton gave the same years, adding that Bundy's four years at Covington & Burling suggested to him that Bundy "probably had CIA dealings" in the 1947 to 1951 period.[^6][^10] In 1960 Bundy was staff director of the President's Commission on National Goals.[^1][^2] The Bulletin quoted a foreword by Bundy to a book on the counter-insurgency era in which he wrote that "the preservation of liberal values, for America and other nations, required the use of the full range of U.S. power, including if necessary, its more shady applications."[^10]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin gave his CIA service as 1951 to 1961, and Sutton gave the same years, adding that Bundy's four years at Covington & Burling suggested to him that Bundy "probably had CIA dealings" in the 1947 to 1951 period.[^10][^14] In 1960 Bundy was staff director of the President's Commission on National Goals.[^1][^2] The Bulletin quoted a foreword by Bundy to a book on the counter-insurgency era in which he wrote that "the preservation of liberal values, for America and other nations, required the use of the full range of U.S. power, including if necessary, its more shady applications."[^14]
### The Hiss defense fund and the McCarthy letters, 1953
In July 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to [[Allen Dulles]], director of the CIA, about Bundy's contribution to the defense of Alger Hiss. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had given $400 to the defense and had joined the [[United Public Workers of America]], which McCarthy identified as the Communist front organization to which Bundy belonged.[^11][^13]
In July 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to [[Allen Dulles]], director of the CIA, about Bundy's contribution to the defense of Alger Hiss. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had given $400 to the defense and had joined the [[United Public Workers of America]], which McCarthy identified as the Communist front organization to which Bundy belonged.[^15][^17]
An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent, [[Sam Papich]], that he had taken the position that it would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States to permit CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee, that he had been in touch with the White House about that position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information. Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^14]
An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent, [[Sam Papich]], that he had taken the position that it would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States to permit CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee, that he had been in touch with the White House about that position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information. Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^18]
The agency's reply of July 22, 1953 confirmed the $400 contribution. It said that the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution were not in accord, in substantial respects, with the reasons given in the matter then under review, and that comment on those reasons would await a re-evaluation of his case under Executive Order 10450. The reply stated that the agency's files showed a field investigation of the three general allegations and a favorable determination by the CIA Loyalty Board and by the Loyalty Review Board of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. It also stated that Bundy had joined the union, attended one meeting and resigned, and that the record did not indicate membership in any other organization within the scope of McCarthy's third question.[^11] Drury reported that Dulles had told McCarthy that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], and that the exchange followed a conversation between the two on July 14.[^12]
The agency's reply of July 22, 1953 confirmed the $400 contribution. It said that the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution were not in accord, in substantial respects, with the reasons given in the matter then under review, and that comment on those reasons would await a re-evaluation of his case under Executive Order 10450. The reply stated that the agency's files showed a field investigation of the three general allegations and a favorable determination by the CIA Loyalty Board and by the Loyalty Review Board of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. It also stated that Bundy had joined the union, attended one meeting and resigned, and that the record did not indicate membership in any other organization within the scope of McCarthy's third question.[^15] Drury reported that Dulles had told McCarthy that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], and that the exchange followed a conversation between the two on July 14.[^16]
According to the Drury report, Bundy's explanation was that he had contributed to help his father-in-law, Dean Acheson, in clearing Hiss.[^12]
According to the Drury report, Bundy's explanation was that he had contributed to help his father-in-law, Dean Acheson, in clearing Hiss.[^16]
McCarthy replied on July 27, 1953 that the confirmation of the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," adding that a good part of that work "must involve the detection of activities of people such as Alger Hiss."[^15] He asked Dulles to explain Bundy's reasons more fully.[^15]
McCarthy replied on July 27, 1953 that the confirmation of the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," adding that a good part of that work "must involve the detection of activities of people such as Alger Hiss."[^19] He asked Dulles to explain Bundy's reasons more fully.[^19]
Dulles replied on August 1. The Drury report quotes the reply: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and Dulles declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^12] McCarthy's letter of August 3 answered that Dulles's position was extremely revealing, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers. He wrote that "the last man in the world who would try to protect and hide the facts" about an officer's "contributions to a convicted traitor" would be the head of the CIA.[^16] The Drury report of August 4 carried McCarthy's statement that the full matter would be submitted to his subcommittee and to the Senate when it returned.[^12]
The Grand Rapids profile reports that Allen Dulles conceded the $400 contribution to the Hiss defense but denied the reasons William Bundy had described for it in his 1951 application to the CIA.[^9]
A syndicated column clipped into the FBI's liaison file described Bundy as "the CIA man under both Smith and Allen Dulles, who gave the $400 for the Hiss defense," a son-in-law of Acheson and "a member of the Acheson coterie," and reported that Senator [[Mike Monroney]] had defended the agency on the Senate floor against McCarthy's inquiry. A later Bureau memorandum noted that "the wide publicity given to the William Bundy matter" and Dulles's encounter with McCarthy had placed Dulles in "a most uncomfortable position."[^17] Sutton wrote that McCarthy "wanted to call William Bundy as a witness before the Committee and found the establishment strongly arrayed against this idea," and suggested that the establishment's reaction concerned more than McCarthy's treatment of witnesses.[^6]
Dulles replied on August 1. The Drury report quotes the reply: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and Dulles declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^16] McCarthy's letter of August 3 answered that Dulles's position was extremely revealing, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers. He wrote that "the last man in the world who would try to protect and hide the facts" about an officer's "contributions to a convicted traitor" would be the head of the CIA.[^20] The Drury report of August 4 carried McCarthy's statement that the full matter would be submitted to his subcommittee and to the Senate when it returned.[^16]
A syndicated column clipped into the FBI's liaison file described Bundy as "the CIA man under both Smith and Allen Dulles, who gave the $400 for the Hiss defense," a son-in-law of Acheson and "a member of the Acheson coterie," and reported that Senator [[Mike Monroney]] had defended the agency on the Senate floor against McCarthy's inquiry. A later Bureau memorandum noted that "the wide publicity given to the William Bundy matter" and Dulles's encounter with McCarthy had placed Dulles in "a most uncomfortable position."[^21] Sutton wrote that McCarthy "wanted to call William Bundy as a witness before the Committee and found the establishment strongly arrayed against this idea," and suggested that the establishment's reaction concerned more than McCarthy's treatment of witnesses.[^10]
### Defense Department, 1961 to 1964
The Princeton finding aid records his appointment as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs in 1961 and his service as Assistant Secretary of Defense for the same office from 1963 to 1964. It describes him as a political appointee under [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] from 1961 to 1969.[^1] The Washington Post wrote that he was a lifelong Democrat who joined the Kennedy administration as deputy assistant secretary of defense.[^2]
The Foreign Relations of the United States volume on Cuba lists him at the planning of the Bay of Pigs invasion. On February 7, 1961 he attended, for the Defense Department, a three-hour meeting in the office of Assistant Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]], chaired by [[Adolf Berle]] of the State Department's Latin American Task Force, with [[Richard Bissell]], [[Tracy Barnes]] and Colonel J. C. King of the CIA, [[Richard Goodwin]] of the White House staff and Haydn Williams of Defense.[^18] The President's appointment book places William Bundy at the White House meetings of March 11 (Trinidad plan, with Allen Dulles, Bissell, [[Robert S. McNamara]], [[Dean Rusk]] and McGeorge Bundy), March 15 and 16 (the revised Zapata plan) and March 29, 1961, at which the tentative D-Day of April 5 was postponed.[^19][^20][^21][^22] The Princeton finding aid places the Bay of Pigs deliberations in the years of his State Department post; the operation took place in April 1961, when he held the Defense appointment. The Post obituary describes his participation in those deliberations, and in those on the Cuban Missile Crisis, as part of his service as deputy assistant secretary of defense.[^1][^2]
The Foreign Relations of the United States volume on Cuba lists him at the planning of the Bay of Pigs invasion. On February 7, 1961 he attended, for the Defense Department, a three-hour meeting in the office of Assistant Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]], chaired by [[Adolf Berle]] of the State Department's Latin American Task Force, with [[Richard Bissell]], [[Tracy Barnes]] and Colonel J. C. King of the CIA, [[Richard Goodwin]] of the White House staff and Haydn Williams of Defense.[^22] The President's appointment book places William Bundy at the White House meetings of March 11 (Trinidad plan, with Allen Dulles, Bissell, [[Robert S. McNamara]], [[Dean Rusk]] and McGeorge Bundy), March 15 and 16 (the revised Zapata plan) and March 29, 1961, at which the tentative D-Day of April 5 was postponed.[^23][^24][^25][^26] The Princeton finding aid places the Bay of Pigs deliberations in the years of his State Department post; the operation took place in April 1961, when he held the Defense appointment. The Post obituary describes his participation in those deliberations, and in those on the Cuban Missile Crisis, as part of his service as deputy assistant secretary of defense.[^1][^2]
In the summer of 1961, apparently at his instigation, an interagency group began meeting at lunch on Tuesdays. His record of the October 3, 1961 luncheon lists [[Walt Rostow]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]], George McGhee, Robert Amory, Bissell, Fowler, [[Paul Nitze]], General Parker and Bundy, and records a discussion of Vietnam.[^23] After the [[Maxwell Taylor]] mission to Vietnam, McNamara asked Bundy to draft a memorandum on whether the United States should make a "Berlin-type" commitment to Vietnam; the draft is dated November 5, 1961 and the editors of the Foreign Relations series state that Bundy recalled finishing it on a Sunday and sending it to the President only after extensive discussions with the Joint Chiefs and revisions to its last part.[^24] His drafts of a McNamara memorandum of November 8 (marked "Not used") and of a November 28 telegram to the Pacific commander are also printed.[^25]
