disinfozone/The_Info_Web
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

vault backup: 2026-10-27 00:25:03

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
disinfo.zone 2026-10-27 00:25:03 -04:00
parent fee42b73b8
commit 974685db34
No known key found for this signature in database
71 changed files with 10752 additions and 1921 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

314
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Alphonso Taft.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
---
aliases:
- Alphonso Taft
- Alphonzo Taft
- Judge Alphonso Taft
- Judge Alphonzo Taft
- Alonzo Taft
category: "Political Figure"
tags:
- Person
- SkullAndBones
- YaleUniversity
- PhiBetaKappa
- Cincinnati
- BibleInSchools
- GrantAdministration
- SecretaryOfWar
- AttorneyGeneral
- ElectoralCount1877
- Belknap
- PosseComitatus
- EadsJetties
- AustriaHungary
- RussianEmpire
- TaftFamily
- Antioch
- Sutton
summary: "Alphonso Taft, Yale 1833 and named co-founder of Skull and Bones, Cincinnati judge whose Bible dissent figured in his 1875 defeat for the Ohio governorship nomination, and Grant's Secretary of War and Attorney General."
born: 1810-11-05
died: 1891-05-21
location: "Cincinnati, Ohio"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1832
role: "named co-founder with William Huntington Russell; Bagg dates the founding to 1832, Sutton to 1833"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[Phi Beta Kappa]]"
role: "member, Connecticut Alpha chapter, listed in the August 1838 catalogue"
fn: 8
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Yale University]]"
start: 1835
end: 1837
role: "tutor"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Yale University]]"
start: 1872
end: 1882
role: "member of the Yale Corporation, elected by the alumni"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of War]]"
start: 1876-03-11
end: 1876-05
role: "Secretary of War"
fn: 26
- type: head_of
with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
start: 1876-05
end: 1877-03
role: "Attorney General of the United States"
fn: 39
- type: appointed
with: "[[Ulysses S. Grant]]"
start: 1876-03
end: 1877-03
role: "Secretary of War, then Attorney General"
fn: 39
- type: appointed
with: "[[Chester A. Arthur]]"
start: 1882-04-26
end: 1884-08-25
role: "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria-Hungary"
fn: 60
- type: appointed
with: "[[Chester A. Arthur]]"
start: 1884-07-04
end: 1885-07-31
role: "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia"
fn: 60
- type: director_of
with: "[[Antioch College]]"
role: "trustee, per G. Stanley Hall's memoir"
fn: 74
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Charles Phelps Taft]]"
start: 1871
end: 1879
role: "partner, firm of A. Taft & Sons, Cincinnati, with his sons Charles and Peter Rawson Taft"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William Howard Taft]]"
role: "son (second marriage)"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Charles Phelps Taft]]"
role: "son (first marriage)"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Peter Rawson Taft]]"
role: "son (first marriage)"
fn: 72
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Horace Dutton Taft]]"
role: "son (second marriage)"
fn: 73
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry Waters Taft]]"
role: "son (second marriage)"
fn: 73
---
Alphonso Taft (November 5, 1810 to May 21, 1891) was a tutor at [[Yale University]], a judge of the [[Superior Court of Cincinnati]], Secretary of War and then Attorney General under President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], and United States minister to [[Austria-Hungary]] and to [[Russia]]. He is named as a co-founder of [[Skull and Bones]] with [[William Huntington Russell]], and he was the father of [[William Howard Taft]].
### Early life and Yale
Taft was born in [[Townshend, Vermont]] on November 5, 1810, the only child of [[Peter Rawson Taft (Vermont)|Peter Rawson Taft]] and [[Sylvia Howard Taft|Sylvia (Howard) Taft]], both natives of [[Worcester County, Massachusetts]].[^1] The Yale record for William Howard Taft describes the father as a judge of [[Windham County, Vermont|Windham County]].[^2] Taft graduated from Yale in 1833 and then taught for two years at the high school in [[Ellington, Connecticut]]. He was a tutor at Yale for an equal period, and while a tutor and for a year afterward he gave his leisure to the study of law.[^1] Yale conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws on him in 1867.[^1]
### Skull and Bones
Three accounts of the founding of Skull and Bones name Taft, and they differ on the year.
[[Lyman Bagg]] wrote in 1871 that "The society was originated in 1832 by fifteen members of the class which graduated the following year. General Russell, the valedictorian of that class, is its reputed founder, and the best known of his associates is Judge Alphonso Taft of Cincinnati."[^3] Bagg wrote that the founder was then serving as a tutor, and that "Some injustice in the conferring of [[Phi Beta Kappa]] elections seems to have led to its establishment."[^3] He added that the "popular college tradition, that it was transplanted from a German university, is scouted by old neutral graduates as absurd."[^4]
[[David A. Richards]] wrote in the [[Yale Alumni Magazine]] in 2015 that "The society had been founded in 1832." He wrote that "The conception seems to have been that of the 1833 valedictorian, class orator, and secretary of Phi Beta Kappa, William Huntington Russell," and that "He was joined as a founder by Alphonso Taft, future father of US president William Howard Taft, Class of 1878."[^5] Richards also reported that the members first called themselves the [[Eulogian Club]].[^5]
[[Antony C. Sutton]] dated the founding to 1833. He wrote that "The American chapter of this German order was founded in 1833 at Yale University by General William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft who, in 1876, became Secretary of War in the Grant Administration."[^6] He also wrote that "the two founding members, William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft, went far," and that Taft "was Secretary of War in 1876 - the first of several members of The Order to hold this post down into the 1950s."[^7]
The [[Connecticut Alpha]] catalogue of Phi Beta Kappa for August 1838 lists "Alphonso Taft, Esq., C.A.S., Tut. Y. C." and "William Huntington Russell, M.D., C.A.S., Tut. Y. C.," so both men are listed as tutors of Yale College.[^8]
### Bar and Cincinnati practice
Taft was admitted to the bar at [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] in August 1838. In January 1840 he settled in Cincinnati, [[Ohio]], where his obituary record says he "gained eventually an extensive practice."[^1] He served on the Cincinnati [[Common Council]] from 1847 to 1849 and for twenty-five years on the city's [[Board of Education]].[^1]
Taft was the Republican candidate for Congress in 1856. He ran against [[George H. Pendleton]] and lost.[^1] He joined the [[Yale Corporation]] in 1872, the year members of that body were for the first time elected by the alumni, and held the seat until he declined to stand again in 1882.[^1]
### Superior Court judge and the Bible case
In 1865 Taft was appointed to a vacancy on the Superior Court of Cincinnati, and he was twice elected to the same seat, the second time by a unanimous vote of both parties, according to his obituary record.[^1] He resigned in 1871 to return to private practice with two of his sons.[^1] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], then governor of Ohio, received requests for a candidate for the seat that November. Hayes wrote on November 10, 1871 that the letter was "the fourth or fifth letter naming a candidate for Taft's place," and that he would try to select "the choice of the bar."[^9]
The Cincinnati Board of Education adopted two resolutions on November 1, 1869. The first read: "Resolved, That religious instruction and the reading of religious books, including the Holy Bible, are prohibited in the common schools of Cincinnati, it being the true object and interest of this rule, to allow the children of the parents of all sects and opinions, in matters of faith and worship, to enjoy alike the benefit of the common school fund." The second repealed the rule requiring the opening exercises in every department to begin with a reading from the Bible and appropriate singing.[^10] Taxpayers of the city, with John D. Minor first among the plaintiffs, sued in the Superior Court of Cincinnati to enjoin both resolutions. The General Term heard the case on November 30, 1869, with Judges Storer, Taft and Hagans on the bench.[^11]
Judge Hagans delivered the first opinion for the injunction and closed it with the words "THE INJUNCTION MUST BE PERPETUAL."[^12] Judge Storer, whose opinion followed, wrote that "the resolutions prohibiting the Bible and all religious instruction are ultra vires, and therefore void," and that "A majority of the Court are of this opinion, and a perpetual injunction will be therefore decreed, as prayed for in the petition."[^13] The judgment was entered on February 18, 1870.[^14]
Taft dissented in an opinion that runs from page 390 to page 418 of the printed record. He opened with "I regret to find myself in a minority on this question. Nothing but a sense of duty has induced me to prepare a dissenting opinion."[^10] He read the first resolution as the Board's statement that its object was "to allow the children of parents of all sects and opinions in matters of faith and worship, to enjoy alike the benefit of the common school fund," and wrote that the proceeding "evinces no hostility on the part of the Board of Education to the Bible, to religion, or religious teaching, but rather a neutrality toward all the sects, which could not be otherwise maintained, and which had become essential to religious peace."[^15]
The plaintiffs relied on the clause of the Ohio Bill of Rights that makes it the duty of the General Assembly "to pass suitable laws, to protect every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction." Taft noted that "It is not claimed that the General Assembly has passed any law requiring religious teaching in the common schools."[^16] He wrote that the clause did not designate common schools, that the sixth article of the 1852 constitution barred any sect from "any exclusive right to, or control of, any part of the school fund," and that "The religion of the Bill of Rights, is not sectarian religion."[^17] He quoted [[Thomas M. Cooley]]'s *Constitutional Limitations* for the propositions that "It is not toleration which is established in our system, but religious equality" and that "all support of religious instruction must be entirely voluntary."[^18]
His conclusion read: "The Bible is not banished, nor is religion degraded or abused. The Board have simply aimed to free the common schools from any just conscientious objections, by confining them to secular instruction, and moral and intellectual training." He held that the Board "had the power to pass both the first and the second of these Resolutions," and that "this Court has no lawful authority to restrain it from acting under either of them."[^18]
The case went to the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]]. In December 1872 the court reversed the Superior Court judgment. Judge Welch wrote that "We are not called upon as a court, nor are we authorized to say whether the Christian religion is the best and only true religion." He wrote that counsel had "elaborately discussed questions of state policy, morality, and religion, which, in our judgment, do not belong to the case."[^19] The opinion concluded that "It follows that the judgment of the Superior Court will be reversed, and the original petition dismissed."[^19]
The obituary record attributes Taft's failure to win the 1875 Republican nomination for governor of Ohio to the opinion, which he had delivered "while on the bench on the question of the Bible in the schools."[^1] Hayes wrote in his diary in early June 1875 that "Judge Taft, of Cincinnati, is an able and good man. But he had such a record on the Bible question in the schools that his nomination was impossible."[^20] He reported the convention vote as "396 for me, 151 for Taft," and wrote that the nomination was made unanimous "on motion of a friend of Taft, Major Bickham."[^21] Hayes wrote that a dispatch from the secretary of the convention stated that, "on behalf of his father, Charles P. Taft had moved my nomination by acclamation."[^21] Hayes had sent a dispatch to Richard Smith, "a leader in the struggle for Judge Taft," saying: "I cannot allow my name to be used in opposition to Judge Taft. He became a candidate after I declined. He is an able and pure man and a sound Republican. I would not accept a nomination obtained by a contest with him."[^21] On June 5, 1875 Hayes wrote to Alphonso Taft: "I write to thank you in the sincerest and heartiest way for your action on my nomination."[^22] Hayes's diary entry of the same days sets out the campaign as he saw it: "I think the interesting point is to rebuke the Democracy by a defeat for subserviency to Roman Catholic demands," and his notes for the canvass list "The Bible in the Public Schools" as a topic.[^23]
### Secretary of War, March to May 1876
The House committee on expenditures in the [[Department of War]], chaired by [[Hiester Clymer]], reported on March 2, 1876 that it had found "at the very threshold of their investigation" evidence of malfeasance by [[William W. Belknap]], then Secretary of War. The report stated that the President's letter accepting Belknap's resignation reached the committee at eleven o'clock that morning, and that the President had told the committee the resignation was accepted about twenty minutes past ten.[^24] The House voted unanimously that day to impeach him.[^24] The articles were exhibited to the Senate on April 4, 1876. Article I charged that on October 8, 1870 Belknap had promised the post-tradership at [[Fort Sill]] to [[Caleb P. Marsh]], and that Marsh and the post-trader [[John S. Evans]] then agreed in writing that Evans would pay Marsh $12,000 a year, "payable quarterly in advance," for as long as Marsh controlled the appointment.[^25]
Taft entered the department as Belknap's successor. The Army and Navy Journal reported that he called on the President on Saturday, March 11, 1876, in company with Secretaries Robeson and Chandler, and that Chief Justice [[Morrison R. Waite]] administered the oath of office there, after which the new Secretary "proceeded to the War Department and began the duties of his office."[^26] A written argument printed in the Senate trial record states that "the President has nominated and the Senate confirmed Mr. Taft as successor to an office rendered vacant by Belknap's resignation."[^27] Belknap's own plea in the trial states that he resigned at "ten o' clock and twenty minutes in the forenoon" of March 2.[^28] The Adjutant General, [[Edward D. Townsend]], later testified in the trial that he had served under Secretaries Stanton, Rawlins, Grant, Schofield, Belknap, Taft and Cameron.[^29]
On April 6, 1876 the department issued General Orders No. 28 over the signature of the Adjutant General "By order of the Secretary of War": "The Headquarters of the Army are hereby re-established at Washington City, and all orders and instructions relative to military operations, or affecting the military control and discipline of the Army, issued by the President through the Secretary of War, shall be promulgated through the General of the Army, and the Departments of the Adjutant-General and the Inspector-General shall report to him and be under his control in all matters relating thereto." Press dispatches of April 5 printed the order over Taft's name.[^30]
[[George A. Custer]], lieutenant colonel of the 7th Cavalry, appeared before the Clymer committee on March 29, 1876. The Army and Navy Journal's summary of his testimony states that he said it was the common belief among Army officers who had served on the Missouri that Belknap was a silent partner of the traders, that the post trader at Fort Abraham Lincoln told him of annual payments to named generals, and that when [[Orvil Grant]] and a man named Bonnafon went up the Missouri to arrange a transfer of Indian posts, Custer furnished them with transportation.[^31] On May 13 the journal printed papers that General Townsend had transmitted to Belknap "in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary of War" concerning the corn transaction at Fort Abraham Lincoln that Custer had mentioned in his testimony, together with a letter of May 2 from Lieutenant General [[Philip H. Sheridan]] to Belknap on the transfer of the Sixth Infantry.[^32] The May 27 issue printed an account, attributed to a New York Tribune correspondent, of Custer's release from the Dakota expedition. It states that Custer, "fearing that the Court of Impeachment would detain him," had sought to be excused from attendance, and that the President "gave his disapproval to it, ordering that another officer be detailed to command the expedition."[^33]
In the House debate on the Army appropriation bill in June 1876, members said that the original estimates drawn under Belknap had been revised by Taft, who "reduced the amount $5,604,000."[^34]
On May 9, 1876 the engineer [[James B. Eads]], then building the jetties at the South Pass of the [[Mississippi River]], telegraphed Taft from New Orleans: "Please instruct Gen. C. B. Comstock, now at Port Eads, to sound channel between jetties with me," adding that Major Howell of the Engineers "has published a misstatement affecting public confidence in my work." Eads recorded that a dispatch from the Secretary of War four days later said General [[Cyrus B. Comstock]] "had previously received authority and instructions for a complete survey of the jetty channel."[^35] On May 23 Eads wrote to Taft that the Chief of Engineers, General [[Andrew A. Humphreys]], and Major [[Charles W. Howell]] had urged the Fort St. Philip canal against the jetty plan before Congress.[^36]
On May 18, 1876, still as Secretary of War, Taft wrote to Hayes about Hayes's prospects for the Republican presidential nomination: "it really seems to me that your chances are stronger than those of any other man."[^37] [[J. Donald Cameron]] succeeded him as Secretary of War.[^38]
### Attorney General: opinions
Taft held the Attorney Generalship from May 1876 until the end of the administration in March 1877.[^39] His opinions are printed in volume 15 of the *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, between those of [[Edwards Pierrepont]] and [[Charles Devens]].[^40] His opinion of July 5, 1876 on the claim of [[John D. Sanborn]] held that the Treasury circulars offering "a reward for taxes recovered by reason of information furnished by the claimant" were authorized by statute, but that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue's rate of compensation in each case needed the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, and he wrote that on that point he agreed with the opinion of his predecessor Pierrepont dated March 27, 1876.[^41] On July 7, 1876 he declined to give an official opinion on a fee claimed by Vann and Adair from the Osage Indians at the request of a congressional committee, writing that "the Attorney-General has no warrant to act outside of the statutes which define his office."[^42] His opinion of September 1, 1876 held that the two-year limitation of the 103rd Article of War applies to desertion.[^43] On June 2, 1876 he had held, on a call from the Secretary of War dated May 5, that a quartermaster's clerk is amenable to a court-martial under the 60th Article of War.[^44]
On January 17, 1877, in an opinion to Cameron, he held that the first $500,000 installment to Eads and his associates under the act of March 3, 1875 was payable when the channel at the mouth of the South Pass was 20 feet deep and 200 feet wide, although the same depth had not been obtained through the shoal at the head of the pass, and he relied on a report of Army engineers to the Secretary of War dated November 19, 1876 that the channel through the shoal "is a part of that pass."[^45]
### The election of 1876
A circular of instructions from Taft to United States marshals, printed by the New York Times on September 5, 1876, stated that in elections at which members of the House are chosen, "the United States secure voters against whatever in general hinders or presents them from a free exercise of the elective franchise," and told each marshal that "you will be held responsible for all breaches of the peace of the United States which diligence on your part might have prevented." It advised that the marshal and each deputy had the right to summon "every person in the district above fifteen years of age," including "the military of all denominations," meaning militia, soldiers and marines, who are "alike bound to obey you," and that "They are still the posse comitatus."[^46] In a speech reported by the Times on October 26, 1876, Taft said the order "relates to the election of Federal officers only" and that, as to the recent Supreme Court decision, "there was no conflict."[^47]
Correspondence to Taft in the Senate's South Carolina compilation shows the information reaching him. The United States marshal for South Carolina, [[R. M. Wallace]], wrote on July 17, 1876, after the killings of members of a Black militia company at [[Hamburg, South Carolina|Hamburg]], that a detachment of United States soldiers under an officer of known Republican sentiments should be stationed there, and that to insure a peaceful election soldiers would be needed at the court-houses of Edgefield, Laurens, Spartanburg and Union.[^48] The district attorney, [[D. T. Corbin]], asked on August 21 that an experienced detective be sent to South Carolina to investigate conspiracies against Black citizens in several counties.[^49] Wallace wrote on August 25 that rifle and saber clubs "openly declare that they intend to carry the coming election" and that "a liberal supply of United States troops can alone prevent mobocracy and bloodshed."[^50] On October 11 Governor [[Daniel H. Chamberlain]] applied for national aid on the ground of "insurrection and domestic violence" in Aiken, Barnwell and Edgefield counties.[^51] Grant issued his proclamation on South Carolina on October 17, 1876, and the War Department, under Cameron, ordered General Sherman to concentrate available troops under General [[Thomas H. Ruger]] at Columbia.[^52]
After the election, in early December 1876, Taft telegraphed Chamberlain, as Attorney General: "The President thinks that you should exercise your own resources as governor in behalf of the legislature which you have recognized by assisting it to purge itself of unauthorized persons. If you are resisted in this, General Ruger has been instructed to enforce your authority."[^53] A dispatch from Grant to General Ruger in the same days said: "To be plain, I want to avoid anything like an unlawful use of the military."[^53]
On December 6, 1876 Hayes telegraphed Taft, as Attorney General, that "The whole story referred to in your letter is a fabrication. Nothing of the sort occurred. Assure my friends of this." Taft's letter had reported that the [[Cincinnati Enquirer]] was circulating "An absurd story" that Hayes had committed himself at an interview with a man "who was acting for Southern Democracy," and that the story had been "so represented to the President by some person as to annoy him a little." Taft added: "By the way, I think it possible, that that story as to the interview with you, was intended to cool off the zeal of the President in maintaining the cause of the party in the South."[^54]
On December 22, 1876 [[John Sherman]] wrote to Hayes that he had "joined with [[Oliver P. Morton|Morton]] in a written request that Judge Taft would stop and speak to you fully the strong feeling of the President in regard to a gentleman high in position in this country, and he has agreed to do so."[^55] Hayes replied to Sherman on December 25 that he had "met Judge Taft and Governor [[William Dennison]]" and that "There will not be the slightest difficulty growing out of the matter you refer to."[^56] On December 29 Hayes wrote to [[Samuel Shellabarger]]: "in case our adversaries go to law with us, I shall want you to assist the Attorney-General."[^57]
The [[Electoral Commission]] was created by act of Congress approved January 29, 1877.[^58] In the Commission's [[Louisiana]] argument, the Louisiana jurist [[John A. Campbell]], one of the counsel in support of the objection to the first and third certificates, said that "under the opinion of the Attorney-General of the United States, large detachments of the Army were placed in various parts of the States, so that they might be 'bystanders,' I think was the language of the opinion, to serve as a sort of posse comitatus in the event that the marshal should find any use for that sort of assistance." In the same speech he said that the marshal of the district "appointed eight hundred deputies for [[New Orleans]] and fifteen hundred deputies for the country, to attend the polls in the country."[^59]
### Minister to Austria-Hungary
President [[Chester A. Arthur]] appointed Taft minister to Austria on April 26, 1882. Taft presented his credentials at [[Vienna]] on June 30, 1882, and left the post on August 25, 1884.[^60]
His despatches from Vienna concern naturalized Americans. In a despatch of November 20, 1882, Taft reported that persons residing in the Empire were claiming protection as naturalized citizens of the United States.[^61] The [[Department of State]] replied on January 18, 1883.[^62]
A second cluster concerned American meat. On November 28, 1882, Taft reported a proposal in the Vienna press to extend the prohibition of pork to all kinds of American meats.[^61] The Department replied on January 19, 1883 that "The existence of trichinae in beef has never before been suggested."[^62]
In 1884 Taft reported cases of naturalized Americans called up for military service in [[Hungary]]. In March 1884 he reported another such case.[^63] In May 1884 he reported that a man named in the despatch had been released from military service on his application, and wrote that this was "the first case which has arisen where the facts directly involved the point and were acted upon."[^63]
In an August 12, 1884 despatch Taft reported that [[Count Gustav Kálnoky]], the foreign minister, had said that "the laws of the Empire prohibit the going round of agents for the purpose of proselyting to Mormonism and leading people away under that pretext."[^64]
### Minister to Russia
Arthur appointed Taft minister to Russia on July 4, 1884. His credentials were presented at [[Saint Petersburg]] on September 3, 1884, and he presented his recall on July 31, 1885.[^60] The obituary record gives August 1885 as the end of the mission.[^39]
The Russian despatches concern the treatment of foreign Jews. On December 18, 1884, Secretary of State [[Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] wrote that [[S. S. Cox]], a member of the House, had addressed the Department on a report that the Russian minister of the interior had ordered the expulsion of foreign Hebrews holding passports from [[Odessa]] and other cities, unless they also held residence permits.[^65] Taft replied on January 17, 1885 that "There is undoubtedly such an order as you describe in force; but it is not limited to Jews."[^66] He wrote that "The difficulty is that the Government, in granting permits and licenses, discriminates against foreign Jews," and that the foreign ministry held that under Article I of the 1832 treaty American citizens had protection only on the "condition that they submit to the laws and ordinances established there."[^66]
On March 18, 1885 Taft forwarded the foreign ministry's answer to Secretary of State [[Thomas F. Bayard]].[^67] On March 30, 1885 Bayard wrote about the testimonials Congress had voted to those who had succored the survivors of the [[Jeannette Expedition]].[^68] On May 25, 1885 Bayard wrote about the arrest in Russia of an American citizen.[^69]
### The Taft family
He delivered a "Historical Address" at the Taft family meeting at [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]] on August 12, 1874.[^70] He said that "The first of our progenitors in this country was [[Robert Taft (Braintree)|Robert Taft]]," and that "His first appearance in America, as far as we have been able to trace him, was in connection with his house and lot in [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], which we find him owning in 1678." He went on to say that "In the year 1679, he made arrangements to move to [[Mendon, Massachusetts|Mendon]]." Robert Taft died in February 1725, at an age that Taft thought was "not less than eighty-five years."[^70]
Sutton's chart places "TAFT FAMILY (1679, Braintree, Mass.)" among the old-line families of "THE ORDER."[^71] Taft's address dates the Braintree holding to 1678 and the move to Mendon to 1679.[^70]
Taft's first wife was [[Fanny Phelps Taft|Fanny (Phelps) Taft]], the daughter of [[Charles Phelps (Townshend)|Charles Phelps]] of Townshend, Vermont.[^2] They married on August 29, 1841, and she died on June 2, 1852.[^39] Their sons included [[Peter Rawson Taft]], Yale 1867, born in Cincinnati and died at his father's residence on June 3, 1889.[^72] Their surviving son Charles Phelps Taft, Yale 1864, was born in Cincinnati on December 21, 1843 and died there on December 31, 1929. He practiced in the firm of [[A. Taft & Sons]] with his father and his brother Peter from 1871 to 1879, then edited the Cincinnati Times, which became the [[Cincinnati Times-Star]], and served in Congress from 1895 to 1897.[^2]
Taft married [[Louisa Maria Torrey]], the daughter of Samuel D. Torrey of [[Millbury, Massachusetts]], on December 26, 1853.[^39] Their children included William Howard Taft, born in Cincinnati on September 15, 1857 and Yale 1878, who died March 8, 1930.[^2] [[Henry Waters Taft]], Yale 1880, was living in [[New York City]] in 1943.[^73] [[Horace Dutton Taft]] was born in Cincinnati on December 28, 1861 and graduated from Yale in 1883. His obituary record lists Skull and Bones among his Yale societies and says that he studied in Vienna in 1883 and 1884, the years his father was minister to Austria-Hungary.[^73] Horace founded the [[Taft School]] in 1890 and was its headmaster until 1936. He died in [[Watertown, Connecticut]] on January 28, 1943.[^73] A daughter by the second marriage was living in [[El Cajon, California]] in 1943.[^73]
### Antioch College
[[G. Stanley Hall]], the psychologist, wrote of his years teaching at Antioch that he sometimes had to preach in the Unitarian church in Cincinnati, where he met Dr. Mayo, Dr. Vickers and Judge Stallo, and "occasionally spent a Sunday with the Tafts." He wrote that "Ex-President Taft was then a boy and his father, Judge Alonzo Taft, was a trustee of [[Antioch College]]."[^74]
Antony C. Sutton wrote that [[Horace Mann]] was the first president of Antioch, from 1853 to 1860, and that "The most prominent trustee of Antioch College was none other than the co-founder of The Order, Alphonso Taft."[^75] He also wrote that "the Tafts (The Order) were the most powerful trustees of Antioch."[^76] In his discussion of Mann's promotion of the look-say method of reading, Sutton offered two possible reasons and gave the first as Mann's 1853 appointment to Antioch, adding that "The most influential Trustee of Antioch College was the co-founder of The Order," and naming Alphonso Taft.[^77] Hall's name for the judge is "Alonzo," which Sutton quotes with "(sic)."[^74][^75]
### Death
Taft spent the last months of his life in [[San Diego, California]], where he died on May 21, 1891, in his eighty-first year.[^39] His obituary record states that "The integrity and purity of his character were universally acknowledged in all his connection with the public service" and describes his reputation at the bar and on the bench as that of "a sound, learned, and upright lawyer."[^39]
### Footnotes
[^1]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1890-91* (New Haven: Yale University, 1891), entry for Alphonso Taft, class of 1833, p. 18 (birth at Townshend and parents; Ellington high school and tutorship; admission to the bar at New Haven in August 1838; Cincinnati from January 1840; the 1856 candidacy against Pendleton; Common Council 1847 to 1849; Board of Education for twenty-five years; Superior Court from 1865; resignation in 1871; Yale Corporation from 1872; LL.D. 1867; the 1875 nomination and the Bible opinion). https://web.archive.org/web/2024/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1859_1924/1890-91.pdf
[^2]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1929-1930* (New Haven: Yale University, 1930), entry for Charles Phelps Taft, B.A. 1864 (mother Fanny Phelps Taft, daughter of Judge Charles Phelps of Townshend, Vermont; firm of A. Taft & Sons; Cincinnati Times-Star; Congress 1895 to 1897), and entry for William Howard Taft, B.A. 1878 (father described as a judge of Windham County, Vermont; born September 15, 1857), pp. 69 to 72. https://web.archive.org/web/2024/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1925_1952/1929-30.pdf
[^3]: Lyman Bagg, *Four Years at Yale* (New Haven: Henry Holt, 1871), p. 146 (founding in 1832; Russell as reputed founder; Taft as best known associate; founder then serving as tutor; the Phi Beta Kappa election dispute). https://archive.org/details/fouryearsatyale00baggrich
[^4]: Bagg, *Four Years at Yale*, p. 146 (the college tradition of a German university origin "scouted by old neutral graduates as absurd"). https://archive.org/details/fouryearsatyale00baggrich
[^5]: David A. Richards, "The origins of the tomb," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, 2015, on the founding in 1832, the conception attributed to Russell, Taft as cofounder, and the Eulogian Club. https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/4072-the-origins-of-the-tomb
[^6]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones* (1983), passage on the 1833 founding by Russell and Taft. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^7]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, passage beginning "By contrast, the two founding members, William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft, went far," on Taft's offices as Secretary of War 1876, Attorney General 1876 to 1877, minister to Austria 1882 to 1884 and to Russia 1884 to 1885. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^8]: *Catalogue of the Connecticut Alpha of the Phi Beta Kappa* (August 1838), list of members, entries for Alphonso Taft and William Huntington Russell, each listed as "Tut. Y. C." https://archive.org/details/catalogueofconne00phib
[^9]: Rutherford B. Hayes, *Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes*, vol. 3 (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1922), letter of November 10, 1871 (Columbus), pp. 172 to 173. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^10]: *The Bible in the Public Schools. Arguments in the case of John D. Minor et al. versus the Board of Education of the City of Cincinnati et al., with the opinions and decision of the court* (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1870), "Opinion of Judge Taft," p. 390 (opening sentences; the text of both resolutions of November 1, 1869). https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^11]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), orders setting the case for the General Term on Monday, November 30, 1869, "Judges Storer, Taft, and Hagans upon the bench." https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^12]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Hagans," pp. 351 to 372, ending "THE INJUNCTION MUST BE PERPETUAL." https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^13]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Storer," pp. 373 to 389 (the passages quoted are on p. 389). https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^14]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), p. 418, judgment of February 18, 1870 finding the resolutions of November 1, 1869 "passed without warrant or authority in law." https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^15]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Taft," pp. 390 to 392. https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^16]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Taft," p. 393 (the Bill of Rights clause relied on by the plaintiffs and the absence of a statute requiring religious teaching). https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^17]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Taft," pp. 394 to 395 ("The religion of the Bill of Rights, is not sectarian religion," p. 395). https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^18]: *The Bible in the Public Schools* (1870), "Opinion of Judge Taft," pp. 416 to 418 (Cooley passages, pp. 416 to 417; "The Bible is not banished" and the conclusions, p. 417). https://archive.org/details/caseofjdminor00minorich
[^19]: *Board of Education of the City of Cincinnati v. Minor*, 23 Ohio St. 211 (1872), decided December 1872; opinion by Welch, J., reversing the Superior Court judgment and dismissing the original petition. Harvard Caselaw Access Project: https://static.case.law/ohio-st/23/cases/0211-01.json
[^20]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, diary entry for early June 1875 after the Columbus convention, p. 273. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^21]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, pp. 273 to 274 (dispatch to Richard Smith; the vote "396 for me, 151 for Taft"; Major Bickham's motion; the secretary's dispatch on Charles P. Taft's motion). https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^22]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, letter of June 5, 1875 (Fremont, Ohio) to "Honorable A. Taft, Cincinnati," p. 275. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^23]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, p. 274 (the entry of acceptance and the "Roman Catholic demands" sentence; notes for June 4, 1875 on "The Bible in the Public Schools"). https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^24]: *Proceedings of the Senate sitting for the trial of William W. Belknap, late secretary of war, on the articles of impeachment* (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1876), pp. 1 to 2 (report of the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, March 2, 1876, Mr. Clymer, chairman; unanimous adoption of the impeachment resolutions). https://archive.org/details/proceedingssena00housgoog
[^25]: *Proceedings of the Senate sitting for the trial of William W. Belknap* (1876), pp. 8 to 10 (articles exhibited Tuesday, April 4, 1876; Article I and the agreement of October 8, 1870 between Marsh and Evans). https://archive.org/details/proceedingssena00housgoog
[^26]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 32 (March 18, 1876), news item on the oath of office taken by "Judge Taft" on Saturday, March 11. https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-03-18_13_32
[^27]: *Proceedings of the Senate sitting for the trial of William W. Belknap* (1876), p. 141 (written argument on jurisdiction). https://archive.org/details/proceedingssena00housgoog
[^28]: *Proceedings of the Senate sitting for the trial of William W. Belknap* (1876), p. 30 (the pleading stating that Belknap resigned "at ten o' clock and twenty minutes in the forenoon" of March 2, 1876). https://archive.org/details/proceedingssena00housgoog
[^29]: *Proceedings of the Senate sitting for the trial of William W. Belknap* (1876), p. 663 (examination of General Townsend on the Secretaries of War under whom he had acted as Adjutant General). https://archive.org/details/proceedingssena00housgoog
[^30]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 36 (April 15, 1876), p. 576, General Orders No. 28, War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, April 6, 1876. https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-04-15_13_36 ; Atlanta *Constitution*, April 6, 1876, dispatch from Washington dated April 5, "signed Alphonso Taft, secretary of war." https://archive.org/details/per_atlanta-constitution_1876-04-06_8_250
[^31]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 34 (April 1, 1876), summary of Custer's testimony before the committee on expenditures in the War Department. https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-04-01_13_34
[^32]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 40 (May 13, 1876), papers on the Fort Abraham Lincoln corn transaction and the transfer of the Sixth Infantry, including Sheridan's letter of May 2, 1876. https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-05-13_13_40
[^33]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 42 (May 27, 1876), "General Custer's Rank and Command." https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-05-27_13_42
[^34]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 46 (June 24, 1876), report of the House debate on the Army appropriation bill. https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-06-24_13_46
[^35]: Elmer L. Corthell, *A History of the Jetties at the Mouth of the Mississippi River* (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1880), pp. 100 to 101 (Eads to Taft, New Orleans, May 9, 1876, and the reply four days later). https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjetties03cortgoog
[^36]: Corthell, *A History of the Jetties* (1880), Appendix VIII, "Letter from Jas. B. Eads to the Secretary of War," New Orleans, May 23, 1876, pp. 278 to 279. https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjetties03cortgoog
[^37]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, entry for May 21, 1876, quoting Taft's note of May 18, 1876 as Secretary of War, pp. 320 to 321. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^38]: *Army and Navy Journal* 13, no. 46 (June 24, 1876), masthead listing "J. Donald Cameron, Secretary of War." https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1876-06-24_13_46
[^39]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1890-91*, entry for Alphonso Taft, pp. 18 to 19 (Secretary of War in March 1876, Attorney General two months later to March 1877; ministries to Austria and Russia to August 1885; "integrity and purity" and "sound, learned, and upright lawyer"; San Diego; death May 21, 1891; marriages of August 29, 1841 and December 26, 1853, with Louisa M. Torrey, daughter of Samuel D. Torrey of Millbury). https://web.archive.org/web/2024/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1859_1924/1890-91.pdf
[^40]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States*, ed. A. J. Bentley, vol. 15 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880), title page and contents (opinions of Pierrepont, Taft and Devens). https://archive.org/details/officialopinion10justgoog
[^41]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, vol. 15, "Sanborn Contract," 15 Op. Att'y Gen. 133 to 138, July 5, 1876. https://archive.org/details/officialopinion10justgoog
[^42]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, vol. 15, "Duty of Attorney-General," 15 Op. Att'y Gen. 138 to 139, July 7, 1876. https://archive.org/details/officialopinion10justgoog
[^43]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, vol. 15, "Desertion, Limitation for Offense of," 15 Op. Att'y Gen. 152, September 1, 1876. https://archive.org/details/officialopinion10justgoog
[^44]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, vol. 16, opinion of Attorney General Devens reciting Taft's opinion of June 2, 1876 on the call of the Secretary of War dated May 5, 1876. https://archive.org/details/officialopinion02justgoog
[^45]: *Official Opinions of the Attorneys General*, vol. 15, "Improvement of South Pass of the Mississippi," 15 Op. Att'y Gen. 183 to 185, January 17, 1877. https://archive.org/details/officialopinion10justgoog
[^46]: "The Southern Elections," *New York Times*, September 5, 1876, Taft's letter of instructions to United States marshals, as excerpted in Howard Gillman, Mark A. Graber and Keith E. Whittington, *American Constitutionalism*, vol. 2, supplementary material for chapter 7 (Oxford University Press, 2013). https://learninglink.oup.com/protected/files/content/file/1623305781305-attorney.pdf
[^47]: "Speech of Hon. Alphonso Taft," *New York Times*, October 26, 1876, pp. 1 to 2, as excerpted in Gillman, Graber and Whittington, *American Constitutionalism*, vol. 2, supplementary material for chapter 7. https://learninglink.oup.com/protected/files/content/file/1623305781305-attorney.pdf
[^48]: "South Carolina in 1876," Part IV, "Letters and reports to the government, July 17 to November 29, 1876," in *Senate Miscellaneous Documents*, 44th Congress, 2d session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877), pp. 89 to 90, letter of Marshal Wallace to Attorney General Taft, Charleston, July 17, 1876. https://archive.org/details/11361771bsb
[^49]: "South Carolina in 1876," Part IV, pp. 89 to 91, letter of District Attorney D. T. Corbin to Taft, Greenville, August 21, 1876. https://archive.org/details/11361771bsb
[^50]: "South Carolina in 1876," Part IV, p. 91, letter of Marshal Wallace to Taft, Chester, August 25, 1876. https://archive.org/details/11361771bsb
[^51]: "South Carolina in 1876," Part IV, letter of Governor Chamberlain, Columbia, October 11, 1876, "Gov. Chamberlain's call for national aid," p. 95. https://archive.org/details/11361771bsb
[^52]: *Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances, 1787-1903*, Senate Document 209, 57th Congress, 2d session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903), pp. 183 to 184 (proclamation of October 17, 1876; Cameron to Sherman, War Department, October 17, 1876). https://archive.org/details/federalaidindom00offigoog
[^53]: *Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances, 1787-1903*, pp. 185 to 186 (Taft's telegram to Chamberlain, the second dispatch of Grant to General Ruger, December 1876). https://archive.org/details/federalaidindom00offigoog
[^54]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, Hayes's telegram to Taft as Attorney General, dated December 6, 1876, with Taft's letter quoted in the footnote, pp. 386 to 387. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^55]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, letter of John Sherman to Hayes, Senate Chamber, December 22, 1876, pp. 394 to 395. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^56]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, Hayes to Sherman, Columbus, December 25, 1876, p. 393. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^57]: Hayes, *Diary and Letters*, vol. 3, Hayes to Shellabarger, Columbus, December 29, 1876, p. 395. https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich
[^58]: *Proceedings of the Electoral Commission appointed under the act of Congress approved January 29, 1877* (Washington, 1877). https://archive.org/details/electoralcommission00presrich
[^59]: *Electoral Count of 1877: Proceedings of the Electoral Commission and of the two Houses of Congress* (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877), argument of Hon. John A. Campbell on the Louisiana returns, p. 402. https://archive.org/details/electoralcount00washrich
[^60]: Office of the Historian, United States Department of State, "Alphonso Taft (1810-1891)," Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Austria (appointed April 26, 1882; credentials presented June 30, 1882; left post August 25, 1884) and Russia (appointed July 4, 1884; credentials presented September 3, 1884; recall presented July 31, 1885). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/taft-alphonso
[^61]: Taft to Frelinghuysen, Vienna, November 20, 1882 (No. 5) and November 28, 1882 (No. 6), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1883. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1883/d5 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1883/d6
[^62]: Department of State to Taft, January 18, 1883 (No. 7) and January 19, 1883 (No. 8), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1883. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1883/d7 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1883/d8
[^63]: Taft to Frelinghuysen, Vienna, March 17, 1884 (No. 7) and May 13, 1884 (No. 8), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1884. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1884/d7 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1884/d8
[^64]: Taft to Frelinghuysen, Vienna, August 12, 1884 (No. 10), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1884. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1884/d10
[^65]: Frelinghuysen to Taft, Washington, December 18, 1884 (No. 496), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1885. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1885/d496
[^66]: Taft to Frelinghuysen, St. Petersburg, January 17, 1885 (No. 497), *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1885. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1885/d497
[^67]: Taft to Bayard, St. Petersburg, March 18, 1885 (No. 498), enclosing the foreign ministry's answer, *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1885. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1885/d498
[^68]: Bayard to Taft, Washington, March 30, 1885 (No. 499), with the sundry civil act of March 3, 1885 on testimonials to Russian aid to the survivors of the Jeannette expedition, *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1885. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1885/d499
[^69]: Bayard to Taft, Washington, May 25, 1885 (No. 500), with the enclosed correspondence on the arrest, *Foreign Relations of the United States* 1885. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1885/d500
[^70]: *Taft Family Gathering. Proceedings of the Meeting of the Taft Family, at Uxbridge, Mass., August 12, 1874*, "Historical Address" by Judge Alphonso Taft of Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 14 to 15. https://archive.org/details/taftfamilygather00uxbr
[^71]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, chart "Hypothesis Number One," entry "TAFT FAMILY (1679, Braintree, Mass.)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^72]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University, deceased from June, 1880, to June, 1890* (New Haven: Yale University, 1890), entry for Peter Rawson Taft, class of 1867, p. 616 (born in Cincinnati; died at his father's residence on June 3, 1889). https://archive.org/details/1880t90obituary00yaleuoft
[^73]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1942-1943* (New Haven: Yale University, 1943), entry for Horace Dutton Taft, B.A. 1883, pp. 14 to 15 (born December 28, 1861 in Cincinnati; Skull and Bones; studied in Vienna 1883 to 1884; founder of the Taft School 1890; died January 28, 1943 in Watertown, Connecticut; surviving brother Henry W. Taft, '80, of New York City; surviving sister in El Cajon, California). https://web.archive.org/web/2024/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1925_1952/1942-43.pdf
[^74]: G. Stanley Hall, *Life and Confessions of a Psychologist* (New York: D. Appleton, 1923), p. 200, chapter "Germany, Antioch College" (the Unitarian church in Cincinnati; the Sundays with the Tafts; Judge Taft as a trustee of Antioch). https://archive.org/details/lifeconfessionso0000gsta
[^75]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, passage on Antioch College: Horace Mann as first president (1853 to 1860), "The most prominent trustee of Antioch College was none other than the co-founder of The Order, Alphonso Taft," with Hall quoted from *Confessions*, p. 201 in Sutton's citation. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^76]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, passage on the Tafts as trustees of Antioch ("the Tafts (The Order) were the most powerful trustees of Antioch"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^77]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, memorandum on Horace Mann and the look-say method of reading ("First, in 1853 Mann was appointed President of Antioch College. The most influential Trustee of Antioch College was the co-founder of The Order"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones

