vault backup: 2026-10-27 00:25:03

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md

@@ -62,17 +62,17 @@ relations:
     reverse: true
     role: "2008 report on prewar public statements by Bush and Cheney"
     start: 2008-06-05
-    fn: 32
+    fn: 34
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Cheney v. United States District Court]]"
     role: "petitioner, Vice President"
     start: 2004-06-24
-    fn: 27
+    fn: 29
   - type: spouse_of
     with: "[[Lynne Cheney]]"
-    fn: 36
+    fn: 38
 created: 2026-09-22
-updated: 2026-10-15
+updated: 2026-10-26
 ---
 
 Richard Bruce Cheney was born in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]] on January 30, 1941, and grew up in [[Casper, Wyoming]]. He was a congressional fellow in 1968, worked at the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]] and the [[Cost of Living Council]], and was a vice president of the investment firm [[Bradley, Woods & Co.]] from 1973 to 1974. He was deputy assistant to President [[Gerald R. Ford]] in 1974 and 1975 and his chief of staff from 1975 to 1977. He represented Wyoming in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from January 3, 1979, until March 17, 1989, was [[Secretary of Defense]] from 1989 to 1993, was chief executive of [[Halliburton]] from 1995 to 2000, and was Vice President under [[George W. Bush]] from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009.[^1]
@@ -109,45 +109,47 @@ In February 1992 the Pentagon produced a draft [[Defense Planning Guidance]] for
 
 Cheney was chief executive of Halliburton from October 1995 to 2000. The company's FY1998 annual report, filed as an amendment, lists him as chief executive officer "since October 1995."[^15] The House biographical directory gives "chairman and chief executive office of the Halliburton Company 1993-2000" and, in the same entry, "senior fellow, American Enterprise Institute 1993-1995."[^1] [[Ray Hunt]] of [[Hunt Oil Company|Hunt Oil]] joined its board in 1998 (the 10-K/A lists a power of attorney he signed in October 1998 as a director) and went at once onto its compensation committee, which that year gave Cheney a bonus of 1.1 million dollars and restricted stock worth 1.5 million on a salary of 1.18 million.[^16] Halliburton, which acquired [[Dresser Industries]] in 1998, reported in the same filing that since 1976 approximately 190,000 claims had been filed against current and former Dresser divisions and subsidiaries alleging injury from inhaled asbestos fibers.[^15]
 
-On August 3, 2004, the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] announced enforcement actions against Halliburton, its former chief financial officer, Gary V. Morris, and its former controller, Robert C. Muchmore Jr., over the company's failure to disclose a 1998 change to its accounting practice. The commission said Halliburton's public statements about its 1998 and 1999 income were materially misleading. Halliburton agreed to a cease-and-desist order and to a $7.5 million penalty. The release stated that "the company's former Chief Executive Officer, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, provided sworn testimony and cooperated willingly and fully in the investigation."[^17]
+Cheney and [[William E. Bradford]], chairman and chief executive of Dresser Industries, met briefly on August 25, 1997, when the meeting concerned Halliburton's then pending acquisition of [[NUMAR Corporation]], and met again in Dallas on October 2, 1997. On January 17, 1998, during a customer's quail hunt in South Texas, they agreed to discuss the matter further in Dallas. At a Dallas meeting on January 27, 1998, Bradford said that Dresser was not for sale. Cheney then proposed a merger at an exchange ratio of 0.95 Halliburton share for each Dresser share, with Bradford as chairman of the combined company and Cheney and [[David J. Lesar]] keeping their Halliburton posts. Bradford said he would expect an improved exchange ratio.[^17] The merger agreement was dated as of February 25, 1998, and the final ratio was one Halliburton share for each Dresser share. The merger was completed on September 29, 1998.[^18]
 
-Halliburton's former subsidiary [[Kellogg, Brown & Root]] (KBR) pleaded guilty in February 2009 in federal court in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] to a five-count criminal information and agreed to pay $402 million in criminal fines. Halliburton and KBR jointly agreed to pay $177 million in forfeited profits to the SEC in a concurrent civil action, for a combined $579 million. The bribes were paid to officials of the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] government from 1995 until 2004 to win contracts to build liquefied natural gas facilities on [[Bonny Island]], valued at more than $6 billion.[^18] The payments began in 1995, the year Cheney became chief executive, and continued until 2004.
+On August 3, 2004, the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] announced enforcement actions against Halliburton, its former chief financial officer, Gary V. Morris, and its former controller, Robert C. Muchmore Jr., over the company's failure to disclose a 1998 change to its accounting practice. The commission said Halliburton's public statements about its 1998 and 1999 income were materially misleading. Halliburton agreed to a cease-and-desist order and to a $7.5 million penalty. The release stated that "the company's former Chief Executive Officer, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, provided sworn testimony and cooperated willingly and fully in the investigation."[^19]
 