In the summer of 1961, apparently at his instigation, an interagency group began meeting at lunch on Tuesdays. His record of the October 3, 1961 luncheon lists [[Walt Rostow]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]], George McGhee, Robert Amory, Bissell, Fowler, [[Paul Nitze]], General Parker and Bundy, and records a discussion of Vietnam.[^27] After the [[Maxwell Taylor]] mission to Vietnam, McNamara asked Bundy to draft a memorandum on whether the United States should make a "Berlin-type" commitment to Vietnam; the draft is dated November 5, 1961 and the editors of the Foreign Relations series state that Bundy recalled finishing it on a Sunday and sending it to the President only after extensive discussions with the Joint Chiefs and revisions to its last part.[^28] His drafts of a McNamara memorandum of November 8 (marked "Not used") and of a November 28 telegram to the Pacific commander are also printed.[^29]
In September 1963 Bundy accompanied McNamara to [[Vietnam]]; on October 3 he appears as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the record of the meeting that prepared the report on that trip, and an October 3 draft of its annex on Vietnam named him as drafter.[^26] On November 20, 1963, after the Honolulu meeting, McGeorge Bundy sent him a draft of National Security Action Memorandum 273 for comment.[^27] When [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] sent [[W. Averell Harriman]] a paper on "neutralization" of North Vietnam in December 1963, William Bundy, reviewing his papers after leaving State, called it "a bizarre aberration" that was "never considered or taken seriously by anyone, so far as I know."[^28]
In September 1963 Bundy accompanied McNamara to [[Vietnam]]; on October 3 he appears as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the record of the meeting that prepared the report on that trip, and an October 3 draft of its annex on Vietnam named him as drafter.[^30] On November 20, 1963, after the Honolulu meeting, McGeorge Bundy sent him a draft of National Security Action Memorandum 273 for comment.[^31] When [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] sent [[W. Averell Harriman]] a paper on "neutralization" of North Vietnam in December 1963, William Bundy, reviewing his papers after leaving State, called it "a bizarre aberration" that was "never considered or taken seriously by anyone, so far as I know."[^32]
### Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 1964 to 1969
Bundy held the post of Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (then titled Far Eastern Affairs) from 1964 to 1969.[^1] On May 15, 1964 he wrote to Rusk that Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. was urging covert air strikes against North Vietnam and that the record of Lodge's earlier talk with Rusk in Saigon did not support Lodge's account of it; he called Lodge "fairly woolly."[^29] The [[Pentagon Papers]] chronology records that President Johnson designated him coordinating executive in National Security Action Memorandum 288 and that on May 23, 1964 he presented members of the Southeast Asia executive committee a 30-day scenario of graduated military and political pressure on North Vietnam.[^30] On June 3, 1964, after the Honolulu conference, Bundy sent Rusk his notes, which McNamara, Taylor and [[John McCone]] also received; McGeorge Bundy wrote on the source text, "Hitting the North is required," and Johnson met the two Bundys with Rusk, McNamara, Taylor and McCone that evening.[^31]
Bundy held the post of Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (then titled Far Eastern Affairs) from 1964 to 1969.[^1] On May 15, 1964 he wrote to Rusk that Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. was urging covert air strikes against North Vietnam and that the record of Lodge's earlier talk with Rusk in Saigon did not support Lodge's account of it; he called Lodge "fairly woolly."[^33] The [[Pentagon Papers]] chronology records that President Johnson designated him coordinating executive in National Security Action Memorandum 288 and that on May 23, 1964 he presented members of the Southeast Asia executive committee a 30-day scenario of graduated military and political pressure on North Vietnam.[^34] On June 3, 1964, after the Honolulu conference, Bundy sent Rusk his notes, which McNamara, Taylor and [[John McCone]] also received; McGeorge Bundy wrote on the source text, "Hitting the North is required," and Johnson met the two Bundys with Rusk, McNamara, Taylor and McCone that evening.[^35]
The Pentagon Papers record that McGeorge Bundy's memorandum of June 15, 1964 announcing a meeting on a Congressional resolution on Southeast Asia enclosed a memorandum by W. P. Bundy dated June 12 on "Probable Developments and [the] Case for Congressional Resolution on Southeast Asia," together with a draft resolution.[^32] The chronology entry for that memorandum states that it "called for a Congressional Resolution right away to demonstrate U.S. resolve (especially to Souvanna and Khanh) and provide flexibility for executive action."[^33] A draft resolution on Southeast Asia prepared in the State Department is dated May 24, 1964; the editors describe it as among "working papers, no official standing" prepared for the executive committee meeting that day.[^34]
The Pentagon Papers record that McGeorge Bundy's memorandum of June 15, 1964 announcing a meeting on a Congressional resolution on Southeast Asia enclosed a memorandum by W. P. Bundy dated June 12 on "Probable Developments and [the] Case for Congressional Resolution on Southeast Asia," together with a draft resolution.[^36] The chronology entry for that memorandum states that it "called for a Congressional Resolution right away to demonstrate U.S. resolve (especially to Souvanna and Khanh) and provide flexibility for executive action."[^37] A draft resolution on Southeast Asia prepared in the State Department is dated May 24, 1964; the editors describe it as among "working papers, no official standing" prepared for the executive committee meeting that day.[^38]
On August 4, 1964, the day of a second reported attack in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], Bundy was on vacation in Massachusetts. Rusk called him back to Washington.[^35] The National Security Council met that evening, and the summary of the meeting printed an attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia"; the editors state there is "no indication on the source text of the drafter."[^36] A Department of State telegram to the Embassy in Saigon sent at 6:35 p.m. that evening was drafted by [[Michael V. Forrestal]] and cleared by William Bundy.[^37] In a telephone call with Rusk on August 5, Bundy asked about the resolution; Rusk replied that McGeorge Bundy and [[George Ball]] were "going over the final touches," and asked him and [[John T. McNaughton]] to prepare a ten-minute statement for the next morning's House and Senate hearings.[^38] The Pentagon Papers chronology records that the President sent Congress a message requesting a joint resolution of support, and that "identical draft resolutions prepared by the executive branch" were introduced by Senator [[J. William Fulbright]] in the Senate and by Representative Morgan in the House.[^39]
On August 4, 1964, the day of a second reported attack in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], Bundy was on vacation in Massachusetts. Rusk called him back to Washington.[^39] The National Security Council met that evening, and the summary of the meeting printed an attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia"; the editors state there is "no indication on the source text of the drafter."[^40] A Department of State telegram to the Embassy in Saigon sent at 6:35 p.m. that evening was drafted by [[Michael V. Forrestal]] and cleared by William Bundy.[^41] In a telephone call with Rusk on August 5, Bundy asked about the resolution; Rusk replied that McGeorge Bundy and [[George Ball]] were "going over the final touches," and asked him and [[John T. McNaughton]] to prepare a ten-minute statement for the next morning's House and Senate hearings.[^42] The Pentagon Papers chronology records that the President sent Congress a message requesting a joint resolution of support, and that "identical draft resolutions prepared by the executive branch" were introduced by Senator [[J. William Fulbright]] in the Senate and by Representative Morgan in the House.[^43]
A University of Houston Digital History essay describes Bundy as "one of the chief architects of the Vietnam War and coauthor of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution."[^40] A 1972 press item likewise described him as having been "an architect of U.S. policy in Vietnam" at the State Department.[^41]
A University of Houston Digital History essay describes Bundy as "one of the chief architects of the Vietnam War and coauthor of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution."[^44] A 1972 press item likewise described him as having been "an architect of U.S. policy in Vietnam" at the State Department.[^45]
In the NSC Principals' deliberations of late 1964, a working group paper of November 21, 1964, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," was drafted by William Bundy and McNaughton; the editors state that Bundy prepared a first draft on November 17 that was revised after the working group's meeting of November 19.[^42] The Pentagon Papers record that after the Principals' meeting of November 28 to 30 Bundy was charged with preparing a draft National Security Action Memorandum on a two-phase program, a thirty-day period of slightly increased pressure followed by air strikes against [[North Vietnam]], and that the Principals decided not to call his draft a memorandum.[^43]
In the NSC Principals' deliberations of late 1964, a working group paper of November 21, 1964, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," was drafted by William Bundy and McNaughton; the editors state that Bundy prepared a first draft on November 17 that was revised after the working group's meeting of November 19.[^46] The Pentagon Papers record that after the Principals' meeting of November 28 to 30 Bundy was charged with preparing a draft National Security Action Memorandum on a two-phase program, a thirty-day period of slightly increased pressure followed by air strikes against [[North Vietnam]], and that the Principals decided not to call his draft a memorandum.[^47]
On January 6, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk notes prepared with Forrestal and Leonard Unger on the South Vietnamese situation: "Saigon morale in all quarters is now very shaky indeed," he wrote, and he attributed it to a widespread feeling that the United States was "not ready for stronger action and indeed is possibly looking for a way out."[^44] On February 15 and 18, 1965 he sent Rusk a memorandum of unresolved questions on a negotiating position and a draft "Sequence of Actions" reflecting a proposal discussed that morning at the White House with the President, McGeorge Bundy, Ball and Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson.[^45] After helping Ball prepare his June 28, 1965 paper urging withdrawal, Bundy disagreed with its conclusion and wrote a "Middle Way" course of action sent to the President on July 1; the editors cite his unpublished memoir for the account.[^46]
On January 6, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk notes prepared with Forrestal and Leonard Unger on the South Vietnamese situation: "Saigon morale in all quarters is now very shaky indeed," he wrote, and he attributed it to a widespread feeling that the United States was "not ready for stronger action and indeed is possibly looking for a way out."[^48] On February 15 and 18, 1965 he sent Rusk a memorandum of unresolved questions on a negotiating position and a draft "Sequence of Actions" reflecting a proposal discussed that morning at the White House with the President, McGeorge Bundy, Ball and Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson.[^49] After helping Ball prepare his June 28, 1965 paper urging withdrawal, Bundy disagreed with its conclusion and wrote a "Middle Way" course of action sent to the President on July 1; the editors cite his unpublished memoir for the account.[^50]
The Foreign Relations volume on Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore and the Philippines prints two memoranda addressed to Bundy by [[William Colby]], then Chief of the Far East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations: one of November 1, 1965 in the Philippines file and one of December 3, 1965 in the Indonesia file on State Department liaison.[^47] On November 5, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk an assessment of the Philippine election between [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and Diosdado Macapagal, drafted by the officer in charge of Philippine affairs.[^48]