83
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cyrus Vance.md
View file

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ born: 1917-03-27
died: 2002-01
location: "New York, New York"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ relations:
role: "trustee; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977"
start: 1970
end: 1977
fn: 24
fn: 25
- type: director_of
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
role: "trustee again until retirement on June 30, 1982"
start: 1980
end: 1982-06-30
fn: 24
fn: 25
- type: appointed
with: "[[Jimmy Carter]]"
reverse: true
@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ relations:
role: "head of the expert group"
start: 1978-09-05
end: 1978-09-17
fn: 19
fn: 20
- type: director_of
with: "[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]"
role: "Class C director; chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1989 to 1991"
start: 1989-01
fn: 25
fn: 26
- type: head_of
with: "[[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]]"
role: "cochairman"
@ -144,27 +144,27 @@ relations:
- type: director_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
role: "director, term expiring 1987 per the 1984-1985 annual report; member of the Executive Committee"
fn: 27
fn: 28
- type: funded
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
role: "individual donor of 10,000 dollars or more to the council campaign, 1984-1985"
start: 1984
end: 1985
fn: 27
fn: 28
- type: appointed
with: "[[United Nations]]"
reverse: true
role: "Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia"
start: 1991-10-08
end: 1993-05
fn: 28
fn: 29
- type: appointed
with: "[[United Nations]]"
reverse: true
role: "good offices on the differences between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
start: 1993-07
end: 1999-12
fn: 32
fn: 33
---
Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917 to 2002) was an American lawyer who served as general counsel of the [[Department of Defense]], Secretary of the Army, and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and then as [[Secretary of State]] under [[Jimmy Carter]] from 1977 to 1980. He resigned in April 1980 over the rescue attempt in Iran during the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Between 1991 and 1999 he served as a [[United Nations]] envoy on the Yugoslav wars and on the dispute between [[Greece]] and the [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]].[^1]
@ -211,47 +211,55 @@ Among the witnesses was [[Edward Korry]], the former ambassador to [[Chile]]. Ko
The Office of the Historian records that Carter appointed Vance on January 21, 1977, that he entered the office on January 23, and that his appointment terminated on April 28, 1980.[^1] He emphasized negotiation over military confrontation. Over the following two years Vance helped negotiate the [[Panama Canal Treaty]], an Israel-Egypt peace treaty, the restoration of full diplomatic relations with China and a settlement in [[Zimbabwe]].[^1] His resignation letter lists, among the administration's achievements, the Panama Canal Treaty, the Camp David Accords, the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, normalization with China, the [[SALT II]] negotiations and the Zimbabwe settlement.[^18]
### Drill bit export, 1978" in chronological order. The live page does not mention Dresser. Footnote D1.
Insert-ready section:
### Drill bit export, 1978
On August 17, 1978 Cyrus Vance met representatives of the National Conference on Soviet Jewry at the Department of State. [[Eugene Gold]], the conference's chairman, questioned "whether enough spade work had been done before the Dresser (drill bit) plant decision had been taken," and Vance told him that the letter authorizing [[Dresser Industries]] to sell the equipment to the Soviets had already been transmitted. When [[Yehuda Hellman]] later asked whether trade might be a better carrot in dealings with the Soviets, Vance replied, according to the memorandum of conversation drafted the next day, that "the problem was that other countries had the same carrot. In the case of the Dresser license, for example, some thought that Dresser was the sole source of (drill bit) technology, but that was simply not true. Others could sell this (drill bit) technology to the Soviets as well."[^19]
### Camp David
At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^19] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^19]
At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^20] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^20]
### Vela, 1979
A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^20] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^20] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^20] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^20]
A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^21] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^21] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^21] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^21]
On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^20]
On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^21]
### Iran and the Resignation
Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^21]
Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^22]
The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^21][^22] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^21] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^22] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^21]
The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^22][^23] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^22] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^23] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^22]
Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^21] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^23] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^21] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^21] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1]
Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^22] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^24] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^22] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^22] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1]
### Return to Private Practice and Later Boards
Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^24]
Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^25]
Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^25] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^26] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2]
Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^26] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^27] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2]
The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^27]
The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^28]
### United Nations Envoy on Yugoslavia
On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^28] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^29] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^28]
On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^29] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^30] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^29]
Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^30] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^28] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^28]
Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^31] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^29] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^29]
### Nagorno-Karabakh, 1992
On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^31]
On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^32]
### Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^32] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^28]
In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^33] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^29]
Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^32]
Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^33]
### Footnotes
@ -273,17 +281,18 @@ Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement
[^16]: U.S. Senate, "Jimmy Carter Cabinet Nominations" (table of announcement, hearing, receipt and confirmation dates and votes). https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/Carter_cabinet.htm
[^17]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement and prepared statement of Edward M. Korry, and the exchange with Senator Church, pp. 56-61. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
[^18]: Letter, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to President Carter, Washington, April 21, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 22. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d22
[^19]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf
[^20]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21
[^22]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254
[^23]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23
[^24]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
[^25]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf
[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf
[^27]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
[^28]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm
[^29]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991)
[^30]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf
[^31]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926
[^32]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942
[^19]: Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, August 17, 1978, 3:30 p.m., drafted by Robert W. Farrand on August 18, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 140. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d140
[^20]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf
[^21]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
[^22]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21
[^23]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254
[^24]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23
[^25]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf
[^27]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf
[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
[^29]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm
[^30]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991)
[^31]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf
[^32]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926
[^33]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942

56
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md
View file

@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ relations:
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
end: 1930
role: board of directors
fn: 14
fn: 16
- type: owned
with: "[[Dartington Hall]]"
start: 1925
fn: 2
- type: founded
with: "[[William C. Whitney Foundation]]"
fn: 16
fn: 18
---
Dorothy Payne Whitney (1887 to 1968) was an heiress of the [[Whitney family]] who helped found [[The New Republic]] with her first husband, [[Willard Straight]], in 1914, and who was among the principal donors to the [[New School for Social Research]] in its first decade. With her second husband, [[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]], she developed [[Dartington Hall]] in [[Devon]] as a progressive experiment that she continued to support until her death.[^1]
@ -81,39 +81,41 @@ She was the youngest child of Flora Payne and [[William C. Whitney]], a financie
The Yale Obituary Record entry for her brother [[Payne Whitney]], who died in 1927, lists his surviving siblings as [[Harry Payne Whitney]], Yale 1894, and a sister, the wife of Leonard Knight Elmhirst of Yorkshire, England. The same entry names [[Oliver Hazard Payne]], Yale 1863, as an uncle of Payne Whitney.[^4]
Henry H. Klein's *Dynastic America and Those Who Own It* (1921) gives William C. Whitney's estate as $23,000,000 at his death in 1904. Klein lists the shares of the children as $2,049,743 to Payne Whitney, $10,248,717 to Harry Payne Whitney and $6,149,230 to Dorothy Payne Whitney, and gives the principal holdings as including Standard Oil stocks valued at $7,078,400.[^5] The New York Times listed Payne Whitney's sisters at his death in 1927 as "Mrs. Leonard K. Elmhirst, nee Dorothy Whitney, whose first husband was the late Willard Straight," and Mrs. Almeric H. Paget.[^6]
Her papers at [[Cornell University]] (collection #3725, 10 cubic feet, dates 1887 to 1978, most of the material from 1887 to 1926) include notebooks from her school days, guardianship papers, newspaper clippings on her father's death, an inventory of the house at 1130 Fifth Avenue, and correspondence with Willard Straight on their courtship and on his service in France in 1917 and 1918. The finding aid lists her involvement with the New York State Food Commission, the Women's Liberty Loan Committee, the Social Unit Plan, the Junior League, the War Camp Service Committee, the Women's Emergency Committee of the European Relief Council, the New School for Social Research, the Tuberculosis Preventorium for Children, the Pueblos Defense Committee and the Mayor's Committee of Women on National Defense, and states that she supported students at the Bordentown Military Academy and Hobart College.[^2]
### The New Republic
After reading [[Herbert Croly]]'s *[[The Promise of American Life]]* aloud during their honeymoon, the couple invited Croly to lunch. In the fall of 1914 the Straights and Croly founded The New Republic.[^1] [[Alvin Johnson]] wrote that when Croly wanted a weekly, "I will find it," Dorothy Straight said simply.[^5] The Cornell finding aid lists correspondence and statements concerning The New Republic and *Asia* magazines among her papers.[^2]
After reading [[Herbert Croly]]'s *[[The Promise of American Life]]* aloud during their honeymoon, the couple invited Croly to lunch. In the fall of 1914 the Straights and Croly founded The New Republic.[^1] [[Alvin Johnson]] wrote that when Croly wanted a weekly, "I will find it," Dorothy Straight said simply.[^7] The Cornell finding aid lists correspondence and statements concerning The New Republic and *Asia* magazines among her papers.[^2]
In 1922 the magazine was short of money, and its owners wanted the New School terminated so that Straight would provide the magazine with more support.[^6] A New Republic publisher interviewed by the FBI in 1969 said that her family's fund had founded the magazine in 1914 and had been used for its operation until 1954, when [[Gilbert A. Harrison]] bought a controlling interest; the editor of *Antiques*, a magazine owned by the Straight family since about 1930, said that it and The New Republic had shared the same office space in New York.[^7] Her son "enlisted new patrons" after "his mother's withdrawal of support of the magazine."[^3]
In 1922 the magazine was short of money, and its owners wanted the New School terminated so that Straight would provide the magazine with more support.[^8] A New Republic publisher interviewed by the FBI in 1969 said that her family's fund had founded the magazine in 1914 and had been used for its operation until 1954, when [[Gilbert A. Harrison]] bought a controlling interest; the editor of *Antiques*, a magazine owned by the Straight family since about 1930, said that it and The New Republic had shared the same office space in New York.[^9] Her son "enlisted new patrons" after "his mother's withdrawal of support of the magazine."[^3]
### The New School Pledges
As early as 1916 Dorothy Straight and Croly had discussed with [[Charles Austin Beard]] and [[James Harvey Robinson]] the possibility of an independent social science institute. When Beard and Robinson resigned from [[Columbia University]] in 1917, these discussions took on new meaning. Willard Straight, then serving in Europe, warned her away from the two men: "I'm getting a little restive and uncertain about some of these forward looking people."[^1] Beard and Robinson "found sympathetic and resourceful patrons" in Croly and Dorothy Straight, and the "Heir to the Whitney fortune" saw in their school an opportunity.[^8]
As early as 1916 Dorothy Straight and Croly had discussed with [[Charles Austin Beard]] and [[James Harvey Robinson]] the possibility of an independent social science institute. When Beard and Robinson resigned from [[Columbia University]] in 1917, these discussions took on new meaning. Willard Straight, then serving in Europe, warned her away from the two men: "I'm getting a little restive and uncertain about some of these forward looking people."[^1] Beard and Robinson "found sympathetic and resourceful patrons" in Croly and Dorothy Straight, and the "Heir to the Whitney fortune" saw in their school an opportunity.[^10]
She did not heed the warning. She turned the school from a subject of discussion into a realizable dream "by pledging $10,000 a year to the project for ten years."[^1] The school's early pledges were "ten-year pledges of support amounting to nearly $300,000, much of it from Dorothy Straight," and the townhouse the school renovated was "paid for largely by Dorothy Straight."[^9] In Alvin Johnson's *Pioneer's Progress* the founding circle consisted of Robinson, Beard, Thorstein Veblen, Croly, "Mrs. Willard Straight, Mrs. George Bacon, and other liberals," and a women's committee met at the apartment of Caroline Bacon: Mrs. Willard Straight, Mrs. George Haven Putnam, Mrs. Learned Hand, Mrs. Victor Sorchan, and "later Mrs. Thomas W. Lamont."[^10] Johnson wrote of her as "the most generous, Mrs. Straight," who "would leave us if the threatened secession from the board took place" in the crisis of 1922.[^11]
She did not heed the warning. She turned the school from a subject of discussion into a realizable dream "by pledging $10,000 a year to the project for ten years."[^1] The school's early pledges were "ten-year pledges of support amounting to nearly $300,000, much of it from Dorothy Straight," and the townhouse the school renovated was "paid for largely by Dorothy Straight."[^11] In Alvin Johnson's *Pioneer's Progress* the founding circle consisted of Robinson, Beard, Thorstein Veblen, Croly, "Mrs. Willard Straight, Mrs. George Bacon, and other liberals," and a women's committee met at the apartment of Caroline Bacon: Mrs. Willard Straight, Mrs. George Haven Putnam, Mrs. Learned Hand, Mrs. Victor Sorchan, and "later Mrs. Thomas W. Lamont."[^12] Johnson wrote of her as "the most generous, Mrs. Straight," who "would leave us if the threatened secession from the board took place" in the crisis of 1922.[^13]
When Johnson took over as director in April 1922 he wrote to her of the change, in a letter that includes the words "To put it baldly, I have usurped the"; the board members who stayed were Croly, [[Wesley Clair Mitchell]], Caroline Bacon, Dorothy Straight and Emily Putnam.[^12][^13] She sat on the Board of Directors until 1930, after 1925 as Mrs. Leonard Elmhirst.[^14]
When Johnson took over as director in April 1922 he wrote to her of the change, in a letter that includes the words "To put it baldly, I have usurped the"; the board members who stayed were Croly, [[Wesley Clair Mitchell]], Caroline Bacon, Dorothy Straight and Emily Putnam.[^14][^15] She sat on the Board of Directors until 1930, after 1925 as Mrs. Leonard Elmhirst.[^16]
[[Judith Friedlander]] uses a 1952 letter by Johnson to characterize Dorothy and other founders, including [[Learned Hand]] and [[Mary Harriman]], as antisemites. Mastrelli, reviewing the book, writes: "For the record, I am not sure what kind of antisemite Dorothy would have been," and notes "accounts that she aided Johnson in the University in Exile."[^14] The records of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars include, in their philanthropic file series, a file titled "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935."[^15] The Cornell finding aid for her papers states that the New School was "begun with the backing of the Whitney Estate in 1919."[^2]
[[Judith Friedlander]] uses a 1952 letter by Johnson to characterize Dorothy and other founders, including [[Learned Hand]] and [[Mary Harriman]], as antisemites. Mastrelli, reviewing the book, writes: "For the record, I am not sure what kind of antisemite Dorothy would have been," and notes "accounts that she aided Johnson in the University in Exile."[^16] The records of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars include, in their philanthropic file series, a file titled "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935."[^17] The Cornell finding aid for her papers states that the New School was "begun with the backing of the Whitney Estate in 1919."[^2]
### William C. Whitney Foundation
After 1929 she continued to support the school for several years through the [[William C. Whitney Foundation]]; Mastrelli attributes this to the Dartington Hall Trust archives.[^14] In 1969 [[Milton C. Rose]], senior partner of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]], told the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] that the foundation was "created by Mr. Straight's parents in memory of his grandfather" and that her son Michael had been its president "since its inception in 1937."[^16] The FBI's summary describes it as a charitable organization that "concerns itself with the arts, having made many grants in the fields of music, dance, theater, and painting." [[Harriett K. Evison]], who had been her social secretary, became assistant secretary-treasurer of the foundation.[^16] A December 1952 newspaper report on testimony before a House committee on tax-exempt foundations records that her son, as president, was questioned on $19,000 in grants.[^17]
After 1929 she continued to support the school for several years through the [[William C. Whitney Foundation]]; Mastrelli attributes this to the Dartington Hall Trust archives.[^16] In 1969 [[Milton C. Rose]], senior partner of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]], told the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] that the foundation was "created by Mr. Straight's parents in memory of his grandfather" and that her son Michael had been its president "since its inception in 1937."[^18] The FBI's summary describes it as a charitable organization that "concerns itself with the arts, having made many grants in the fields of music, dance, theater, and painting." [[Harriett K. Evison]], who had been her social secretary, became assistant secretary-treasurer of the foundation.[^18] A December 1952 newspaper report on testimony before a House committee on tax-exempt foundations records that her son, as president, was questioned on $19,000 in grants.[^19]
### Dartington Hall
She married Leonard Knight Elmhirst in 1925.[^3] She met Elmhirst while working on the [[Willard Straight Hall]] project at Cornell, and the couple moved to [[Totnes]] in Devon, bought and restored a medieval property, and set about developing Dartington Hall as a laboratory of experiment for a "many sided life."[^1] She and Elmhirst purchased Dartington Hall, reconstructed the fourteenth-century manor and founded a school on the property.[^2] A second set of her papers from Dartington Hall (collection #3782, 4 cubic feet, 1890 to 1976) includes correspondence on Willard Straight Hall (1920 to 1967), lecture notes, diaries and travel journals, and an inventory of the records room at Dartington Hall.[^18] Her son Michael was educated at Dartington Hall.[^3]
She married Leonard Knight Elmhirst in 1925.[^3] She met Elmhirst while working on the [[Willard Straight Hall]] project at Cornell, and the couple moved to [[Totnes]] in Devon, bought and restored a medieval property, and set about developing Dartington Hall as a laboratory of experiment for a "many sided life."[^1] She and Elmhirst purchased Dartington Hall, reconstructed the fourteenth-century manor and founded a school on the property.[^2] A second set of her papers from Dartington Hall (collection #3782, 4 cubic feet, 1890 to 1976) includes correspondence on Willard Straight Hall (1920 to 1967), lecture notes, diaries and travel journals, and an inventory of the records room at Dartington Hall.[^20] Her son Michael was educated at Dartington Hall.[^3]
### Willard Straight Hall
Willard Straight died of septic pneumonia while serving with the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] in France in 1918, before the school opened.[^3] In his will he asked that Dorothy make Cornell a "more human place." She built Willard Straight Hall, one of the first models of a student union in the [[United States]].[^1] The Cornell finding aid for her papers gives his death as 1919; the finding aid for the Dartington Hall papers and the New York Times give 1918.[^2][^18]
Willard Straight died of septic pneumonia while serving with the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] in France in 1918, before the school opened.[^3] In his will he asked that Dorothy make Cornell a "more human place." She built Willard Straight Hall, one of the first models of a student union in the [[United States]].[^1] The Cornell finding aid for her papers gives his death as 1919; the finding aid for the Dartington Hall papers and the New York Times give 1918.[^2][^20]
### Death
She died in 1968.[^1] The FBI's 1969 summary of her son's background lists her as deceased.[^16]
She died in 1968.[^1] The FBI's 1969 summary of her son's background lists her as deceased.[^18]
### Footnotes
@ -121,17 +123,19 @@ She died in 1968.[^1] The FBI's 1969 summary of her son's background lists her a
[^2]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst papers," #3725, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/1281.
[^3]: Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, "Michael Straight, Who Wrote of Connection to Spy Ring, Is Dead at 87," *The New York Times*, January 5, 2004 (Internet Archive copy, https://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/05/nyregion/michael-straight-who-wrote-of-connection-to-spy-ring-is-dead-at-87.html).
[^4]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, pp. 171 to 172. https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4
[^5]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress* (New York: Viking, 1952; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960), p. 233.
[^6]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, *New School: A History of The New School for Social Research* (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 28.
[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1, special inquiry reports of September 1969 on the interviews with the publisher of The New Republic and with Alice Winchester, editor of *Antiques*.
[^8]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, pp. 10 and 11.
[^9]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, pp. 19 and 21.
[^10]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 167 and 273.
[^11]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 280.
[^12]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, Johnson's letter of April 1922 to Dorothy Straight.
[^13]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 35.
[^14]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review.
[^15]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records (MssCol 922), Series IV, box 171, folder 15, "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
[^16]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^17]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^18]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst papers from Dartington Hall," #3782, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/1289.
[^5]: Henry H. Klein, *Dynastic America and Those Who Own It* (New York, 1921), section on the Whitney estate. https://archive.org/details/dynasticamericaa00kleirich.
[^6]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 25. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^7]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress* (New York: Viking, 1952; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960), p. 233.
[^8]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, *New School: A History of The New School for Social Research* (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 28.
[^9]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1, special inquiry reports of September 1969 on the interviews with the publisher of The New Republic and with Alice Winchester, editor of *Antiques*.
[^10]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, pp. 10 and 11.
[^11]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, pp. 19 and 21.
[^12]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 167 and 273.
[^13]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 280.
[^14]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, Johnson's letter of April 1922 to Dorothy Straight.
[^15]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 35.
[^16]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review.
[^17]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records (MssCol 922), Series IV, box 171, folder 15, "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
[^18]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^19]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^20]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst papers from Dartington Hall," #3782, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/1289.