-The Army's [[Logistics Civil Augmentation Program]] (LOGCAP) had been created in 1985; in 1992 its concept was changed to a single, centrally managed worldwide planning and services contract, and on August 3, 1992, during Cheney's tenure as Secretary of Defense, Brown and Root Services Corporation of Houston was awarded the contract competitively, a cost-plus-award-fee contract for one year with four option years. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] has administered it since 1992. Four companies competed, and a Commerce Business Daily notice drew 37 requests for the solicitation.[^19]
+Halliburton's former subsidiary [[Kellogg, Brown & Root]] (KBR) pleaded guilty in February 2009 in federal court in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] to a five-count criminal information and agreed to pay $402 million in criminal fines. Halliburton and KBR jointly agreed to pay $177 million in forfeited profits to the SEC in a concurrent civil action, for a combined $579 million. The bribes were paid to officials of the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] government from 1995 until 2004 to win contracts to build liquefied natural gas facilities on [[Bonny Island]], valued at more than $6 billion.[^20] The payments began in 1995, the year Cheney became chief executive, and continued until 2004.
 
-On December 11, 2003, the [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] issued a draft audit concluding that KBR had overcharged by up to $61 million for fuel imported into Iraq from Kuwait between May and September 2003 under the Restore Iraqi Oil contract; on January 15, 2004, the agency asked the Pentagon's inspector general to consider a formal investigation after finding "suspected irregularities."[^20] [[Bunnatine Greenhouse]], the Army Corps of Engineers' senior procurement executive, told the Senate Democratic Policy Committee on June 27, 2005 that "the abuse related to contracts awarded to KBR represents the most blatant and improper contract abuse I have witnessed during the course of my professional career." She testified that the Office of the Secretary of Defense controlled the award of the Restore Iraqi Oil contract, that she had written on the justification and approval document a caution against extending the noncompetitive effort beyond one year, that the commander of the Corps waived KBR's requirement to provide cost and pricing data about a week after the December 2003 audit without her approval, and that on October 6, 2004 she was notified that she would be removed from the Senior Executive Service and from her contracting post.[^21]
+The Army's [[Logistics Civil Augmentation Program]] (LOGCAP) had been created in 1985; in 1992 its concept was changed to a single, centrally managed worldwide planning and services contract, and on August 3, 1992, during Cheney's tenure as Secretary of Defense, Brown and Root Services Corporation of Houston was awarded the contract competitively, a cost-plus-award-fee contract for one year with four option years. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] has administered it since 1992. Four companies competed, and a Commerce Business Daily notice drew 37 requests for the solicitation.[^21]
+
+On December 11, 2003, the [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] issued a draft audit concluding that KBR had overcharged by up to $61 million for fuel imported into Iraq from Kuwait between May and September 2003 under the Restore Iraqi Oil contract; on January 15, 2004, the agency asked the Pentagon's inspector general to consider a formal investigation after finding "suspected irregularities."[^22] [[Bunnatine Greenhouse]], the Army Corps of Engineers' senior procurement executive, told the Senate Democratic Policy Committee on June 27, 2005 that "the abuse related to contracts awarded to KBR represents the most blatant and improper contract abuse I have witnessed during the course of my professional career." She testified that the Office of the Secretary of Defense controlled the award of the Restore Iraqi Oil contract, that she had written on the justification and approval document a caution against extending the noncompetitive effort beyond one year, that the commander of the Corps waived KBR's requirement to provide cost and pricing data about a week after the December 2003 audit without her approval, and that on October 6, 2004 she was notified that she would be removed from the Senior Executive Service and from her contracting post.[^23]
 