The Foreign Relations volume on Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore and the Philippines prints two memoranda addressed to Bundy by [[William Colby]], then Chief of the Far East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations: one of November 1, 1965 in the Philippines file and one of December 3, 1965 in the Indonesia file on State Department liaison.[^51] On November 5, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk an assessment of the Philippine election between [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and Diosdado Macapagal, drafted by the officer in charge of Philippine affairs.[^52]
### Newsweek, MIT and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1969 to 1972
@ -195,13 +199,13 @@ Bundy left government in May 1969 and taught at the [[Massachusetts Institute of
### Foreign Affairs, 1972 to 1984
A 1972 press item from the CIA reading room reports that Bundy would succeed [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] as editor of Foreign Affairs, a post Armstrong had held for 43 years, beginning in the fall of 1972. The item describes him as a former Assistant Secretary of State who was then a senior research associate at MIT; Bundy says in it that he has "been in this field since 1951" and planned a book on American involvement in Vietnam, written as history rather than as a personal reminiscence.[^41] The Princeton finding aid gives his editorship as 1972 to 1984. Bundy donated the journal correspondence series to the Mudd Library of Princeton University in 1994.[^1]
A 1972 press item from the CIA reading room reports that Bundy would succeed [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] as editor of Foreign Affairs, a post Armstrong had held for 43 years, beginning in the fall of 1972. The item describes him as a former Assistant Secretary of State who was then a senior research associate at MIT; Bundy says in it that he has "been in this field since 1951" and planned a book on American involvement in Vietnam, written as history rather than as a personal reminiscence.[^45] The Princeton finding aid gives his editorship as 1972 to 1984. Bundy donated the journal correspondence series to the Mudd Library of Princeton University in 1994.[^1]
From 1985 to 1987 he was a visiting professor at the [[Woodrow Wilson School]] of [[Princeton University]].[^1]
### A Tangled Web, 1998
After 1987 Bundy devoted his time to a critical history of American foreign policy in the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]] period, including the later years of the [[Vietnam War]]. The book was published in 1998 as *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency*.[^1][^49] The Post quoted a Book World review calling it "a sharply critical study of the Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy."[^2]
After 1987 Bundy devoted his time to a critical history of American foreign policy in the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]] period, including the later years of the [[Vietnam War]]. The book was published in 1998 as *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency*.[^1][^53] The Post quoted a Book World review calling it "a sharply critical study of the Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy."[^2]
### Death
@ -214,47 +218,51 @@ Bundy died of heart ailments on October 6, 2000, at age 83, at his home in Princ
[^3]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (Trine Day, 2002 edition), section "Harvey Hollister Bundy," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^4]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), ch. VII, p. 193 (appointment of Harvey H. Bundy as Assistant Secretary, after the death of an officer named Cotton).
[^5]: "Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting, Thursday, 31 May 1945," signed R. Gordon Arneson, Secretary, Records of the Army Corps of Engineers (RG 77), Manhattan Engineer District, Harrison-Bundy files, folder 100, in National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 162, Document 12, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/12.pdf
[^6]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, sections "William P. Bundy" and the Bundy family (children of Harvey Hollister Bundy; Covington & Burling; the 1953 McCarthy passage), https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^7]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, section "The Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^8]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, index of members by class year, entry "1939 William Putnam Bundy CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^9]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977.
[^10]: "Skull & Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin* no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20-22 (passages on William Bundy, including the foreword to *The Counter-Insurgency Era*).
[^11]: Letter from the Central Intelligence Agency to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
[^12]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953 (including the text of Dulles to McCarthy, August 1, 1953), CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^13]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^14]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, in FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^15]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^16]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^17]: FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31 (syndicated column on Senator Monroney's Senate speech, 1953, and Bureau memorandum on adverse publicity concerning the CIA, August 1953), https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^18]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 38, Memorandum for the Record, "Meeting on Cuba," February 7, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d38
[^19]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 59, editorial note on the White House meeting of March 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d59
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 65, editorial note on the meeting of March 15, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d65
[^21]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 66, editorial note on the meeting of March 16, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d66
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 74, editorial note on the meeting of March 29, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d74
[^23]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1961, doc. 144, Memorandum for the Record by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Bundy), October 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d144
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 214, Draft Memorandum From the Secretary of Defense to the President, November 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d214
[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 226 (draft of November 8, 1961) and doc. 289 (telegram of November 28, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d226
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963, doc. 150 (September 26, 1963), doc. 172 (October 3, 1963) and doc. 175 (annex, October 4, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d175
[^27]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, National Security Action Memorandum No. 273 and editorial note, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331
[^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 342, Lodge to Harriman, December 3, 1963, and footnote 4 quoting Bundy's papers, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d342
[^29]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1964, doc. 158, Bundy to Rusk, May 15, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d158
[^30]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), chronology entry for May 23, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 193, Bundy to Rusk, "Highlights of Honolulu Conference," June 3, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d193
[^32]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, account of the June 15, 1964 meeting and its six enclosures, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^33]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 128, entry for June 12, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 169, Draft Congressional Resolution Prepared in the Department of State, May 24, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d169
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 276, editorial note on the August 4, 1964 meeting, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d276
[^36]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 278, "Summary Notes of the 538th Meeting of the National Security Council," August 4, 1964, with attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d278
[^37]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 279, Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, August 4, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d279
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 293, Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation Between the Secretary of State and the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), August 5, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d293
[^39]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology entries for August 5 to 11, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^40]: University of Houston Digital History, William Bundy biography in the Vietnam exploration, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/bundy2.cfm
[^41]: "William Bundy to Head Foreign Affairs Journal," press item, 1972, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100540012-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100540012-3
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 418, Paper Prepared by the National Security Council Working Group, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," November 21, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d418
[^43]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 136, and "Military Pressures Against North Vietnam, Feb. 1964-Jan. 1965," p. 245, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, Vietnam, January-June 1965, doc. 15, Bundy to Rusk, January 6, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d15
[^45]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, doc. 122 (Bundy to Rusk, February 15, 1965) and doc. 136 (draft paper, February 18, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d136
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. III, Vietnam, June-December 1965, doc. 41, Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), July 1, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v03/d41
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines, doc. 316 (Colby to Bundy, November 1, 1965) and doc. 180 (Colby to Bundy, December 3, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d180
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, doc. 317, Bundy to Rusk, "Philippine National Elections," November 5, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d317
[^49]: William P. Bundy, *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency* (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), catalogue record, https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ja/recordID/1000161811
[^6]: *Register of the Department of State for the year 1932*, Biographies, entry "Bundy, Harvey Hollister," https://archive.org/details/registerofdepart1932unit
[^7]: *Who's Who in America*, vol. 29, 1956-1957, entry "BUNDY, Harvey Hollister," https://archive.org/details/whos-who-in-america_1956-1957_29_3954
[^8]: *The Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society*, vol. 10 (1922), "Descendants of Judge Samuel Putnam," https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec10danv; Carnegie Endowment Board of Trustees minutes of December 8, 1952, Edward R. Murrow Papers, vol. 42, https://archive.org/details/per_edward-r-murrow-papers_edward-r-murrow-papers_1927-1973_42
[^9]: William F. Pyper, profile of William P. Bundy, Grand Rapids newspaper, undated (internal references place it after August 1953), CIA reading room copy, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100280087-2
[^10]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, sections "William P. Bundy" and the Bundy family (children of Harvey Hollister Bundy; Covington & Burling; the 1953 McCarthy passage), https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^11]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, section "The Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^12]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, index of members by class year, entry "1939 William Putnam Bundy CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^13]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977.