367
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John Hay Whitney.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
---
category: "Business & Finance"
aliases:
- "Jock Whitney"
- "John Hay Whitney"
tags:
- Person
- Whitney
- Payne
- Yale
- Hollywood
- MuseumOfModernArt
- Ciaa
- CiaFoundations
- Qkopera
- HeraldTribune
- ForumWorldFeatures
- VentureCapital
- Ambassador
- Philanthropy
summary: "Financier, film producer, publisher and ambassador, founder of J. H. Whitney and Company; his charitable trust took Granary Fund money and appears in a 1968 CIA memorandum as a QKOPERA funding conduit."
location: "New York City"
relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Payne Whitney]]"
role: "son"
start: 1904
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Helen Hay Whitney]]"
role: "son"
start: 1904
fn: 4
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Joan Whitney Payson]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 8
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Mary Elizabeth Altemus]]"
start: 1927
end: 1940
fn: 2
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Betsey Cushing Roosevelt]]"
start: 1942
end: 1982
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[Scroll and Key]]"
start: 1925
role: "elected as a member of the Yale class of 1926 after declining Skull and Bones"
fn: 6
- type: director_of
with: "[[Yale Corporation]]"
start: 1955
end: 1973
role: "fellow 1955 to 1970, senior fellow 1970 to 1973"
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Museum of Modern Art]]"
start: 1930
role: "trustee from 1930, president 1941, chairman 1946 to 1956; president of the Film Library, 1935"
fn: 9
- type: director_of
with: "[[Selznick International Pictures]]"
start: 1935
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Pioneer Pictures]]"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[CIAA]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "director of the motion picture division"
fn: 14
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United States Army Air Forces]]"
start: 1942
end: 1945
role: "captain, later colonel; staff officer, Mediterranean Allied Air Forces"
fn: 15
- type: founded
with: "[[J. H. Whitney and Company]]"
start: 1946
role: "senior partner"
fn: 21
- type: partner_of
with: "[[William Harding Jackson]]"
start: 1946
end: 1950
role: "Jackson was managing director of J. H. Whitney and Company until appointed Deputy Director of Central Intelligence"
fn: 34
- type: head_of
with: "[[United Republican Finance Committee of New York]]"
start: 1956
role: "chairman"
fn: 38
- type: appointed
with: "[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]"
reverse: true
start: 1957-02-11
end: 1961-01-14
role: "ambassador to the United Kingdom"
fn: 40
- type: owned
with: "[[New York Herald Tribune]]"
start: 1958
end: 1966
role: "owner and publisher"
fn: 41
- type: head_of
with: "[[Whitney Communications]]"
role: "chairman of the board, 1966"
fn: 41
- type: founded
with: "[[John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes]]"
start: 1958-12-29
fn: 42
- type: funded
with: "[[Granary Fund]]"
reverse: true
start: 1964
end: 1965
role: "gave $225,000 in 1964 and $100,000 in 1965 to the trust"
fn: 42
- type: owned
with: "[[Forum World Features]]"
start: 1966
end: 1973
role: "owner of record, according to officials quoted in 1975"
fn: 43
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
John Hay Whitney (August 17, 1904 to February 8, 1982), called Jock, was an American financier, film producer and newspaper publisher, the son of [[Payne Whitney]] and [[Helen Hay Whitney|Helen Hay]] and a member of the [[Whitney family]]. He founded the investment firm [[J. H. Whitney and Company]] in 1946, owned and published the [[New York Herald Tribune]] from 1958 until its New York edition closed in 1966, and was United States ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]] from 1957 to 1961.[^1][^2]
### Yale and Oxford
The Yale obituary record for Payne Whitney, who died in 1927, lists the children of his marriage as Joan, the wife of [[Charles S. Payson]] of the class of 1921, and "John Hay, '26, now a student at Oxford University."[^4] The [[The New York Times|New York Times]] obituary of May 26, 1927 places him in another country: "John Hay Whitney, generally known as Jack, is now in Spain playing polo. He is a student at Cambridge University, England."[^5] The Yale record names [[University of Oxford]] and the newspaper names [[University of Cambridge]]. The 1982 obituary in the International Herald Tribune gives New College, Oxford, and the State Department's magazine summarizes his schooling as [[Groton School]], [[Yale University]] and Oxford.[^2][^3]
The New York Times of May 15, 1925 reported the senior society elections at Yale. Four members of the class of 1926 refused elections to [[Skull and Bones]], "the oldest society": E. P. Cottle of Buffalo, J. H. Whitney of New York, Arthur Milliken and G. G. Mason Jr. Cottle and Whitney accepted elections to [[Scroll and Key]]. The paper added that Whitney had been stroke of the second varsity crew and had been ill that spring.[^6]
[[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that eight Whitneys had been members of Skull and Bones, and his list of them runs from [[Emerson Cogswell Whitney]] (1851) through [[Edward Payson Whitney]] (1854), [[James Lyman Whitney]] (1856), [[William Collins Whitney]] (1863), [[Edward Baldwin Whitney]] (1878), [[Joseph Ernest Whitney]] (1882), Payne Whitney (1894) and [[Harry Payne Whitney]] (1898).[^7]
### Inheritance
Payne Whitney died at [[Manhasset, New York]] on May 25, 1927. The obituary said that he had been active in aiding Mrs. Whitney in managing the [[Greentree Stables]], and that the couple's liking for sport had apparently descended to their son.[^5] According to the International Herald Tribune obituary, John Hay Whitney took charge of the family's affairs in 1927.[^2]
The will, as reported by the New York Times on November 23, 1928, left Helen Hay Whitney a life interest in ninety-six parts of the residue, worth $54,202,694, which was to pass to the children on her death. John Hay Whitney received a life interest in forty-eight parts of the residue, valued at $27,191,347, until he reached the age of forty. His sister, Joan Whitney Payson, received the same interest.[^8]
### Museum of Modern Art and the Film Library
The [[Museum of Modern Art]] created its Film Library in 1935. The Museum's bulletin for November 1935 credits "the lively interest of [[Abby Aldrich Rockefeller|Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]], Mr. John Hay Whitney and Mr. [[Edward M. M. Warburg]]" with bringing about the project, and it lists the officers: "President, John Hay Whitney; Vice-President and General Manager, [[John E. Abbott]]; Treasurer, Edward M. M. Warburg." [[Iris Barry]] was appointed curator.[^9] The plan had been submitted to the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] in April 1935, and the foundation's trustees approved a conditional grant in May. Private subscriptions, according to the bulletin, came from three anonymous donors. The Film Library was announced publicly on June 25, 1935, and its first acquisitions, including [[The Great Train Robbery]] (1903), were announced on July 10.[^9]
The bulletin for December 1935 prints the Museum's list of trustees. Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is named first vice-president of the board. John Hay Whitney appears among the trustees, and Mrs. Charles S. Payson is in the same list.[^10] The 1982 obituary dates his service on the Museum's board from 1930, as president in 1941 and as chairman from 1946 to 1956, and says he became a trustee of the [[National Gallery of Art]] in 1961.[^2]
### Pioneer Pictures, Selznick International and Gone with the Wind
The International Herald Tribune obituary says that Whitney backed [[Pioneer Pictures]], the producer of "La Cucaracha," and that he joined [[Selznick International Pictures]] in 1935. It gives the profit of [[Gone with the Wind]] to the investors as $1.1 million.[^2]
Earlier reports, summarized by the trade press in October 1942, had [[David O. Selznick]] selling his interest in the film to Whitney. Attorneys for Whitney denied that Selznick was selling that interest. They attributed the reports to negotiations for the liquidation of Selznick International Pictures, which had begun some months earlier when Selznick formed his own company, [[David O. Selznick Productions]].[^11]
### Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs
In January 1942 the trade weekly [[Motion Picture Herald]] reported that [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and Whitney had selected [[Walt Disney]] as the first [[Hollywood]] producer of films meant to carry a message of goodwill to [[South America]], with South American cartoons to be produced at cost.[^12] A July 1942 issue described the film activities "launched by John Hay Whitney" within Rockefeller's agency, and named [[Francis Alstock]], "formerly Mr. Whitney's aide," as director of the film program.[^13] The issue of October 3, 1942 reported that Alstock "succeeded John Hay Whitney as director of the motion picture division" of Rockefeller's office, which the paper called the Office of Inter-American Affairs. That office was the [[CIAA]].[^14]
### Army Air Forces, capture and escape
Whitney joined the Eighth Air Force as a captain in October 1942, according to Newsweek, and from September 1943 served in the Mediterranean on the staff of Lieutenant General [[Ira Eaker|Ira C. Eaker]]. The Record of the [[New York Hospital]] dates his commission to 1942 and his discharge as a colonel to December 1945, with service in the [[United States Army Air Forces|Eighth Air Force]] and later the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces in Italy.[^15][^21]
On August 21, 1944, four days after his fortieth birthday, Colonel Whitney and four companions were in a jeep in southern France when a hidden German tank opened fire. They dived into a ditch, crawled to a farmhouse and surrendered when the tank shelled it. The Germans put the party on a train that, in Newsweek's phrase, "crept but 100 miles in eleven days," and Whitney and another officer "jumped from the moving train."[^15] The trade weekly Film Daily of August 30, 1944 carried the report of his capture, noting that the War Department had not yet confirmed it.[^16] The Rome headquarters of the Mediterranean Air Forces announced that he had been "captured by the German army in southern France on August 21." The Blood-Horse reported that the train was dive-bombed, shelled by French artillery and attacked by the French underground, and that he escaped while it was moving.[^17] The same weekly's issue of September 30 noted that he had "escaped from German captors on a troop train under fire" in the week that his mother, Helen Hay Whitney, died on September 24, 1944.[^18] The International Herald Tribune obituary describes a midnight escape from a moving troop train under air attack.[^2] A society column in the [[Washington Post]] of October 8, 1944 referred instead to his "escape from a German prison camp."[^19]
By October 1944 he was on temporary duty at the Pentagon, according to the Motion Picture Herald.[^20] The Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star, the Order of the British Empire and the Legion of Honor (as chevalier) are among his decorations listed by the State Department's magazine.[^3] The State Department announced on October 15, 1945 that Whitney and [[Ralph McGill]] had been appointed special advisers and consultants; Whitney was to work with Assistant Secretary [[William Benton]] and [[Ferdinand Kuhn]] and to advise on relations with the motion-picture industry.[^22]
### J. H. Whitney and Company
The Record of the New York Hospital for June 1946 calls J. H. Whitney and Company a "recently formed investment firm" and records that Whitney, a director of [[Freeport Sulphur Company]] and chairman of the board of the Museum of Modern Art, had been elected vice-president of the Hospital Society, with [[William Harding Jackson]] as its president.[^21] A Newton, Massachusetts newspaper of February 1947 stated that the firm "was established early in 1946."[^23] The International Herald Tribune obituary gives the year as 1946, and State magazine says that in 1946 Whitney founded the firm and the [[John Hay Whitney Foundation]]; the obituary dates the foundation to 1949.[^2][^3]
The trade press recorded the firm's first investments. In June 1946 a "substantial private investment by J. H. Whitney & Company" in [[Spencer Chemical Company]] was reported in a farm-trade journal.[^24] The Commercial and Financial Chronicle of September 1, 1947 reported that an interest in the convertible preferred stock of [[Vacuum Foods Corporation]] had been acquired by the firm, "founded by John Hay Whitney to make equity investments in various ventures," that the [[National Research Corporation]] of Boston, in which the firm also had an interest, held practically all the common stock, and that [[Alexander Standish]], a partner of the firm, and others had been elected directors.[^25] Variety reported in September 1948 that [[Bing Crosby]] had been elected a director of Vacuum Foods, whose product was Minute Maid frozen orange juice, and that the contract arrangements involved [[Philco]] and J. H. Whitney and Company.[^26] Nation's Business of November 1949 described a "$10,000,000 concern established by Jock Whitney, who took in six young associates," which in two years had invested about $4,000,000 in ten concerns, "ranging from highly successful Vacuum Foods."[^27] The biographer [[E. J. Kahn]] named [[Benno Schmidt]] and Jackson among the firm's partners and called Jackson "Whitney's close associate and personal lawyer."[^28] [[Frances Stonor Saunders]] quotes the firm's description of itself as "a partnership dedicated to the propagation of the free-enterprise system."[^29]
In the security-holder statement that the magazine [[United Nations World]] filed on October 1, 1947, the holders include "Nelson A. Rockefeller," "J. H. Whitney, 630 Fifth Ave.," "[[Max Ascoli]]" and Editorial Publications, Inc.; the owner was United Nations World, Inc., and [[Beatrice Dolivet]].[^30]
### William H. Jackson and the Central Intelligence Agency
On May 29, 1947, Jackson wrote on the firm's letterhead at 630 Fifth Avenue to Rear Admiral [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]], then [[Central Intelligence Agency|Director of Central Intelligence]]: "You need only call upon me and I shall do anything within my power to be of assistance." He offered to come to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] "whenever you request it regardless of other appointments."[^31] A letter of July 30, 1948 to Jackson at the firm came from [[Robert Blum]].[^32] On September 8, 1950 Jackson, writing to Hillenkoetter, proposed to arrive on Tuesday, September 26, to work alongside him before the arrival of General [[Walter Bedell Smith]]; Hillenkoetter's reply of September 11 was addressed to Jackson in care of J. H. Whitney and Company and said that Smith had informed him that Jackson had consented to serve as his deputy.[^33] The employee bulletin of the New York Hospital described Jackson in October 1950 as having been managing director of J. H. Whitney and Company until his call to Washington as the new Deputy Director of the CIA, and recorded that Whitney had succeeded him as president of the Hospital Society in June 1949.[^34]
A letter of April 25, 1951, on the firm's letterhead, introduced a man who wanted to meet Jackson and had "some idea he wants to discuss." Jackson's reply of April 30 to a member of the firm said he would be glad to see the man if he called.[^35] The [[Eisenhower Library]]'s historical note on the President's Committee on International Information Activities calls Jackson "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency" when it names him chairman of that committee.[^36]
The CIA's official history of the Walter Bedell Smith years says that when Smith and Jackson could not recruit "men of great prestige with practical experience" for the [[Board of National Estimates]], they created a group of outside advisers who met in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], known as "the Princeton Consultants." The first three members were [[Vannevar Bush]], [[George Kennan]] and [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]]. The other original members, the history says, were "Alexander Standish, a partner in J. H. Whitney & Company, Barklie Henry, a director of various corporations, and Burton Fahs, director of humanities for the Rockefeller Foundation."[^37] The Eisenhower Library note lists [[Barklie McKee Henry]] among the members of the [[Jackson Committee]].[^36]
### Republican finance and the 1952 and 1956 campaigns
The International Herald Tribune obituary calls Whitney an early supporter of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in 1952 and a frequent bridge partner of the President, and says he took the London post at Eisenhower's personal insistence. It lists his service on the President's Commission on Foreign Economic Policy and, in 1954 and 1955, as vice chairman of the Secretary of State's Public Committee on Personnel.[^2]
On September 10, 1956 Whitney testified before the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration as chairman of the United Republican Finance Committee of New York, accompanied by [[Walter N. Thayer]]. The committee covered eight counties of the metropolitan area. Its bank balance on September 1, 1956 was $90,544.26, and it had raised $683,559.50 against a goal of between $1.5 million and $1.75 million. It had given $104,688.80 to the Republican National Senatorial Committee, $21,355.46 to the Republican National Congressional Committee, $75,000 to the New York Republican State Committee and $20,044.26 to the Republican National Finance Committee. Whitney said that J. H. Whitney and Company, of which he was senior partner, owned television stations outside New York State, and the subcommittee's record lists a contribution of $1,500 on July 12, 1956 from A. S. Onassis, whom Whitney believed not to be a United States citizen.[^38]
### The London embassy
Eisenhower's nomination of Whitney to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, "vice Winthrop W. Aldrich, resigned," was received by the Senate on January 29, 1957, and the Senate Foreign Relations calendar for the hearings records "Feb. 11, confirmed."[^39][^40] The State Department gives his appointment as February 11, 1957, the presentation of his credentials as February 28, 1957, and his departure from the post as January 14, 1961.[^1]
### New York Herald Tribune
According to the International Herald Tribune obituary, Whitney Communications lent the paper $1.2 million in 1957, Whitney bought control in 1958 and spent about $40 million before the paper closed on August 15, 1966.[^2] The trade weekly [[Editor & Publisher]] printed a historical note on the paper in August 1966. It records that the Herald and the Tribune were merged in 1924 under Mr. and Mrs. [[Ogden Mills Reid|Ogden M. Reid]], and that the paper, "then in failing financial health, was taken over by John Hay Whitney in 1958."[^41] The same issue prints the statement that Whitney, as chairman of the board of [[Whitney Communications]], read to reporters on August 15, 1966. In it he wrote: "For the years of my ownership, despite the hopes, the talents and the enormous effort that were put into it, the paper was never quite able to stand on its own."[^41]
The statement attributed the closing to strikes. It said that the three newspapers in the merger "were never able to recover fully from the 114-day strike that ended in 1963," and that the strike of 1966 was more serious still. It said that the [[World Journal Tribune]] had decided not to resume publication of the New York Herald Tribune, and that "the Herald Tribune in New York will not appear again."[^41] Whitney wrote: "I shall continue as publisher of the Herald Tribune in Paris."[^41] The Paris edition was renamed the International Herald Tribune in May 1967, with the Washington Post and then the New York Times as partners.[^2]
The [[San Francisco Chronicle]] reported in February 1967 that Whitney was the former owner, publisher and editor in chief of the New York Herald Tribune, that he was a one-third partner in its successor, the World Journal Tribune, and that he was a member of that paper's three-man executive board.[^42]
### Forum World Features
[[Bernard D. Nossiter]] reported in the Washington Post of July 3, 1975 on the news service [[Forum World Features]], based in [[London]]. "When it began selling articles in 1966, the service's owner of record, according to the officials, was John Hay Whitney," the article states, and "Early in 1973, Whitney was replaced by [[Richard Mellon Scaife]]." The officials were quoted as saying that the service was financed by the CIA. A spokesman for Whitney said he had "no comment on the subject." The article also quotes an apparent internal CIA memorandum of about 1968, published by the magazine Time Out, which described the service as "located in London and incorporated in Delaware" and as begun as a commercial entity in January 1966 from the residue of Forum Service, an activity of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] from which the CIA withdrew its support in 1966. [[Brian Crozier]], the service's president, denied a CIA link.[^43]
Crozier replied in the Guardian of December 1, 1976 and printed correspondence. He wrote that in the spring of 1965 [[John Hunt]] told him that Whitney had agreed to take over the services. A letter from Hunt of June 10, 1965 gave a starting date of July 1, 1965 and said that Whitney "tentatively plans to put about $100,000 a year into Forum Features," with Crozier as president. A letter of January 24, 1973 from [[Samuel C. Park]] to Crozier recorded Scaife's election as director of Kern House Enterprises Ltd to succeed Whitney. On September 23, 1969 Whitney wrote to Crozier declining an investment in the Current Affairs Research Services Centre. Crozier wrote that Whitney gave his library to the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]]. The Guardian's accompanying glossary describes Park as "Financial aide to Whitney, and a trustee of his Charitable Trust."[^44]
Saunders wrote that Forum World Features "was a classic CIA undercover operation, with John Hay Whitney once again acting as a front, registering the company under his name as a Delaware corporation with offices in London."[^45]
### The Granary Fund and the John Hay Whitney Trust
The San Francisco Chronicle of February 25, 1967 carried the headline "CIA Link to Charity Funds," over the kicker "Whitney Trust," and began: "A charitable trust established by John Hay Whitney received $325,000 in 1964 and 1965 from the Granary Fund of Boston, used by the Central Intelligence Agency to channel money from front organizations to various organizations here and abroad."[^42] The report described a schedule of contributions that the [[Granary Fund]] filed with the Massachusetts attorney general. The schedule showed that the fund received $300,000 in 1964 from the [[John G. Thornton Trust]], $150,000 from the [[James Carlisle Trust]], and $500 in miscellaneous contributions. Officials who asked not to be named called the Thornton and Carlisle trusts "CIA fronts."[^42]
The same reports showed that the Granary Fund gave the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes $225,000 in 1964 and $100,000 in 1965. Walter N. Thayer, head of the Whitney communications corporation, stated on Whitney's behalf: "The trust which I established Dec. 29, 1958, for charitable purposes has operated since that date. In accordance with the terms of the trust, several pledges and contributions, all of which have been properly reported, have been made to a number of tax-exempt organizations in which I have been interested."[^42]
The [[Los Angeles Times]] reported on February 26, 1967 that the [[Internal Revenue Service]] had not produced records for the Granary Fund, the Warden Trust and others, and that the American Newspaper Guild "received $200,000 in 1960-63 from the granary funds." The report said that the CIA had passed about $4 million over fifteen years to the [[National Student Association]]. [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the [[House Committee on Small Business]], had named the [[Edsel Fund|Edsel]], [[Beacon Fund|Beacon]], [[Michigan Fund|Michigan]], [[Price Fund|Price]], [[Kentfield Fund|Kentfield]] and [[Andrew Hamilton Fund|Andrew Hamilton]] funds, the [[Borden Trust]] and the [[Gotham Foundation]] as contributors to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]], which he said served as a conduit for CIA money.[^46]
A Washington Post report of February 21, 1967 by [[Andrew J. Glass]] listed ten foundations without tax reports on file (the Appalachian Fund, Broad-High, Chesapeake, the Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs, Gotham, the Granary Fund of Boston, the Andrew Hamilton Fund, Jones-O'Donnell, the Michigan Fund and the San Jacinto Fund) that "have been named by Government officials, by the head of the CIA-financed National Student Association or in the press as connected to the Government's secret intelligence arm. None of them have chosen to deny these allegations."[^47]
Time of March 3, 1967 listed the recipients of "CIA-suspect largesse" as "an encyclopedic grab bag of organizations ranging from the now defunct Institute of International Labor Research Inc. ... to the Billy Graham Spanish-American crusade, from the North American Secretariat of Pax Romana and the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes to the International Food and Drink Workers Federation and the Friends of India Committee."[^48] In their book of 1967, [[David Wise]] and [[Thomas B. Ross]] wrote: "John Hay Whitney, former ambassador to Great Britain and owner of the New York Herald Tribune, was founder of the Whitney Trust, a philanthropic organization financed in part by the Granary Fund, the CIA conduit."[^49] The anthropologist [[David H. Price]] lists the trust in his table of foundations named in 1967 as CIA conduits, citing the press reports of that year.[^50]
The CIA's own paper on the subject is a memorandum of November 1968 from [[Charles Katek]], Chief of the Central Cover Staff, to the Deputy Director for Plans, on the scope and possible damage of new allegations by [[Ramparts]] magazine. It records that early in April 1968 the Office of the General Counsel gave the Central Cover Staff a copy of an April 5, 1968 letter to the Internal Revenue Service from Ramparts, with a list of 145 tax-exempt organizations that the magazine said were suspected of having been funded by or of having cooperated with the CIA. The memorandum's annex of terminated covert funding conduits and project organizations that the press had named lists the Granary Fund of Boston as a Central Cover Staff proprietary (designator LPSIPHON/7), and lists the Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes, John Hay, as a "Funding conduit under Project QKOPERA (LPCORSET/68)." It gives two entries for the trust, under the Ramparts list numbers 141 and 142, with the instrument dated December 29, 1959 in one and December 29, 1958 in the other. QKOPERA is the project designation the same memorandum gives for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the [[Farfield Foundation]] appears in the annex as a "Funding conduit for CCF." Another entry, on the [[Institute of International Education]], records that the Institute received legitimate grants from six foundations that the CIA used as cooperating covert funding mechanisms, among them the McGregor Fund, the John Hay Whitney Charitable Trust (items 141 and 142), the Aaron Norman Fund, the Cleveland Dodge Foundation, the William Benton Foundation and the Brown Foundation of Houston.[^51]
The CIA answered a Freedom of Information Act request of January 11, 1980 for information on "the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes and the Granary Fund" with a letter of May 28, 1985. The Agency located two responsive documents, dated December 10, 1968 and January 23, 1969, and withheld both in their entirety under exemptions (b)(1) and (b)(3) of the Act.[^52]
The [[Church Committee]] stated in its final report that "Until 1967 the Agency also maintained covert ties to American foundations in order to pass funds secretly to private groups whose work the CIA supported." It added that most of the funds for the youth and student programs and for labor in fiscal year 1967 "were transmitted through legitimate or 'devised' foundations, that is, fictitious entities established by the CIA," and that, excluding grants from Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie, "of the 700 grants over $10,000 given by 164 other foundations during the period 1963-1966, at least 108 involved partial or complete CIA funding."[^53]
Saunders lists "the Whitney Trust" among the conduits of the period and writes that "as a trustee, Cornelius allowed the Whitney Trust to be used as a CIA conduit," in a passage on [[Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney]].[^54]
### The Katzenbach Committee
The [[Katzenbach Committee]] received the CIA paper of February 23, 1967 on "Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations."[^55] A CIA memorandum of June 9, 1967 concerns the administrative plans for "Projects Affected by the Katzenbach Report."[^56]
### Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
On March 26, 1969, [[Henry A. Kissinger]] wrote to [[Peter Flanigan]] about Whitney's interest in the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board|Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]. The memorandum reads: "You should know that this has twice been raised with the President and rejected both times."[^57]
### Later years and death
Whitney was a director of [[Dun and Bradstreet]] from 1971 to 1975. He served as a fellow of the [[Yale Corporation]] from 1955 to 1970 and as senior fellow from 1970 to 1973. He married Mary Elizabeth Altemus in 1927 (divorced in 1940) and, in 1942, Betsey Cushing Roosevelt.[^2]
He died on Monday, February 8, 1982, at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset, New York, of heart failure according to the International Herald Tribune, which put his age at 77 and named a funeral at Christ Episcopal Church, Manhasset, on the Friday. The State Department's magazine, in March 1982, gave the cause as "a heart ailment."[^2][^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Hay Whitney (1904-1982)," Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission, United Kingdom (appointed February 11, 1957; credentials February 28, 1957; left post January 14, 1961). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whitney-john-hay.
[^2]: "John Hay Whitney Is Dead; Publisher, Financier Was 77" and obituary, *International Herald Tribune*, February 9, 1982, p. 1 and p. 5 (born Ellsworth, Maine, August 17, 1904; died Monday at North Shore Hospital, Manhasset, of heart failure; funeral at Christ Episcopal Church, Manhasset; New College, Oxford; family affairs from 1927; Pioneer Pictures; Selznick International 1935; J. H. Whitney and Company 1946; Eisenhower 1952; Herald Tribune loan of $1.2 million in 1957 and control in 1958; Dun and Bradstreet 1971 to 1975; Museum of Modern Art; Yale Corporation; marriages). https://archive.org/details/InternationalHeraldTribune1982FranceEnglish.
[^3]: *State* magazine, March 1982, obituary of John Hay Whitney (died of a heart ailment at North Shore Hospital, Manhasset, on February 8; "Educated at Groton, Yale and Oxford"; Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, Order of the British Empire, chevalier of the Legion of Honor; founded J. H. Whitney and Company and the John Hay Whitney Foundation in 1946). https://archive.org/details/sim_state-magazine_1982-03_243.
[^4]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 172 (children: "Joan, the wife of Charles S. Payson, '21, and John Hay, '26, now a student at Oxford University"). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^5]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1, continued p. 25 (death at Manhasset; "John Hay Whitney, generally known as Jack, is now in Spain playing polo. He is a student at Cambridge University, England"; Mrs. Whitney and the Greentree Stables). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^6]: Report on Yale senior society elections, *The New York Times*, May 15, 1925 (four members of the class of 1926 refused elections to Skull and Bones; Cottle and Whitney accepted elections to Scroll and Key). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1925-05-15_74_24583.
[^7]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), Whitney family section ("Eight Whitneys have been members of The Order") and the index of members by class year. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^8]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, section "Bequests to His Family" (Helen Hay Whitney: life interest in ninety-six parts of the residue, $54,202,694; John Hay Whitney: life interest in forty-eight parts, $27,191,347, until age forty; Joan Whitney Payson: the same interest). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^9]: "The Film Library," *The Bulletin of The Museum of Modern Art*, vol. 3, no. 2 (November 1935) (lively interest of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., John Hay Whitney and Edward M. M. Warburg; officers; Rockefeller Foundation conditional grant; announcement June 25, 1935; first acquisitions July 10). https://archive.org/details/sim_museum-of-modern-art-bulletin_1935-11_3_2.
[^10]: *The Bulletin of The Museum of Modern Art*, vol. 3, no. 3 (December 1935), list of Trustees (Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., first vice-president; John Hay Whitney; Mrs. Charles S. Payson). https://archive.org/details/sim_museum-of-modern-art-bulletin_1935-12_3_3.
[^11]: "Selznick Decides," *Motion Picture Herald*, October 10, 1942 (earlier reports had Selznick selling his interest in "Gone With the Wind" to Mr. Whitney; attorneys for Whitney denied it; liquidation of Selznick International; David O. Selznick Productions). https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher1481unse.
[^12]: "Rockefeller and Whitney Hire Disney to Make Goodwill Films," *Motion Picture Herald*, January 10, 1942 (selection of Walt Disney by Nelson Rockefeller and John Hay Whitney; South American cartoons to be produced at cost). https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher146unse.
[^13]: *Motion Picture Herald*, July 4, 1942, report on the Office of Inter-American Affairs film appropriation ("the film activities launched by John Hay Whitney"; "Francis Alstock, formerly Mr. Whitney's aide, is now director of the film program"). https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher148unse.
[^14]: *Motion Picture Herald*, October 3, 1942, notes on staff changes in the motion picture staff of Nelson Rockefeller's Office of Inter-American Affairs ("Francis Alstock, who succeeded John Hay Whitney as director of the motion picture division"). https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher1481unse.
[^15]: "Jock's Escape," *Newsweek*, September 25, 1944 (Eighth Air Force captain, October 1942; Mediterranean staff of Lt. Gen. Ira C. Eaker from September 1943; capture on August 21, 1944; train "crept but 100 miles in eleven days"; jumped from the moving train). https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_1944-09-25_24_13.
[^16]: "Col. John Hay Whitney Reported Captured By Nazis While Serving With AAF In France," *Film Daily*, vol. 86, no. 42, August 30, 1944. https://archive.org/details/filmdaily86wids.
[^17]: "Jock Whitney's Narrow Escape," *The Blood-Horse*, September 23, 1944 (announcement from the Rome headquarters of the Mediterranean Air Forces; train bombed, shelled and attacked by the French underground). https://archive.org/details/sim_blood-horse_1944-09-23_42_13.
[^18]: *The Blood-Horse*, September 30, 1944 (escape "from German captors on a troop train under fire"; death of Helen Hay Whitney, September 24, 1944). https://archive.org/details/sim_blood-horse_1944-09-30_42_14.
[^19]: *The Washington Post*, October 8, 1944, society column ("escape from a German prison camp"). https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1944-10-08_24951.
[^20]: *Motion Picture Herald*, October 7, 1944 (temporary duty at the Pentagon). https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher1561unse.
[^21]: "Board Elects New President and Vice-President," *Record of The New York Hospital*, June 1946 (Jackson president; Whitney vice-president, succeeding G. Beekman Hoppin; "recently formed investment firm of J. H. Whitney & Co."; Whitney commissioned a captain in 1942, colonel by discharge in December 1945; director of Freeport Sulphur; chairman of the Museum of Modern Art board). https://archive.org/details/record1946newy.
[^22]: U.S. Department of State, *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. 13, no. 330 (October 21, 1945) (announcement of October 15 appointing Ralph McGill and Col. John Hay Whitney special advisers and consultants). https://archive.org/details/dsb1945.
[^23]: *The Newton Graphic*, February 1947, announcement of an appointment to J. H. Whitney and Company ("was established early in 1946"). https://archive.org/details/NewtonGraphicFeb_1947.
[^24]: *Croplife*, June 15, 1946, report of a "substantial private investment by J. H. Whitney & Company" in Spencer Chemical Company. https://archive.org/details/sim_croplife_1946-06-15_104_12.
[^25]: *The Commercial and Financial Chronicle*, September 1, 1947, vol. 166, entry for Vacuum Foods Corp. ("founded by John Hay Whitney to make equity investments in various ventures"). https://archive.org/details/sim_commercial-and-financial-chronicle_1947-09-01_166_18.
[^26]: *Variety*, September 15, 1948 (Bing Crosby elected a director of Vacuum Foods; Minute Maid; Philco and J. H. Whitney and Company). https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1948-09-15_172_2.
[^27]: *Nation's Business*, November 1949 (J. H. Whitney and Company, "a $10,000,000 concern established by Jock Whitney, who took in six young associates"; about $4,000,000 in ten concerns). https://archive.org/details/Nations-Business-1949-11.
[^28]: E. J. Kahn Jr., *Jock: The Life and Times of John Hay Whitney* (Doubleday, 1981) (Benno Schmidt and William H. Jackson of J. H. Whitney and Company; "Whitney's close associate and personal lawyer Bill Jackson"). https://archive.org/details/jocklifetimes00kahn.
[^29]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War* (Granta, 1999), account of Whitney and the firm ("a partnership dedicated to the propagation of the free-enterprise system").
[^30]: *United Nations World*, December 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 10), statement of ownership, management and circulation for October 1, 1947. https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-12_1_10.
[^31]: William H. Jackson to Rear Admiral R. H. Hillenkoetter, letter of May 29, 1947, on J. H. Whitney & Co. letterhead, 630 Fifth Avenue (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000040034-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000040034-9.
[^32]: Robert Blum to William H. Jackson, letter of July 30, 1948, at J. H. Whitney and Co. (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000500050033-5). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP86B00269R000500050033-5.
[^33]: Jackson to Hillenkoetter, September 8, 1950, and Hillenkoetter to Jackson, September 11, 1950 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R000500470011-8). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R000500470011-8.
[^34]: *The Pulse*, October 15, 1950, notice of the appointment of William H. Jackson as Deputy Director (employee bulletin of The New York Hospital). https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_6.
[^35]: J. H. Whitney & Co. letter of April 25, 1951 to William H. Jackson, and Jackson's reply of April 30, 1951 to a member of the firm (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003000220018-0). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000220018-0.
[^36]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, *U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53*, finding aid, historical note (Jackson as chairman, "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency"; members including Barklie McKee Henry; report presented June 30, 1953). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/finding-aids/pdf/us-presidents-committee-on-international-information-activities.pdf.
[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, "General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950 to February 1953," vol. III (CREST document 00669377), passage on the Board of National Estimates and the Princeton Consultants. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00669377.
[^38]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Rules and Administration, Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, hearings of September 10 and 11, 1956, testimony of John Hay Whitney, from p. 38. https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-congress-hearings-prints-and-reports_september-10-and-11-1956.
[^39]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, January 29, 1957 (nomination of John Hay Whitney "to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to Great Britain, vice Winthrop W. Aldrich, resigned").
[^40]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, hearings print for 1957, calendar of nominations ("Feb. 11, confirmed"). https://archive.org/details/sim_united-states-congress-hearings-prints-and-reports_1957_11.
[^41]: "Herald Tribune" historical note and text of John Hay Whitney's statement of August 15, 1966 ("chairman of the board of Whitney Communications Inc."; "the Herald Tribune in New York will not appear again"), *Editor & Publisher*, vol. 99, no. 34 (August 20, 1966), pp. 11 to 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1966-08-20_99_34.
[^42]: "CIA Link to Charity Funds," *San Francisco Chronicle*, February 25, 1967 (Granary Fund schedule with the Thornton and Carlisle trusts; the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes receiving $225,000 in 1964 and $100,000 in 1965; statement of Walter N. Thayer; Whitney as former owner of the Herald Tribune and one-third partner in the World Journal Tribune; CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP75-00149R000800060024-5). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800060024-5.
[^43]: Bernard D. Nossiter, "CIA News Service," *The Washington Post*, July 3, 1975, p. A26. https://archive.org/details/nsia-CIAForumWorldFeatures.
[^44]: Brian Crozier, reply to the *Guardian*, December 1, 1976, with printed correspondence of John Hunt (June 10, 1965), Samuel C. Park (January 24, 1973) and John Hay Whitney (September 23, 1969), and glossary. https://archive.org/details/crozier-replies-to-gaurdian-by-peter-chippendale-martin-walker-the-gaurdian-december-1-1976-pp.-1-9.
[^45]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *Who Paid the Piper?* (1999), pp. 311 to 312, on Forum World Features.
[^46]: Don Irwin and Vincent J. Burke, "21 Foundations, Union Got Money From CIA," *Los Angeles Times*, February 26, 1967 (Granary Fund to the American Newspaper Guild; National Student Association; Patman's list; CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600210002-4). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000600210002-4.
[^47]: Andrew J. Glass, "Foundations Fail to File Tax Report," *The Washington Post*, February 21, 1967 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP73-00475R000101290002-3). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000101290002-3.
[^48]: "Pandora's Cashbox," *Time*, March 3, 1967 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP70B00338R000200230042-5). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70b00338r000200230042-5.
[^49]: David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, *The Espionage Establishment* (Random House, 1967), p. 144.
[^50]: David H. Price, *Cold War Anthropology* (Duke University Press, 2016), Table 7.3, p. 172, citing Kenworthy 1967 and *Time* 1967.
[^51]: Charles Katek, Chief, Central Cover Staff, memorandum for the Deputy Director for Plans, "Indications of the Scope and Possible Damage of New Allegations by Ramparts Magazine," November 1968, with annexes (JFK Assassination Records, 2025 release, 104-10059-10026). https://archive.org/details/JFK-Assassination-Records-2025-Batch01-02.
[^52]: Central Intelligence Agency, Information and Privacy Coordinator, letter of May 28, 1985 responding to the Freedom of Information Act request of January 11, 1980 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP87B00858R000500640014-6). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP87B00858R000500640014-6.
[^53]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), pp. 182 to 183. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit.
[^54]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *Who Paid the Piper?* (1999), pp. 134 to 135 (conduits) and p. 285 (Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney).
[^55]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the record, March 1, 1967, covering "23 February 1967 Paper for the Katzenbach Committee Entitled 'Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations'" (CIA reading room, CIA-RDP82R00025R000800020009-7). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82r00025r000800020009-7.
[^56]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum of June 9, 1967, "Projects Affected by the Katzenbach Report" (CIA reading room, CIA-RDP84-00780R001900020012-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00780r001900020012-9.
[^57]: Henry A. Kissinger to Peter Flanigan, memorandum of March 26, 1969, "Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, John Hay Whitney" (CIA reading room copy, LOC-HAK-1-2-69-2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-loc-hak-1-2-69-2.