 ### Continuity of Government
 
-In 2008 [[Jane Mayer]] wrote in [[The Dark Side (Mayer book)|The Dark Side]] that during the 1980s Cheney, then a Republican congressman from Wyoming, took part in one of the classified continuity-of-government programs of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration. "Every year, usually during congressional recesses, Cheney would disappear in the dead of the night." Along with "some four or five dozen federal officials," Cheney "would pretend for several weeks to be chief of staff to a designated substitute 'president,' bivouacked in some remote location in the United States."[^22]
+In 2008 [[Jane Mayer]] wrote in [[The Dark Side (Mayer book)|The Dark Side]] that during the 1980s Cheney, then a Republican congressman from Wyoming, took part in one of the classified continuity-of-government programs of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration. "Every year, usually during congressional recesses, Cheney would disappear in the dead of the night." Along with "some four or five dozen federal officials," Cheney "would pretend for several weeks to be chief of staff to a designated substitute 'president,' bivouacked in some remote location in the United States."[^24]
 
-Mayer wrote that a secret executive order signed by Reagan established "a means of re-creating the executive branch without informing Congress," and that Cheney "was evidently unperturbed by this oversight." She wrote that "Mann and others have suggested that these doomsday drills were a dress rehearsal for Cheney's calm, commanding performance on 9/11," citing [[James Mann]]'s account of the neoconservatives in [[The Vulcans]]. Her excerpt describes an eyewitness diary that recorded Cheney's conduct in the [[Presidential Emergency Operations Center]] on September 11, 2001.[^22] [[Andrew Cockburn]] wrote in his 2007 book on Donald Rumsfeld that Rumsfeld "loved these games" and that "[t]here were others who were frequent players in the exercises, notably Dick Cheney," quoting a former Pentagon official: "Cheney and the others often had other priorities. Rumsfeld always came."[^23]
+Mayer wrote that a secret executive order signed by Reagan established "a means of re-creating the executive branch without informing Congress," and that Cheney "was evidently unperturbed by this oversight." She wrote that "Mann and others have suggested that these doomsday drills were a dress rehearsal for Cheney's calm, commanding performance on 9/11," citing [[James Mann]]'s account of the neoconservatives in [[The Vulcans]]. Her excerpt describes an eyewitness diary that recorded Cheney's conduct in the [[Presidential Emergency Operations Center]] on September 11, 2001.[^24] [[Andrew Cockburn]] wrote in his 2007 book on Donald Rumsfeld that Rumsfeld "loved these games" and that "[t]here were others who were frequent players in the exercises, notably Dick Cheney," quoting a former Pentagon official: "Cheney and the others often had other priorities. Rumsfeld always came."[^25]
 
 ### Vice President, 2001 to 2009
 
-On September 16, 2001, Cheney appeared on [[Meet the Press]] with [[Tim Russert]], broadcast from [[Camp David]]. The official White House transcript records: "We also have to work, though, sort of the dark side, if you will. We've got to spend time in the shadows in the intelligence world. A lot of what needs to be done here will have to be done quietly, without any discussion, using sources and methods that are available to our intelligence agencies, if we're going to be successful."[^24]
+On September 16, 2001, Cheney appeared on [[Meet the Press]] with [[Tim Russert]], broadcast from [[Camp David]]. The official White House transcript records: "We also have to work, though, sort of the dark side, if you will. We've got to spend time in the shadows in the intelligence world. A lot of what needs to be done here will have to be done quietly, without any discussion, using sources and methods that are available to our intelligence agencies, if we're going to be successful."[^26]
 
-The [[9/11 Commission]] records that the Secret Service ordered Cheney to the shelter beneath the White House after American Airlines Flight 77 turned south at 9:34 a.m., and that he entered the tunnel to the shelter at 9:37.[^25] The commission concluded that Cheney "arrived in the room shortly before 10:00, perhaps at 9:58." Cheney told the commission that he called the President to discuss the rules of engagement for a combat air patrol over Washington, and that the President "signed off" on the concept that pilots could shoot down a plane that would not divert. The report states that the President "emphasized to us that he had authorized the shootdown of hijacked aircraft."[^25] When a military aide reported an aircraft 80 miles out, between 10:10 and 10:15, the commission reports that the Vice President "authorized fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane." Scooter Libby described the reaction as quick and decisive, "in about the time it takes a batter to decide to swing." White House deputy chief of staff [[Joshua Bolten]] suggested that Cheney confirm the order with the President, and the report logs the call at 10:18.[^25]
+The [[9/11 Commission]] records that the Secret Service ordered Cheney to the shelter beneath the White House after American Airlines Flight 77 turned south at 9:34 a.m., and that he entered the tunnel to the shelter at 9:37.[^27] The commission concluded that Cheney "arrived in the room shortly before 10:00, perhaps at 9:58." Cheney told the commission that he called the President to discuss the rules of engagement for a combat air patrol over Washington, and that the President "signed off" on the concept that pilots could shoot down a plane that would not divert. The report states that the President "emphasized to us that he had authorized the shootdown of hijacked aircraft."[^27] When a military aide reported an aircraft 80 miles out, between 10:10 and 10:15, the commission reports that the Vice President "authorized fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane." Scooter Libby described the reaction as quick and decisive, "in about the time it takes a batter to decide to swing." White House deputy chief of staff [[Joshua Bolten]] suggested that Cheney confirm the order with the President, and the report logs the call at 10:18.[^27]
 