[^14]: "Skull & Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin* no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20-22 (passages on William Bundy, including the foreword to *The Counter-Insurgency Era*).
[^15]: Letter from the Central Intelligence Agency to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
[^16]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953 (including the text of Dulles to McCarthy, August 1, 1953), CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^17]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^18]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, in FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^19]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^20]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^21]: FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31 (syndicated column on Senator Monroney's Senate speech, 1953, and Bureau memorandum on adverse publicity concerning the CIA, August 1953), https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 38, Memorandum for the Record, "Meeting on Cuba," February 7, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d38
[^23]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 59, editorial note on the White House meeting of March 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d59
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 65, editorial note on the meeting of March 15, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d65
[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 66, editorial note on the meeting of March 16, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d66
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 74, editorial note on the meeting of March 29, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d74
[^27]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1961, doc. 144, Memorandum for the Record by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Bundy), October 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d144
[^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 214, Draft Memorandum From the Secretary of Defense to the President, November 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d214
[^29]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 226 (draft of November 8, 1961) and doc. 289 (telegram of November 28, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d226
[^30]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963, doc. 150 (September 26, 1963), doc. 172 (October 3, 1963) and doc. 175 (annex, October 4, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d175
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, National Security Action Memorandum No. 273 and editorial note, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331
[^32]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 342, Lodge to Harriman, December 3, 1963, and footnote 4 quoting Bundy's papers, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d342
[^33]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1964, doc. 158, Bundy to Rusk, May 15, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d158
[^34]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), chronology entry for May 23, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 193, Bundy to Rusk, "Highlights of Honolulu Conference," June 3, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d193
[^36]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, account of the June 15, 1964 meeting and its six enclosures, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^37]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 128, entry for June 12, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 169, Draft Congressional Resolution Prepared in the Department of State, May 24, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d169
[^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 276, editorial note on the August 4, 1964 meeting, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d276
[^40]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 278, "Summary Notes of the 538th Meeting of the National Security Council," August 4, 1964, with attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d278
[^41]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 279, Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, August 4, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d279
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 293, Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation Between the Secretary of State and the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), August 5, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d293
[^43]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology entries for August 5 to 11, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^44]: University of Houston Digital History, William Bundy biography in the Vietnam exploration, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/bundy2.cfm
[^45]: "William Bundy to Head Foreign Affairs Journal," press item, 1972, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100540012-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100540012-3
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 418, Paper Prepared by the National Security Council Working Group, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," November 21, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d418
[^47]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 136, and "Military Pressures Against North Vietnam, Feb. 1964-Jan. 1965," p. 245, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, Vietnam, January-June 1965, doc. 15, Bundy to Rusk, January 6, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d15
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, doc. 122 (Bundy to Rusk, February 15, 1965) and doc. 136 (draft paper, February 18, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d136
[^50]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. III, Vietnam, June-December 1965, doc. 41, Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), July 1, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v03/d41
[^51]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines, doc. 316 (Colby to Bundy, November 1, 1965) and doc. 180 (Colby to Bundy, December 3, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d180
[^52]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, doc. 317, Bundy to Rusk, "Philippine National Elections," November 5, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d317
[^53]: William P. Bundy, *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency* (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), catalogue record, https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ja/recordID/1000161811

232
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/William Sloane Coffin.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
---
aliases:
- William Sloane Coffin Jr.
- William Sloane Coffin
- William S. Coffin Jr.
- Rev. William Sloane Coffin
- Bill Coffin
category: "Religious Figures"
tags:
- Person
- YaleUniversity
- SkullAndBones
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- FreedomRiders
- BostonFive
- RiversideChurch
- SloaneFamily
- Vanderbilt
- DraftResistance
- UnionTheologicalSeminary
- RussianEmigres
summary: "William Sloane Coffin Jr., Sloane family descendant, served with the CIA from 1950 to 1953 among Russian émigrés in Germany, then became Yale chaplain, Boston Five defendant and Riverside Church minister."
born: 1924-07-01
died: 2006-04-12
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
role: "member, class of 1949"
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1950
end: 1953
role: "officer in West Germany working with Russian émigrés; three years as an agent by his own account"
fn: 29
- type: appointed
with: "[[Yale University]]"
start: 1958
role: "chaplain"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Riverside Church]]"
start: 1977
end: 1987
role: "senior minister"
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[SANE/FREEZE]]"
start: 1988
role: "first president"
fn: 22
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Freedom Rides]]"
start: 1961
role: "rode with a group of three white theology professors and three Black students; arrested in Montgomery, Alabama"
fn: 41
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Boston Five]]"
start: 1967
end: 1969
role: "defendant; indicted January 1968, convicted June 1968, verdict set aside July 11, 1969"
fn: 36
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry Sloane Coffin]]"
role: "uncle"
fn: 7
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William Sloane Coffin Sr.]]"