342
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Payne Whitney.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
---
category: "Business & Finance"
aliases:
- "Payne Whitney"
- "William Payne Whitney"
- "W. Payne Whitney"
tags:
- Person
- Whitney
- Payne
- Yale
- SkullAndBones
- StandardOil
- Philanthropy
- NewYorkHospital
- CornellMedical
- Thoroughbred
- Greentree
- GreatNorthernPaper
- NorthernFinance
- NewYorkHeraldTribune
summary: "Yale 1898 and Skull and Bones member, financier, and nephew and heir of Oliver Hazard Payne, whose estate, appraised in 1928 at $178,893,655 net, was the largest reported in the United States."
born: 1876-03-20
died: 1927-05-25
location: "New York City; Manhasset, New York"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1898
role: "member, per the Yale Obituary Record for 1927"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[Jockey Club]]"
role: "member and steward"
fn: 16
- type: founded
with: "[[Yale Aviation Corps]]"
start: 1916
role: "formed in June 1916"
fn: 24
- type: director_of
with: "[[Great Northern Paper Company]]"
start: 1903
end: 1927
role: "director and member of the executive board"
fn: 14
- type: director_of
with: "[[Northern Finance Corporation]]"
start: 1911
end: 1927
role: "director and vice president"
fn: 14
- type: director_of
with: "[[Whitney Realty Company]]"
start: 1910
end: 1927
fn: 14
- type: director_of
with: "[[Knickerbocker Trust Company]]"
start: 1907
role: "director in 1907 per a company advertisement"
fn: 12
- type: director_of
with: "[[United States Trust Company]]"
start: 1905
role: "trustee"
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[First National Bank of New York]]"
start: 1924
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[Westchester Racing Association]]"
start: 1925
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[Vanadium Corporation of America]]"
start: 1923
role: "chairman of the executive committee and director"
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]"
start: 1922
end: 1927
role: "trustee"
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[New York Public Library]]"
start: 1915
end: 1927
role: "trustee"
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[New York Hospital]]"
start: 1912
end: 1927
role: "board of governors; vice president from 1919"
fn: 16
- type: owned
with: "[[Northern Finance Corporation]]"
end: 1927
role: "half interest, 50,000 shares, appraised at $125,521,612"
fn: 30
- type: owned
with: "[[Great Northern Paper Company]]"
end: 1927
role: "160,032 shares appraised at $10,242,048 at death"
fn: 35
- type: funded
with: "[[New York Public Library]]"
start: 1923
role: "gift of $2,000,000"
fn: 16
- type: funded
with: "[[New York Hospital]]"
start: 1927
role: "bequest of thirty-three parts of the residue, $18,632,176 as appraised"
fn: 40
- type: funded
with: "[[Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic]]"
start: 1927
role: "bequest by will, per the Weill Cornell history"
fn: 39
- type: funded
with: "[[Cornell University Medical College]]"
start: 1927
role: "bequest by will, per the Weill Cornell history"
fn: 39
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Helen Hay Whitney]]"
start: 1902
end: 1927
role: "married February 6, 1902, in Washington"
fn: 20
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William Collins Whitney]]"
role: "son"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Flora Payne]]"
role: "son"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Oliver Hazard Payne]]"
role: "nephew"
fn: 4
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Harry Payne Whitney]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 49
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 63
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Pauline Whitney Paget]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 63
- type: relative_of
with: "[[John Hay Whitney]]"
role: "father"
fn: 20
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Joan Whitney Payson]]"
role: "father"
fn: 20
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
William Payne Whitney (March 20, 1876 to May 25, 1927) was a New York financier and sportsman, son of [[William Collins Whitney]] and [[Flora Payne]] of the [[Whitney family]], a member of the [[Yale University]] class of 1898 and of [[Skull and Bones]], and, with his sister [[Pauline Whitney Paget]] and four other nephews and nieces, a beneficiary of the holding company that his uncle [[Oliver Hazard Payne]] of [[Standard Oil]] set aside for the family. His brother was [[Harry Payne Whitney]].[^1] His estate, appraised in November 1928 at $194,328,514 gross and $178,893,655 net, was described as the largest ever appraised in the United States.[^2]
### Family and Yale
Whitney was born in New York City, the second son of William C. Whitney, and attended Harrington's School at Westminster, Massachusetts, and [[Groton School]] before Yale. At Yale he rowed on the Freshman, Sophomore and Junior crews, substituted for the University Crew in his Sophomore year and captained the Senior crew at the bow. The Yale record lists him as a member of "Hé Boulé, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and Skull and Bones." Its list of Yale relatives names Henry F. Dimock (1863), Oliver Hazard Payne (1863), Henry W. Payne (1867) and Charles W. Bingham (1868) as uncles, [[Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney]] (1922) as a nephew and Harry Payne Bingham (1910) as a cousin.[^3] Oliver Payne's own record gives Henry W. Payne's death as 1878 and names the three nephews who attended Yale: Harry Payne Whitney (1894), Payne Whitney (1898) and Harry Payne Bingham (1910).[^4]
He served about fifteen years on the Yale Graduate Crew Committee, retiring in 1923, and sat on the committee for the Bob Cook Memorial Boat House.[^5] A New Haven dispatch of May 25, 1927 recorded that he rowed in the Yale crews of 1897 and 1898 against Harvard and Cornell, in the first year at Poughkeepsie and in the second on the Thames, went to the Henley regatta in 1896 as a substitute with the crew that [[Robert J. Cook]] took to England, and presented to Yale the dormitory for the varsity oarsmen at the rowing camp at Gales Ferry. His yacht was at the oarsmen's service each year during their stay there, and the Yale crew coach Ed Leader, the dispatch said, had come east from the West largely through Whitney's influence.[^6] The same newspaper's obituary said that he was known to have made many gifts to Yale, always anonymously, and to have aided classmates in finishing their courses.[^7]
### Skull and Bones and Sutton's account
[[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that the two sons of William Collins Whitney, "Harry Payne ('94) and Payne Whitney ('98)," "went to Yale and became members of The Order."[^8] Sutton's index of members by class year prints "1894 Payne Whitney, Finance: Knickerbocker Trust Co." and "1898 Harry Payne Whitney, Finance: Guaranty Trust and Guggenheim Exploration Co.," reversing the class years that his own text gives; the Yale record gives Payne Whitney's class as 1898.[^9] Sutton's chart "Hypothesis Number One" places the Whitney family, dated to 1635 at Watertown, Massachusetts, among the old-line families and the Payne family under Standard Oil among the new-wealth families.[^10] He wrote that Harry Payne Whitney "inherited two Standard Oil fortunes from the Payne and the Whitney families," and that the original capital of the [[Guaranty Trust Company]] "came from the Whitney, Rockefeller, Harriman and Vanderbilt families, all represented in The Order."[^11]
A 1907 advertisement of the [[Knickerbocker Trust Company]] lists among its directors Charles T. Barney, A. H. Barney, Henry F. Dimock and Payne Whitney.[^12] [[Charles Tracy Barney]], the company's deposed president, shot himself at his home on November 14, 1907, in the panic of that year. He had married Lilly Whitney, a sister of William C. Whitney, and the Yale record lists Dimock as Payne Whitney's uncle.[^3][^13]
### Harvard Law and the business appointments
Whitney took an LL.B. at [[Harvard Law School]] in 1901. The Yale record says he was admitted to the New York bar and shortly afterwards became engaged in business. From 1903 to 1927 he was a director and member of the executive board of the [[Great Northern Paper Company]]; he was director and vice president of the [[Northern Finance Corporation]] from 1911 and a director of the [[Whitney Realty Company]] from 1910.[^14] A New York directory of 1916 lists the Great Northern Paper directors as Garret Schenck (president), Frank S. Rollins, William A. Whitcomb, Edward H. Haskell, Lewis C. Ledyard Jr., William C. Powers, [[Lewis Cass Ledyard]], Payne Whitney and Eugene Hale Jr., and lists the Northern Finance Corporation with Lewis Cass Ledyard as president and Payne Whitney as vice president.[^15]
The Yale record further lists a trusteeship of the [[United States Trust Company]] from June 6, 1905, a directorship of the [[First National Bank of New York]] from January 8, 1924, a directorship of the [[Westchester Racing Association]] from January 8, 1925, and the chairmanship of the executive committee and a directorship of the [[Vanadium Corporation of America]] from September 1923. He was a former director of the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]] and a member of the Board of Stewards of the [[Jockey Club]].[^16] A biographical directory of 1926 gives the same boards in short form: director of Great Northern Paper and of the First National Bank, vice president of the Whitney Realty Company and of the Northern Finance Corporation, trustee of the United States Trust Company, vice president of the Society of the New York Hospital, and trustee of the New York Public Library and of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with an office at 14 Wall Street.[^17] The June 1907 list of trustees of the United States Trust Company, which had Edward W. Sheldon as president, includes Lewis Cass Ledyard, D. O. Mills, William Rockefeller, John S. Kennedy and Payne Whitney.[^18]
The New York Times named the Great Northern Paper Company, the First National Bank of New York, the Whitney Realty Company and the Northern Finance Company as the larger businesses with which he was prominently identified. It reported that Wall Street put his wealth at more than $100,000,000 on the basis of his income tax: in 1924 he paid $2,041,951, the third largest individual payment in the country behind Henry Ford and John D. Rockefeller Jr., and in 1925 he paid $1,676,626, the fifth largest, behind Rockefeller, Ford, Edsel Ford and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon.[^19]
### Marriage to Helen Hay
On February 6, 1902, in [[Washington, D.C.]], Whitney married [[Helen Hay Whitney]], daughter of [[John Hay]], then Secretary of State, and of Clara Louise Stone Hay, sister of his Yale classmate Adelbert S. Hay.[^20] The Chicago Daily Tribune reported on November 29, 1901 that Whitney, "whose engagement to the daughter of Secretary Hay has just been announced," had attended Mr. Clews as best man at a wedding.[^21] The Times recorded that President and Mrs. Roosevelt attended the Washington wedding and that a house at 972 Fifth Avenue was among the wedding gifts.[^22]
The Yale record names their children as Joan, the wife of [[Charles S. Payson]] of the Yale class of 1921, and [[John Hay Whitney]], of the class of 1926, then a student at the [[University of Oxford]].[^20] The Times placed him in May 1927 at Cambridge University, in Spain playing polo when his father died.[^23]
### The Yale Aviation Corps
In June 1916 Whitney formed the [[Yale Aviation Corps]]. The Yale Obituary Record entry for [[Albert Dillon Sturtevant]], Ph.B. 1916, says that Sturtevant enrolled in the corps "formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916," trained on Long Island and later on government machines at Governors Island, and in the fall of 1916 enrolled in Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1, organized by [[F. Trubee Davison]] of the class of 1918 and afterward known as the Huntington Unit. He was commissioned an ensign in the Naval Reserve Flying Corps on March 26, 1917.[^24]
### The inheritance from Oliver Hazard Payne
The Yale record gives Oliver Hazard Payne's career as follows: he entered the Cleveland oil refining business with [[James B. Clark]], [[John Huntington]] later became a partner, the business was absorbed by Standard Oil, and Payne was its treasurer until 1884, when he moved to New York City and thereafter sat on its board. He died at his New York home on June 27, 1917, after an illness of eight months, and was buried in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]].[^25]
His will, reported in July 1917, left cash bequests of more than $7,000,000 to charitable and educational institutions, with $1,000,000 each to [[Lakeside Hospital]] in Cleveland, Yale and the New York Public Library and a permanent endowment of $500,000 for [[Cornell University Medical College]]. Payne Whitney received most of the household and personal effects, the yacht [[Aphrodite]], then in commission for the federal government, the [[Greenwood Plantation]] at [[Thomasville, Georgia]], and all real estate except a country place in [[Ulster County, New York]], which went with a legacy of $2,000,000 to another nephew, [[Harry Payne Bingham]]. Harry Payne Whitney received a painting of Mr. Payne.[^26] The Evening World's headline was "Payne Whitney and Harry Payne Bingham Favored Over Other Direct Heirs"; the residue went in equal shares to the nephews and nieces, Payne Whitney, Pauline Whitney Paget, Harry Payne Bingham, William Bingham 2d, Elizabeth R. Blossom and [[Frances Payne Bolton]].[^27]
Payne Whitney's share of his father's estate had come earlier. [[Henry H. Klein]] gave William C. Whitney's estate as $23,000,000 at his death in 1904, with $2,049,743 to Payne Whitney, $10,248,717 to Harry Payne Whitney and $6,149,230 to [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]], and Standard Oil stocks among the holdings valued at $7,078,400.[^28] The Times wrote in 1927 that about one fifth of the elder Whitney's fortune went to Payne, who then inherited several millions from his uncle Colonel Payne, a founder of Standard Oil and a heavy stockholder in the Singer Sewing Machine Company and the American Tobacco Company.[^29]
### Northern Finance Corporation
The Northern Finance Corporation was a holding company for securities. The New York Times reported on November 23, 1928 that it grew from a fund of many millions set aside some years earlier for Payne Whitney and others by his uncle Colonel Oliver H. Payne, "long a director of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey," when he wished to be relieved of the care of Standard Oil subsidiaries and other stocks, with the stock of the holding company going to Payne Whitney and, in trusteeship, to five other nephews and nieces. The stock, of a par value of only $5,000,000, had risen continually in value. Whitney's half interest, 50,000 shares, was appraised at $125,521,612; the corporation's total assets were $266,536,458, reduced to a net of $251,043,224 by a bond issue of $15,000,000 and an allowance for the New York franchise tax.[^30]
The corporation's holdings, as the appraisal listed them, included British-American Tobacco ($23,961,575), Liggett and Myers ($14,889,056), R. J. Reynolds ($13,734,000) and Imperial Tobacco ($8,211,346); among oils, Standard Oil of New Jersey ($34,533,358), Standard Oil of New York ($13,956,037) and Vacuum Oil ($11,590,000), together with 333,924 shares of Great Northern Paper valued at $21,371,136.[^31][^32] The Paper Trade Journal described the company as "created by the late Col. Oliver H. Payne, as an incorporated trust fund."[^32] Financial World wrote in December 1928 that the holding company was "devised by the late Colonel Oliver H. Payne, Whitney's uncle, and left to him and five other nephews and nieces," and put the market value of the estate at $217,700,000.[^33] The Washington Daily News printed the United Press account, which said that the larger part of the estate was the half interest in the Northern Finance Corporation, a fund set aside by "his uncle, Col. Oliver H. Payne."[^34]
Whitney's individual holdings, as appraised, included 160,032 shares of Great Northern Paper ($10,242,048), 141,600 shares of the Vanadium Corporation ($6,513,600), 25,000 shares of Corn Products Refining ($1,450,000), R. J. Reynolds Class B stock ($5,109,574) and 832 shares of the Westchester Racing Association ($83,200).[^35]
### The Metropolitan Museum, the Munsey estate and the Herald Tribune
Whitney was a trustee of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] from January 16, 1922 until his death.[^16] [[Ferdinand Lundberg]] wrote in 1937 that the trustees of the museum at the time [[Frank A. Munsey]] willed his newspapers to it "included Payne Whitney, Elihu Root, Edward S. Harkness, Arthur Curtiss James, Charles W. Gould, George F. Baker, George D. Pratt, George Blumenthal (Lazard Frères)," and that Munsey in 1924 sold the Herald to the Reid-Mills family for $5,000,000, part cash.[^36] Lundberg added that the Reids gave Munsey their personal note for an undisclosed large sum, which on his death came into the possession of the Metropolitan Museum and was still outstanding in 1937, and that on coming due in 1933 it placed the Herald Tribune under direct obligation to the museum's financial guardian, J. P. Morgan and Company.[^37]
The Editor and Publisher gave the paper's history in 1966: the Herald was founded in 1835 by James Gordon Bennett and the Tribune in 1841 by Horace Greeley, and the two "were merged in 1924 under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. [[Ogden Mills Reid|Ogden M. Reid]]." The [[New York Herald Tribune]], "then in failing financial health, was taken over by John Hay Whitney in 1958," and "His ancestor, John Hay, was once the editor of the Tribune."[^38]
### Medical benefactions
Whitney was on the board of governors of the Society of the New York Hospital from 1912 and its vice president from 1919, and made large gifts to the [[New York Hospital]] and to Bloomingdale Asylum.[^16] The [[Weill Cornell Medicine]] history records that he was a member of Subcommittee C of the Development Committee of the Board of Governors, formed on March 26, 1920 to outline a plan for a medical center, whose members included [[Edward Sheldon]], and that by 1924 he "had begun secretly to purchase property in the area of East 68th-70th Streets and Avenue A (York Avenue) for $2,750,000." Before his death he had made provisions in his will for $12,400,000 for the hospital, $6,200,000 for the [[Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic]], which the will specified as either a neurological or a psychiatric clinic, and $2,800,000 for the medical college. The same history credits Oliver Payne with a $4,000,000 gift to the college. The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center opened in September 1932, and the clinic had its own building.[^39]
The residue of the estate was divided into 300 parts. The appraisal report gave the hospital thirty-three parts ($18,632,176) and noted gifts to it of $1,367,056 in the last two years of Whitney's life. Forty-six parts ($25,972,124) went to trustees, the elder and younger Ledyard and Edward W. Sheldon, president of the United States Trust Company, to apply to charitable, hospital, educational, literary, library or research purposes in their absolute discretion; the will suggested that it "would be agreeable" to him if they favored purposes that had interested him. The trustees later decided to distribute the capital among the New York Hospital, Cornell University for the support of the medical college, the New York Public Library (the Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations), Groton School, Yale University and Nassau Hospital. The Times put the public bequests at nearly $60,000,000.[^40] In 1923 he had given $2,000,000 to the New York Public Library, of which he was a trustee from 1915.[^16] Lundberg wrote that in 1933 the New York Hospital-Cornell center reported three Payne Whitney endowment funds of slightly more than $17,000,000.[^41]
The medical college's psychiatry and neurology staff included [[Harold Wolff]] and [[Lawrence Hinkle]], who carried out the government study of communist brainwashing techniques for the [[CIA]].[^42]
### Greentree and the turf
The Manhasset estate, [[Greentree Stable|Greentree]], gave the racing stable its name. The Times reported in 1927 that the stable was managed by Mrs. Whitney, that Payne Whitney had "not an active racing stable" of his own and had recently taken up the breeding of thoroughbreds, and that he had bought the English horse St. Germaine from Lord Astor a little over a year earlier and, at the Newmarket sales the previous autumn, several mares, including Crispina at about $40,000. He had been a member of the Jockey Club for many years and had consented only recently to election to its Board of Stewards. He owned the Greenwood Plantation at Thomasville, Georgia, and large acreage in Kentucky, where with Joseph E. Widener he had acquired the old Colonel John T. Hughes estate the year before.[^43] The Greentree Stable was already racing steeplechasers in December 1913, when the Daily Racing Form reported that its trainer James Owens had seven at [[Belmont Park]] and that one horse had been turned out at "Mrs. Payne Whitney's Manhasset estate."[^44]
The Times reported a conversation a few days before his death in which Whitney said "that if anything should happen to me the horses will continue to run under the stable name and under our colors," and the Greentree horses ran under their colors after his death.[^45] The Blood-Horse of June 3, 1933 still listed the stable as "the Greentree Stable by Mrs. Payne Whitney," and reported that the nine-year-old Bangle, "owned by Mrs. Payne Whitney's Greentree Stable," had taken the lead late in the International Steeplechase Handicap at Belmont Park on May 27.[^46] The 1928 appraisal valued the Manhasset property at 587 acres with buildings, appraised at $2,185,756, and the Fifth Avenue residence at $625,000.[^47]
### Political contributions
Lundberg listed Payne Whitney among the donors who each gave $15,000 to the Republican campaign collections of 1924, which he said J. P. Morgan and Company took the lead in raising.[^48]
### Death and funeral
Whitney died near the indoor tennis court at his Manhasset home at 1:10 p.m. on Wednesday, May 25, 1927. The Times gave the cause as acute indigestion and reported that the physician who responded found the heart badly dilated and that death came within twenty-five minutes. Mrs. Whitney, at a luncheon at the Colony Club in New York, drove to Manhasset in a little over thirty minutes with a police escort and arrived after he died. The flags at Belmont Park were lowered to half staff and the Whitney entries were scratched, including Whiskery, the winner of the Derby.[^19] The Yale record gives the cause as acute indigestion and says he was buried in the cemetery of Christ Church, Manhasset; it lists as survivors his wife, a daughter, a son, two grandchildren, his brother Harry Payne Whitney and a sister, Mrs. Leonard K. Elmhirst of Yorkshire, England.[^49] The Weill Cornell history says that he "died suddenly of a heart attack in May 1927."[^39]
The funeral was held at Christ Church on May 27, with the rector, Charles H. Ricker, assisted by [[Endicott Peabody]], headmaster of Groton School. Mrs. Whitney came with her brother [[Clarence Hay]], and the rear of the church was filled with employees of Greentree and the Greentree Stable. The Jockey Club adopted a resolution on his "noble, useful career."[^50] The reading of the will awaited John Hay Whitney's return from England, and the Vanadium Corporation closed its Bridgeville and Niagara Falls plants for half an hour during the funeral.[^45]
A Reuters item in the Hong Kong Telegraph of May 27, 1927, printed under the heading "Harry Payne Whitney," reported the sudden death of "the well known American banker Mr. Harry Payne Whitney" while playing tennis at his country home on Long Island and put his fortune at between thirty and forty million dollars; the birth in April 1872 and the marriage in 1896 that it gave are those of his brother.[^51] Harry Payne Whitney had died by the time of the 1931 accounting.[^52]
### The 1928 appraisal
The appraisal was made public on November 22, 1928 by Deputy Tax Commissioner Maurice Stephenson. The Times reported a gross estate of $194,328,514 and a net of $178,893,655, nearly twice the highest previous record and well above that of Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness. Stocks were appraised at $158,773,997, bonds at $23,254,282, New York real estate at $3,149,361 and cash at $1,773,551. The estate would pay the largest death tax ever collected, $20,000,000, of which $15,600,000 would go to New York State, $400,000 to other states and $4,000,000 to the federal government.[^2] The United Press dispatch used the words "the largest estate ever appraised in this country."[^53] The following day the Times reported that the rise in stock prices since his death had added about $35,700,000 to the value of the holdings and that the executors' and trustees' commissions would total $17,697,643.[^54] Lundberg wrote that Payne Whitney "died in 1927 worth $186,000,000," the largest individual estate appraised in New York, and put his share of a joint fortune of four Whitneys at about $220,000,000, computed from a tax payment of $1,676,626.[^55]
The family bequests, as the appraisal reported them, gave Helen Hay Whitney personal effects of $669,747, New York real estate of $750,000, Nassau County real estate of $2,273,961 and a life interest in ninety-six parts of the residue worth $54,202,694, to pass to her children on her death. John Hay Whitney received a life interest in forty-eight parts, $27,191,347, until he was forty years old, and Joan Whitney Payson the same interest. The Times also listed legacies to relatives and employees.[^56]
### The 1931 accounting
An accounting filed in the Surrogate's Court in August 1931 was reported in the Chicago Daily Tribune on September 1, 1931. The executors were Lewis Cass Ledyard, the United States Trust Company and Lewis Cass Ledyard Jr. The accounting gives a net estate of $200,973,154.41 and a total distributed by the executors of $239,301,017.04. Helen Hay Whitney received tangible personal property valued at $811,282.16 and, from the residuary estate of $197,681,235.19, $63,102,816; Joan Whitney Payson and John Hay Whitney received equal shares. Harry Payne Whitney, "a brother. Who since has died," was left racehorses valued at $41,000. Principal securities held at death included 5,500 shares of Standard Oil Company (Indiana) at $365,062.50, 25,000 shares of Corn Products Refining common at $1,450,000 and 141,600 shares of the Vanadium Corporation at $6,513,600.[^57]
### The Payne Whitney Gymnasium
The Athletic Journal reported in June 1931 that the Payne Whitney Gymnasium "has been given to Yale University in memory of Payne Whitney by Mrs. Whitney and the children" and was being built at a cost of at least $5,000,000.[^58] The Scholastic Coach of November 1931 called it Yale's "new Payne Whitney Memorial Gymnasium," with twenty squash courts.[^59] The Architectural Record of February 1933 published the Payne Whitney Gymnasium on Tower Parkway in [[New Haven, Connecticut]] as designed by [[John Russell Pope]], with a front of 310 feet on Tower Parkway and a tower 200 feet high, and beside it the Ray Tompkins House.[^60] Lundberg wrote that the contributors to the new Yale buildings included "the heirs of the late Payne Whitney."[^61]
### The New Republic and the Straight line
Sutton wrote that the "left" press, including The Nation and [[The New Republic]], "were financed by Willard Straight, using Payne Whitney (The Order) funds."[^62] Payne Whitney's sister Dorothy had been the wife of [[Willard Straight]], and the Times named her in 1927 as "Mrs. Leonard K. Elmhirst, nee Dorothy Whitney, whose first husband was the late Willard Straight," beside his other sister, Mrs. Almeric H. Paget.[^63] A summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 in the FBI file on the Straights' son [[Michael Whitney Straight]] records a New Republic executive as stating that the parents "set up a fund that founded the 'New Republic' in 1914, and this fund was utilized for its operation until 1954," when [[Gilbert A. Harrison]] bought a controlling interest.[^64] Klein's figures give Dorothy Payne Whitney's share of her father's estate as $6,149,230.[^65]
### Children
John Hay Whitney, called Jock, of the Yale class of 1926, was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom on February 11, 1957 and left the post on January 14, 1961.[^66]
[[Joan Whitney Payson]], the daughter, is described in a Metropolitan Museum of Art guide as "a longtime patron of the arts and a frequent and generous lender to special exhibitions at the Metropolitan," and as co-owner of Greentree, "an important racing stable." The guide says that "as an enthusiastic baseball fan, she acquired the New York Mets in 1961."[^67] She married Charles S. Payson of the Yale class of 1921, and the Times placed her in 1927 as living on Long Island.[^20][^23]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, pp. 171 to 172 (born March 20, 1876, New York City; died May 25, 1927, Manhasset; parents William Collins Whitney and Flora (Payne) Whitney). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^2]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, p. 1 (gross $194,328,514; net $178,893,655; "the largest estate ever appraised in this country, the appraisal being nearly twice that of the highest previously recorded"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^3]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 171 (Harrington's School and Groton School; crews; "member Hé Boulé, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and Skull and Bones"; Yale relatives: Henry F. Dimock '63, Oliver H. Payne '63, Henry W. Payne '67 and Charles W. Bingham '68 (uncles), Cornelius V. Whitney '22 (nephew), Harry Payne Bingham '10 (cousin)). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^4]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Oliver Hazard Payne, B.A. 1863 (brother Henry W. Payne, class of 1867, died 1878; nephews Harry Payne Whitney, Payne Whitney and Harry Payne Bingham, classes of 1894, 1898 and 1910; a niece the wife of Dudley S. Blossom). https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^5]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 172 (Yale Graduate Crew Committee for about fifteen years, retiring in 1923; committee in charge of the Bob Cook Memorial Boat House; "a generous benefactor of the University"). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^6]: "Noted in Rowing at Yale," special dispatch from New Haven, May 25, in *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 25 (varsity oarsman 1897 and 1898; captain 1898; substitute with the Yale crew taken to Henley in 1896 by Robert J. Cook; presented the dormitory for varsity oarsmen at Gales Ferry; Graduate Rowing Committee; yacht; crew coach Ed Leader). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^7]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1, continued p. 25 ("Yale, his alma mater, loses a great benefactor in Mr. Whitney, for he is known to have made many substantial gifts to the university, always, however, anonymously"; aid to classmates). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^8]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), Whitney family section ("Their two sons, Harry Payne ('94) and Payne Whitney ('98), went to Yale and became members of The Order"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^9]: Sutton (1983), index of members by class year, entries "1894 Payne Whitney, Finance: Knickerbocker Trust Co. (son of W.C. Whitney)" and "1898 Harry Payne Whitney, Finance: Guaranty Trust and Guggenheim Exploration Co. (son of W.C. Whitney)"; the Yale class year of Payne Whitney, 1898, from the Yale record, p. 171. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^10]: Sutton (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," spokes WHITNEY FAMILY (1635, Watertown, Mass.) and PAYNE FAMILY (Standard Oil). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^11]: Sutton (1983), section on Guaranty Trust ("Harry Payne Whitney (The Order'94) inherited two Standard Oil fortunes from the Payne and the Whitney families"; "The original capital for Guaranty Trust came from the Whitney, Rockefeller, Harriman and Vanderbilt families, all represented in The Order"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^12]: Advertisement of the Knickerbocker Trust Co., *Trusts and Estates*, vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1907) (directors including Charles T. Barney, A. H. Barney, Henry F. Dimock and Payne Whitney). https://archive.org/details/sim_trusts-estates_1907-06_4_6.
[^13]: "Charles Tracy Barney, Deposed President of Knickerbocker Trust Co., Unbalanced by His Misfortunes," *The Morning Star* (New York), November 15, 1907, p. 1 (shot himself at his home November 14; "married Miss Lilly Whitney sister of William C. Whitney"). https://archive.org/details/per_star-news_the-morning-star_1907-11-15_81_46.
[^14]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, pp. 171 to 172 (LL.B. Harvard 1901; "admitted to New York Bar, but shortly afterwards became engaged in business"; director and member of the executive board of Great Northern Paper Company 1903 to 1927; director and vice-president of Northern Finance Corporation 1911 to 1927 and of Whitney Realty Company 1910 to 1927). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^15]: R. L. Polk & Co.'s 1916 *Trow New York Copartnership and Corporation Directory*, entries for Great Northern Paper Co. (Me.) (president Garret Schenck; capital $6,000,000; directors) and Northern Finance Corporation (N.Y.) (Lewis Cass Ledyard, president; Payne Whitney, vice president). https://archive.org/details/bwb_T3-CBT-962_64.
[^16]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 172 (trustee of United States Trust Company since June 6, 1905, and of Metropolitan Museum of Art since January 16, 1922; director of First National Bank of New York from January 8, 1924 and of Westchester Racing Association from January 8, 1925; chairman of executive committee and director of Vanadium Corporation of America since September 1923; former director of Northern Pacific Railroad; board of governors of the Society of New York Hospitals since 1912 and vice-president since 1919; gifts to the New York Hospital and Bloomingdale Asylum; $2,000,000 to the New York Public Library in 1923 and trustee from 1915; Board of Stewards of the Jockey Club). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^17]: *Who's Who in America*, vol. 14 (1926 to 1927), entry for "Whitney, Payne, capitalist" ("Dir. Gt. Northern Paper Co., First Nat. Bank (New York); v.p. Whitney Realty Co., Northern Finance Corpn.; trustee U.S. Trust Co. V.p. Society of N.Y. Hosp.; trustee New York Pub. Library, Met. Mus. of Art"; office 14 Wall St.). https://archive.org/details/whoswho141926.
[^18]: Advertisement of the United States Trust Company of New York, *Trusts and Estates*, vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1907) (president Edward W. Sheldon; trustees including Lewis Cass Ledyard, D. O. Mills, John S. Kennedy, William Rockefeller and Payne Whitney). https://archive.org/details/sim_trusts-estates_1907-06_4_6.
[^19]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1, continued p. 25 (died 1:10 p.m. near the tennis court at Manhasset of acute indigestion; heart badly dilated; Mrs. Whitney at the Colony Club; flags at Belmont Park; larger businesses; income tax of $2,041,951 in 1924 and $1,676,626 in 1925). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^20]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 172 ("Married February 6, 1902, in Washington, D. C., Helen, daughter of John Hay ... then Secretary of State, and Clara Louise (Stone) Hay, sister of his classmate, Adelbert S. Hay"; "Children: Joan, the wife of Charles S. Payson, '21, and John Hay, '26, now a student at Oxford University"). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^21]: "Payne Whitney Is Best Man," *Chicago Daily Tribune*, November 29, 1901 ("Payne Whitney, whose engagement to the daughter of Secretary Hay has just been announced, attended Mr. Clews as best man"). https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1901-11-29_60_332.
[^22]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1 (wedding in Washington "attended by President and Mrs. Roosevelt"; "Among the wedding gifts was the house at 972 Fifth Avenue"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^23]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 25 (John Hay Whitney "now in Spain playing polo" and "a student at Cambridge University, England"; daughter Joan, Mrs. Charles Shipman Payson, understood to be living on Long Island). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^24]: Yale University, *Obituary Record ... Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Albert Dillon Sturtevant, Ph.B. 1916 ("the Yale Aviation Corps formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916"; training on Long Island and at Governor's Island; Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1, organized by F. Trubee Davison, afterwards the Huntington Unit; ensign, Naval Reserve Flying Corps, March 26, 1917). https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^25]: Yale University, *Obituary Record ... Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Oliver Hazard Payne, B.A. 1863, pp. 295 to 296 (Cleveland refining business with James B. Clark; John Huntington a partner; treasurer of Standard Oil until 1884; death at his New York home June 27, 1917, after an illness of eight months; interment in Cleveland). https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^26]: "Col. Payne Left $7,000,000 in Gifts," *Brattleboro Daily Reformer* (Brattleboro, Vt.), July 7, 1917, p. 1 (cash bequests of more than $7,000,000; $1,000,000 each to Lakeside Hospital, Yale and the New York Public Library; $500,000 permanent endowment for Cornell University Medical College; household effects; yacht Aphrodite "now in commission for the federal government"; Greenwood plantation at Thomasville, Ga.; Ulster County place to Harry Payne Bingham with $2,000,000; painting of Mr. Payne to Harry Payne Whitney). https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86071593/1917-07-07/ed-1/?sp=1.
[^27]: "Col. Payne Left Public Bequests," *The Evening World* (New York), July 7, 1917, p. 2 ("Payne Whitney and Harry Payne Bingham Favored Over Other Direct Heirs"; residue "equally to nephew and nieces," naming the six). https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1917-07-07/ed-1/?sp=2.
[^28]: Henry H. Klein, *Dynastic America and Those Who Own It* (New York, 1921), section on the Whitney estate (William C. Whitney's estate of $23,000,000 at his death in 1904; Payne Whitney $2,049,743; Harry Payne Whitney $10,248,717; Dorothy Payne Whitney $6,149,230; Standard Oil stocks valued at $7,078,400). https://archive.org/details/dynasticamericaa00kleirich.
[^29]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1 ("When William C. Whitney died he left the bulk of his fortune to his eldest son, Harry Payne Whitney, about one-fifth going to Payne Whitney. The latter, however, inherited several millions from his uncle, Colonel Oliver Payne, a founder of the Standard Oil Company, who when he died was also a heavy stockholder in the Singer Sewing Machine Company and the American Tobacco Company"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^30]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, p. 1, continued p. 12, section "Interest in Holding Company" (half interest, 50,000 shares, in the Northern Finance Corporation appraised at $125,521,612; total assets $266,536,458; net $251,043,224 after a $15,000,000 bond issue; fund set aside by Colonel Oliver H. Payne "when he desired to be relieved of the care of" Standard Oil subsidiaries and other stocks; par value of $5,000,000). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^31]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, section on Northern Finance Corporation holdings (British-American Tobacco $23,961,575; Liggett & Myers $14,889,056; R. J. Reynolds; Imperial Tobacco $8,211,346; Standard Oil of New Jersey $34,533,358; Standard Oil of New York $13,956,037; Vacuum Oil $11,590,000). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^32]: "Payne Whitney Estate Appraised," *Paper Trade Journal*, vol. 87, no. 22 (November 29, 1928), Weekly Business Review (gross $194,328,514 and net $178,893,655; Northern Finance Corporation "created by the late Col. Oliver H. Payne, as an incorporated trust fund"; 333,924 shares of Great Northern Paper Company appraised at $21,371,136 among the holdings). https://archive.org/details/sim_paper-trade-journal_1928-11-29_87_22.
[^33]: *Financial World*, vol. 50, no. 24 (December 12, 1928), editorial on the securities of the Payne Whitney estate (market value $217,700,000; Northern Finance Corporation "devised by the late Colonel Oliver H. Payne, Whitney's uncle, and left to him and five other nephews and nieces"). https://archive.org/details/sim_financial-world_1928-12-12_50_24.
[^34]: "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," United Press, *Washington Daily News*, November 23, 1928, p. 6 (larger portion of the estate a half interest in the Northern Finance Corporation; the fund set aside by "his uncle, Col. Oliver H. Payne"; death tax of about $20,000,000, of which $15,600,000 to New York State). https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82016181/1928-11-23/ed-1/?sp=6.
[^35]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, list of Mr. Whitney's individual stock holdings (160,032 shares Great Northern Paper Company, $10,242,048; 141,600 Vanadium Corporation, $6,513,600; 25,000 Corn Products common, $1,450,000; Reynolds Tobacco Class B $5,109,574; 832 Westchester Racing Association, $83,200). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^36]: Ferdinand Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (New York: Vanguard Press, 1937), p. 254 (Metropolitan Museum trustees at the time of Munsey's will; Munsey's 1924 sale of the Herald to "the Reid-Mills family for $5,000,000, part cash"). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^37]: Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (1937), pp. 269 to 270, section "Mills-Reids" ("the Reids gave Munsey their personal note for an undisclosed large sum, and upon Munsey's death this note came into the possession of the Metropolitan Museum of Art"; the note due in 1933; "J. P. Morgan and Company"). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^38]: Editor and Publisher, vol. 99, no. 34 (August 20, 1966), historical note on the *New York Herald Tribune* (Herald founded 1835 by James Gordon Bennett; Tribune founded 1841 by Horace Greeley; the two "were merged in 1924 under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. Ogden M. Reid"; "then in failing financial health, was taken over by John Hay Whitney in 1958"; "His ancestor, John Hay, was once the editor of the Tribune"). https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1966-08-20_99_34.
[^39]: Weill Cornell Medicine Library, "History of the Medical Center" (undated PDF) (Subcommittee C of March 26, 1920 including Edward Sheldon; the property purchase "for $2,750,000"; "Payne Whitney died suddenly of a heart attack in May 1927"; will provisions of $12,400,000 for the hospital, $6,200,000 for the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, "either a neurological or psychiatric clinic," and $2,800,000 for the medical college; the $4,000,000 gift of Oliver Hazard Payne; opening in September 1932). https://library.weill.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/history_of_the_medical_center.pdf.
[^40]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, section "Public Beneficiaries" (nearly $60,000,000 to charities; New York Hospital thirty-three parts of 300, $18,632,176, and gifts of $1,367,056 in his last two years; forty-six parts, $25,972,124, to the Ledyards and Edward W. Sheldon; trustees' decision to distribute among the New York Hospital, Cornell University, the Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, Groton School, Yale University and Nassau Hospital). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^41]: Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (1937), pp. 342 to 343 (1933 report of the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical College center: "Three Payne Whitney endowment funds aggregated slightly more than $17,000,000"). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^42]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (1979), chapters 8 and 9, as cited on the Lawrence Hinkle page of this vault.
[^43]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 25 (Greentree stables managed by Mrs. Whitney; "he had not an active racing stable"; purchase of St. Germaine from Lord Astor and of mares at Newmarket; Jockey Club and Board of Stewards; Greenwood Plantation; Kentucky acreage with Joseph E. Widener; the Manhasset estate valued at about $3,000,000). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^44]: "Greentree Stable's Promising Material," *Daily Racing Form*, December 16, 1913 (trainer James Owens; seven at Belmont Park; a horse "turned out at Mrs. Payne Whitney's Manhasset estate"). https://archive.org/details/drf1913121601.
[^45]: "Many Mourn Whitney; Funeral to Be Held Today," *The New York Times*, May 27, 1927 ("It is my wish ... that if anything should happen to me the horses will continue to run under the stable name and under our colors"; reading of the will to await his son; Vanadium Corporation plants closed during the funeral). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-27_76_25325.
[^46]: Race report, *The Blood-Horse*, vol. 19, no. 22 (June 3, 1933) ("the Greentree Stable by Mrs. Payne Whitney"; Bangle, "owned by Mrs. Payne Whitney's Greentree Stable," in the International Steeplechase Handicap at Belmont Park, May 27). https://archive.org/details/sim_blood-horse_1933-06-03_19_22.
[^47]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, section "Realty and Personalty" (587 acres with buildings at Manhasset, assessed at $767,000 and appraised at $2,185,756; 972 Fifth Avenue, $625,000). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^48]: Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (1937), p. 172 (J. P. Morgan and Company "took the lead in scaring up Republican contributions" in 1924; "Payne Whitney each gave $15,000"). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^49]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, p. 172 ("Death due to acute indigestion. Buried in the cemetery of Christ Church, Manhasset. Survived by wife, daughter, son, two grandchildren, a brother, Harry Payne Whitney, '94, and a sister, Mrs. Leonard K. Elmhirst, of Yorkshire, England"). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^50]: "Simple Rites Held for Payne Whitney," *The New York Times*, May 28, 1927 (funeral at Christ Church, Manhasset, May 27; the Rev. Charles H. Ricker assisted by the Rev. Endicott Peabody; Clarence Hay; employees of Greentree and the Greentree Stable; Jockey Club resolution on "a noble, useful career"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-28_76_25326.
[^51]: Reuters item headed "Harry Payne Whitney," *Hong Kong Telegraph*, May 27, 1927, p. 1 ("the well known American banker Mr. Harry Payne Whitney"; death "while playing tennis at his country home in Long Island"; fortune "between thirty and forty million dollars"; born April 1872, married 1896). https://archive.org/details/NPTG19270527.
[^52]: "200 Millions to Legatees of Payne Whitney," *Chicago Daily Tribune*, September 1, 1931 ("Harry Payne Whitney, a brother. Who since has died"). https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1931-09-01_90_209.
[^53]: "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," United Press, *Brainerd Daily Dispatch* (Brainerd, Minn.), November 23, 1928, p. 1 (net value $178,893,655; "the largest estate ever appraised in this country"). https://archive.org/details/brainerd-daily-dispatch-1928-11-23.
[^54]: *The New York Times*, November 24, 1928, report on the market value of the Payne Whitney estate (increase of about $35,700,000 since his death; executors' and trustees' commissions of $17,697,643). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-24_78_25872.
[^55]: Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (1937), pp. 29 to 30 ("The largest individual estate ever appraised in New York was that of Payne Whitney, who died in 1927 worth $186,000,000"; "Payne Whitney's share in the group of four, on the basis of a tax payment of $1,676,626, is computed at approximately $220,000,000"). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^56]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, section "Bequests to His Family" (Helen Hay Whitney: personal effects $669,747, New York realty $750,000, Nassau County realty $2,273,961, life interest in ninety-six parts of the residue worth $54,202,694; John Hay Whitney: life interest in forty-eight parts, $27,191,347, until he is forty; Joan Whitney Payson the same interest). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871.
[^57]: "200 Millions to Legatees of Payne Whitney," *Chicago Daily Tribune*, September 1, 1931 (accounting filed in the Surrogate's Court; executors Lewis Cass Ledyard, the United States Trust Company and Lewis Cass Ledyard Jr.; total distributed $239,301,017.04; net estate $200,973,154.41; Helen Hay Whitney, widow, tangible personal property $811,282.16; residuary estate $197,681,235.19; $63,102,816 to Mrs. Whitney from the residue; equal shares to Joan Whitney Payson and John Hay Whitney; racehorses valued at $41,000; 5,500 shares of Standard Oil Company (Ind.) at $365,062.50; 25,000 shares of Corn Products Refining Company common at $1,450,000; 141,600 shares of Vanadium Corporation at $6,513,600). https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1931-09-01_90_209.
[^58]: John L. Griffith, "Review of the Year in Athletics," *Athletic Journal*, vol. 11, no. 10 (June 1931) ("The Payne Whitney Gymnasium, which has been given to Yale University in memory of Payne Whitney by Mrs. Whitney and the children, is being built at a cost of at least five million dollars"). https://archive.org/details/sim_athletic-journal_1931-06_11_10.
[^59]: *Scholastic Coach*, vol. 1, no. 3 (November 1931), article on squash racquets ("Yale's new Payne Whitney Memorial Gymnasium will house twenty courts"). https://archive.org/details/sim_scholastic-coach_1931-11_1_3.
[^60]: "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium and Ray Tompkins House at Yale University," *The Architectural Record*, vol. 73, no. 2 (February 1933) (John Russell Pope, architect; front of 310 feet on Tower Parkway; tower 200 feet high). https://archive.org/details/sim_architectural-record_1933-02_73_2.
[^61]: Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (1937), pp. 402 to 403 ("The contributors included Edward S. Harkness, the heirs of the late Payne Whitney, and John W. Sterling"; the new Payne Whitney Gymnasium). https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937.
[^62]: Sutton (1983), section on the press ("both Nation and New Republic on the 'left' were financed by Willard Straight, using Payne Whitney (The Order) funds"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^63]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 25 ("Mr. Whitney's sisters are Mrs. Leonard K. Elmhirst, nee Dorothy Whitney, whose first husband was the late Willard Straight, and Mrs. Almeric H. Paget"). https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324.
[^64]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (interview of the publisher of The New Republic: "His parents set up a fund that founded the 'New Republic' in 1914, and this fund was utilized for its operation until 1954"; Gilbert A. Harrison bought a controlling interest in 1954). https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^65]: Klein, *Dynastic America* (1921), section on the Whitney estate ($6,149,230 to Dorothy Payne Whitney). https://archive.org/details/dynasticamericaa00kleirich.
[^66]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Hay Whitney (1904-1982)," Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission (Ambassador to the United Kingdom; appointed February 11, 1957; left post January 14, 1961). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whitney-john-hay.
[^67]: Gary Tinterow, *The New Nineteenth-Century European Paintings and Sculpture Galleries* (Metropolitan Museum of Art guide), entry on Joan Whitney Payson ("a longtime patron of the arts and a frequent and generous lender to special exhibitions at the Metropolitan"; "She was co-owner of Greentree, an important racing stable, and as an enthusiastic baseball fan, she acquired the New York Mets in 1961"). https://archive.org/details/TheNewNineteenthCenturyEuropeanPaintingsandSculptureGalleries.