-On January 29, 2001, President Bush established the National Energy Policy Development Group with Cheney as chairman. The [[Government Accountability Office]] (then the General Accounting Office) demanded its records on July 18, 2001, reported to Congress on August 17, 2001 that the Vice President had persisted in refusing, and on February 22, 2002 sued for them, the first time it had used its statutory authority to sue an executive branch entity.[^26] [[Judicial Watch]] and the [[Sierra Club]] also sued under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court as [[Cheney v. United States District Court]]. The group had issued its final report five months after its creation. On June 24, 2004, Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] delivered the opinion of the Court, which vacated the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] and remanded the case, reported at 334 F.3d 1096.[^27]
+On January 29, 2001, President Bush established the National Energy Policy Development Group with Cheney as chairman. The [[Government Accountability Office]] (then the General Accounting Office) demanded its records on July 18, 2001, reported to Congress on August 17, 2001 that the Vice President had persisted in refusing, and on February 22, 2002 sued for them, the first time it had used its statutory authority to sue an executive branch entity.[^28] [[Judicial Watch]] and the [[Sierra Club]] also sued under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court as [[Cheney v. United States District Court]]. The group had issued its final report five months after its creation. On June 24, 2004, Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] delivered the opinion of the Court, which vacated the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] and remanded the case, reported at 334 F.3d 1096.[^29]
 
-On August 26, 2002, in a speech to the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] convention in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Cheney said that during the spring of 1995 inspectors were on the verge of declaring Iraq's chemical weapons and missile programs accounted for, "[t]hen Saddam's son-in-law suddenly defected and began sharing information," and that "[t]hat should serve as a reminder to all that we often learned more as the result of defections than we learned from the inspection regime itself."[^28] The son-in-law was [[Hussein Kamel]]. The record of his debriefing by [[Rolf Ekeus]] of [[UNSCOM]] and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] on August 22, 1995 has Kamel saying: "All weapons - biological, chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed."[^29]
+On August 26, 2002, in a speech to the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] convention in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Cheney said that during the spring of 1995 inspectors were on the verge of declaring Iraq's chemical weapons and missile programs accounted for, "[t]hen Saddam's son-in-law suddenly defected and began sharing information," and that "[t]hat should serve as a reminder to all that we often learned more as the result of defections than we learned from the inspection regime itself."[^30] The son-in-law was [[Hussein Kamel]]. The record of his debriefing by [[Rolf Ekeus]] of [[UNSCOM]] and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] on August 22, 1995 has Kamel saying: "All weapons - biological, chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed."[^31]
 
-I. Lewis Libby, Cheney's chief of staff, was indicted on October 28, 2005, in the CIA leak investigation of the disclosure of the identity of [[Valerie Plame]], a CIA officer. At the press conference announcing the indictment, special counsel [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] said: "We make no allegation that the Vice President committed any criminal act."[^30] Libby was sentenced on June 22, 2007 to 30 months' imprisonment, two years of supervised release and a $250,000 fine. On July 2, 2007, President Bush commuted the prison term to expire immediately and left the supervised release and the rest of the sentence in effect.[^31]
+I. Lewis Libby, Cheney's chief of staff, was indicted on October 28, 2005, in the CIA leak investigation of the disclosure of the identity of [[Valerie Plame]], a CIA officer. At the press conference announcing the indictment, special counsel [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] said: "We make no allegation that the Vice President committed any criminal act."[^32] Libby was sentenced on June 22, 2007 to 30 months' imprisonment, two years of supervised release and a $250,000 fine. On July 2, 2007, President Bush commuted the prison term to expire immediately and left the supervised release and the rest of the sentence in effect.[^33]
 