role: "father"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Frank Lindsay]]"
role: "brother-in-law, per Weiner"
fn: 4
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Eva Rubinstein]]"
start: 1956
end: 1968
role: "first wife"
fn: 22
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Artur Rubinstein]]"
role: "father-in-law"
fn: 22
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
William Sloane Coffin Jr. (1924 to 2006) was a chaplain at [[Yale University]] from 1958, a [[Freedom Rides|Freedom Rider]] in 1961, one of the defendants in the [[Boston Five]] draft-counseling conspiracy case, and senior minister of [[Riverside Church]] in [[New York City|New York]] from 1977 to 1987. He was born on July 1, 1924, to a father who was a vice president of [[W. & J. Sloane]], the Fifth Avenue furniture store.[^1] He was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the class of 1949 and served with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from 1950 to 1953, working with Russian émigrés in West Germany.[^2][^3][^4] He died at his home in Vermont on April 12, 2006.[^5]
### The Sloane and Coffin families
The firm that gave the family its fortune was started by William Sloane, who was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1810 or 1811 and came to the United States in 1834. He worked for nine years in the carpet house of Thompson and Company in Spring Street, then started his own business at 245 Broadway opposite City Hall, and a few years later admitted his brother John to a partnership under the name W. and J. Sloane.[^6] The firm moved to 501 Broadway, about 1856 to 591 Broadway, and in 1867 into buildings of its own at 649 to 655 Broadway, before moving north to Fifth Avenue and Forty-seventh Street. John Sloane left the firm about 1864 without a change of name. By his death on May 23, 1879, William Sloane had taken his four sons John, William D., Henry T. and Thomas C. into the business, and he was a director of the Bigelow Carpet Company and of Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company. His will left his Bigelow stock to his widow.[^6]
His daughter Euphemia Sloane married Edmund Coffin, a merchant, in New York City on February 3, 1874. Their sons were [[Henry Sloane Coffin]], born January 5, 1877, a Yale graduate of 1897, and William Sloane Coffin, born April 15, 1879, a Yale graduate of 1900.[^7] The younger son was the father of the subject, and the elder the uncle. Another of William Sloane's sons, Henry Thompson Sloane, entered Yale in the class of 1866, was a partner in the firm from 1873 and its treasurer from 1906 to 1925, and gave Yale a recitation building and physics laboratory in 1883 and, with his brother William Douglas Sloane, the Sloane Laboratory of Physics in 1912. His published biography lists his college societies, among them Skull and Bones.[^8]
[[Antony C. Sutton]]'s index of members lists four Sloanes: Henry Thompson Sloane under the class of 1866, Thomas Chalmers Sloane under 1868, William Sloane under 1895 and John Sloane under 1905. It lists Henry Sloane Coffin under 1897 and William Sloane Coffin under 1900.[^9][^10] In Sutton's chart of what he called The Order, the Sloane family appears among the families of new wealth under the heading "Retail," in a list that runs from the Rockefellers and Paynes through the Harrimans and Davisons to the Weyerhaeusers and Pillsbury.[^11] [[Ron Rosenbaum]] wrote in 1977 that the subject was "a descendant of an aptly named family with three generations of Bonesmen."[^12]
[[Wayne Andrews]]'s 1941 history of the Vanderbilt family calls William Sloane "the carpet magnate" and describes his third son, William Douglas Sloane, as "unremarkable, although charitable." William Douglas Sloane married Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, the second daughter of [[William Henry Vanderbilt]]. In 1886 he gave $200,000 to a maternity hospital at [[Columbia University]], and his wife presented $250,000 for the enlargement of the building. Sloane died in 1915 at the age of seventy-one. Andrews lists their children as Florence, who married James A. Burden Jr. and then Richard Tobin; Edith, who married John Henry Hammond; Lilian, who married W. B. Osgood Field; Malcolm Douglas Sloane, who married Elinor Lee; and William Douglas Sloane Jr. In 1920 Emily Thorn Vanderbilt Sloane married [[Henry White]], who had served as United States ambassador to France and Italy.[^13]
A 1922 [[Military Intelligence Division]] file in the CIA reading room records that Major Churchill of the Army's G-2 wrote to a Mr. John Sloane at Fifth Avenue and 47th Street about contacts with the foreign representatives of reputable firms. Sloane replied that he would be glad to cooperate, and in March 1922 he offered to have G-2's economic estimates of countries including Siberia, Turkey and Japan criticized.[^14]
The subject's father, William Sloane Coffin Sr., became president of the trustees of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. The Museum's Bulletin lists William Sloane Coffin as president in its March 1933 issue, after the trustees' meeting of February 20, 1933.[^15] The memorial minute the trustees adopted on December 18, 1933, describes him as trustee, treasurer and first vice-president after the death of [[Robert W. de Forest]] before he became president.[^16] [[George Blumenthal]] was elected on January 9, 1934 to fill "the office left vacant by the death of William Sloane Coffin."[^17] The 1961 profile of the son calls his father a vice president of W. & J. Sloane, Inc., and the president of the museum's trustees.[^1]
Henry Sloane Coffin was a lecturer at [[Union Theological Seminary]] from 1904 to 1909, associate professor of pastoral theology from 1909 to 1926, minister of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church from 1905 to 1926, a Fellow of Yale University from 1921 and president of Union from 1926; the reference entry gives his parents as Edmund Coffin and Euphemia Sloane.[^18] Sutton's text gives him a professorship of practical theology at Union from 1904 to 1926 and the presidency from 1926 to 1945, and calls the seminary "a key penetration" of The Order.[^19] In another passage Sutton wrote that "a Robert Taft and a William Buckley on the right" are just as important to "the fundamental change desired by The Order" as "a William Sloan Coffin and a Harry Payne Whitney (who financed the left)," and that "Their conflict is essential for change."[^20]
The 1987 feature on the subject describes him as "a member of the W. & J. Sloane furniture family, whose ancestors go back to the Pilgrims on his mother's side."[^21] Catherine Butterfield Coffin raised her three children alone after her husband's death in 1933, according to the [[Washington Times]] profile of January 1988. The same profile says that the uncle, Henry Sloane Coffin, wanted the boy in prep school. Bill was enrolled at [[Deerfield Academy]] at his uncle's insistence, and his mother arranged for him to take a year off to study piano and harmony in [[Paris]].[^22]
### Youth and the Army
Coffin attended Deerfield and then [[Phillips Academy]] at [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], before going to Yale to major in government.[^1][^22] At Andover he was a classmate of [[George H.W. Bush]]; a 1988 profile of Bush says the two were also fellow members of Skull and Bones and "took separate paths afterward."[^23] He joined the Army in 1943.[^1] The 1958 announcement of his Yale appointment described his wartime service as an infantry officer in Europe and a liaison officer with the French Army.[^3] A 1961 CIA reading room profile describes him as a skillful pianist and an enthusiastic gardener, fluent in French and Russian.[^1]
### Plattling
After the war Coffin served as a young Army officer at [[Plattling, Germany]]. The Washington Times profile says that the arrangement made at [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] had provided for each side to return the other's citizens, and that [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] soldiers who had deserted faced certain death if returned. Unaware of their fate, a group of these soldiers invited Coffin to a party on the eve of their return, and the profile says he was not ignorant of their doom. In his autobiography Coffin recounted that when a Soviet commandant bid him goodnight he almost blurted out "Get out quick!" but did not, and instead "drove off cursing the commandant for being so trusting." The next day the operation began, and the profile says Coffin watched several Soviet soldiers kill themselves by cutting their throats on broken windows.[^22] The autobiography says that his part in the operation "left a burden of guilt that I am sure to carry the rest of my life." Asked about it in 1988, he said: "That was a major tragic mistake."[^22]
The draft reciprocal agreement that the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] approved on February 8, 1945 provided that Soviet citizens liberated under American or British command "will, without delay after their liberation, be separated from enemy prisoners of war," and kept apart until they were handed over to Soviet authorities.[^24]
### The CIA, 1950 to 1953
Coffin graduated from Yale in 1949 and entered Union Theological Seminary that autumn. A 1958 profile in the [[New Haven Register]] reported that he studied for the ministry at Union in 1949 and 1950, spent the years until 1953 in Europe with the Central Intelligence Agency, and in 1954 returned to Yale to complete his preparation for the ministry. The article added that because of the secrecy surrounding the work the chaplain did not discuss that phase of his career, and quoted him as saying that he had served as a liaison officer with the Russian army after the war and knew the language.[^25]
[[Tim Weiner]] wrote that in early 1950 [[Frank Wisner]] ordered a new assault on the Iron Curtain, and that the job went to "another Yale man in Munich, by the name of Bill Coffin, a new recruit with the special anticommunist fervor of an ardent socialist." According to Weiner, Coffin came to the agency through a family connection, recruited by his brother-in-law [[Frank Lindsay]], Wisner's Eastern Europe operations officer. Weiner quotes Coffin, from a 2005 interview: "I said to them, when I went into CIA, 'I don't want to do spy work, I want to do underground political work.' The question was: can Russians operate underground? And that seemed to me quite morally acceptable at the time." Weiner adds that the postwar repatriations had left Coffin with a great burden of guilt which influenced his decision, and quotes him: "I had seen that Stalin could occasionally make Hitler look like a Boy Scout. I was very anti-Soviet but very pro-Russian."[^4]