13
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/R. Gordon Wasson.md
View file

@ -14,24 +14,27 @@ location: "Great Falls, Montana"
R. Gordon Wasson was an American ethnomycologist and vice president at J.P. Morgan & Company bank, known for his pioneering research into the use of psychedelic mushrooms in shamanistic rituals. His work became central to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]]'s quest for the *teonanáctl* (God's flesh) mushroom[^1].
Wasson wrote a study of the 1861 Hall carbine transaction in which [[J. P. Morgan]] had lent [[Simon Stevens]] $20,000 on the arms, *The Hall Carbine Affair: A Study in Contemporary Folklore*, printed in 1941 in an edition of 100 copies and revised in 1948 in an edition of 750.[^2]
Wasson and his wife, Valentina, a pediatrician, had been investigating a mushroom cult in Mexico. He had traveled to Mexico twice and was planning a third expedition when he was contacted by [[Andrija Puharich]] and [[Alice Astor Bouverie]]. Wasson explained that the Mexicans believed the mushroom was a pathway to the supernatural and possessed divinatory powers, allowing human consciousness to separate from the physical body[^1].
In August 1954, Wasson shared his information with Puharich, who then briefed his Army superiors on the *teonanáctl* mushroom. The CIA, however, chose to bypass Puharich and approached Wasson directly through their chemist, [[James Moore]], who posed as a professor[^1].
In June 1955, Wasson, accompanied by photographer Allan Richardson, arrived in Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca, and became the first white men in recorded history to eat the divine mushrooms. Wasson reported intense hallucinations but no divinatory powers. Upon his return, he sent a cache of mushrooms to Puharich for chemical analysis[^1].
Wasson's work gained widespread public attention when he struck a publishing deal with *Life* magazine and authored an account of his experience titled "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," published on pages 100 to 102 and 109 to 120 of the May 13, 1957 issue.[^2] While he omitted any mention of the CIA's involvement, he highlighted the mushroom's alleged ability to access and enhance [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]]. The article caused a sensation, effectively undermining the CIA's desire to keep the drug a secret psychic weapon under military intelligence control, as pleasure seekers flocked to Mexico to consume *God's flesh*[^1].
Wasson's work gained widespread public attention when he struck a publishing deal with *Life* magazine and authored an account of his experience titled "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," published on pages 100 to 102 and 109 to 120 of the May 13, 1957 issue.[^3] While he omitted any mention of the CIA's involvement, he highlighted the mushroom's alleged ability to access and enhance [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]]. The article caused a sensation, effectively undermining the CIA's desire to keep the drug a secret psychic weapon under military intelligence control, as pleasure seekers flocked to Mexico to consume *God's flesh*[^1].
### Mushrooms, Russia and History
Decades before the Mexican expeditions, Wasson and Valentina had become fascinated by how different societies treat mushrooms, finding whole nationalities (Russians, Catalans) to be mycophiles and others (Anglo-Saxons) mycophobes; their limited-edition *Mushrooms, Russia and History* (1957, $125 new) catalogued the legends and photographs of nearly every known species.[^3]
Decades before the Mexican expeditions, Wasson and Valentina had become fascinated by how different societies treat mushrooms, finding whole nationalities (Russians, Catalans) to be mycophiles and others (Anglo-Saxons) mycophobes; their limited-edition *Mushrooms, Russia and History* (1957, $125 new) catalogued the legends and photographs of nearly every known species.[^4]
### The 1955 Velada and the 1956 Expedition
On June 29, 1955 Wasson and photographer Allan Richardson reached the town hall at Huautla de Jiménez and were led to [[Maria Sabina|María Sabina]], a curandera Wasson called a *señora sin mancha*; that night the two men each ate twelve mushrooms, and Wasson recorded "a fission of the spirit, a split in the person." On the 1956 return trip, joined by James Moore and the French mycologist [[Roger Heim]] with a $2,000 contribution from the [[Geschickter Fund for Medical Research|Geschickter Fund]], Heim later grew the mushrooms from spore prints in [[Paris]] and sent samples to [[Albert Hofmann]] at [[Sandoz]], who isolated the active compound and named it [[Psilocybin]], beating the CIA to "God's flesh." Wasson's 1957 *Life* account ran 17 pages and lured waves of Americans to Mexico, among them a young Harvard psychologist named [[Timothy Leary]], who ate his first mushrooms in 1959.[^3]
On June 29, 1955 Wasson and photographer Allan Richardson reached the town hall at Huautla de Jiménez and were led to [[Maria Sabina|María Sabina]], a curandera Wasson called a *señora sin mancha*; that night the two men each ate twelve mushrooms, and Wasson recorded "a fission of the spirit, a split in the person." On the 1956 return trip, joined by James Moore and the French mycologist [[Roger Heim]] with a $2,000 contribution from the [[Geschickter Fund for Medical Research|Geschickter Fund]], Heim later grew the mushrooms from spore prints in [[Paris]] and sent samples to [[Albert Hofmann]] at [[Sandoz]], who isolated the active compound and named it [[Psilocybin]], beating the CIA to "God's flesh." Wasson's 1957 *Life* account ran 17 pages and lured waves of Americans to Mexico, among them a young Harvard psychologist named [[Timothy Leary]], who ate his first mushrooms in 1959.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Wasson, R. Gordon. "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," *Life*, vol. 42, no. 19, May 13, 1957, pp. 100-102, 109-120. https://archive.org/details/Life-1957-05-13-Vol-42-No-19
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 7.
[^2]: R. Gordon Wasson, *The Hall Carbine Affair: A Study in Contemporary Folklore* (revised edition, 1948), title page, copyright page and preface. https://archive.org/details/hallcarbineaffai012466mbp ; U.S. House of Representatives, 37th Cong., 2d sess., House Report No. 2, "Government Contracts," p. 43 ("The arms were placed under the control of J. Pierpont Morgan to secure him the payment of $20,000 he had advanced to Stevens"). https://archive.org/details/governmentcontra00unit_1
[^3]: Wasson, R. Gordon. "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," *Life*, vol. 42, no. 19, May 13, 1957, pp. 100-102, 109-120. https://archive.org/details/Life-1957-05-13-Vol-42-No-19
[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 7.