-The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's report of June 5, 2008, on prewar public statements, found that "statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that [[Saddam Hussein]] was prepared to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were contradicted by available intelligence information." It also found that statements "by President Bush and Vice President Cheney regarding the postwar situation in Iraq . . . did not reflect the concerns and uncertainties expressed in the intelligence products."[^32]
+The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's report of June 5, 2008, on prewar public statements, found that "statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that [[Saddam Hussein]] was prepared to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were contradicted by available intelligence information." It also found that statements "by President Bush and Vice President Cheney regarding the postwar situation in Iraq . . . did not reflect the concerns and uncertainties expressed in the intelligence products."[^34]
 
-The [[Senate Armed Services Committee]]'s inquiry into the treatment of detainees, dated November 20, 2008, records that the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]'s opinions of August 1, 2002 were issued "after consultation with senior Administration attorneys, including then White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and then-Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^33]
+The [[Senate Armed Services Committee]]'s inquiry into the treatment of detainees, dated November 20, 2008, records that the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]'s opinions of August 1, 2002 were issued "after consultation with senior Administration attorneys, including then White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and then-Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^35]
 
-The Inspectors General of the Justice, Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, [[NSA|National Security Agency]] and Office of the Director of National Intelligence reviewed the President's Surveillance Program under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. Their unclassified report of July 10, 2009 states that "[c]ertain senior officials either declined or did not respond to our requests to be interviewed for this review, including Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^34]
+The Inspectors General of the Justice, Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, [[NSA|National Security Agency]] and Office of the Director of National Intelligence reviewed the President's Surveillance Program under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. Their unclassified report of July 10, 2009 states that "[c]ertain senior officials either declined or did not respond to our requests to be interviewed for this review, including Counsel to the Vice President David Addington."[^36]
 
 ### Allegations
 
-[[Cathy O'Brien]], who describes herself as a survivor of [[Project Monarch]] mind control, named Cheney among officials she said abused her, in *Trance Formation of America* (1995, with Mark Phillips). Her claims about named officials are uncorroborated.[^35]
+[[Cathy O'Brien]], who describes herself as a survivor of [[Project Monarch]] mind control, named Cheney among officials she said abused her, in *Trance Formation of America* (1995, with Mark Phillips). Her claims about named officials are uncorroborated.[^37]
 