Weiner wrote that Wisner placed his money on the Solidarists, a Russian émigré group, and that only the handful of CIA officers who spoke Russian, like Coffin, could work with them. In Weiner's account the agency and the Solidarists first smuggled leaflets into Soviet barracks in East Germany, then launched balloons carrying pamphlets, then sent four-man parachute missions in unmarked airplanes as far east as the outskirts of Moscow, and the agents were hunted down, captured and killed one by one. Coffin told Weiner, long after he left the agency: "It was a fundamentally bad idea. We were quite naive about the use of American power."[^4] Weiner also wrote that Lindsay, who had run Eastern Europe operations from headquarters, resigned in anguish after the collapse of the Polish resistance operation and told Dulles and Wisner that scientific and technical means would have to replace covert action, because "quixotic paramilitary missions to support imaginary resistance movements could not push the Russians out of Europe"; he dates Lindsay's report, "A Program for the Development of New Cold War Instruments," to March 3, 1953.[^26] Weiner cited a retrospective in the Nixon-era [[303 Committee]] record for the agency's later view that "assistance to the émigrés for the eventuality of war with or revolution within the USSR was unrealistic." The memorandum, dated December 12, 1969, says that anti-Soviet émigrés had been regarded as an important potential asset in the early postwar years, "at a time when fear of eventual if not imminent war with the USSR was very real in the West," and that they were wanted to staff anti-Soviet activities and "serve generally as a reserve for a possible war emergency."[^27]
Other accounts of the same work come from a library biography and from Coffin's own words. The Burns Library at [[Boston College]] describes his expertise in Russian as leading to "a three-year period as a CIA agent in Germany training operatives for subversive operations within the Soviet Union."[^28] The Washington Times profile of 1988 links his decision to "spend three years in the CIA, opposing Stalin's regime" to the Plattling operation and quotes his later written view: "I now think it is unwise of the CIA to topple regimes of other countries, no matter how rotten they may be."[^22] In a 1967 television interview he said: "I have been three years an agent for the CIA, and I think I'm well aware of the dangers of Communism."[^29] A 1987 feature refers to "his anti-Stalinist work for the CIA in the 1950s" and to his "fluency in French and Russian."[^21] The 1958 announcement says that during the [[Korean War]] he served abroad with the Central Intelligence Agency.[^3]
[[R. Harris Smith]]'s 1972 history of the OSS and CIA describes Coffin as one of the liberals [[Allen Dulles]] set out to bring into intelligence work, "a CIA officer in Eastern Europe" twenty years earlier. Smith quotes Coffin, from [[Jessica Mitford]]'s account of the Boston trial: "Stalin made Hitler look like a Boy Scout. I was very strongly anti-Soviet. In that frame of mind I watched the Korean War shape up. But I didn't follow it too closely, or question the causes. When I graduated from Yale in 1949, I was thinking of going into the CIA, but I went into the seminary instead. After a year at the Union Theological Seminary, when war with the Soviet Union seemed to be threatening, I quit to go into the CIA, hoping to be useful in the war effort." Smith adds that Coffin "remained with the Agency until 1953," and quotes him: "The CIA financed the non-Communist left; they gave with minimal strings attached. In those days, I had no quarrel with American policy, but, in retrospect, I wouldn't be so innocent and smirchless."[^30]
[[Frances Stonor Saunders]] listed Coffin among the prominent members of "the P source," her term for the agency's connection with the Ivy League, in which she called [[James Jesus Angleton]] "the vital link," and wrote that Coffin was recruited by Allen Dulles. In the same passage she named [[Archibald Roosevelt Jr.]] and his cousin [[Kermit Roosevelt]] among "Coffin's Ivy League recruits."[^31] A 1987 speech by [[Robert Gates|Robert M. Gates]], then the CIA's deputy director for intelligence, lists Coffin among academics who joined the agency. It says he left the Union Theological Seminary to join the CIA for the duration of the Korean War, before becoming chaplain at Yale, and that he recalled joining because "Stalin made Hitler look like a boy scout."[^32]
Later statements by Coffin on the period are reported by others. [[Mark Tooley]] quoted him as saying "Even as I was getting out of the CIA, the CIA was overthrowing Mossadegh in '53 in Iran; the next year the Arbenz government, duly elected in Guatemala, et cetera, et cetera."[^33] Sutton wrote that Coffin "spent three years with CIA and then became a leader of anti-Vietnam war activity."[^34]
### Skull and Bones
Rosenbaum's 1977 article in [[Esquire]] describes Coffin as a CIA Bonesman who later led the antiwar movement. Rosenbaum wrote that Coffin "headed for the C.I.A. not long after graduation from Bones," and that "the man Coffin tapped for Bones, William F. Buckley Jr., was himself tapped by the C.I.A. the following year." Rosenbaum wrote that when he tried to reach Coffin about CIA recruiting in Bones, he was told that Coffin was "in seclusion," writing his memoirs. Rosenbaum asked whether [[William P. Bundy]] and [[William F. Buckley Jr.|Buckley]], "both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," had found the society's experience useful as "training for the clandestine trade."[^12]
A 1977 [[Newsweek]] review of Coffin's memoir, [[Once to Every Man]], says that "Skull and Bones called him brother," and that the author had made "a mission to Hanoi" after his arrest for helping undergraduate draft resisters at Yale. The same review asks how he reconciled his Christian studies with "his concurrent decision to train agents to kill for the CIA."[^35] The 1988 profile of Bush records that Coffin and Bush were both members of the society.[^23] Sutton's text calls a Boston Five defendant "Henry Sloane Coffin, Jr. ('49)," but the appeal opinion names him William Sloane Coffin, Jr.[^19][^36]
### Union Theological Seminary and the Yale chaplaincy
Coffin studied divinity for a year at Union and was graduated from [[Yale Divinity School]] in 1956, when he was ordained in the [[Presbyterian Church]].[^1] Union's chapel was the site of his marriage in December 1956 to [[Eva Rubinstein]], a daughter of the pianist [[Artur Rubinstein]]; the same profile gives the marriage as lasting from 1956 to 1968 and records a second marriage to Harriet Harvey from 1969 to 1980.[^22] A 1977 review states that [[Reinhold Niebuhr]] and [[Richard Niebuhr]] taught him theology, that [[Arthur J. Goldberg]] defended him in court, and that [[Erik Erikson]] psychoanalyzed him.[^35]
The appointment of Coffin as Yale chaplain, effective July 1, was announced on March 17, 1958, when he was chaplain of [[Williams College]]. The announcement identified him as a nephew of the late Henry Sloane Coffin.[^3] On March 27, 1958, Dulles, then director of the CIA, wrote to Coffin about the appointment.[^37] The 1987 feature gave his Yale tenure as eighteen years.[^21] The Washington Times called him "Yale's freedom-riding chaplain," and recorded his friendships with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Andrew Young]].[^22]
In September 1964 Buckley wrote in his column "On the Right" that Coffin, who had urged Americans to pray for the defeat of [[Barry Goldwater]], had been on a speaking tour of [[India]] whose salary and expenses were paid by the United States government.[^38]
In March 1966 Coffin was listed as co-chairman, with [[Norman Thomas]], of a National Voters' Pledge Campaign on [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], whose advertisement invited readers to speak their minds on the war.[^39] In March 1967 Armando Chardiet, a professor at [[Southern Connecticut State College]], called Coffin and two correspondents of the [[New York Times]], [[Harrison E. Salisbury]] and [[Herbert L. Matthews]], "useful idiots" for the Communists in a talk to the [[Civitan Club]]. The New Haven Register reported that a colleague, [[Irving J. Stolberg]], took "strong exception" to Chardiet's remarks and called Coffin "a fine symbol for American youth."[^40]
### The Freedom Ride
In May 1961 Coffin joined a Freedom Ride with three white theology professors and three Black students. The group had met at Yale before leaving, and at that meeting Coffin criticized Southern ministers for failing to support the riders. The riders were arrested in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] and released on bail. In 1961 LIFE described him as a World War II veteran and a member of the [[Peace Corps]] Advisory Council. In his account for LIFE, Coffin wrote: "As Christians and Americans we couldn't not go on the Freedom Ride."[^41] In 1960 he had served with a [[Crossroads Africa]] group that built a community center in [[Mamou, Guinea|Mamou]], Guinea.[^1]
### The Boston Five
A grand jury in Boston indicted Coffin, [[Benjamin Spock]], [[Michael Ferber]], [[Mitchell Goodman]] and [[Marcus Raskin]] in January 1968 for conspiring to "counsel, aid and abet" registrants to evade service. *Time* reported that the charge carried up to five years in prison and a $10,000 fine, and that Coffin had collected draft cards at a rally at the [[Arlington Street Church]] and later turned them over to the Justice Department. It quoted Coffin on the day before the Pentagon march: "If they are now arrested for failing to comply with the law that violates their consciences, we too must be arrested, for in the sight of that law we are now as guilty as they."[^42] The prosecutor's papers at the Burns Library include a December 16, 1967 letter from Coffin to the FBI with an inventory of draft cards.[^43]
According to the appeal opinion, the case grew out of discussions among "a number of academic, clerical, and professional persons" in August 1967 that produced "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority" and a cover letter requesting signatures, signed by Spock, Coffin and two others. Coffin, Goodman, Spock and others spoke at a press conference in New York City on October 2, 1967 to launch the Call. On October 16 a draft-card burning and turn-in took place at the Arlington Street Church in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], arranged by Ferber and "participated in by Coffin."[^36] The press conference was chaired by Coffin. Goodman advanced a companion paper, signed also by Coffin, entitled "Civil Disobedience Against the War."[^44] The court wrote that Coffin "not only spoke but assisted in the collection of draft cards" at the church.[^45] The indictment charged a single count of conspiracy under section 12 of the Military Selective Service Act of 1967, and a fifth defendant was acquitted.[^36]
Coffin was represented on appeal by Arthur J. Goldberg of New York.[^46] *Time* reported in June 1968 that an all-male jury found Coffin, then 44, guilty together with Spock, 65, Ferber, 23, and Goodman, 44, that Raskin, 34, a former White House disarmament aide, was acquitted, and that the trial had run for 19 days. Coffin responded with the remark "I think they have confused the lightning bugs with the lightning."[^47] A CIA situation report of October 18, 1968, lists fall antiwar activities and notes that Spock and Coffin had been invited to speak at one of them.[^48]