319
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Wadsworth family.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- "Wadsworth family"
- "The Wadsworths"
- "Wadsworth family of Geneseo"
- "Wadsworths of Geneseo"
tags:
- Person
- Family
- Wadsworth
- Geneseo
- Hartford
- SkullAndBones
- Yale
- Hay
- Whitney
- Symington
- UnitedNations
- ArmsControl
- CivilDefense
- Congress
- PoliticalDynasty
- PeaceResearch
category: "Political Figure"
summary: "Connecticut family that settled Geneseo, New York, in 1790 as land agents for Jeremiah Wadsworth and produced a Civil War general, a senator, and a United Nations ambassador who headed the Peace Research Institute."
location: "Geneseo, New York"
relations:
- type: appointed
with: "[[Continental Congress]]"
start: 1778-04-09
role: "Jeremiah Wadsworth, elected Commissary General of Purchases"
fn: 10
- type: founded
with: "[[Hartford Bank]]"
start: 1792
role: "Jeremiah Wadsworth, first-named director; chosen president June 16, 1792 and declined"
fn: 13
- type: founded
with: "[[Bank of North America]]"
start: 1781
role: "Jeremiah Wadsworth, described as a founder in the Dictionary of American Biography and as an original subscriber of 104 shares by Burpee"
fn: 8
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Treaty of Big Tree]]"
start: 1797
role: "Jeremiah Wadsworth, appointed to superintend the treaty for the United States"
fn: 17
- type: founded
with: "[[Wadsworth Atheneum]]"
start: 1842
role: "Daniel Wadsworth, son of Jeremiah Wadsworth, who gave the money and the land"
fn: 62
- type: appointed
with: "[[District of Columbia]]"
start: 1862-03-08
end: 1862-12
role: "James Samuel Wadsworth, military governor, by President's General War Order No. 2"
fn: 24
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Battle of the Wilderness]]"
start: 1864-05-06
role: "James Samuel Wadsworth, mortally wounded; died May 8, 1864"
fn: 28
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States House of Representatives]]"
start: 1881-11-08
end: 1907-03-03
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth (1846-1926), chairman of the Committee on Agriculture"
fn: 29
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1898
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., Yale class of 1898"
fn: 31
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States Senate]]"
start: 1915-03-04
end: 1927-03-03
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., senator from New York"
fn: 32
- type: head_of
with: "[[United States Senate Committee on Military Affairs]]"
start: 1919
end: 1927
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., chairman (Sixty-sixth through Sixty-ninth Congresses)"
fn: 32
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States House of Representatives]]"
start: 1933-03-04
end: 1951-01-03
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr."
fn: 32
- type: appointed
with: "[[National Security Training Commission]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952-06-21
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., chairman, appointed by President Truman"
fn: 32
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Alice Hay Wadsworth]]"
start: 1902-09-30
role: "James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., married at Newbury, New Hampshire"
fn: 33
- type: relative_of
with: "[[John Hay]]"
role: "father-in-law of James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. and maternal grandfather of James Jeremiah Wadsworth"
fn: 33
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Helen Hay Whitney]]"
role: "sister of Alice Hay Wadsworth, wife of James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr."
fn: 35
- type: relative_of
with: "[[John Hay Whitney]]"
role: "nephew of Alice Hay Wadsworth; son of Payne Whitney and Helen Hay"
fn: 35
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Stuart Symington|W. Stuart Symington]]"
start: 1924
role: "married Evelyn Wadsworth (1903-1972), daughter of James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr."
fn: 4
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Perkins family]]"
start: 1901
role: "William Austin Wadsworth married Elizabeth Greene Perkins"
fn: 4
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1927
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, Yale class of 1927"
fn: 42
- type: member_of
with: "[[New York State Assembly]]"
start: 1931
end: 1941
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth"
fn: 43
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Curtiss-Wright]]"
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, assistant industrial relations manager of the airplane division during World War II"
fn: 43
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests]]"
start: 1958
end: 1960-08-31
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, United States Representative"
fn: 45
- type: appointed
with: "[[United Nations]]"
start: 1960-08-27
end: 1961-01-21
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, Representative of the U.S.A. to the United Nations"
fn: 48
- type: founded
with: "[[Peace Research Institute]]"
start: 1961
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, first president; Antony C. Sutton dated its founding to 1960"
fn: 54
- type: head_of
with: "[[Citizens Committee for a Nuclear Test Ban]]"
start: 1963
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, chairman"
fn: 51
- type: appointed
with: "[[Federal Communications Commission]]"
start: 1965
end: 1969
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, appointed by President Johnson"
fn: 41
- type: director_of
with: "[[Freedom House]]"
role: "James Jeremiah Wadsworth, chairman of the board of directors, per the Bowdoin citation"
fn: 50
---
The Wadsworth family is a Connecticut line that settled at [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] in the 1630s and, through two brothers who went to the Genesee country in 1790 as land agents for their kinsman Jeremiah Wadsworth, founded [[Geneseo, New York|Geneseo]]. Its members include a Continental Army commissary general, a Union brigadier general killed at the [[Battle of the Wilderness]], a speaker of the New York Assembly who sat in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], and a United States representative to the [[United Nations]]. [[Antony C. Sutton]] places the Wadsworth family (1632, Newtown, Massachusetts) among the old-line families on his chart headed "Hypothesis Number One," and his membership index lists two Wadsworths in [[Skull and Bones]].[^1][^2]
### From the ship Lion to Hartford
William Wadsworth is recorded as the progenitor of the family in America. He arrived at Boston on the ship Lion on September 16, 1632 with a household of four, settled at Newtown (now Cambridge, Massachusetts), became a freeman on November 6, 1632, served as a selectman there in 1634 and 1635, and removed to Hartford with the Rev. Thomas Hooker's company. He was collector in 1637, a Hartford selectman from 1642 to 1647, and died in 1675.[^3] The Livingston County Historian gives his dates as 1594 to 1675.[^4] His son Sergeant John Wadsworth settled at Farmington, Connecticut, and John's brother Joseph Wadsworth is the man the genealogy credits with seizing the colonial charter and hiding it in the oak.[^3] Captain James Wadsworth (1677-1756), a lawyer, took up land at Durham, Connecticut, under the patent of 1708.[^5] His descendants there included Brigadier General and later Major General James Wadsworth (1730-1817) of the Connecticut militia, a member of the Continental Congress in 1784 who opposed ratification of the Constitution in the Connecticut convention of 1788, and John Noyes Wadsworth, the father of the Geneseo brothers.[^6][^5] A separate branch of the name had landed at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1632 under Christopher Wadsworth, and later produced the Revolutionary general and Federalist congressman Peleg Wadsworth.[^3][^7]
### Jeremiah Wadsworth
Jeremiah Wadsworth was born in Hartford on July 12, 1743, the son of the Rev. Daniel Wadsworth and Abigail Talcott, a daughter of Governor Joseph Talcott. He went to sea at eighteen and rose to captain, married Mehitable Russell of Middletown on September 29, 1767, and in April 1775 was appointed by the Connecticut legislature as commissary to the colony's forces.[^8][^9] On April 9, 1778 the Continental Congress "proceeded to the election of a commissary general of purchases, and, the ballots being taken, Jeremiah Wadsworth, Esq. was unanimously elected."[^10] [[George Washington]] wrote to the President of Congress on August 3, 1778 that Wadsworth "has been indefatigable in his exertions to provide for the Army, and since his appointment our supplies of provisions have been good and ample."[^11] He held the post until his resignation at the end of 1779 and at the request of the Comte de [[Rochambeau]] served as commissary to the French army in America until the war ended.[^8][^11] Washington and Rochambeau conferred under his roof at Hartford in 1780; in 1783 he went to Paris to settle his accounts with the French government and received one of the gold medals struck for the peace.[^11]
His business interests outlasted the war. The Dictionary of American Biography describes him as a founder of the [[Bank of North America]] in Philadelphia and of the Hartford Bank, a director of the first Bank of the United States, and one of the promoters of the Hartford Manufacturing Company (1788), a woolen mill, and records that he began the first insurance partnership in Connecticut in 1794.[^8] Charles W. Burpee wrote that he was an original subscriber to the Bank of North America in 1781 with 104 shares at $400, that he became president of the Bank of New York in 1785 at the request of [[Alexander Hamilton]], and that the Hartford Bank, chartered in 1792, was largely his project in consultation with Hamilton.[^12] At the organizing meeting of the Hartford Bank on June 14, 1792, with [[Oliver Ellsworth]] presiding, Wadsworth was the first-named of nine directors; on June 16 the directors chose him president, he declined, and John Caldwell was elected in his place.[^13] He headed the individual subscribers to the new Connecticut State House the same year with $500.[^14] He sat in the Connecticut ratification convention of 1788, in the Continental Congress that year, and in the first three Congresses of the United States (1789-1795), then in the state house and the state executive council until 1801, and died at Hartford on April 30, 1804.[^9] The Livingston County finding aid gives his birth year as 1745; the Biographical Directory of the Congress and the Dictionary of American Biography give 1743.[^4][^9][^8]
### The Genesee lands and the Treaty of Big Tree
Jeremiah Wadsworth held shares in the [[Phelps and Gorham Purchase]] in western New York. Henry Greenleaf Pearson wrote that he was probably drawn to it through [[Oliver Phelps]], whom he knew from the commissary department of Washington's army, and that his own purchase was about 25,000 acres, township 6 in range 7 on the Genesee River.[^15] In late 1789 his young kinsman James Wadsworth of Durham, a Yale graduate of 1787 and a son of John Noyes Wadsworth, was in his house at Hartford. Pearson wrote that Jeremiah proposed to furnish the money for James to buy land and settle in western New York; Lockwood Doty wrote that Jeremiah offered James and his brother William half of his interest at cost and the agency for the other half if they would remove to the Genesee.[^15][^16] The brothers left Durham in the spring of 1790. William went overland with the cattle, hired men and Jenny, an enslaved person of the family; James bought supplies in New York and shared a sloop to Albany with [[John Jacob Astor]], then on his first fur-buying journey. They built at the place then called Big Tree, now Geneseo.[^16][^4] The Livingston County finding aid calls Jeremiah their cousin; Doty calls him their uncle and Pearson a cousin of James.[^4][^16][^15]
In September 1797 Jeremiah Wadsworth was the United States commissioner at the treaty held at Big Tree. [[Robert Morris]] had contracted with the Holland Land Company to extinguish the native title at his own expense. Doty recorded that the commissioner first named, Isaac Smith of New Jersey, was prevented by judicial duties, and that "Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth of Connecticut was appointed to superintend the treaty in conformity with law," with General William Shepard representing Massachusetts. At the opening Wadsworth delivered a speech assuring the [[Seneca]] that he would watch the proceedings in their interest, and at a private conference Morris offered them $100,000 for their lands.[^17]
### James Wadsworth and William Wadsworth at Geneseo
James Wadsworth (1768-1844) and William Wadsworth (1761-1833) took up 2,000 acres at Geneseo at a cost Doty gave as $160, and Cuyler Reynolds's genealogy records that they became the largest sheep and wool producers in the United States.[^16][^18] William, a major general of militia, was captured at Queenston in 1812 and held on parole at Geneseo until exchanged; he never married.[^19][^4] The brothers gave about four and a quarter acres in Geneseo for the Livingston County courthouse and jail, and William was one of the commissioners who superintended the building.[^20] James promoted education at his own expense, procured the school library law of 1838, and founded a library and lecture institution at Geneseo with a $10,000 endowment.[^18] He married Naomi Wolcott in 1804; their children were Harriet (1805-1833), who married Martin Brimmer of Boston, James Samuel, William Wolcott, Cornelia (1812-1831), and Elizabeth (1815-1851), who married Charles Augustus Murray.[^4][^18]
### James Samuel Wadsworth
James Samuel Wadsworth was born at Geneseo on October 30, 1807, studied at Hamilton College and Harvard, read law at Yale and in the office of Daniel Webster, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He inherited his uncle William's lands the same year.[^21][^18] He took part in the Free-Soil movement of 1848, was a Republican elector in 1856 and 1860, and was one of eleven New York commissioners to the Peace Conference at Washington in February 1861, where, Pearson wrote, he took no part in the speech-making.[^18][^22] He served as a volunteer aide at Bull Run and was commissioned a brigadier general in the summer of 1861.[^23]
On March 8, 1862 President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s General War Order No. 2 directed that the forces left for the defence of Washington "will be placed in command of Brig.-General James Wadsworth, who shall also be Military Governor of the District of Columbia."[^24] A War Department order of March 15 directed the provost marshal of the Army of the Potomac to turn over to Wadsworth "all the military prisons and prisoners within the District of Columbia and all contrabands now in custody."[^25] Pearson wrote that Wadsworth quartered the fugitives from Virginia in Duff Green's Row east of the Capitol, assigned them a superintendent and employed many of the men at forty cents a day, and that a congressional committee investigating the District jail under United States Marshal Ward H. Lamon found that Lamon made nearly a hundred percent profit on the allowance for each prisoner.[^26] Wadsworth held the governorship for nine months and at his own request was ordered to the field in December 1862.[^23]
The Union convention nominated him for governor of New York in September 1862, on the first ballot, 234 votes to 110 for John A. Dix, within days of Lincoln's announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation. [[Thurlow Weed]], whose first choice had been Dix, had sounded him through Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, and Chase recorded Wadsworth's answer in his diary. [[Horatio Seymour]] won the election, 307,063 votes to 296,492, as reported in the New York Tribune of November 24, 1862.[^27] Wadsworth commanded a division at Gettysburg and, in May 1864, the Fourth Division of the Fifth Corps in the Wilderness. Struck on May 6 while trying to hold his line, he lay behind Confederate lines and died on May 8; Pearson prints the account of Confederate Colonel Charles Marshall of Lee's staff, who found him unconscious beneath a shelter tent. The body was brought through the lines under flag of truce on May 17 and buried at Geneseo.[^28][^23] He was brevetted a major general of volunteers for gallantry at Gettysburg and the Wilderness, with rank from May 6, 1864.[^28] He built the Hartford House at the north end of Geneseo and in 1834 married Mary Craig Wharton (1812-1874).[^4]
### James Wolcott Wadsworth, The Boss
James Wolcott Wadsworth (1846-1926), son of the general, was born in Philadelphia on October 12, 1846 and served on the staff of General Gouverneur K. Warren in the Civil War. The Biographical Directory of the Congress records that he was a member of the New York Assembly in 1878 and 1879 and State comptroller in 1880 and 1881; a Republican member of the House from November 8, 1881 to March 3, 1885 and again from March 4, 1891 to March 3, 1907, chairman of the Committee on Agriculture from the Fifty-fourth through the Fifty-ninth Congresses; president of the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers; and president of the Genesee Valley National Bank. He died in Washington on December 24, 1926.[^29] The county finding aid calls him "The Boss" and records his marriage in 1876 to Maria Louisa Travers (1848-1931); Reynolds gives the place as Newport, Rhode Island, and identifies her as a daughter of William R. Travers and a granddaughter of Reverdy Johnson of Maryland.[^4][^30]
### James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., Yale, Skull and Bones and the Senate
James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. ("Young Jim") was born at Geneseo on August 12, 1877, attended [[St. Mark's School]], and graduated from [[Yale University|Yale]] in 1898. The 1914 genealogy states that at Yale he "was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity in his junior year, and was chosen by the Skull and Bones Society," and that he played on the university baseball team; Sutton's membership index lists him in the class of 1898.[^31][^2] He served as a private in the Puerto Rican campaign of 1898, sailed with three classmates to the Philippines in early 1899, and returned to scientific farming near Mount Morris.[^32][^30] The Biographical Directory of the Congress records his service in the New York Assembly from 1905 to 1910 (Speaker, 1906 to 1910); his election to the Senate in 1914 and re-election in 1920; service from March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1927; defeat in 1926; the chairmanship of the Committee on Military Affairs from the Sixty-sixth through the Sixty-ninth Congresses; and election to the House for the Seventy-third and eight succeeding Congresses, March 4, 1933 to January 3, 1951.[^32] Reynolds adds that in the summer of 1908 he was suggested in various parts of the state for the Republican nomination for governor, which went to Charles E. Hughes, and that he was a trustee of Cornell University and a commissioner of the State Land Office.[^30] Who's Who in America lists his clubs as the Metropolitan Club of Washington, the Racquet and Tennis, Yale and Union League clubs of New York and the Fort Orange Club of Albany, and records that he managed a large ranch at Palo Duro, Texas, in 1911-13.[^33] His aunt Cornelia Wadsworth, the general's daughter, married John Adair of the JA Ranch at Palo Duro, Texas.[^4]
On September 30, 1902 he married Alice Hay at Newbury, New Hampshire. She was born at Cleveland on January 6, 1880, a daughter of John Hay, Lincoln's private secretary and later Secretary of State, and Clara Louise Stone Hay.[^33][^34] Her sister [[Helen Hay Whitney|Helen Hay]] married [[Payne Whitney]], and their son [[John Hay Whitney]] was therefore a nephew of Alice Hay Wadsworth.[^35] Alice Hay Wadsworth was president of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage from 1917 to 1919, was elected honorary president for life, and was national president of the American Women's Legion from 1921 to 1923.[^33] Their children were Evelyn (1903-1972), James Jeremiah (1905-1984) and Reverdy.[^33][^34] Evelyn Wadsworth married W. Stuart Symington, later a senator from Missouri, in 1924.[^4]
Senator [[Edward R. Burke]] introduced S. 4164 on June 20, 1940, "a system of selective compulsory military training and service," and Wadsworth introduced the same bill in the House as H.R. 10132.[^36] It was enacted as the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, chapter 720 of the 76th Congress, approved September 16, 1940, and is catalogued under the popular name Burke-Wadsworth Act.[^37][^38] A 1943 publication of the National Service Board for Religious Objectors states that "A New York attorney, [[Grenville Clark]], wrote what was to become the final Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, elaborated and introduced by Senator Burke and Representative Wadsworth," and quotes a House hearing exchange in which a speaker said that Clark "in his first day's testimony said he wrote it."[^39] The Rev. John Haynes Holmes said in a sermon of September 29, 1940, printed in the Appendix to the Congressional Record at the request of Senator Rush D. Holt, that the bill "was not written by Senator BURKE and Representative WADSWORTH, whose names it bore," and that "the measure prepared, here in New York, by not more than a half-dozen men, meeting at the Harvard Club on West Forty-fourth Street."[^40] The same 1943 publication adds that a later labor-draft proposal "was again outlined by Grenville Clark and again introduced by Representative Wadsworth, teamed this time with Senator Austin."[^39] President [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed Wadsworth chairman of the National Security Training Commission in 1951, and he served until his death in Washington on June 21, 1952.[^32]
### James Jeremiah Wadsworth
James Jeremiah Wadsworth, called Jerry, was born in Groveland, Livingston County, on June 12, 1905. He attended Fay School and St. Mark's School and then Yale, where the county finding aid records that he played football and baseball, ran track, and was a member of Skull and Bones; Sutton's index lists him in the class of 1927.[^41][^42] The 1984 obituary in the New York Times says he played varsity football and baseball at Yale and graduated in 1927; the finding aid records his marriage that year to Harty Griggs Tilton of New York City and the birth of their only child, Alice Ann, in 1928.[^43][^41] He was elected to the New York Assembly in 1931, served for a decade, and headed a legislative committee on the problems of unemployed men over forty. In 1938 he was the Republican nominee for lieutenant governor and lost.[^43][^41] The obituary states that he was rejected for military service in World War II because of a bad leg and worked as assistant manager of industrial relations at the [[Curtiss-Wright]] plant in Buffalo.[^43]
After the war he directed the Public Interest Division of the [[War Assets Administration]], and in 1948 became special assistant to [[Paul G. Hoffman]] in the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]]. In 1950 he became deputy administrator of the Civil Defense Office of the [[National Security Resources Board]] under Paul J. Larsen, and the finding aid records that President Truman then appointed him deputy administrator of the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]].[^41][^43] The finding aid records that President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed him deputy chief representative to the United Nations in 1953; the New York Times obituary says he served seven years as deputy chief of the delegation under [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] Jr., "often a trouble-shooter in negotiations with the Russians."[^41][^43]
On February 27, 1958 the State Department announced that the Secretary of State had designated Ambassador James J. Wadsworth to act as United States representative in future negotiations for an agreement on the limitation of armament, while he kept his post as Deputy Representative to the United Nations. The same release says the Secretary had asked four private citizens to advise him informally on the broad policies for limiting armament: [[Alfred M. Gruenther]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[John J. McCloy]] and [[Walter Bedell Smith]].[^44] The Foreign Relations of the United States lists him as the U.S. Representative to the Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests until August 31, 1960 and Permanent Representative to the United Nations from September 8, 1960.[^45] At the National Security Council meeting of December 23, 1958 he reported that the Conference had agreed on the first four articles of a proposed treaty and that the Soviet idea of control would put 150 Russians and one or two Westerners at a Soviet control post.[^46] In a telegram from Geneva to [[Christian A. Herter|Christian Herter]] on February 16, 1959 he wrote: "I have a tremendous emotional desire to make a success of these talks. However, I have reluctantly come to believe that it would be wiser for us to find some way of stopping these negotiations now for some time at least."[^47]
The State Department record gives his appointment as Representative of the United States to the United Nations on August 27, 1960, presentation of credentials on September 8, 1960, and the end of the mission on January 21, 1961.[^48] On October 11, 1960, when [[Nikita Khrushchev]] spoke for taking disarmament into plenary debate, Wadsworth stated: "We do this because we think that disarmament is a complex subject requiring serious consideration, and not a subject to be exploited for propaganda purposes."[^49] The New York Times obituary says that Wadsworth rose to criticize Khrushchev's attack on Secretary General [[Dag Hammarskjold]], and that he called the proposal to replace the office with a three-member committee "ludicrous."[^43] The Bowdoin College citation credits him with representing the American position on disarmament and atomic control, "uncompromising on the necessity of inspection as prerequisite to effectiveness," and notes his service as chairman of the board of directors of [[Freedom House]].[^50]
After he left the United Nations he chaired the Citizens Committee for a Nuclear Test Ban. On August 7, 1963 a delegation with Wadsworth as principal spokesman, joined by Marion Folsom, William Clayton, Walter Reuther and Norman Cousins, met President [[John F. Kennedy]] to pledge support for the treaty signed in Moscow the day before; Senator [[Hubert Humphrey]] told the Senate that Wadsworth had been "one of the pioneers in fashioning many of the provisions of the treaty."[^51] The finding aid adds a 1955 trip to London for the United Nations Disarmament Commission sub-committee, the 1957 conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at Vienna, and two novels of the 1960s, The Price of Peace and The Glass House.[^41]
President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] appointed him to the [[Federal Communications Commission]] in 1965, where he served until 1969. The obituary quotes an earlier Times article calling him "an unpredictable maverick" on the Commission and says he cast the key vote in the first case in which the commission denied renewal to a major television licensee. In 1970 he joined the American team negotiating the charter of the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, [[Intelsat]], and then returned to the family farm of about 3,000 acres at Geneseo. His autobiography, The Silver Spoon, was published at his own expense in 1980; its introduction calls the title "a somewhat wry admission that I have been considered all my life as a rich person descended from rich people." He died in Rochester on March 13, 1984.[^43][^41] The Bowdoin citation describes the record of the preceding three generations of his family as "a United States Senator, two United States Congressmen, a Brigadier General, an Ambassador to Great Britain, and a Secretary of State."[^50]
### The Peace Research Institute
Antony C. Sutton wrote in the section of his book on think tanks that "In 1960, James Jeremiah Wadsworth ('27) set up the Peace Research Institute. In 1963 this was merged to become the Institute for Policy Studies, along with Marcus Rashkin, who had been National Security Council Aide (1961-3) to McGeorge Bundy ('40)."[^52] Elsewhere in the same book he wrote that the Rubin Foundation, a client of the New York law firm of Lord, Day and Lord, "is one of the financial angels for the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C."[^53]
The press and congressional record places the Institute's beginning in 1961. [[Arthur Larson]], director of the Rule of Law Research Center at [[Duke University]] and former director of the United States Information Agency, said in a Utah State University commencement address of June 3, 1967 that after the Duke center was started in 1958, "several of us formed a Peace Research Committee," and that "The Committee then led to the Peace Research Institute, Inc., with Ambassador James J. Wadsworth as its first president."[^54] A newspaper editorial reprinted in the Senate on July 26, 1963 referred to "the foundation-financed Peace Research Institute founded in 1961 by former Ambassador James J. Wadsworth."[^55] Shirley Scheibla wrote in Barron's of October 6, 1969 that the Institute for Policy Studies "had its genesis in the Peace Research Institute, which began operations in Washington on April 5, 1961," with an announcement that it would be a private agency for research in "all fields relevant to peace, security, disarmament and international order," and that it shortly obtained a $20,000 contract for a study for the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]]; Senator Paul J. Fannin had the article printed in the Congressional Record.[^56] The agency's second annual report, printed in the Record on February 11, 1963, lists the grant: a study of the factors pertinent to the political control of an international police force, awarded on June 19, 1962 to the Peace Research Institute of Washington, D.C., in the amount of $20,000.[^57] Scheibla wrote that the study was signed by Arthur I. Waskow and called for an international police force.[^56] Donald Michael was the Institute's director.[^58]
Scheibla wrote that the Peace Research Institute "merged with the Institute for Policy Studies, which had just been founded by Marcus Raskin and Richard Barnet" late in 1963, and that Waskow then went to work for the Institute for Policy Studies as senior fellow. She listed its financing as the [[Ford Foundation]], the Edgar Stern Family Fund, the Samuel Rubin Foundation, Irving Lauck, the Institute for International Order, the Milbank Foundation, a gift of the Fontaney Corporation "through the generosity of James P. Warburg," the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, the National Board of Missions of the Presbyterian Church, the Field Foundation, the Cudahy Fund, the Edwin Janss Foundation, Jennifer Cafritz, Walter E. Meyer and Michel Gellert, on an annual budget of $400,000.[^56] [[Marcus Raskin]] and [[Richard Barnet]] are the Institute for Policy Studies founders named in the article.[^56]
### William Austin Wadsworth and the other branches
William Austin Wadsworth (1847-1918), a son of William Wolcott Wadsworth and Emmeline Austin, established the Genesee Valley Hunt Club and in 1901 married Elizabeth Greene [[Perkins family|Perkins]] (1869-1943), who founded the Wadsworth Nursing Home in Geneseo.[^4] The general's daughter Cornelia (1839-1921) married first Montgomery Ritchie and then John Adair, his daughter Nancy (born 1843) married Edward M. Rogers, and Elizabeth (1848-1930) married first Arthur Post and then Arthur Smith Barry, Lord Barrymore.[^23][^4] Craig Wharton Wadsworth (1841-1872), who served for a time on his father's staff, married Evelyn W. Peters; their sons were James Samuel "Jim Sam" Wadsworth (1870-1930), the father of James Livingston Wadsworth (1897-1918), listed in the finding aid as the first World War I casualty of Troop M, and Craig Wharton Wadsworth Jr. (1872-1960), a Spanish-American War veteran and Rough Rider.[^23][^4] Harriet Travers Wadsworth (1881-1975), sister of Wadsworth Jr., married Fletcher Harper.[^4]
### George Wadsworth II
A different man of the same surname held a diplomatic post in the same years. George Wadsworth II (1893-1958), a career Foreign Service officer, was appointed ambassador to Saudi Arabia on October 21, 1953, presented credentials on January 9, 1954, and left the post on January 1, 1958.[^59] His telegram of February 6, 1954 from Saudi Arabia, signed "the Ambassador in Saudi Arabia (Wadsworth)," concerns the agreement between the Saudi government and the Onassis company and is cited in the biography of [[Robert Maheu]].[^60]
### The Wadsworth Atheneum and the Morgan Memorial
Jeremiah Wadsworth's only son Daniel Wadsworth inherited his Hartford house, which stood on the site of the later museum.[^61] The National Register of Historic Places lists the Wadsworth Atheneum, a Gothic Revival building of cream granite, as built in 1842 to the design of Ithiel Town, and states that Daniel Wadsworth gave Hartford the money for it and donated the land.[^62] Hartford's Library Company, a forerunner, was incorporated in 1799 "largely at the instance of Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth."[^63] Before 1910 the Colt Wing and the Morgan Memorial had been added to the original building.[^64] The will of [[J. P. Morgan]], published in April 1913, refers to "The Morgan Memorial" of the Wadsworth Athenaeum in its article on the art collections.[^65]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day" (Wadsworth Family, 1632 Newtown, Mass.) and the text on old-line families. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^2]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), membership index, class of 1898 ("Wadsworth, James Wolcott Jr.") and class of 1927 ("Wadsworth, James Jeremiah"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^3]: Cuyler Reynolds, ed., *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley*, vol. 2 (New York, 1914), Wadsworth family, p. 850 (William Wadsworth and the ship Lion, Sept. 16, 1632; Newtown; Hartford; Sergeant John Wadsworth; Joseph Wadsworth and the charter; Christopher Wadsworth at Duxbury). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^4]: Livingston County Historian's Office, "Wadsworth Family: A Subject Finding Aid" (April 2019, revised 2022), section II and the family tree, with bibliography. https://livingstoncountyny.gov/DocumentCenter/View/11709
[^5]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, p. 851 (Captain James Wadsworth of Durham; Hon. James Wadsworth; John Noyes Wadsworth, who married Esther Parsons in 1757). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^6]: *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005*, H. Doc. 108-222 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2005), p. 2098, "Wadsworth, James" (born Durham, Conn., July 8, 1730; major general of Connecticut militia 1777-1779; Continental Congress 1784; opposed ratification in 1788; died September 22, 1817). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222.pdf
[^7]: *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005*, p. 2099, "Wadsworth, Peleg" (born Duxbury, Mass., May 6, 1748; Representative from Massachusetts, 1793-1807). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222.pdf
[^8]: *Dictionary of American Biography*, vol. 19 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), s.v. "Wadsworth, Jeremiah," pp. 308-309 (birth July 12, 1743; commissary to Connecticut forces April 1775; commissary general April 1778 to resignation December 4, 1779; commissary to the French troops at Rochambeau's request; founder of the Bank of North America and the Hartford Bank; Hartford Manufacturing Company; insurance partnership of 1794). https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer19amer
[^9]: *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005*, p. 2099, "Wadsworth, Jeremiah" (born Hartford, July 12, 1743; went to sea 1761; Continental Congress 1788; First through Third Congresses; state executive council 1795-1801; died April 30, 1804). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222.pdf
[^10]: *Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789*, vol. 10, ed. Worthington C. Ford (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 328, Thursday, April 9, 1778. https://archive.org/details/us_congress_continental
[^11]: Henry Greenleaf Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo, Brevet Major-General of United States Volunteers* (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913), pp. 4-5 (Jeremiah Wadsworth; Washington to the President of Congress, August 3, 1778, citing Ford's *Writings of George Washington*, vol. 7, p. 141; Rochambeau; the gold medal; commissary general elected April 9, 1778 and held until January 1, 1780). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^12]: Charles W. Burpee, *The Story of Connecticut*, vol. 2 (New York: American Historical Company, 1939), chapter on Hartford and its banks. https://archive.org/details/burpeesstoryofco02burp
[^13]: John Alden Brett, ed., *Connecticut Yesterday and Today, 1635-1935* (Hartford, 1935), Hartford National Bank and Trust Company section (articles of association; meeting of June 14, 1792 with Oliver Ellsworth presiding; directors; election of Wadsworth as president on June 16, 1792, his declination, and the election of John Caldwell). https://archive.org/details/connecticutyeste00bret
[^14]: Burpee, *The Story of Connecticut*, vol. 2 (1939) (State House of 1792; subscribers headed by Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth with $500). https://archive.org/details/burpeesstoryofco02burp
[^15]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 5-8 (Jeremiah's purchase of township 6, range 7; James Wadsworth's graduation from Yale in 1787 and stay at Jeremiah's Hartford house; the Phelps and Gorham purchase; Oliver Phelps; the brothers' departure in spring 1790). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^16]: Lockwood L. Doty, *A History of Livingston County, New York* (Geneseo: Edward E. Doty, 1876), pp. 240-241 (James Wadsworth and Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth's offer; the 2,000 acres at Geneseo for $160; William, "Jenny" and the ox cart; James and John Jacob Astor on the sloop to Albany). https://archive.org/details/historyoflivings00doty
[^17]: Doty, *A History of Livingston County* (1876), pp. 223-228 (the treaty of 1797; Robert Morris and the Holland Company; Isaac Smith; "Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth of Connecticut was appointed to superintend the treaty in conformity with law"; Wadsworth's speech; the offer of $100,000). https://archive.org/details/historyoflivings00doty
[^18]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, pp. 851-853 (James Wadsworth: sheep and wool; the school library law of 1838; the $10,000 library; his children; General James Samuel Wadsworth's education, 1833 bar admission, the lands inherited from William Wadsworth, the Free-Soil movement of 1848, elector in 1856 and 1860, Peace Conference delegate). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^19]: Doty, *A History of Livingston County* (1876), pp. 306-310 (General William Wadsworth at Queenston; prisoner and on parole at Geneseo). https://archive.org/details/historyoflivings00doty
[^20]: Doty, *A History of Livingston County* (1876), pp. 351-352 (act appointing General William Wadsworth, Daniel H. Fitzhugh and William Markham to superintend the public buildings; land given by William and James Wadsworth). https://archive.org/details/historyoflivings00doty
[^21]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 22-23 (born October 30, 1807). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^22]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 51-52 (election to the Peace Conference in February 1861; "took no part in the speech-making"). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^23]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, pp. 852-853 (Bull Run; brigadier general, July 1861; military governor from March 1862 for nine months; division command; the Wilderness; children of General Wadsworth). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^24]: Frank Moore, ed., *The Rebellion Record*, vol. 4 (New York, 1862), Documents, "President's General War Order, No. 2," Executive Mansion, Washington, March 8, 1862, art. III. https://archive.org/details/rebellionrecordd04moor
[^25]: *The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies*, Series II, vol. 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898), General Orders No. 25, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, March 15, 1862, p. 378. https://archive.org/details/warofrebellion0203rootrich
[^26]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 131-133 (the District jail and Marshal Lamon's profit, citing the New York Tribune, July 2, 1862; the contrabands at Duff Green's Row). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^27]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 154-156, 164-165 (nomination of September 1862; vote of 234 to 110; Weed and Chase; Seymour, 307,063; Wadsworth, 296,492, citing the New York Tribune, November 24, 1862). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^28]: Pearson, *James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo* (1913), pp. 272-289 (the Wilderness, May 5-8, 1864; Colonel Marshall's account; death on May 8; return of the body on May 17; brevet commission dated May 6, 1864). https://archive.org/details/cu31924032774220
[^29]: *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005*, p. 2098, "Wadsworth, James Wolcott" (born Philadelphia, October 12, 1846; Assembly 1878-1879; comptroller 1880-1881; House 1881-1885 and 1891-1907; died December 24, 1926). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222.pdf
[^30]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, pp. 853-855 (James W. Wadsworth Sr.; marriage of 1876 at Newport; James W. Wadsworth Jr.: St. Mark's, Yale 1894-1898, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Skull and Bones, Spanish-American War, Philippines in 1899, Assembly 1904-1910, the 1908 gubernatorial talk, trustee of Cornell; marriage of September 30, 1902 to Alice Hay). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^31]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, p. 854 ("was chosen by the Skull and Bones Society"). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^32]: *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005*, pp. 2098-2099, "Wadsworth, James Wolcott, Jr." (born Geneseo, August 12, 1877; Yale 1898; Assembly 1905-1910, Speaker 1906-1910; Senate March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1927; chairman, Committee on Military Affairs; House March 4, 1933 to January 3, 1951; chairman, National Security Training Commission, 1951; died June 21, 1952). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222.pdf
[^33]: *Who's Who in America*, vol. 14, 1926-1927 (Chicago: A. N. Marquis, 1926), entries "Wadsworth, Alice Hay (Mrs. James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.)" and "Wadsworth, James Wolcott, Jr." (marriage at Newbury, N.H., Sept. 30, 1902; children Evelyn (Mrs. Stuart Symington), James Jeremiah, Reverdy; National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage 1917-1919; ranch at Paloduro, Texas, 1911-1913; clubs). https://archive.org/details/whoswho141926
[^34]: Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, p. 855 (Alice Hay, born Cleveland, January 6, 1880, daughter of John Hay and Clara Stone Hay; children Evelyn, born July 7, 1903, and James Jeremiah, born June 8, 1905, at Mount Morris). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^35]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, pp. 171 to 172 (marriage to Helen Hay; the son John Hay Whitney). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4 ; Reynolds, *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York*, vol. 2, p. 855 (Alice Hay, daughter of John Hay). https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn
[^36]: *Congressional Record*, 76th Cong., 3d sess., vol. 86: Senate, June 20, 1940, p. 8680 (S. 4164, introduced by Mr. Burke); House, p. 8907 (H.R. 10132, introduced by Mr. Wadsworth). https://archive.org/details/us_congress_76
[^37]: Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, ch. 720, S. 4164, approved September 16, 1940, 54 Stat. 885. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-54/pdf/STATUTE-54-Pg885.pdf
[^38]: Yale Law Library, Database of Federal Statute Popular Names, entry "Burke-Wadsworth Act (see Selective Training and Service Act of 1940)." https://documents.law.yale.edu/node/48446
[^39]: National Service Board for Religious Objectors, *Congress Looks at the Conscientious Objector* (Washington, 1943), narrative of the Selective Training and Service Act, the House hearing exchange, and the later national service proposal. https://archive.org/details/congresslooksatc00nati
[^40]: *Congressional Record*, Appendix, October 2, 1940, vol. 86, pp. 6059-6060 (extension of remarks of Senator Rush D. Holt printing the sermon "As We Move Toward War" by the Rev. John Haynes Holmes). https://archive.org/details/us_congress_76
[^41]: Livingston County Historian's Office, "James Jeremiah Wadsworth (1905-1984) Collection," finding aid C169 (August 2022), section II, Biographical Information. https://livingstoncountyny.gov/DocumentCenter/View/15946
[^42]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), membership index, class of 1927 ("Wadsworth, James Jeremiah"); Livingston County Historian's Office, finding aid C169 (2022), section II. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^43]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, June 20, 1984, "A Tribute to James J. Wadsworth," remarks of Senator Daniel P. Moynihan printing Joseph B. Treaster, "James J. Wadsworth Dies at 78; Headed U.S. Delegation to U.N.," *New York Times*, March 15, 1984. https://archive.org/details/us_congress_98
[^44]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960*, vol. III, Microfiche Supplement, National Security Policy; Arms Control and Disarmament, doc. 294, press release, Washington, February 27, 1958. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v03mSupp/d294
[^45]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960*, vol. III, National Security Policy; Arms Control and Disarmament, list of persons ("Wadsworth, James J., U.S. Representative to the Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests until August 31, 1960; Permanent Representative to the United Nations from September 8, 1960"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v03
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960*, vol. III, doc. 189, memorandum of discussion at the 392d meeting of the National Security Council, Washington, December 23, 1958. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v03/d189
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960*, vol. III, doc. 200, telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Tests to the Department of State, Geneva, February 16, 1959. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v03/d200
[^48]: Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "James Jeremiah Wadsworth," People, Department History (appointment August 27, 1960; credentials September 8, 1960; termination January 21, 1961). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/wadsworth-james-jeremiah
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960*, vol. II, doc. 227, editorial note on the General Assembly debate of October 11, 1960. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v02/d227
[^50]: Bowdoin College, honorary Doctor of Laws citation for James Jeremiah Wadsworth. https://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/college-history-and-archives/honors/Wadsworth61.pdf
[^51]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, August 8, 1963, "Citizen Support for Test Ban Treaty," remarks of Senator Hubert Humphrey with the statement to President Kennedy and the press release of August 7, 1963, vol. 109, pp. 14536-14538. https://archive.org/details/us_congress_88
[^52]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), text on think tanks. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^53]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), text on the Lord family and Lord, Day and Lord. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^54]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, June 27, 1967, vol. 113, pp. 17415-17418 (remarks of Senator Frank Moss printing the commencement address of Arthur Larson, "Can Knowledge Bring Peace?", Utah State University, June 3, 1967). https://archive.org/details/us_congress_90
[^55]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, July 26, 1963, vol. 109, p. 14024, editorial "Purely a Matter of Economics," Bloomington (Ind.) *Telephone*, July 25, 1963. https://archive.org/details/us_congress_88
[^56]: Shirley Scheibla, "The Institute for Policy Studies Aims To Disarm the United States," *Barron's*, October 6, 1969, printed in the *Congressional Record*, Senate, October 6, 1969, vol. 115, pp. 28750-28751, at the request of Senator Paul J. Fannin. https://archive.org/details/us_congress_91
[^57]: *Congressional Record*, Senate, February 11, 1963, vol. 109, p. 2149 (second annual report of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, "Grants," item 1). https://archive.org/details/us_congress_88
[^58]: *Congressional Record*, Appendix, April 30, 1963 (extension of remarks of Representative Robert W. Kastenmeier printing Donald Michael, "Peace and Politics: Aspirations and Limits," address of November 5, 1961, *Adult Leadership*, February 1963; Michael identified as director of the Peace Research Institute, Washington, D.C.). https://archive.org/details/us_congress_88
[^59]: Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "George Wadsworth II," People, Department History (career Foreign Service officer; ambassador to Saudi Arabia, appointed October 21, 1953, credentials January 9, 1954, left post January 1, 1958). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/wadsworth-george
[^60]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954*, vol. IX, *The Near and Middle East*, part 1, doc. 329, telegram from the Ambassador in Saudi Arabia (Wadsworth), February 6, 1954, pp. 786-787. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v09p1/d329
[^61]: Burpee, *The Story of Connecticut*, vol. 2 (1939) (Jeremiah Wadsworth's large property left to his only son Daniel, including his residence on the site of the Wadsworth Atheneum). https://archive.org/details/burpeesstoryofco02burp
[^62]: National Park Service, *The National Register of Historic Places 1972* (Washington, 1972), Connecticut, Hartford County, "Wadsworth Atheneum, 25 Atheneum Square, North, 1842, Ithiel Town." https://archive.org/details/nationalregister001972
[^63]: Burpee, *The Story of Connecticut*, vol. 2 (1939) (the Library Company incorporated 1799). https://archive.org/details/burpeesstoryofco02burp
[^64]: Brett, *Connecticut Yesterday and Today* (1935), section on Samuel P. Avery and the Morgan Memorial (the Colt Wing and the Morgan Memorial added to the original Wadsworth Atheneum before 1910). https://archive.org/details/connecticutyeste00bret
[^65]: *New-York Tribune*, April 20, 1913 (full text of the will, Article XXXII, art collections and "The Morgan Memorial" of the Wadsworth Athenaeum). https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83030214/1913-04-20/ed-1/