 ### Death
 
-Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statement from his family.[^36] The family wrote that "his beloved wife of 61 years, Lynne, his daughters, Liz and Mary, and other family members were with him as he passed," and that "the former vice president died due to complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease."[^37] George W. Bush called his death "a loss to the nation and a sorrow to his friends."[^36]
+Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statement from his family.[^38] The family wrote that "his beloved wife of 61 years, Lynne, his daughters, Liz and Mary, and other family members were with him as he passed," and that "the former vice president died due to complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease."[^39] George W. Bush called his death "a loss to the nation and a sorrow to his friends."[^38]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -167,24 +169,26 @@ Cheney died on Monday, November 3, 2025, at the age of 84, according to a statem
 [^14]: PBS, FRONTLINE, "Iraq," 1992 theme page (excerpts of the 1992 Defense Planning Guidance and its leak). https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/themes/1992.html
 [^15]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K/A for fiscal 1998, executive officer table (Richard B. Cheney, "Chief Executive Officer, since October 1995") and Dresser asbestos litigation discussion ("Since 1976, approximately 190,000 claims have been filed"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000045012/000093066100000032/0000930661-00-000032.txt
 [^16]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission.
-[^17]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Press Release 2004-104, "SEC Charges Halliburton and Two Former Officers for Failure to Disclose a 1998 Change in Accounting Practice," August 3, 2004. https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-104.htm
-[^18]: PBS, FRONTLINE/World, "KBR Hit With Record Bribery Fine," February 2009, reporting the Justice Department announcement of February 11, 2009 and the plea, fine and forfeiture figures. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/02/kbr-hit-with-record-bribery-fine.html
-[^19]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Contingency Operations: Opportunities to Improve the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program,* GAO/NSIAD-97-63, February 11, 1997. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63.htm
-[^20]: Strohm, Chris. "Pentagon auditors request Halliburton probe." *Government Executive,* January 15, 2004. https://govexec.com/defense/2004/01/pentagon-auditors-request-halliburton-probe/15746; Associated Press, "Halliburton: $61M Overcharge?" CBS News, December 12, 2003. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/halliburton-61m-overcharge/
-[^21]: Greenhouse, Bunnatine H. Statement, Senate Democratic Policy Committee hearing, "An Oversight Hearing on Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in U.S. Government Contracting in Iraq," June 27, 2005. http://dpc.senate.gov/hearings/hearing22/greenhouse.pdf (Wayback capture of July 8, 2008).
-[^22]: Mayer, Jane. *The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals* (New York: Doubleday, 2008), excerpt published by NPR and WFAE, July 15, 2008, passages on the continuity-of-government exercise and the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. https://www.wfae.org/2008-07-15/excerpt-the-dark-side.
-[^23]: Cockburn, Andrew. *Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy* (New York: Scribner, 2007), excerpt published as "When Rummy Tried to Nuke Russia," Salon, February 26, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/35849
-[^24]: Office of the Vice President, transcript, "The Vice President appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russert," September 16, 2001, George W. Bush White House archive. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html
-[^25]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (2004), ch. 1, "We Have Some Planes," pp. 39-42, notes 209-221. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
-[^26]: Congressional Research Service, *Walker v. Cheney: Statutory and Constitutional Issues Arising From the General Accounting Office's Suit Against the Vice President,* RL31397, May 1, 2002. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31397.html
-[^27]: *Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia,* 542 U.S. 367 (2004), No. 03-475, opinion of Justice Kennedy, decided June 24, 2004, on writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 334 F.3d 1096, vacated and remanded. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-475.ZC.html
-[^28]: Office of the Press Secretary, "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," remarks of the Vice President, August 26, 2002, White House archive (Wayback capture of August 27, 2002). http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html
-[^29]: UNSCOM/IAEA, "Interview with Hussein Kamal on 22 August 1995," p. 13, marked "UNSCOM/IAEA Sensitive." https://www.casi.org.uk/info/unscom950822.pdf; Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
-[^30]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Special Counsel, remarks of Patrick J. Fitzgerald, press conference on the indictment of I. Lewis Libby, October 28, 2005 (Exhibit E to the Government's filing of March 17, 2006). https://www.justice.gov/archive/osc/documents/2006_03_17_exhibits_e_g.pdf
-[^31]: The White House, "Grant of Executive Clemency for Lewis Libby," Proclamation, July 2, 2007, reciting the judgment in *United States v. Libby,* Crim. No. 05-394 (RBW), imposed June 22, 2007. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-4.html
-[^32]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, press release, "Senate Intelligence Committee Unveils Final Phase II Reports on Prewar Iraq Intelligence," June 5, 2008, summarizing the committee's report on whether public statements regarding Iraq were substantiated by intelligence. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/2008/06/05/press-senate-intelligence-committee-unveils-final-phase-ii-reports-prewar-iraq-intelligence/
-[^33]: U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, *Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody,* Committee Print, November 20, 2008, PDF pp. 17 and 29. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Detainee-Report-Final_April-22-2009.pdf
-[^34]: Offices of the Inspectors General of the Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Unclassified Report on the President's Surveillance Program,* July 10, 2009, preface (review required under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008). Also at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2009/psp-oigs_090710-01.htm
-[^35]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995.