On July 11, 1969, the [[First Circuit Court of Appeals]] opened its opinion with the sentence "We reverse." It held that the verdicts were set aside and the judgments vacated, ordered judgments entered for Spock and Ferber, and stated that "a new trial is ordered for the defendants Goodman and Coffin."[^36][^49] Judge Coffin, who the court noted shared a surname with one of the defendants, dissented in part and would have granted acquittals to all appellants.[^50]
### Riverside Church and SANE/FREEZE
Coffin became senior minister of Riverside Church in 1977. The 1987 feature describes Riverside as across the street from the Union Theological Seminary where his uncle had been president. Its critics in the church's Men's Class included Bryan Sterling, who acknowledged writing a newsletter editorial that accused Coffin of mismanagement and called Riverside a "notorious den for politicos of the left." The feature lists among the programs his opponents disliked a sanctuary for a Guatemalan refugee family and a fellowship group for gays and lesbians. In the interview he said, "Justice is central, not ancillary, to the Christian faith."[^21] In July 1982 Coffin wrote to the Rev. B. S. Hruby asking that The Messenger, the unsigned newsletter that the 1987 feature associates with the Men's Class, be printed and mailed from outside the church. He said that its personal attacks on staff and church members had continued after an agreement to stop them.[^51]
In July 1987 Coffin announced that he would resign effective December 31 to head a new disarmament organization in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] called [[SANE/FREEZE]], formed from the Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy and the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign.[^21] The Washington Times reported in January 1988 that he had become the first president of SANE/FREEZE and that its top priority for 1988 was passage of the INF treaty.[^22]
### The Tehran Christmas visit
At Christmas 1979 Coffin went to [[Iran]] with [[William Howard]], president of the [[National Council of Churches]], and [[Thomas Gumbleton]], an auxiliary bishop of [[Detroit]]. They held Christmas Day services for the hostages in [[Tehran]] and carried 33 messages to the families of hostages. The clergymen said they had the names of 43 hostages they had seen inside the embassy, while the State Department contended it was "quite positive" there were 50 prisoners. Coffin offered a theory that captives using double identities might account for the difference, and the dispatch noted that he had worked for the CIA before becoming a minister.[^52]
### Death
Coffin died at his home in Strafford, Vermont, on April 12, 2006, at the age of 81.[^28] The university announcement of his death records that from 1991 to 1995 he was the Anne Potter Wilson Distinguished Visiting Professor at Vanderbilt Divinity School.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: CIA Reading Room, "Bus-Riding Chaplain," newspaper profile of William Sloane Coffin Jr., May 1, 1961, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020007-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020007-6
[^2]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), index of members by class year, class of 1949 ("Coffin, William S. Jr."). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^3]: CIA Reading Room, "Former Infantry Officer Named Yale Chaplain," special dispatch to *The New York Times*, March 17, 1958, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020009-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020009-4
[^4]: Tim Weiner, *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA* (Doubleday, 2007), chapter 5, section "A Fundamentally Bad Idea," citing a Coffin interview with the author (2005) for the quotations. https://archive.org/details/legacy-of-ashes-the-history-of-the-cia-tim-weiner
[^5]: Vanderbilt University News, "The Rev. William Sloane Coffin dead at 81," April 14, 2006 (death on April 12 at his Vermont home; visiting professor at Vanderbilt Divinity School, 1991 to 1995). https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2006/04/14/the-rev-william-sloane-coffin-dead-at-81-59026
[^6]: *Widener, Dunton, Elkins, Broomall, and Allied Families* (1953), Sloane family chapter, pp. 125 to 127, on William Sloane (born 1810 or 1811; died May 23, 1879), his arrival in 1834, employment at Thompson and Company, the business at 245 Broadway, the partnership with his brother John and the name W. and J. Sloane, the later locations, the four sons in the business, the directorships in the Bigelow Carpet Company and Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company, and the abstract of his will. https://archive.org/details/widenerduntonelk00unse
[^7]: *Widener, Dunton, Elkins, Broomall, and Allied Families* (1953), Sloane family chapter, pp. 127 to 128, children of William and Euphemia (Douglas) Sloane, including "Euphemia, married, in New York City, February 3, 1874, Edmund Coffin, a merchant of New York City," and their sons Henry Sloane Coffin (born January 5, 1877; Yale 1897) and William Sloane Coffin (born April 15, 1879; Yale 1900). https://archive.org/details/widenerduntonelk00unse
[^8]: *Widener, Dunton, Elkins, Broomall, and Allied Families* (1953), Sloane family chapter, pp. 128 to 129, on Henry Thompson Sloane (Yale 1866; partner 1873; treasurer 1906 to 1925; the Sloane physics laboratory gifts of 1883 and 1912; listed societies including Skull and Bones). https://archive.org/details/widenerduntonelk00unse
[^9]: Sutton (1983), index of members by class year: Sloane, Henry Thompson (1866); Sloane, Thomas Chalmers (1868); Sloane, William (1895); Sloane, John (1905). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^10]: Sutton (1983), index of members by class year: Coffin, Henry Sloane (1897); Coffin, William Sloane (1900). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^11]: Sutton (1983), "Hypothesis Number One" chart and the text describing the families of old and new wealth, including the Sloane family labeled "Retail." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^12]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977, passages on Coffin, William F. Buckley Jr. and William P. Bundy. https://archive.org/details/print-article-the-last-secrets-of-skull-and-bones-esquire-september-1977
[^13]: Wayne Andrews, *The Vanderbilt Legend: The Story of the Vanderbilt Family, 1794-1940* (1941), passages on William Sloane, William Douglas Sloane, Emily Thorn Vanderbilt and their children. https://archive.org/details/vanderbiltlegend00andr
[^14]: CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP84-00022R000300060060-9, Military Intelligence Division correspondence, February 2 to March 27, 1922, concerning Mr. John Sloane. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000300060060-9
[^15]: *Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, vol. 28, March 1933, listing of officers after the trustees' meeting of February 20, 1933. https://archive.org/details/sim_metropolitan-museum-of-art-new-york-bulletin_1933-03_28_3
[^16]: *Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, vol. 29, January 1934, "William Sloane Coffin: In Memoriam" (minute of the trustees, December 18, 1933). https://archive.org/details/sim_metropolitan-museum-of-art-new-york-bulletin_1934-01_29_1
[^17]: *Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, vol. 29, February 1934, "George Blumenthal," and the January 1934 note on the special meeting of January 9, 1934. https://archive.org/details/sim_metropolitan-museum-of-art-new-york-bulletin_1934-02_29_2
[^18]: *Who's Who* 1935 (London: A. & C. Black), entry "Coffin, Rev. Henry Sloane, D.D.," born New York City, January 5, 1877, son of Edmund Coffin and Euphemia Sloane. https://archive.org/details/whoswho1935001355mbp
[^19]: Sutton (1983), passage on the Order's penetration of the church, including Union Theological Seminary, Henry Sloane Coffin's professorship and presidency, and "Henry Sloane Coffin, Jr. ('49) was one of the Boston Five indicted on federal conspiracy charges." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^20]: Sutton (1983), passage on the Order's role in "the forward motion of society," naming "a William Sloan Coffin and a Harry Payne Whitney (who financed the left)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^21]: CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100010069-7, feature on "Rev. William Sloane Coffin: Controversial Clergyman," July 26, 1987. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100010069-7
[^22]: Charlotte Hays, "The peace minister," *Washington Times*, January 20, 1988, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100010070-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100010070-5
[^23]: "The Ultimate Loyalist," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580046-1, August 22, 1988, profile of George H. W. Bush. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp99-01448r000401580046-1
[^24]: "Draft Reciprocal Agreement on Prisoners of War as Approved by the Combined Chiefs of Staff on February 8, 1945 (C.C.S. 777/2)," *Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945*, p. 754. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Malta
[^25]: *New Haven Register*, 1958, profile "New Yale Chaplain, Ex-CIA Agent, Believes Soft Life Hurting US," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020008-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020008-5
[^26]: Weiner, *Legacy of Ashes* (2007), chapter 5, on Frank Lindsay's resignation, and the chapter notes citing Lindsay's report of March 3, 1953, "A Program for the Development of New Cold War Instruments" (Dwight D. Eisenhower Library). https://archive.org/details/legacy-of-ashes-the-history-of-the-cia-tim-weiner
[^27]: Memorandum for the 303 Committee, "U.S. Policy on Support for Covert Action Involving Emigres Directed at the Soviet Union," December 12, 1969, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XII, Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970, document 106, pp. 321 to 322. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v12/d106
[^28]: John J. Burns Library, Boston College, authority record "Coffin, William Sloane, Jr., 1924-2006," biographical note (sourced to the H. W. Wilson biographical reference). https://findingaids.bc.edu/agents/people/2681
[^29]: Radio TV Reports, Inc., transcript of "Rev. Coffin Interviewed," *The Today Show*, WRC-TV, July 25, 1967, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020003-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020003-0
[^30]: R. Harris Smith, *OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency* (University of California Press, 1972), pp. 367 to 368, quoting Jessica Mitford, *The Trial of Dr. Spock* (New York, 1969), pp. 38 to 39. https://archive.org/details/oss-the-secret-history-of-americas-first-central-intelligence-agency
[^31]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters* (New Press, 1999; 2013 edition), passage on "the P source" and note 12 citing Mitford, *The Trial of Dr Spock* (London: Macdonald, 1969). https://archive.org/details/frances-stonor-saunders-the-cultural-cold-war-the-cia-and-the-world-of-arts-and-