246
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Weyerhaeuser family.md Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- "Weyerhaeuser family"
- "Weyerhaeuser"
- "Weyerhaeuser clan"
- "Frederick Weyerhaeuser family"
tags:
- Person
- Family
- Weyerhaeuser
- Lumber
- NorthernPacific
- JamesJHill
- BureauOfCorporations
- LandGrants
- SkullAndBones
- Yale
- TrilateralCommission
- KidnappingCase
- Foundations
category: "Business & Finance"
summary: "Lumber family whose Weyerhaeuser Timber Company bought 900,000 acres of Northern Pacific grant timber in 1900, with members on Yale and Skull and Bones rosters."
location: "Rock Island, Illinois; St. Paul, Minnesota; Tacoma, Washington"
relations:
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Frederick Denkmann]]"
start: 1860
role: "bought a failing lumber mill at Rock Island, Illinois"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Mississippi River Logging Company]]"
start: 1872
role: "Frederick Weyerhaeuser, named president by 1872"
fn: 7
- type: founded
with: "[[Weyerhaeuser Timber Company]]"
start: 1900
role: "incorporated January 18, 1900, after the purchase of Northern Pacific grant timberland"
fn: 15
- type: investigated
with: "[[Bureau of Corporations]]"
reverse: true
start: 1913
role: "lumber industry reports, Part I of January 20, 1913 and Parts II and III of July 13, 1914"
fn: 21
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1896
role: "Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser, class of 1896, recorded as 'Bones' in the class's decennial record"
fn: 38
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Lumber Manufacturers Association]]"
start: 1905
role: "Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser, chairman of the committee to endow a chair at the Yale Forest School"
fn: 42
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Trade Commission]]"
reverse: true
start: 1949
role: "Weyerhaeuser Sales Co. a respondent in the Douglas Fir Plywood Association proceeding, 47 F.T.C. 420"
fn: 47
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1935
role: "kidnapping of George Weyerhaeuser, age 9, from Tacoma"
fn: 53
- type: funded
with: "[[Trilateral Commission]]"
start: 1973
end: 1980
role: "Weyerhaeuser Company listed among corporate financial supporters as of March 31, 1980"
fn: 52
- type: head_of
with: "[[Weyerhaeuser Company]]"
start: 1966
end: 1991
role: "George H. Weyerhaeuser, president and chief executive officer"
fn: 57
---
The Weyerhaeuser family is a lumber family whose founder, [[Frederick Weyerhaeuser]] (1834 to 1914), built a timber business from a sawmill in [[Rock Island, Illinois]] and then from land in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]].[^1] Members of the family appear on [[Yale University]] class lists and on the [[Skull and Bones]] roster, and the family's company appears in federal court records, Bureau of Corporations reports, Federal Trade Commission orders and congressional records of timber ownership.
### Rock Island and the Mississippi
Frederick Weyerhaeuser was born on November 21, 1834, in Niedersaulheim, Germany, arrived in Rock Island in 1856, and in 1860 joined his brother-in-law [[Frederick Denkmann]] in buying a bankrupt lumber mill there.[^2] The city's historic structures page describes the mill as failing and states that "From that time on, the firm cut and rafted logs down the Mississippi River."[^3] It gives the deaths of Denkmann in 1905 and Weyerhaeuser in 1914 and states that both are buried at [[Chippiannock Cemetery]] in Rock Island.[^4] Weyerhaeuser moved his family and offices to [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] in 1891.[^2]
The Yale record of his son's class gives the parents' marriage as October 11, 1857, at Rock Island, between Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Elizabeth Sarah Bladel, with seven children, four boys and three girls.[^5] The [[Forest History Society]] names the children as John Philip, Elise, Margaret, Apollonia, Charles, Rudolph and Frederick Edward, the last being the youngest.[^6]
### Mississippi River Logging Company and the Chippewa pool
The [[Minnesota Historical Society]]'s biographical entry states that Weyerhaeuser was named president of the [[Mississippi River Logging Company]] by 1872.[^7] Walter A. Blair's history of upper Mississippi rafting records that the Beef Slough Boom and Improvement Company was organized in 1867 and chartered by Wisconsin to catch, sort, raft and scale all logs coming down the [[Chippewa River]], and that the Mississippi River Logging Company took it over in 1873.[^8]
The boom drew federal litigation. In February 1879 the Circuit Court for the Western District of Wisconsin heard the government's bill to abate the works of the Beef Slough company and to stop the driving of logs in the Chippewa; the court held that without specific legislation by Congress the regulation of a navigable stream was left to the state, and sustained the demurrer.[^9] In a separate suit, [[Heerman v. Beef Slough Manufacturing Company]], a steamboat proprietor asked the same court to abate the company's piers and booms as a nuisance; Judge Bunn held that a court of equity would not abate piers and booms built under the authority of the Wisconsin legislature, at the instance of a private individual.[^10]
A later contract case shows the company's structure. In Robson v. Mississippi River Logging Company (Circuit Court, Northern District of Iowa, April 2, 1894), the court found that the defendant was an Iowa corporation that drove logs and timber down the Flambeau and Chippewa rivers, and that the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company was "under the control and management of the defendant."[^11] The contract in suit, dated August 23, 1882, recited differences between a Minnesota timber owner, the logging company and the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, and bound the logging company to drive, boom and deliver his logs at boom charges not to exceed 60 cents per thousand feet. When floods filled Beef Slough, the court held that the company could not excuse nonperformance, because it had built a boom in another slough on the west bank of the Mississippi.[^12]
### The Northern Pacific purchase
On January 3, 1900, [[James J. Hill]] sold about 900,000 acres (1,406 square miles) of Washington State timberland to Frederick Weyerhaeuser, according to a [[HistoryLink]] essay on the transaction.[^13] The land had been held by the [[Northern Pacific Railway]], and Hill had gained controlling interest in that railroad.[^13] The price was $6 an acre, or $5,400,000, with $3,000,000 paid down and eight semiannual payments of $300,000 plus interest.[^14] The [[Weyerhaeuser Timber Company]] was incorporated on January 18, 1900.[^15] A second HistoryLink essay states that Hill and Weyerhaeuser had been neighbors in Saint Paul since 1891, that the buyers were Weyerhaeuser and 11 investors, and that the company eventually bought 3 million acres from Hill.[^16]
The [[Bureau of Corporations]] later gave the same transaction in its own words. The report states that "Eighty per cent of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co.'s holding was originally part of the Northern Pacific grant. In 1900 it purchased 900,000 acres from the Northern Pacific Railway Co., and subsequent purchases brought the amount acquired from the Northern Pacific up to 1,525,000 acres."[^17]
The bureau's 1913 volume on standing timber describes the purchase as "one of the most spectacular events in the timber history of the country" and states that "The Weyerhaeuser company was organized for the very purpose of holding timber for the speculative profit to be gotten out of it." It adds that the price understood to have been paid was equivalent to about 10 cents a thousand feet for the lumber the holding would produce.[^18] The volume quotes the St. Paul timberman F. B. Lynch, who told the House Ways and Means Committee on November 20, 1908: "we put in a bid for it and the Weyerhaeuser people got it, and the price of that timber, on the Northern Pacific estimates, was less than 20 cents per thousand."[^19] The bureau adds that "It is universally agreed that the Weyerhaeuser purchase was followed by a marked increase of timber prices."[^20]
### The Bureau of Corporations reports
The bureau published Part I of its lumber study, titled Standing Timber, on January 20, 1913, and Parts II and III on July 13, 1914. Part II is headed "Concentration of Timber Ownership in Important Selected Regions" and Part III "Land Holdings of Large Timber Owners," both under Commissioner Joseph E. Davies.[^21]
Part I records the company's response to the inquiry. The Weyerhaeuser Timber Company "furnished a satisfactory statement of the acreage and location of its land," but for its timber "gave mostly old estimates made by the Northern Pacific from the eighties to 1900, before the purchase," and the bureau did not use them.[^22] The company supplied a list of its officers and directors but "refused to furnish a list of its stockholders and the amount of stock owned by each." Frederick Weyerhaeuser "furnished informally a list of companies in which he is interested," which the bureau did not verify, and the report states that "in lumber circles he is usually credited with being the most influential person in the timber and lumber companies in which he is interested."[^23]
The report sorts the companies identified with him into the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., a Group A of other companies in which he owned stock, a Group B of companies in which other known stockholders of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. were interested, and a Group C of companies in which his associates in Group A were interested. Its table gives the timber of Group A as 49.5 billion board feet, Group B as 65.1 billion and Group C as 81.6 billion, and the total as 291.9 billion, of which 228.5 billion lay in the Pacific Northwest, 48.7 billion in the Southern Pine Region and 14.7 billion in the Lake States.[^24] Weyerhaeuser owned from 10 to 60 per cent of the stock in each Group A company, according to his informal statement.[^25]
The bureau then wrote: "there is a remarkable interweaving of interests among the various companies. As a whole they are controlled by a comparatively small number of persons closely united in subgroups through long business connection and often through family relationship." It added that "An extensive consolidation among these interests may easily be brought about at any time when circumstances favor it." Combined with the Southern Pacific (106 billion feet), the Northern Pacific (36 billion) and five holders discussed in the report (102 billion), the groups made "a total of 536 billion feet, or 31 per cent of all the privately owned timber in the investigation area, in the hands of a few interests."[^26]
Part II treats the company's own holding. "The three largest holdings of timber in the entire United States, those of the Southern Pacific Co., the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., and the Northern Pacific Railway Co., were obtained altogether, or in very large degree, through railroad land grants."[^27] The second largest holding in the country was the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co.'s: 1,515,932 acres in Washington (76.9 billion feet), 380,599 acres in Oregon (18.7 billion) and 4,905 acres in California (0.1 billion), a total of 1,901,436 acres and 95.7 billion feet.[^28] A footnote to the table states that it is "the total of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. and the companies controlled by it. It does not include the further very extensive interests of members of the Weyerhaeuser family nor of their close associates."[^29]
### Hill interests and the Oregon grants
Part II's discussion of southern Oregon records that the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. had made practically no addition to its western Oregon holding since its early purchases from the Northern Pacific, but was buying from small holders in Klamath and Lake counties, where the Booth-Kelly Lumber Co., in which associates of Weyerhaeuser were stockholders, also held timber. The report notes that the new Oregon Trunk Railway, controlled jointly by the Northern Pacific and the [[Great Northern Railway]], in both of which "the Hill interests are important stockholders," was building up the Deschutes Valley, and that the holding of the Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain Wagon Road grant, over 700,000 acres previously owned by Charles Altschul as trustee for [[Lazard Freres]], had been bought in 1910 by the Oregon and Western Colonization Co., whose president was a director in one of the Hill banks. It continues: "These facts, together with the apparent harmony between the Hill interests and the Weyerhaeuser interests, possibly indicate a plan to secure a dominating position in this timber region."[^30]
The same part states that the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co.'s Oregon acreage included about 50,000 acres under contract from the Northern Pacific that the railway had sold but not yet deeded, that approximately 46 per cent of its Oregon timbered acreage came from the Northern Pacific through lieu selections, and that its subsidiary, the Pokegama Sugar Pine Lumber Co., had purchased a tract of 13,223 acres from the Oregon and California Railroad Co., as shown by the report's list of suits against purchasers.[^31]
### Land grant forfeiture in Oregon
Immediately before its discussion of the Weyerhaeuser holding, the report records a forfeiture case against the [[Southern Pacific Company]]. "On April 29, 1913, the United States district court decided in favor of the Government in its case against the company for the forfeiture of its entire present holding in Oregon on the ground of alleged violation of the conditions of its grants; and on July 1, 1913, the decree was entered adjudging the lands to be forfeited to, and the title to them to be revested in, the United States of America. The case is now pending on appeal."[^32] The report's index carries a separate entry for the Oregon and California Railroad land grant and a list of suits against purchasers of land from that railroad.[^32]
### Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt
The Supreme Court decided [[Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt]] on February 20, 1911, as 219 U.S. 380. The dispute concerned 40 acres in Minnesota; Hoyt claimed through an alleged purchase under the timber and stone act, and the appellants through a patent issued under the Northern Pacific land grant, the railway having made an indemnity selection of the tract and conveyed it "to Weyerhaeuser and Humbird, the present appellants."[^33] Hoyt had sued in a Minnesota state court to compel a conveyance and to restrain cutting; the case was removed to a federal circuit court, where "a decree was entered dismissing the bill," and the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed and directed a decree for Hoyt.[^34] The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice White, reversed the Court of Appeals and affirmed the circuit court; Justices Harlan and Day dissented, and the dissent records that the patent to the railway company issued in October 1905.[^35]
### Yale and Skull and Bones
The class of 1917 book at Yale lists the Yale relatives of Frederick King Weyerhaeuser as "two uncles ; Rudolph M., '91 S., and Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser, '96." It gives his father as John Phillip Weyerhaeuser, born November 11, 1858, in Cold Valley, Illinois, and president of the firm of Weyerhaeuser & Company.[^36] The [[Yale Banner]] lists Rudolph M. Weyerhaeuser in the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] class of 1891.[^37]
The Decennial Record of the Class of 1896 (1907) carries the entry "F. E. Weyerhaeuser," giving his birth at Rock Island on November 4, 1872, as the son of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Elizabeth Sarah Bladel and the brother of Rudolph M. Weyerhaeuser, '91 S. It records that he prepared for Yale at Andover, was chairman of the Alumni Weekly Board in senior year, received a High Oration at the Junior Exhibition and at Commencement and was a Phi Beta Kappa; the entry's list of his societies reads: "He Boule. D. K. E. Bones."[^38] The same entry lists his business as lumber, at the National German-American Bank Building in Saint Paul, and the class secretary writes that he "seems to be a Big Gun in the lumber business."[^38] The class's 1912 quindecennial record lists him as of Weyerhaeuser & Company, lumber dealers, Saint Paul.[^39]
[[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduced a membership list by class year in his 1983 book; the class of 1896 in it includes "Weyerhaeuser, Frederick E." among fifteen names.[^40] The same name appears in the list of Skull and Bones members that [[Kris Millegan]] printed in 2003, where the entry reads "Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser (S&B 1896)."[^41] Millegan's book also describes Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser as a follower of the forestry movement of [[Gifford Pinchot]], and says the family had ties to [[Cecil Rhodes]].[^41]
### The Yale Forest School chair and the lumber association
The Decennial Record prints a letter of 1905 in which F. E. Weyerhaeuser describes how a meeting of the [[National Lumber Manufacturers Association]] at Chicago on May 10 was addressed by Gifford Pinchot on forestry. His brother R. M. Weyerhaeuser was appointed to a committee that proposed raising an endowment for a chair of Applied Forestry and Practical Lumbering at the [[Yale Forest School]]. The association's president, N. W. McLeod, appointed a committee with F. E. Weyerhaeuser as chairman; its other members included Everett G. Griggs, '90 S., of Tacoma. The goal was $150,000, and the class secretary states that Weyerhaeuser had raised something over $50,000 for Yale in the year of the report.[^42]
The Bureau's Part IV (April 21, 1914) reports other roles of the family in the lumber trade organizations. At a meeting at St. Louis on July 8, 1908, of lumbermen from the Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association and the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association, a permanent committee "with F. E. Weyerhaeuser, of St. Paul, as chairman" was appointed to organize a company, proposed capitalization $300,000,000, with properties in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. The proposal drew attacks in the press as a trust, attorneys general of several states moved to enjoin it, and the project was dropped.[^43] In the 1909 tariff fight the bureau quotes letters from J. E. Rhodes to F. E. Weyerhaeuser, including one of March 9, 1909, that spoke of an Associated Press representative as "our man," and one of April 19, 1909, reviewing the House vote on a separate vote on lumber. Rhodes, then a lumber association secretary, entered the employ of the Weyerhaeuser interests in Saint Paul after leaving his association post at a meeting of August 17, 1909.[^44] The same part quotes "President Griggs" of the national association's Board of Governors on January 8, 1912, on the association's publicity against the "lumber trust."[^45]
Part IV also records the Columbia River Loggers Association meeting of June 1907, "presided over by Mr. Clair, the Weyerhaeuser representative, and manager of their logging business on the Columbia," at which the Weyerhaeusers, "the heaviest loggers on the river," joined about twenty-five of the heaviest loggers in agreeing to shut down until surplus stock was used up.[^46]
### Federal Trade Commission proceedings
The Weyerhaeuser Sales Co., a Washington corporation with executive offices in Saint Paul, was a respondent in the [[Federal Trade Commission]]'s proceeding against the [[Douglas Fir Plywood Association]]. The amended complaint of May 19, 1949, alleged a combination between May 1935 and August 1, 1941 to fix uniform prices, discounts and terms and to curtail plywood production; it described the Sales Co. as a distributor that was neither a member of nor a subscriber to the association but cooperated with it.[^47] Most respondents admitted the allegations; Weyerhaeuser Sales Co. admitted them only in part and only for a substantial portion of that period. The Commission found the respondents, except one dismissed company, to have violated the Federal Trade Commission Act, and its cease and desist order named Weyerhaeuser Sales Co. among the corporate respondents.[^48] The complaint's specific charges against the Sales Co. were that it adopted a uniform basic price list and a functional discount plan, kept lists of buyers entitled to a jobbers' discount, and shipped to East Coast and Gulf points only on a delivered basis.[^49]
### Sutton's chart and text
Sutton's 1983 chart "Hypothesis Number One" places the families in two tiers. Its new-wealth tier lists "Weyerhaeuser (lumber)" with the [[Rockefeller family]] and Payne families ([[Standard Oil]]), the [[Harriman family]] (railroads), the Davison family ([[J. P. Morgan & Co.|J. P. Morgan]]), the [[Pillsbury family]] (flour milling) and the [[Sloane family]] (retail).[^50] Sutton's text on the Trilateral Commission states: "lumber industrialist Frederick Weyerhaeuser was in The Order, but his son is in the Trilateral Commission and not The Order."[^51] Sutton's text uses the name without a middle initial; the Yale class record and the Skull and Bones lists give the member as Frederick E., a son of the founder.
### Trilateral Commission
The Trilateral Commission's list of "Current and Former Major Financial Supporters in the United States," dated March 31, 1980, lists "Weyerhaeuser Company" among its corporate supporters, alongside [[Boeing]], [[Cargill]], [[IBM]] and [[Xerox]].[^52] The list is one of the documents reprinted in a [[Congressional Research Service]] issue packet on the commission (IP0092).[^52]
### The 1935 kidnapping
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] records that on May 24, 1935, George Weyerhaeuser, the 9-year-old son of lumberman J. P. Weyerhaeuser of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]], disappeared on his way home from school. A letter that evening demanded $200,000 in unmarked $20, $10 and $5 bills, and an advertisement signed "Percy Minnie" was placed in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer to signal compliance. The boy was released at a shack near [[Issaquah, Washington|Issaquah]] on the morning of June 1, 1935.[^53]
The FBI traced the ransom bills to Harmon Metz Waley, who was arrested on June 8, 1935, in Salt Lake City, and agents recovered $90,790 of the money on June 11. On June 19, 1935, a federal grand jury at Tacoma indicted William Dainard, Harmon Waley and Margaret E. Waley. Harmon Waley pleaded guilty on June 21 and received 45 years; Margaret Waley was tried beginning July 5 and sentenced four days later to two concurrent 20-year terms; Dainard was arrested in Los Angeles on May 7, 1936, with $37,374.47 in ransom money.[^54]
HistoryLink identifies the boy as George H. Weyerhaeuser (1926 to 2022) in an essay by Daryl C. McClary.[^55]
### Weyerhaeuser Company after 1966
HistoryLink's account of the company states that George H. Weyerhaeuser, the founder's great-grandson, became president in 1966 and that the company had acquired a transportation subsidiary, Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company, in 1923.[^56] The company's own release of June 14, 2022 states that George H. Weyerhaeuser "served as president and CEO from 1966 to 1991 and continued to serve as Board chairman through 1999," and that he was 95 when he died.[^57]
The [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s EDGAR index lists Weyerhaeuser Co, registered in Washington State under CIK 0000106535, with annual reports on Form 10-K and proxy statements on Form DEF 14A filed in each year from 2015 through 2026.[^58]
### Family foundations
[[ProPublica]]'s Nonprofit Explorer lists the Weyerhaeuser Family Foundation, Inc., of Saint Paul, Minnesota, with employer identification number 41-6012062 and a ruling date of March 1, 1951. Its return for 2023 reports total revenue of $1,730,712, expenses of $1,627,046 and year-end assets of $26,374,760.[^59] Its return for 2021 reports total revenue of $3,557,848.[^60]
ProPublica lists related family foundations in Saint Paul. The Frederick & Margaret Weyerhaeuser Foundation (EIN 41-6029036, ruling date August 1, 1964) reports 2023 total revenue of $184,898 and year-end assets of $6,300,887.[^61] The Charles A Weyerhaeuser Memorial Foundation (EIN 41-6012063, ruling date June 1, 1960) reports 2023 total revenue of $210,615 and year-end assets of $8,945,631.[^62] The F T Weyerhaeuser Family Fund (EIN 83-2053033, ruling date March 1, 2019) reports 2023 total revenue of $318,502 and year-end assets of $6,188,358.[^63]
### Footnotes
[^1]: James J. Hill sold 900,000 acres of Washington timberland to Frederick Weyerhaeuser on January 3, 1900. Greg Lange, "Frederick Weyerhaeuser makes one of the largest land purchases in United States history on January 3, 1900," HistoryLink.org Essay 5241 (posted February 19, 2003; expanded January 20, 2006), which gives the lifespan "Frederick Weyerhaeuser (1834-1914)." https://www.historylink.org/file/5241
[^2]: Courtney Gregar, "Weyerhaeuser, Frederick (1834-1914)," MNopedia, Minnesota Historical Society (born November 21, 1834, in Niedersaulheim; arrived in Rock Island in 1856; in 1860 partnered with his brother-in-law Frederick Carl Augustus Denkmann to purchase a bankrupt mill; moved to Saint Paul in 1891). https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/person/weyerhaeuser-frederick-1834-1914
[^3]: "Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann bought a failing lumber mill in 1860" and "From that time on, the firm cut and rafted logs down the Mississippi River." Weyerhaeuser House, Historic Structures, City of Rock Island, section "Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann Lumber Company." https://rigov.org/1098
[^4]: "Denkmann died in 1905 and Weyerhaeuser in 1914; both are buried at Chippiannock Cemetery." City of Rock Island, Weyerhaeuser House page. https://rigov.org/1098
[^5]: Decennial Record of the Class of 1896, Yale College (1907), Biographies, entry "F. E. Weyerhaeuser," pp. 638 to 639 (marriage of October 11, 1857, at Rock Island; "altogether seven children, four boys (including Rudolph M. Weyerhaeuser, '91 S.) and three girls"). https://archive.org/details/decennialrecordo00yalerich
[^6]: Charles E. Twining, "For the Sake of History: The Weyerhaeuser Family and the Origins of the Forest History Society," Forest History Society (the seven children John Philip, Elise, Margaret, Apollonia, Charles, Rudolph and Frederick Edward, "youngest of the seven"). https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/History_Twining_For-the-Sake-of-History.pdf
[^7]: Gregar, MNopedia entry: "By 1872, he was named president of the Mississippi River Logging Company." https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/person/weyerhaeuser-frederick-1834-1914
[^8]: Walter A. Blair, A Raft Pilot's Log: A History of the Great Rafting Industry on the Upper Mississippi, 1840-1915, chapter "Beef Slough," p. 47 (Beef Slough Boom and Improvement Company organized 1867; "taken over by the Mississippi River Logging Company, in 1873"), as reproduced by IAGenWeb. https://ns2.iagenweb.org/history/rivers/scott_rivmen/beefslough.html
[^9]: United States v. Beef Slough Manufacturing, Booming, Log-Driving and Transportation Co. et al., Case No. 14,559, 8 Biss. 421, Federal Cases (Circuit Court, W.D. Wisconsin, February 1879), opinion of Drummond, Circuit Judge. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0024.f.cas/0024.f.cas.1064.pdf
[^10]: Heerman v. Beef Slough Manufacturing, etc., Co. and others, 1 Federal Reporter 145 (Circuit Court, W.D. Wisconsin), opinion of Bunn, J. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F/0001/0001.f.0145.pdf
[^11]: Robson v. Mississippi River Logging Co., 61 Federal Reporter 893, 893 to 894 (Circuit Court, N.D. Iowa, April 2, 1894), findings of fact (2) and (3). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F/0061/0061.f1.0893.pdf
[^12]: Robson v. Mississippi River Logging Co., 61 F. 893, headnotes 2 and 3 and finding of fact (5), articles of agreement of August 23, 1882. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F/0061/0061.f1.0893.pdf
[^13]: Lange, HistoryLink Essay 5241, on the sale of "900,000 acres (1,406 square miles) of Washington state timberlands" and on the land having been held by the Northern Pacific Railroad, "which Hill had gained controlling interest in." https://www.historylink.org/file/5241
[^14]: Lange, HistoryLink Essay 5241, on the price "$6 an acre ($5,400,000)," the $3,000,000 down payment and "eight semiannual payments of $300,000 plus interest." https://www.historylink.org/file/5241
[^15]: Lange, HistoryLink Essay 5241, stating the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company was "incorporated on January 18, 1900," shortly after the purchase. https://www.historylink.org/file/5241
[^16]: James R. Warren, "Weyerhaeuser Company," HistoryLink.org Essay 1675 (posted September 17, 1999): in 1891 Weyerhaeuser "became a neighbor and friend of railway magnate James J. Hill"; Hill sold the land "to Weyerhaeuser and 11 investors"; "eventually purchasing 3 million acres from Hill alone." https://www.historylink.org/file/1675
[^17]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, Concentration of Timber Ownership in Important Selected Regions, and Part III, Land Holdings of Large Timber Owners (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914), Part II, p. 7 and index entry "Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. holding, proportion acquired from Northern Pacific, 4, 7." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^18]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, Standing Timber (January 20, 1913), p. 208, section "The great Weyerhaeuser purchase." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^19]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, pp. 208 to 209, quoting Tariff Hearings, 60th Congress, p. 863 (statement of F. B. Lynch, November 20, 1908). https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^20]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, p. 208. https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^21]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I (January 20, 1913) title page; Parts II and III, title page and letter of transmittal dated July 13, 1914, under Commissioner Joseph E. Davies. https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^22]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, p. 59, section "Attitude of three largest holders toward Bureau's inquiry." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^23]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, p. 101, section "Interrelations of Mr. Frederick Weyerhaeuser and other large timber holders." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^24]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, pp. 101 to 103 (table of billions of board feet by group and region; Group A 49.5, Group B 65.1, Group C 81.6, total 291.9). https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^25]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, p. 102 ("owns from 10 to 60 per cent of the stock in each company included in group A"). https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^26]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part I, pp. 103 to 104. https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry01smitgoog
[^27]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, p. 4, section 2, "General conditions resulting in concentration of timber ownership." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^28]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, p. 6, "Holding of Weyerhaeuser Timber Co." and Table 2, "Timber holding of Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., by States." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^29]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, footnote to Table 2 and the footnote on the 291.9 billion feet, pp. 6 to 7. https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^30]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, p. 56, and index entry "Weyerhaeuser interests, harmony with, 56." https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^31]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, pp. 55 to 56, discussion of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. holding on the Oregon map. https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^32]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part II, text on Southern Pacific holdings in Oregon, pp. 5 to 6, and the index entries "Suits against purchasers of land from Oregon & California R. R. Co." (p. 54) and "Oregon & California R. R. Co. land grant" (p. 75). https://archive.org/details/lumberindustry00smitgoog
[^33]: Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, 219 U.S. 380 (1911), decided February 20, 1911, opinion text on Cornell Legal Information Institute (the railway conveyed the tract "to Weyerhaeuser and Humbird, the present appellants"). https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/219/380
[^34]: Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, 219 U.S. 380, statement of the case: the suit removed to a circuit court of the United States, where "a decree was entered dismissing the bill," and the Circuit Court of Appeals, 161 Fed. 324, reversed. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/219/380
[^35]: Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, 219 U.S. 380, opinion of White, C.J. ("the decree of the Court of Appeals must be reversed, and that of the Circuit Court affirmed"), and the dissent of Harlan, J., with whom Day, J., concurred. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/219/380
[^36]: Yale University, class of 1917 class book, entry for Frederick King Weyerhaeuser, "His Yale relatives are two uncles ; Rudolph M., '91 S., and Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser, '96," giving the father as John Phillip Weyerhaeuser, born November 11, 1858, in Cold Valley, Illinois, "president of the firm of Weyerhaeuser & Company."
[^37]: Yale Banner, archive.org identifier yalebanner02univgoog, student list entry "Weyerhaeuser, Rudolph M., '91 S." https://archive.org/details/yalebanner02univgoog
[^38]: Decennial Record of the Class of 1896, Yale College (1907), Biographies, "F. E. Weyerhaeuser," pp. 638 to 640 (born Rock Island, November 4, 1872; prepared at Andover; chairman of the Alumni Weekly Board; Phi Beta Kappa; "He Boule. D. K. E. Bones."; business address National German-American Bank Building, Saint Paul; "seems to be a Big Gun in the lumber business"). https://archive.org/details/decennialrecordo00yalerich
[^39]: A Record of the Quindecennial Reunion of the Class of 1896, Yale College (1912), Roll of the Class, "Frederick Edward Weyerhaeuser, Of Weyerhaeuser & Company, lumber dealers, National German American Bank Building, St. Paul, Minn." https://archive.org/details/recordofquindece00yalerich
[^40]: Antony C. Sutton, America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones (1983), membership list by class year reproduced from the catalogue, class of 1896 ("Weyerhaeuser, Frederick E."). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^41]: Kris Millegan (ed.), Fleshing Out Skull & Bones (2003), list of notable members including "Frederick E. Weyerhaeuser (S&B 1896)," and the passage describing Pinchot and Cecil Rhodes, as Millegan wrote it. https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^42]: Decennial Record of the Class of 1896, Yale College (1907), p. 640, letter of 1905 from F. E. Weyerhaeuser to the class secretary on the committee of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association for a chair of Applied Forestry and Practical Lumbering at the Yale Forest School (committee members including Everett G. Griggs, '90 S., Tacoma; goal of $150,000; "Weyerhaeuser has raised something over $50,000 for Yale this last year"). https://archive.org/details/decennialrecordo00yalerich
[^43]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part IV, Conditions in Production and Wholesale Distribution Including Wholesale Prices (April 21, 1914), pp. 74 to 75, on the attempted yellow-pine merger of 1908. https://archive.org/details/cu31924092561038
[^44]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part IV, pp. 60 to 62 (letters of March 9 and April 19, 1909, from J. E. Rhodes to F. E. Weyerhaeuser) and p. 535 note (Rhodes entering the employ of the Weyerhaeuser interests, with Edward Hines's letter of June 29, 1909). https://archive.org/details/cu31924092561038
[^45]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part IV, p. 59, quoting the Board of Governors meeting of January 8, 1912 ("President Griggs"). https://archive.org/details/cu31924092561038
[^46]: Bureau of Corporations, The Lumber Industry, Part IV, pp. 365 to 366, letter of July 1, 1907, on the Columbia River Loggers Association meeting of June 1907. https://archive.org/details/cu31924092561038
[^47]: Federal Trade Commission, Douglas Fir Plywood Association et al., 47 F.T.C. 420 (amended complaint of May 19, 1949), paragraph 4(2) and 4(3) (Weyerhaeuser Sales Co., executive offices at Saint Paul, "neither members of nor subscribers to respondent association"). https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-47/vol47pg420-525.pdf
[^48]: Federal Trade Commission, Douglas Fir Plywood Association et al., 47 F.T.C. 420, Report, Findings as to the Facts, and Order (answers of June 8, 1949; findings of violation of section 5; order to cease and desist naming "Weyerhaeuser Sales Co."). https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-47/vol47pg420-525.pdf
[^49]: Federal Trade Commission, Douglas Fir Plywood Association et al., 47 F.T.C. 420, Findings, paragraph on the acts of Weyerhaeuser Sales Co. (uniform basic price list, lists of buyers entitled to a 5 percent jobbers' discount, functional compensation plan, C.I.F. shipments to East Coast and Gulf points). https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-47/vol47pg420-525.pdf
[^50]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," new-wealth families list. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^51]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), passage on the Trilateral Commission: "lumber industrialist Frederick Weyerhaeuser was in The Order, but his son is in the Trilateral Commission and not The Order." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^52]: Trilateral Commission, "Current and Former Major Financial Supporters in the United States (since the founding of The Trilateral Commission in 1973)," as of March 31, 1980, listing "Weyerhaeuser Company" among corporations; reprinted in Congressional Research Service, The Trilateral Commission, Issue Packet IP0092.
[^53]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Weyerhaeuser Kidnapping," FBI History, Cases and Criminals (May 24, 1935 disappearance of the 9-year-old son of J.P. Weyerhaeuser of Tacoma; the $200,000 demand in $20, $10 and $5 bills; the "Percy Minnie" advertisement; release "at a shack near Issaquah, Washington on the morning of June 1, 1935"). https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weyerhaeuser-kidnapping
[^54]: FBI, "Weyerhaeuser Kidnapping," sections "Investigative Success" and "Fitting Conclusion" (Harmon Metz Waley, Margaret E. Waley, William Dainard; indictment of June 19, 1935; Waley's plea of June 21 and 45-year term; Margaret Waley's trial from July 5 and two concurrent 20-year terms; Dainard's arrest of May 7, 1936). https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weyerhaeuser-kidnapping
[^55]: Daryl C. McClary, "George H. Weyerhaeuser is kidnapped in Tacoma and held for ransom on May 24, 1935," HistoryLink.org Essay 7724 (posted April 3, 2006), giving "George H. Weyerhaeuser (1926-2022), age 9." https://www.historylink.org/File/7724
[^56]: Warren, HistoryLink Essay 1675 (Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company added in 1923; "Under George H. Weyerhaeuser (Frederick's great-grandson), who became company president in 1966"). https://www.historylink.org/file/1675
[^57]: Weyerhaeuser Company, "Weyerhaeuser Mourns the Passing of George H. Weyerhaeuser Sr." (Seattle, June 14, 2022): "served as president and CEO from 1966 to 1991 and continued to serve as Board chairman through 1999," and "He was 95." https://investor.weyerhaeuser.com/2022-06-14-Weyerhaeuser-Mourns-the-Passing-of-George-H-Weyerhaeuser-Sr
[^58]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR submissions index for Weyerhaeuser Co (CIK 0000106535), state of incorporation Washington, annual Form 10-K and Form DEF 14A filings listed from 2015 through 2026. https://data.sec.gov/submissions/CIK0000106535.json
[^59]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Weyerhaeuser Family Foundation Inc, EIN 41-6012062 (ruling date March 1, 1951), filing data for tax year 2023: total revenue $1,730,712, expenses $1,627,046, year-end total assets $26,374,760. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/416012062
[^60]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Weyerhaeuser Family Foundation Inc (EIN 41-6012062), filing data for tax year 2021: total revenue $3,557,848. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/416012062
[^61]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Frederick & Margaret Weyerhaeuser Foundation, EIN 41-6029036 (ruling date August 1, 1964), filing data for tax year 2023. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/416029036
[^62]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Charles A Weyerhaeuser Memorial Foundation, EIN 41-6012063 (ruling date June 1, 1960), filing data for tax year 2023. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/416012063
[^63]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, F T Weyerhaeuser Family Fund, EIN 83-2053033 (ruling date March 1, 2019), filing data for tax year 2023. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/832053033

267
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Whitney family.md
View file