-[^36]: WLOS, "Former Vice President Dick Cheney dies at 84," Tennessee Newspaper Network (TNND) report of the family statement and the statement by President George W. Bush, November 4, 2025. https://wlos.com/news/nation-world/former-vice-president-dick-cheney-dies-at-84-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-public-service-george-w-bush-wyoming-chief-of-staff-republican-conservative
-[^37]: Green River Star, "Former VP Dick Cheney dies at 84," November 6, 2025 (family statement; death "on Monday, November 3"). https://www.greenriverstar.com/story/2025/11/06/news/former-vp-dick-cheney-dies-at-84/13300.html
+[^17]: Halliburton Company, Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed May 18, 1998 (accession 0000930661-98-001212), "Background of the Merger." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000930661-98-001212.txt
+[^18]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998 (accession 0000045012-98-000034), Note 10 (merger agreement executed February 25, 1998; approximately 175 million shares issued to Dresser holders), and Form 10-K for fiscal 1998, filed March 23, 1999 (accession 0000045012-99-000005), note on the Dresser merger (completed September 29, 1998). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000045012-98-000034.txt
+[^19]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Press Release 2004-104, "SEC Charges Halliburton and Two Former Officers for Failure to Disclose a 1998 Change in Accounting Practice," August 3, 2004. https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-104.htm
+[^20]: PBS, FRONTLINE/World, "KBR Hit With Record Bribery Fine," February 2009, reporting the Justice Department announcement of February 11, 2009 and the plea, fine and forfeiture figures. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/02/kbr-hit-with-record-bribery-fine.html
+[^21]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Contingency Operations: Opportunities to Improve the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program,* GAO/NSIAD-97-63, February 11, 1997. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-97-63.htm
+[^22]: Strohm, Chris. "Pentagon auditors request Halliburton probe." *Government Executive,* January 15, 2004. https://govexec.com/defense/2004/01/pentagon-auditors-request-halliburton-probe/15746; Associated Press, "Halliburton: $61M Overcharge?" CBS News, December 12, 2003. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/halliburton-61m-overcharge/
+[^23]: Greenhouse, Bunnatine H. Statement, Senate Democratic Policy Committee hearing, "An Oversight Hearing on Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in U.S. Government Contracting in Iraq," June 27, 2005. http://dpc.senate.gov/hearings/hearing22/greenhouse.pdf (Wayback capture of July 8, 2008).
+[^24]: Mayer, Jane. *The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals* (New York: Doubleday, 2008), excerpt published by NPR and WFAE, July 15, 2008, passages on the continuity-of-government exercise and the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. https://www.wfae.org/2008-07-15/excerpt-the-dark-side.
+[^25]: Cockburn, Andrew. *Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy* (New York: Scribner, 2007), excerpt published as "When Rummy Tried to Nuke Russia," Salon, February 26, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/35849
+[^26]: Office of the Vice President, transcript, "The Vice President appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russert," September 16, 2001, George W. Bush White House archive. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html
+[^27]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (2004), ch. 1, "We Have Some Planes," pp. 39-42, notes 209-221. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
+[^28]: Congressional Research Service, *Walker v. Cheney: Statutory and Constitutional Issues Arising From the General Accounting Office's Suit Against the Vice President,* RL31397, May 1, 2002. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31397.html
+[^29]: *Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia,* 542 U.S. 367 (2004), No. 03-475, opinion of Justice Kennedy, decided June 24, 2004, on writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 334 F.3d 1096, vacated and remanded. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-475.ZC.html
+[^30]: Office of the Press Secretary, "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," remarks of the Vice President, August 26, 2002, White House archive (Wayback capture of August 27, 2002). http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html
+[^31]: UNSCOM/IAEA, "Interview with Hussein Kamal on 22 August 1995," p. 13, marked "UNSCOM/IAEA Sensitive." https://www.casi.org.uk/info/unscom950822.pdf; Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
+[^32]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Special Counsel, remarks of Patrick J. Fitzgerald, press conference on the indictment of I. Lewis Libby, October 28, 2005 (Exhibit E to the Government's filing of March 17, 2006). https://www.justice.gov/archive/osc/documents/2006_03_17_exhibits_e_g.pdf
+[^33]: The White House, "Grant of Executive Clemency for Lewis Libby," Proclamation, July 2, 2007, reciting the judgment in *United States v. Libby,* Crim. No. 05-394 (RBW), imposed June 22, 2007. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-4.html
+[^34]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, press release, "Senate Intelligence Committee Unveils Final Phase II Reports on Prewar Iraq Intelligence," June 5, 2008, summarizing the committee's report on whether public statements regarding Iraq were substantiated by intelligence. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/2008/06/05/press-senate-intelligence-committee-unveils-final-phase-ii-reports-prewar-iraq-intelligence/
+[^35]: U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, *Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody,* Committee Print, November 20, 2008, PDF pp. 17 and 29. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Detainee-Report-Final_April-22-2009.pdf
+[^36]: Offices of the Inspectors General of the Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Unclassified Report on the President's Surveillance Program,* July 10, 2009, preface (review required under Title III of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008). Also at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2009/psp-oigs_090710-01.htm
+[^37]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995.
+[^38]: WLOS, "Former Vice President Dick Cheney dies at 84," Tennessee Newspaper Network (TNND) report of the family statement and the statement by President George W. Bush, November 4, 2025. https://wlos.com/news/nation-world/former-vice-president-dick-cheney-dies-at-84-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-public-service-george-w-bush-wyoming-chief-of-staff-republican-conservative
+[^39]: Green River Star, "Former VP Dick Cheney dies at 84," November 6, 2025 (family statement; death "on Monday, November 3"). https://www.greenriverstar.com/story/2025/11/06/news/former-vp-dick-cheney-dies-at-84/13300.html