[^32]: Robert M. Gates, "CIA and the University," address to the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, Tysons Corner, Virginia, October 10, 1987, CIA-RDP89G00720R000500070019-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp89g00720r000500070019-9
[^33]: Mark Tooley, "The Coffin Legacy," *The American Spectator*, September 22, 2006. https://spectator.org/46433_coffin-legacy/
[^34]: Sutton (1983), passage on the public positions of individual members, quoting "spent three years with CIA and then became a leader of anti-Vietnam war activity." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^35]: "Glamorous Activist," review of *Once to Every Man* by William Sloane Coffin Jr., *Newsweek*, October 24, 1977, CIA-RDP88-01350R000200160002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01350r000200160002-5
[^36]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 168 (1st Cir. 1969) (Nos. 7205-7208; heard January 7, 1969; decided July 11, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^37]: Allen W. Dulles to William Sloane Coffin Jr., March 27, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800030070-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r003800030070-3
[^38]: William F. Buckley Jr., "On the Right: Prayermongering Against Goldwater," column of September 25, 1964, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020004-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020004-9
[^39]: "Vote Now on Vietnam! You Can Speak Your Mind in the National Voters' Pledge Campaign," advertisement, March 13, 1966, CIA-RDP73-00475R000400060001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp73-00475r000400060001-7
[^40]: *New Haven Register*, 1967, report of a Civitan Club talk by Armando Chardiet, CIA-RDP75-00149R000700390024-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700390024-0
[^41]: William Sloane Coffin Jr., "Why Yale Chaplain Rode: Christians Can't Be Outside," as told to Ronald Bailey, *LIFE*, June 2, 1961, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300020005-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000300020005-8
[^42]: "The Draft: Doctor's Dilemma," *Time*, January 12, 1968 (the indictment; the Arlington Street Church draft cards; Coffin's statement before the Pentagon march). https://archive.org/details/time-1968-12-13
[^43]: John J. Burns Library, Boston College, John E. Wall legal papers pertaining to the trial of the Boston Five (MS-2008-010), "Coffin - letter to FBI, inventory of draft cards, 1967 December 16," Box 8, Folder 2. https://findingaids.bc.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/92392
[^44]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 174 to 175 (1st Cir. 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^45]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 178 (1st Cir. 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^46]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 166 to 167 (1st Cir. 1969) (counsel for the appellants). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^47]: "Trials: Cost of Counseling," *Time*, June 21, 1968 (the verdict; reproduced in the CIA Reading Room clippings file, document 00544404). https://archive.org/details/time-1968-12-13
[^48]: CIA Reading Room, "Situation Information Report 18 Oct 68: Activities of Possible Interest Tentatively Scheduled for the Fall of 1968," October 18, 1968, document 00018081. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00018081
[^49]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 183 (1st Cir. 1969) (disposition). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^50]: *United States v. Spock*, 416 F.2d 165, 169 n.6 and 184 (1st Cir. 1969) (opinion of Circuit Judge Coffin, dissenting in part). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/html/0165-01.html
[^51]: William Sloane Coffin Jr. to the Rev. B. S. Hruby, letter of July 22, 1982, on Riverside Church letterhead, CIA-RDP83M00914R002700220068-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r002700220068-9
[^52]: Wire dispatch datelined London ("Combined Dispatches") in the *New York Daily News*, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80B01554R003300180004-7, record dated January 20, 1980. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01554r003300180004-7

24
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md
View file

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ relations:
role: "national security adviser during the White House response to the Vela event"
start: 1979-09-22
end: 1980-12-01
fn: 3
fn: 5
---
[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval.
@ -25,16 +25,26 @@ relations:
Brzezinski dismissed suggestions from [[Menachem Begin|Prime Minister Begin]] that the U.S. should support [[Mehdi Bazargan|Mehdi Bazargan's]] government in [[Iran]] against the growing [[Iraq|Iraqi]] threat. Instead, Brzezinski and the Carter administration believed Iran should be allowed to disintegrate until a U.S.-supported leader emerged.[^1]
### Dresser drill bit memorandum, 1978" placed in chronological order among the page's 1978 material. The live page does not mention Dresser. Footnotes D1 and D2.
Insert-ready section:
### Dresser drill bit memorandum, 1978
On August 29, 1978 Brzezinski sent Jimmy Carter a memorandum on the [[Dresser Industries]] export licenses. It summarized a [[Defense Science Board]] assessment, which found deep-well drilling technology a critical technology wholly concentrated in the United States, rock drill bit manufacture critical, and tungsten carbide of military significance because it was easily diverted and not foreign-sourced at that scale of manufacture. The memorandum recommended a suspension of the licenses on national security and foreign policy grounds rather than revocation, and it described the State and Commerce decision as "clearly hasty." It warned that ignoring the report "would be to play into Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]]'s hands."[^2] Brzezinski wrote in *Power and Principle* that he learned of Commerce's August approval from the newspaper, and that [[James R. Schlesinger]] had opposed the deal.[^3]
### VELA Satellite Nuclear Incident
On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light from a region of about 3,000 miles in diameter that included the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the southern tip of Africa and part of Antarctica. The signal was a double flash of the kind associated with a nuclear explosion; a presidential science panel later judged it probably not nuclear.[^2] This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, was reported to Brzezinski and President Jimmy Carter. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that [[Gerald G. Oplinger]], Brzezinski's aide for global issues, recalled that Brzezinski was present at an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion, and that Brzezinski had little to say during this meeting.[^3] The summary of conclusions of the mini-Special Coordination Committee meeting held in the Situation Room on September 22, 1979 lists [[Henry Owen]] (chairman), William E. Odom, Jerry Schecter and Gerald Funk for the National Security Council. Owen "summed up the evidence as follows: Strong positive evidence. No negative evidence." The summary records that the meeting began with an intelligence briefing.[^4]
On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light from a region of about 3,000 miles in diameter that included the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the southern tip of Africa and part of Antarctica. The signal was a double flash of the kind associated with a nuclear explosion; a presidential science panel later judged it probably not nuclear.[^4] This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, was reported to Brzezinski and President Jimmy Carter. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that [[Gerald G. Oplinger]], Brzezinski's aide for global issues, recalled that Brzezinski was present at an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion, and that Brzezinski had little to say during this meeting.[^5] The summary of conclusions of the mini-Special Coordination Committee meeting held in the Situation Room on September 22, 1979 lists [[Henry Owen]] (chairman), William E. Odom, Jerry Schecter and Gerald Funk for the National Security Council. Owen "summed up the evidence as follows: Strong positive evidence. No negative evidence." The summary records that the meeting began with an intelligence briefing.[^6]
In September 1977 Brzezinski wrote to the secretary of state that, in response to Ambassador [[Samuel Lewis]]' cable from [[Tel Aviv]], the president "stated that it is obvious that past cooperation is excluded, and that we shouldn't push it any more for now." [[Gerard C. Smith]] replied on September 17, 1977 that the response was confined to the present and that "we could find it difficult to explain why we had accepted so reserved a response."[^5]
In September 1977 Brzezinski wrote to the secretary of state that, in response to Ambassador [[Samuel Lewis]]' cable from [[Tel Aviv]], the president "stated that it is obvious that past cooperation is excluded, and that we shouldn't push it any more for now." [[Gerard C. Smith]] replied on September 17, 1977 that the response was confined to the present and that "we could find it difficult to explain why we had accepted so reserved a response."[^7]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^2]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm ; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 362, September 23, 1979 ("south Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean, southern Africa, or Antarctica"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d362
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 361. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d361
[^5]: Brzezinski, Zbigniew, memorandum to the Secretary of State, "Possible Israeli-South African Nuclear Connection," September 13, 1977, Secret, and Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to Brzezinski, September 17, 1977. Documents 2 and 3 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^2]: Brzezinski to Carter, August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^3]: Same, editors' note 2, citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, *Power and Principle* (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), pp. 322 to 325.
[^4]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm ; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 362, September 23, 1979 ("south Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean, southern Africa, or Antarctica"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d362
[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 361. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d361
[^7]: Brzezinski, Zbigniew, memorandum to the Secretary of State, "Possible Israeli-South African Nuclear Connection," September 13, 1977, Secret, and Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to Brzezinski, September 17, 1977. Documents 2 and 3 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test