@ -24,26 +24,28 @@ relations:
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1851
role: "eight Whitneys in Sutton's index, from Emerson Cogswell Whitney to Payne Whitney"
fn: 13
fn: 14
- type: founded
with: "[[Yale Aviation Corps]]"
start: 1916
role: "Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898"
fn: 16
fn: 21
- type: founded
with: "[[Whitney Museum of American Art]]"
start: 1930
role: "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney"
fn: 20
fn: 28
- type: owned
with: "[[New York Herald Tribune]]"
role: "John Hay Whitney, former owner and publisher, per the 1967 Chronicle report"
fn: 31
start: 1958
end: 1966
role: "John Hay Whitney, owner and publisher; former owner per the 1967 Chronicle report"
fn: 40
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Oliver Hazard Payne]]"
start: 1869
role: "brother of Flora Payne Whitney, uncle of Harry Payne Whitney and Payne Whitney"
fn: 9
fn: 10
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]"
role: "daughter of William Collins Whitney"
@ -51,7 +53,12 @@ relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Michael Whitney Straight]]"
role: "grandson of William Collins Whitney"
fn: 47
fn: 67
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Wadsworth family]]"
start: 1902-09-30
role: "Alice Hay (1880-1960), sister of Helen Hay Whitney, married James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. in 1902"
fn: 19
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
@ -78,21 +85,25 @@ The railway system went into receivership three and a half years after his death
On October 13, 1869, Whitney married Flora Payne, daughter of [[Henry B. Payne]], a United States senator from Ohio, and sister of his classmate Oliver Hazard Payne. They had two sons, who graduated from Yale in 1894 and 1898, and three daughters.[^3]
The Supreme Court's 1911 opinion in the government's suit against the American Tobacco Company states that before the merger the Consolidated Tobacco Company had a share capital of $40,000,000, a majority of which was "held by J. B. Duke, Thomas F. Ryan, William C. Whitney, Anthony N. Brady, Peter A. B. Widener, and Oliver H. Payne."[^9]
### Oliver Hazard Payne and the Standard Oil treasurership
Oliver Hazard Payne was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] on July 21, 1839, the son of Henry B. Payne, who served in the Ohio Senate, in the [[United States Congress]] and as a United States senator from 1885 to 1891. He left the Yale class of 1863 in October 1861 to accept a commission in the [[124th Ohio Infantry]], rose to colonel and was brevetted brigadier general on March 13, 1865. The Yale Corporation voted him a B.A. in 1878, and he was enrolled in the class of 1863 from that date. After the war he entered the oil refining business in Cleveland with [[James B. Clark]] and [[John Huntington]]. The business was absorbed by the Standard Oil Company, and Payne served as its treasurer until 1884, when he moved to New York City and joined its board.[^9]
Oliver Hazard Payne was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] on July 21, 1839, the son of Henry B. Payne, who served in the Ohio Senate, in the [[United States Congress]] and as a United States senator from 1885 to 1891. He left the Yale class of 1863 in October 1861 to accept a commission in the [[124th Ohio Infantry]], rose to colonel and was brevetted brigadier general on March 13, 1865. The Yale Corporation voted him a B.A. in 1878, and he was enrolled in the class of 1863 from that date. After the war he entered the oil refining business in Cleveland with [[James B. Clark]] and [[John Huntington]]. The business was absorbed by the Standard Oil Company, and Payne served as its treasurer until 1884, when he moved to New York City and joined its board.[^10]
The decree in the government's suit, as set out in the Supreme Court's 1911 opinion, names "Oliver H. Payne" among the seven individual defendants who joined the combination, together with [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[William Rockefeller]], [[Henry H. Rogers]], [[Henry M. Flagler]], [[John D. Archbold]] and [[Charles M. Pratt]].[^10] The opinion places the trust agreement of 1882, which vested the stock of forty corporations in nine trustees, in the second of three periods of the alleged combination, and it lists "O. H. Payne" among the individual holders of stock exchanged into the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in 1899.[^11]
The decree in the government's suit, as set out in the Supreme Court's 1911 opinion, names "Oliver H. Payne" among the seven individual defendants who joined the combination, together with [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[William Rockefeller]], [[Henry H. Rogers]], [[Henry M. Flagler]], [[John D. Archbold]] and [[Charles M. Pratt]].[^11] The opinion places the trust agreement of 1882, which vested the stock of forty corporations in nine trustees, in the second of three periods of the alleged combination, and it lists "O. H. Payne" among the individual holders of stock exchanged into the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in 1899.[^12]
His directorships included the [[American Tobacco Company]], the Virginia and Southeastern Railway Company, the Coal Creek Mining and Manufacturing Company and the [[Tennessee Coal and Iron Company]]. His largest gifts went to the Cornell Medical School, and in 1887 he endowed the Loomis Laboratory. Payne's will left one million dollars each to Yale, the [[New York Public Library]] and [[Lakeside Hospital]] in Cleveland. He spent each summer from 1898 to 1914 in Europe on his steam yacht Aphrodite, and he died in New York City on June 27, 1917. The Yale record names his nephews as [[Harry Payne Whitney]], Payne Whitney and [[Henry Payne Bingham]].[^9]
His directorships included the [[American Tobacco Company]], the Virginia and Southeastern Railway Company, the Coal Creek Mining and Manufacturing Company and the [[Tennessee Coal and Iron Company]]. His largest gifts went to the Cornell Medical School, and in 1887 he endowed the Loomis Laboratory. Payne's will left one million dollars each to Yale, the [[New York Public Library]] and [[Lakeside Hospital]] in Cleveland. He spent each summer from 1898 to 1914 in Europe on his steam yacht Aphrodite, and he died in New York City on June 27, 1917. The Yale record names his nephews as [[Harry Payne Whitney]], Payne Whitney and [[Henry Payne Bingham]].[^10]
Sutton wrote that "The Paynes are not in The Order," and that adding the Payne piece of the Standard Oil fortune made Whitney's fortune "that much larger."[^12]
Sutton wrote that "The Paynes are not in The Order," and that adding the Payne piece of the Standard Oil fortune made Whitney's fortune "that much larger."[^13]
### Skull and Bones membership
Sutton's index of the Order by class year lists eight Whitneys: [[Emerson Cogswell Whitney]] (1851), [[Edward Payson Whitney]] (1854), [[James Lyman Whitney]] (1855), William Collins Whitney (1863), [[Edward Baldwin Whitney]] (1878), [[Joseph Ernest Whitney]] (1882), Harry Payne Whitney (1894) and Payne Whitney (1898).[^13] Sutton's text names W.C. Whitney and his two sons as "the core of Whitney influence" in the society, and he ties that influence to the Harriman family and to intermarriage with the Paynes and the Vanderbilts.[^14]
Sutton's index of the Order by class year lists eight Whitneys: [[Emerson Cogswell Whitney]] (1851), [[Edward Payson Whitney]] (1854), [[James Lyman Whitney]] (1855), William Collins Whitney (1863), [[Edward Baldwin Whitney]] (1878), [[Joseph Ernest Whitney]] (1882), Payne Whitney (1894) and Harry Payne Whitney (1898), the years in reverse of those in Sutton's text and in the Yale records.[^14] Sutton's text names W.C. Whitney and his two sons as "the core of Whitney influence" in the society, and he ties that influence to the Harriman family and to intermarriage with the Paynes and the Vanderbilts.[^15]
Sutton's chart table prints the two sons' years in reverse, giving Payne Whitney as 1894 and Harry Payne Whitney as 1898, while his text and index give Harry Payne Whitney as 1894 and Payne Whitney as 1898. The Yale records give the same graduating years as Sutton's text and index.[^15][^3] The Yale Obituary Record for Payne Whitney lists "Skull and Bones" among his undergraduate activities.[^2]
Sutton's chart table and his index of members by class year both print Payne Whitney as 1894 and Harry Payne Whitney as 1898, reversing the years given in his text and in the Yale records. His text gives Harry Payne ('94) and Payne Whitney ('98), which matches the Yale records.[^3][^16] The Yale Obituary Record for Payne Whitney lists "Skull and Bones" among his undergraduate activities.[^2]
A June 1907 advertisement of the [[Knickerbocker Trust Company]] lists Charles T. Barney, A. H. Barney, Henry F. Dimock and Payne Whitney among its directors.[^17] [[Charles Tracy Barney]], the company's deposed president, shot himself at his home on November 14, 1907; he had married Lilly Whitney, a sister of William C. Whitney.[^18]
### Payne Whitney
@ -100,106 +111,218 @@ Payne Whitney was born in New York City on March 20, 1876. He rowed on the Yale
On February 6, 1902, in Washington, he married [[Helen Hay Whitney|Helen Hay]], daughter of [[John Hay]], then Secretary of State. Their children were Joan, who married [[Charles S. Payson]] of the Yale class of 1921, and [[John Hay Whitney]], of the class of 1926, then a student at the [[University of Oxford]]. Payne Whitney died in [[Manhasset, New York]], on May 25, 1927. The Yale record lists his surviving siblings as Harry Payne Whitney and a sister, the wife of [[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] of [[Yorkshire]], England.[^2]
In June 1916 Payne Whitney formed the [[Yale Aviation Corps]]. A Yale Obituary Record entry for a member of the corps says it was "formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916," and that [[Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1]] was organized by [[F. Trubee Davison]] of the class of 1918, a unit afterward known as the Huntington Unit.[^16]
Helen Hay's sister Alice Hay (1880-1960), also a daughter of John Hay, married [[Wadsworth family|James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.]] at Newbury, New Hampshire, on September 30, 1902. Their daughter Evelyn Wadsworth (1903-1972) married the Missouri politician [[Stuart Symington|W. Stuart Symington]] in 1924, and their son James Jeremiah Wadsworth (1905-1984) served as United States Representative to the United Nations.[^19]
The New York appraisal of his estate was reported in November 1928. The Washington Daily News headed its account "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," gave the appraised net value as more than $175,000,000 and the expected death tax as about $20,000,000, of which about $15,600,000 would go to New York State. The larger part of the estate was a half interest in the Northern Finance Corporation, a holding company for securities, which the paper said grew from a fund set aside by his uncle, Colonel Oliver H. Payne, who established it to be relieved of the care of large blocks of Standard Oil and subsidiary stocks and tobacco shares.[^17]
The Weill Cornell Medicine history of the medical center states that Payne Whitney's will provided $12,400,000 for the New York Hospital, $6,200,000 for the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic and $2,800,000 for the medical college, which was then [[Cornell University Medical College]]. The same history records that the college's earlier benefactor was his uncle, Oliver Hazard Payne, who donated $4,000,000 to the college.[^20]
In June 1916 Payne Whitney formed the [[Yale Aviation Corps]]. A Yale Obituary Record entry for a member of the corps says it was "formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916," and that [[Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1]] was organized by [[F. Trubee Davison]] of the class of 1918, a unit afterward known as the Huntington Unit.[^21]
Payne Whitney died on May 25, 1927 near the indoor tennis court at his Manhasset home. The Yale record gives the cause as acute indigestion, and the New York Times of May 26, 1927 gave the same cause and added that the physician found the heart badly dilated; the Weill Cornell Medicine history says he "died suddenly of a heart attack in May 1927."[^22] The Times reported that the Greentree Stable was managed by Mrs. Whitney, that he had recently taken up breeding and had been elected to the Board of Stewards of the [[Jockey Club]], and that in 1924 and 1925 his income tax payments of $2,041,951 and $1,676,626 made him the third and fifth largest individual taxpayers in the country.[^22]
The New York appraisal of his estate was reported in November 1928. The Washington Daily News headed its account "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," gave the appraised net value as $178,893,655 and the expected death tax as about $20,000,000, of which about $15,600,000 would go to New York State. The larger part of the estate was a half interest in the Northern Finance Corporation, a holding company for securities, which the paper said grew from a fund set aside by "his uncle, Col. Oliver H. Payne."[^23] The New York Times of the same date wrote that the fund of many millions was set aside for Payne Whitney and others by Colonel Payne, "long a director of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey," when he wished to be relieved of the care of Standard Oil subsidiaries and other stocks, that Whitney's half interest of 50,000 shares was appraised at $125,521,612, and that the corporation's holdings included $34,533,358 of Standard Oil of New Jersey and $23,961,575 of British-American Tobacco.[^24]
The Times gave the gross estate as $194,328,514 and called it "the largest estate ever appraised in this country, the appraisal being nearly twice that of the highest previously recorded."[^24] An accounting filed in the Surrogate's Court in August 1931 gave a net estate of $200,973,154.41 and a total distributed to legatees of $239,301,017.04. Of the residuary estate of $197,681,235.19, Helen Hay Whitney received $63,102,816, and Joan Whitney Payson and John Hay Whitney received equal shares.[^25]
### Harry Payne Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and the Whitney Museum
Harry Payne Whitney, Yale 1894, was born in New York on April 29, 1872. He married the sculptor [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]] in 1896, according to Sutton, who wrote that the Whitney-Payne fortune then "joined some Vanderbilt money," which he says was channeled into the [[Guaranty Trust Company]] and the [[J. P. Morgan & Company|J. P. Morgan]] and Guggenheim interests.[^18] He kept a racing stable whose horses won the Preakness and the Kentucky Derby and were the leading money winners of 1924, and he was a member of the American polo team that brought the international cup back from England in 1909. He died of pneumonia at his Fifth Avenue home on October 26, 1930, at 58. The United Press reported that he was the son of the Secretary of the Navy in Cleveland's cabinet and that he had inherited from his father a fortune estimated at $200,000,000.[^19]
Harry Payne Whitney, Yale 1894, was born in New York on April 29, 1872. He married the sculptor [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]] in 1896, according to Sutton, who wrote that the Whitney-Payne fortune then "joined some Vanderbilt money," which he says was channeled into the [[Guaranty Trust Company]] and the [[J. P. Morgan & Co.|J. P. Morgan]] and Guggenheim interests.[^26] He kept a racing stable whose horses won the Preakness and the Kentucky Derby and were the leading money winners of 1924, and he was a member of the American polo team that brought the international cup back from England in 1909. He died of pneumonia at his Fifth Avenue home on October 26, 1930, at 58. The United Press reported that he was the son of the Secretary of the Navy in Cleveland's cabinet and that he had inherited from his father a fortune estimated at $200,000,000.[^27]
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney became the leading patron of American art from 1907 until her death in 1942, established the [[Whitney Studio Club]] in Greenwich Village in 1914, and founded the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] in 1930, after the Metropolitan Museum of Art declined the gift of her collection of more than five hundred works. The museum opened in 1931 on West Eighth Street.[^20]
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney became the leading patron of American art from 1907 until her death in 1942, established the [[Whitney Studio Club]] in Greenwich Village in 1914, and founded the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] in 1930, after the Metropolitan Museum of Art declined the gift of her collection of more than five hundred works. The museum opened in 1931 on West Eighth Street.[^28]
Their son [[Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney]], Yale 1922, is listed in the 1927 Yale record as a nephew of Payne Whitney.[^2] Sutton writes that Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney married Marie Norton, and that after their divorce she married [[W. Averell Harriman]].[^18] The Library of Congress finding aid for the Harriman papers lists the marriage in 1930 to Marie Norton Whitney, who died in 1970.[^21]
Their son [[Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney]], Yale 1922, is listed in the 1927 Yale record as a nephew of Payne Whitney.[^2] Sutton writes that Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney married Marie Norton, and that after their divorce she married [[W. Averell Harriman]].[^26] The Library of Congress finding aid for the Harriman papers lists the marriage in 1930 to Marie Norton Whitney, who died in 1970.[^29]
### Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney in the Truman administration
The [[Harry S. Truman Library]] photograph record for a meeting of the [[National Security Council]] on August 19, 1948 names Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, among those at the table: he sits with Secretary of the Army [[Kenneth Royall]], Executive Secretary [[Sidney Souers]], National Security Resources Board Chairman [[Arthur M. Hill]], Director of Central Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter, Secretary of Defense [[James Forrestal]], Secretary of State [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], President Truman and Under Secretary of the Navy [[W. John Kenney]].[^22] The State Department's volume of Foreign Relations documents on intelligence for 1945 to 1950 lists "Whitney, C. V., Assistant Secretary of the Air Force."[^23] A second Truman Library record, dated March 5, 1950, captions him as Acting Secretary of Commerce at the swearing-in of the director of the Census Bureau, and the library's other photographs describe him as Under Secretary of Commerce.[^24]
The [[Harry S. Truman Library]] photograph record for a meeting of the [[National Security Council]] on August 19, 1948 names Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, among those at the table: he sits with Secretary of the Army [[Kenneth Royall]], Executive Secretary [[Sidney Souers]], National Security Resources Board Chairman [[Arthur M. Hill]], Director of Central Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter, Secretary of Defense [[James Forrestal]], Secretary of State [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], President Truman and Under Secretary of the Navy [[W. John Kenney]].[^30] The State Department's volume of Foreign Relations documents on intelligence for 1945 to 1950 lists "Whitney, C. V., Assistant Secretary of the Air Force."[^31] A second Truman Library record, dated March 5, 1950, captions him as Acting Secretary of Commerce at the swearing-in of the director of the Census Bureau, and the library's other photographs describe him as Under Secretary of Commerce.[^32]
Frances Stonor Saunders wrote in *Who Paid the Piper?* that "as a trustee, Cornelius allowed the Whitney Trust to be used as a CIA conduit."[^33]
### Dorothy Payne Whitney and the Straight line
The 1927 Yale record for Payne Whitney lists a sister, the wife of Leonard K. Elmhirst, and that sister is [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]].[^2] She had married [[Willard Straight]] in 1911, and the couple founded [[The New Republic]] in 1914 with [[Herbert Croly]].[^25] Sutton wrote that [[The Nation]] and the New Republic on the left "were financed by Willard Straight, using Payne Whitney (The Order) funds."[^26] An [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] summary of a 1969 interview with the magazine's publisher, as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page, records that her family's fund had founded the magazine and had been used for its operation until 1954.[^27]
The 1927 Yale record for Payne Whitney lists a sister, the wife of Leonard K. Elmhirst, and that sister is [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]].[^2] She had married [[Willard Straight]] in 1911, and the couple founded [[The New Republic]] in 1914 with [[Herbert Croly]].[^34] Sutton wrote that [[The Nation]] and the New Republic on the left "were financed by Willard Straight, using Payne Whitney (The Order) funds."[^35] An [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] summary of a 1969 interview with the magazine's publisher, as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page, records that her family's fund had founded the magazine and had been used for its operation until 1954.[^36]
The [[William C. Whitney Foundation]] appears in the FBI file on Michael Straight. Milton C. Rose, senior partner of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]], told the FBI that the foundation was "created by Mr. Straight's parents in memory of his grandfather" and that Michael Whitney Straight had been its president "since its inception in 1937." The same summary records that Straight was questioned before a special House committee investigating tax-exempt foundations, as reported by the [[Washington Times-Herald]] on December 6, 1952, about $19,000 in grants the foundation had made to organizations "cited as subversive or communist fronts."[^28]
The [[William C. Whitney Foundation]] appears in the FBI file on Michael Straight. Milton C. Rose, senior partner of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]], told the FBI that the foundation was "created by Mr. Straight's parents in memory of his grandfather" and that Michael Whitney Straight had been its president "since its inception in 1937." The same summary records that Straight was questioned before a special House committee investigating tax-exempt foundations, as reported by the [[Washington Times-Herald]] on December 6, 1952, about $19,000 in grants the foundation had made to organizations "cited as subversive or communist fronts."[^37]
### Michael Whitney Straight
[[Michael Whitney Straight]], Dorothy Payne Whitney's son, was a grandson of William Collins Whitney and the president of the William C. Whitney Foundation according to the FBI summary cited above.[^28] In June 1963 he told FBI agents that [[Anthony Blunt]] had recruited him for Soviet intelligence while he was at Cambridge, and that account was followed by Blunt's confession in 1964. The Soviet file, the British and American responses and the rest of the record are on his page.[^29]
[[Michael Whitney Straight]], Dorothy Payne Whitney's son, was a grandson of William Collins Whitney and the president of the William C. Whitney Foundation according to the FBI summary cited above.[^37] In June 1963 he told FBI agents that [[Anthony Blunt]] had recruited him for Soviet intelligence while he was at Cambridge, and that account was followed by Blunt's confession in 1964. The Soviet file, the British and American responses and the rest of the record are on his page.[^38]
### John Hay Whitney, the embassy and the Herald Tribune
John Hay Whitney, called Jock, was the son of Payne Whitney and Helen Hay and a member of the Yale class of 1926.[^2] The Department of State's Office of the Historian records his appointment as ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]] on February 11, 1957, with credentials presented on February 28, 1957, and his departure from the post on January 14, 1961.[^30]
John Hay Whitney, called Jock, was the son of Payne Whitney and Helen Hay and a member of the Yale class of 1926.[^2] The Department of State's Office of the Historian records his appointment as ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]] on February 11, 1957, with credentials presented on February 28, 1957, and his departure from the post on January 14, 1961.[^39]
The [[San Francisco Chronicle]] reported on February 25, 1967 that Whitney was the former owner, publisher and editor of the [[New York Herald Tribune]], and that he was a one-third partner in its successor, the [[World Journal Tribune]], and a member of that paper's three-man executive board.[^31] A statement of ownership for [[United Nations World]] dated October 1, 1947 lists "J. H. Whitney, 630 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y." among the holders of one percent or more of the magazine's securities, beside [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[Max Ascoli]].[^32]
The [[San Francisco Chronicle]] reported on February 25, 1967 that Whitney was the former owner, publisher and editor of the [[New York Herald Tribune]], and that he was a one-third partner in its successor, the [[World Journal Tribune]], and a member of that paper's three-man executive board.[^40] A statement of ownership for [[United Nations World]] dated October 1, 1947 lists "J. H. Whitney, 630 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y." among the holders of one percent or more of the magazine's securities, beside [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[Max Ascoli]].[^41]
On March 26, 1969 [[Henry A. Kissinger]] wrote to [[Peter Flanigan]] about Whitney's interest in the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board|Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]. Kissinger's memorandum reads: "You should know that this has twice been raised with the President and rejected both times."[^33]
The Editor and Publisher wrote in 1966 that the Herald, founded in 1835 by James Gordon Bennett, and the Tribune, founded in 1841 by Horace Greeley, "were merged in 1924 under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. Ogden M. Reid," and that the paper "then in failing financial health, was taken over by John Hay Whitney in 1958."[^42] [[Ferdinand Lundberg]] wrote in 1937 that Munsey sold the Herald to the Reid-Mills family in 1924 for $5,000,000, part cash, that the Reids gave Munsey a personal note which passed on his death to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and that the trustees of the museum when Munsey willed his newspapers to it included Payne Whitney.[^43]
Whitney's ownership ended in 1966. His statement of August 15, 1966, read to reporters as chairman of the board of [[Whitney Communications]] Inc., said: "For the years of my ownership, despite the hopes, the talents and the enormous effort that were put into it, the paper was never quite able to stand on its own." He added: "I shall continue as publisher of the Herald Tribune in Paris."[^44]
On March 26, 1969 [[Henry A. Kissinger]] wrote to [[Peter Flanigan]] about Whitney's interest in the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board|Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]. Kissinger's memorandum reads: "You should know that this has twice been raised with the President and rejected both times."[^45]
### J. H. Whitney and Company, William H. Jackson and the CIA
The investment firm [[J. H. Whitney and Company]] had its offices at 630 Fifth Avenue in New York, the address given in the 1947 ownership statement.[^32] A letter of May 29, 1947, on the firm's letterhead and signed "W. H. Jackson," came from [[William Harding Jackson|William H. Jackson]] and was addressed to Rear Admiral [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]], then Director of Central Intelligence. It reads: "You need only call upon me and I shall do anything within my power to be of assistance," and it offers to come to Washington "whenever you request it regardless of other appointments."[^34]
The investment firm [[J. H. Whitney and Company]] had its offices at 630 Fifth Avenue in New York, the address given in the 1947 ownership statement.[^41] A letter of May 29, 1947, on the firm's letterhead and signed "W. H. Jackson," came from [[William Harding Jackson|William H. Jackson]] and was addressed to Rear Admiral [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]], then Director of Central Intelligence. It reads: "You need only call upon me and I shall do anything within my power to be of assistance," and it offers to come to Washington "whenever you request it regardless of other appointments."[^46]
The writer of that letter is William Harding Jackson (1901 to 1971), the later Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. He was born in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], took a B.A. at [[Princeton University]] in 1924 and an LL.B. at Harvard in 1928, worked as a lawyer and investment banker in New York, served in the Army from 1942 to 1945 and in 1944 sat on General [[Omar Bradley]]'s intelligence staff.[^35] A member of the three-man board that reported to the National Security Council on the national intelligence system in January 1949, he was named Deputy Director of Central Intelligence by [[Walter Bedell Smith]] and served from October 1950 until August 3, 1951; the CIA's announcement of his resignation that month calls him William H. Jackson "of Princeton, New Jersey" and says he resigned "due to the pressure of private business."[^36][^37] The Eisenhower Library's description of the President's Committee on International Information Activities identifies its chairman, William H. Jackson, as "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^38] From August 1951 to February 1956 he was a part-time assistant and senior consultant to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^35]
The writer of that letter is William Harding Jackson (1901 to 1971), the later Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. He was born in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], took a B.A. at [[Princeton University]] in 1924 and an LL.B. at Harvard in 1928, worked as a lawyer and investment banker in New York, served in the Army from 1942 to 1945 and in 1944 sat on General [[Omar Bradley]]'s intelligence staff.[^47] A member of the three-man board that reported to the National Security Council on the national intelligence system in January 1949, he was named Deputy Director of Central Intelligence by [[Walter Bedell Smith]] and served from October 1950 until August 3, 1951; the CIA's announcement of his resignation that month calls him William H. Jackson "of Princeton, New Jersey" and says he resigned "due to the pressure of private business."[^48][^49] The Eisenhower Library's description of the President's Committee on International Information Activities identifies its chairman, William H. Jackson, as "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^50] From August 1951 to February 1956 he was a part-time assistant and senior consultant to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^47]
The CIA's official history of the Walter Bedell Smith years says that when Smith and Jackson could not recruit "men of great prestige with practical experience" for the [[Board of National Estimates]], they created a group of outside advisers who met in Princeton, known as "the Princeton Consultants." The history lists among the group's original members [[Vannevar Bush]], [[George Kennan]], [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]], [[Alexander Standish]], "a partner in J. H. Whitney & Company," [[Barklie McKee Henry]] and [[Burton Fahs]].[^39] Barklie McKee Henry was later a member of the Jackson Committee, appointed by President Eisenhower in January 1953 with Jackson as chairman; its other members were [[Robert Cutler]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Roger Kyes]], [[Sigurd Larmon]], [[Gordon Gray]] and [[John C. Hughes]], and its report went to the President on June 30, 1953.[^38]
The CIA's official history of the Walter Bedell Smith years says that when Smith and Jackson could not recruit "men of great prestige with practical experience" for the [[Board of National Estimates]], they created a group of outside advisers who met in Princeton, known as "the Princeton Consultants." The history lists among the group's original members [[Vannevar Bush]], [[George Kennan]] and [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]], and then [[Alexander Standish]], "a partner in J. H. Whitney & Company," [[Barklie McKee Henry]], "a director of various corporations," and [[Burton Fahs]], "director of humanities for the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]."[^51] Barklie McKee Henry was later a member of the Jackson Committee, appointed by President Eisenhower in January 1953 with Jackson as chairman; its other members were [[Robert Cutler]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Roger Kyes]], [[Sigurd Larmon]], [[Gordon Gray]] and [[John C. Hughes]], and its report went to the President on June 30, 1953.[^50]
A second letter, of October 3, 1952, on the same letterhead and signed by William H. Jackson, was sent to the Central Intelligence Agency about a correspondent who had to interview "a great number of people." Jackson wrote that "if he wants to see Secretary Lovett, General Smith is the person to arrange it."[^40] The letter refers to [[Robert A. Lovett]] and to Smith, then the Director of Central Intelligence.
A second letter, of October 3, 1952, on the same letterhead and signed by William H. Jackson, was sent to the Central Intelligence Agency about a correspondent who had to interview "a great number of people." Jackson wrote that "if he wants to see Secretary Lovett, General Smith is the person to arrange it."[^52] The letter refers to [[Robert A. Lovett]] and to Smith, then the Director of Central Intelligence.
Hillenkoetter, the addressee of the 1947 letter, was at the same National Security Council table as Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney on August 19, 1948.[^22]
Hillenkoetter, the addressee of the 1947 letter, was at the same National Security Council table as Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney on August 19, 1948.[^30]
### The Granary Fund and the John Hay Whitney Trust
On February 25, 1967 the San Francisco Chronicle reported from a schedule of contributions filed with the Massachusetts attorney general that the [[Granary Fund]] of [[Boston]] received $300,000 in 1964 from the [[John G. Thornton Trust]], $150,000 from the [[James Carlisle Trust]] and $500 in miscellaneous contributions. Officials who asked not to be named called the Thornton and Carlisle trusts CIA fronts, and the paper described the Granary Fund as a fund used by the CIA to channel money to organizations at home and abroad.[^31] The same report says the Granary Fund gave a John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes $225,000 in 1964 and $100,000 in 1965.[^31]
On February 25, 1967 the San Francisco Chronicle reported from a schedule of contributions filed with the Massachusetts attorney general that the [[Granary Fund]] of [[Boston]] received $300,000 in 1964 from the [[John G. Thornton Trust]], $150,000 from the [[James Carlisle Trust]] and $500 in miscellaneous contributions. Officials who asked not to be named called the Thornton and Carlisle trusts CIA fronts, and the paper described the Granary Fund as a fund used by the CIA to channel money to organizations at home and abroad.[^40] The same report says the Granary Fund gave a John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes $225,000 in 1964 and $100,000 in 1965.[^40]
The Chronicle reported that the Whitney trust was a charitable trust established by Whitney on December 29, 1958, during his term as ambassador to the United Kingdom. [[Walter N. Thayer]], head of the Whitney communications corporation, made a statement on Whitney's behalf that the trust had operated since that date and that its pledges and contributions to tax-exempt organizations had all been properly reported.[^31][^30] A [[Los Angeles Times]] report of February 26, 1967 said that Representative [[Wright Patman]] had named eight funds in 1964 in connection with the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]], among them the [[Gotham Foundation]], and that the Internal Revenue Service had not yet produced records for four more, among them the Granary Fund.[^41] A February 21, 1967 newspaper item in the CIA reading room, "Foundations Fail to File Tax Report," also lists the Granary Fund, Boston, among foundations under question.[^42]
The Chronicle reported that the Whitney trust was a charitable trust established by Whitney on December 29, 1958, during his term as ambassador to the United Kingdom. [[Walter N. Thayer]], head of the Whitney communications corporation, made a statement on Whitney's behalf that the trust had operated since that date and that its pledges and contributions to tax-exempt organizations had all been properly reported.[^39][^40] A [[Los Angeles Times]] report of February 26, 1967 said that Representative [[Wright Patman]] had named eight funds in 1964 in connection with the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]], among them the [[Gotham Foundation]], and that the Internal Revenue Service had not yet produced records for four more, among them the Granary Fund.[^53] A February 21, 1967 newspaper item in the CIA reading room, "Foundations Fail to File Tax Report," also lists the Granary Fund, Boston, among foundations under question.[^54]
The 1967 reports followed the disclosure of CIA funding for the [[National Student Association]]. The [[Ramparts]] article by [[Sol Stern]] on the association and the CIA appeared in March 1967, and the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] reported the magazine's account on February 16, 1967.[^43][^44] The [[Church Committee]]'s 1976 report on foreign and military intelligence states: "Until 1967 the Agency also maintained covert ties to American foundations in order to pass funds secretly to private groups whose work the CIA supported."[^45] The report says that most of those funds "were transmitted through legitimate or 'devised' foundations, that is, fictitious entities established by the CIA," and that at least 108 of the 700 grants over $10,000 made by 164 foundations other than the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations in 1963 to 1966 involved partial or complete CIA funding.[^46]
The 1967 reports followed the disclosure of CIA funding for the [[National Student Association]]. The [[Ramparts]] article by [[Sol Stern]] on the association and the CIA appeared in March 1967, and the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] reported the magazine's account on February 16, 1967.[^55][^56] The [[Church Committee]]'s 1976 report on foreign and military intelligence states: "Until 1967 the Agency also maintained covert ties to American foundations in order to pass funds secretly to private groups whose work the CIA supported."[^57] The report says that most of the fiscal 1967 funds for youth and student programs and for labor "were transmitted through legitimate or 'devised' foundations, that is, fictitious entities established by the CIA," and that at least 108 of the 700 grants over $10,000 made by 164 foundations other than the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations in 1963 to 1966 involved partial or complete CIA funding.[^58]
Time of March 3, 1967 listed the recipients of "CIA-suspect largesse" as "an encyclopedic grab bag of organizations ranging from the now defunct Institute of International Labor Research Inc. ... to the Billy Graham Spanish-American crusade, from the North American Secretariat of Pax Romana and the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes to the International Food and Drink Workers Federation and the Friends of India Committee."[^59] In their book of 1967, [[David Wise]] and [[Thomas B. Ross]] wrote: "John Hay Whitney, former ambassador to Great Britain and owner of the New York Herald Tribune, was founder of the Whitney Trust, a philanthropic organization financed in part by the Granary Fund, the CIA conduit."[^60] The anthropologist [[David H. Price]] lists the trust in his table of foundations named in 1967 as CIA conduits, citing the press reports of that year.[^61]
The CIA's own paper on the subject is a memorandum of November 1968 from [[Charles Katek]], Chief of the Central Cover Staff, to the Deputy Director for Plans, on the scope and possible damage of new allegations by Ramparts magazine. It records that early in April 1968 the Office of the General Counsel gave the Central Cover Staff a copy of an April 5, 1968 letter to the Internal Revenue Service from Ramparts, with a list of 145 tax-exempt organizations that the magazine said were suspected of having been funded by or of having cooperated with the CIA. The memorandum's annex of terminated covert funding conduits and project organizations that the press had named lists the Granary Fund of Boston as a Central Cover Staff proprietary (designator LPSIPHON/7), and lists the Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes, John Hay, as a "Funding conduit under Project QKOPERA (LPCORSET/68)." It gives two entries for the trust, under the Ramparts list numbers 141 and 142, with the instrument dated December 29, 1959 in one and December 29, 1958 in the other. QKOPERA is the project designation the same memorandum gives for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the [[Farfield Foundation]] appears in the annex as a "Funding conduit for CCF." Another entry, on the [[Institute of International Education]], records that the Institute received legitimate grants from six foundations that the CIA used as cooperating covert funding mechanisms, among them the McGregor Fund, the John Hay Whitney Charitable Trust (items 141 and 142), the Aaron Norman Fund, the Cleveland Dodge Foundation, the William Benton Foundation and the Brown Foundation of Houston.[^62]
The CIA answered a Freedom of Information Act request of January 11, 1980 for information on "the John Hay Whitney Trust for Charitable Purposes and the Granary Fund" with a letter of May 28, 1985. The Agency located two responsive documents, dated December 10, 1968 and January 23, 1969, and withheld both in their entirety under exemptions (b)(1) and (b)(3) of the Act.[^63]
[[Bernard D. Nossiter]] reported in the Washington Post of July 3, 1975 on the news service [[Forum World Features]], based in [[London]]. "When it began selling articles in 1966, the service's owner of record, according to the officials, was John Hay Whitney," the article states, and "Early in 1973, Whitney was replaced by [[Richard Mellon Scaife]]." The officials were quoted as saying that the service was financed by the CIA. A spokesman for Whitney said he had "no comment on the subject." The article also quotes an apparent internal CIA memorandum of about 1968, published by the magazine Time Out, which described the service as "located in London and incorporated in Delaware" and as begun as a commercial entity in January 1966 from the residue of Forum Service, an activity of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] from which the CIA withdrew its support in 1966. [[Brian Crozier]], the service's president, denied a CIA link.[^64]
Crozier replied in the Guardian of December 1, 1976 and printed correspondence. He wrote that in the spring of 1965 [[John Hunt]] told him that Whitney had agreed to take over the services. A letter from Hunt of June 10, 1965 gave a starting date of July 1, 1965 and said that Whitney "tentatively plans to put about $100,000 a year into Forum Features," with Crozier as president. A letter of January 24, 1973 from [[Samuel C. Park]] to Crozier recorded Scaife's election as director of Kern House Enterprises Ltd to succeed Whitney. On September 23, 1969 Whitney wrote to Crozier declining an investment in the Current Affairs Research Services Centre. Crozier wrote that Whitney gave his library to the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]]. The Guardian's accompanying glossary describes Park as "Financial aide to Whitney, and a trustee of his Charitable Trust."[^65]
Saunders wrote that Forum World Features "was a classic CIA undercover operation, with John Hay Whitney once again acting as a front, registering the company under his name as a Delaware corporation with offices in London."[^66]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One: A Secret Society Dominated By Old Line American Families And New Wealth Has Existed From 1833 To The Present Day," with the spokes WHITNEY FAMILY (1635, Watertown, Mass.) and PAYNE FAMILY (Standard Oil). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^2]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, entry for Payne Whitney, B.A. 1898, pp. 171 to 172 (birth, death, descent from John Whitney of Watertown, Yale relatives, crews, the listing "member Hé Boulé, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and Skull and Bones," directorships, gifts, marriage to Helen Hay, children and survivors). https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4.
[^3]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1900 to 1910*, entry for William Collins Whitney, class of 1863, pp. 350 to 352. https://archive.org/details/1900t10obituary00yaleuoft.
[^4]: William C. Whitney, *Report of the Secretary of the Navy*, December 1885, in *Annual Reports of the Navy Department* (Government Printing Office, 1885), pp. xxxviii to xli (the Secretary's staff, the rebuilding of the Omaha at $572,000, the proposed advisory board and Assistant Secretary). https://archive.org/details/annualreportsna00deptgoog.
[^5]: William C. Whitney, *Report of the Secretary of the Navy*, Navy Department, Washington, December 6, 1887, in *Annual Reports of the Navy Department* (Government Printing Office, 1887), passages on the armor, gun-steel and secondary-battery factories and the Bethlehem Iron Company contract. https://archive.org/details/annualreportsna06deptgoog.
[^6]: *Report of the Secretary of the Navy* for 1888, in *Annual Reports of the Navy Department* (Government Printing Office, 1888), passage on the contracts of June 1, 1887 with the Bethlehem Iron Company and the department's 1886 report on armor and gun production. https://archive.org/details/annualreportsna02deptgoog.
[^7]: Sutton (1983), section "The Whitney Family" and the Whitney table, passage on "the Whitney Group" and the New York street railway franchises. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^8]: *New-York Tribune*, September 26, 1907, p. 1 (Joline and Robinson as receivers of the New York City Railway Company; the guaranteed dividend; "friendly proceeding"; the Ryan-Belmont control; Judge Lacombe and William C. Whitney as Corporation Counsel). https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1907-09-26/ed-1/?sp=1.
[^9]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Oliver Hazard Payne, B.A. 1863, pp. 295 to 296. https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^10]: *Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States*, 221 U.S. 1 (1911), Section 2 of the decree as set out in the opinion, naming "the seven individual defendants" and including "Oliver H. Payne." https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1.
[^11]: *Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States*, 221 U.S. 1 (1911), the opinion's description of the trust agreement of 1882 and its nine trustees, and the list of individual stockholders including "O. H. Payne." https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1.
[^12]: Sutton (1983), the passage on the Paynes and Standard Oil. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^13]: Sutton (1983), index of members by class year: the Whitney entries under 1851, 1854, 1855, 1863, 1878, 1882, 1894 and 1898, and the list for the class of 1863, which does not include Payne. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^14]: Sutton (1983), the section "The Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," point 1 ("the core of Whitney influence"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^15]: Sutton (1983), Whitney table, which prints "1894 Payne Whitney" and "1898 Harry Payne Whitney"; text, which gives "Harry Payne ('94) and Payne Whitney ('98)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^16]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Albert Dillon Sturtevant, Ph.B. 1916, Sheffield Scientific School, stating that the Yale Aviation Corps was "formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916," and that Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1 was organized by F. Trubee Davison (B.A. 1918). https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^17]: "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," *Washington Daily News*, November 23, 1928, p. 6. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82016181/1928-11-23/ed-1/?sp=6.
[^18]: Sutton (1983), the passage on the Harriman family, the Whitney-Payne fortune and the Vanderbilt marriage, and the account of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney's marriage to Marie Norton. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^19]: "Harry Payne Whitney, Multi-Millionaire, Is Dead," United Press, *The Indianapolis Times*, October 27, 1930, p. 2. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015313/1930-10-27/ed-1/?sp=2.
[^20]: Whitney Museum of American Art, "Whitney History: Founding." https://whitney.org/about/history.
[^21]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, *W. Averell Harriman Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress* (2016), chronology entry "1930 Married Marie Norton Whitney (died 1970)." https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf.
[^22]: Harry S. Truman Library, photograph 73-2702, "Truman with National Security Council," August 19, 1948 (identification of Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and Director of Central Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter at the table). https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/73-2702.
[^23]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment*, "Persons," entry "Whitney, C. V., Assistant Secretary of the Air Force." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/persons.
[^24]: Harry S. Truman Library, photograph 2017-286, swearing-in of Roy V. Peel as Director of the Bureau of the Census, March 5, 1950 (caption: "Mr. C. V. Whitney, Acting Secretary of Commerce"), and the library's index entry for "Whitney, C. V. (Cornelius Vanderbilt), 1899-1992." https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/2017-286.
[^25]: Tara Mastrelli, "Dorothy Payne Whitney Straight Elmhirst," Histories of The New School, May 25, 2018 (founding of The New Republic with Willard Straight and Herbert Croly; the 1911 marriage), as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page. https://histories.newschool.edu/people/dorothy-payne-whitney-straight-elmhirst.
[^26]: Sutton (1983), the section on the press (the Nation and New Republic passage). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^27]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), special inquiry report of September 1969, interview with the publisher of *The New Republic*, as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^28]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, the William C. Whitney Foundation passage, the summary of the Washington Times-Herald article of December 6, 1952, and the statement that Straight was president of the foundation, as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^29]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," memorandum of June 25, 1963 on the interview of June 18, 1963, as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Hay Whitney (1904-1982)," Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission, United Kingdom. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whitney-john-hay.
[^31]: San Francisco Chronicle, "CIA Link to Charity Funds," February 25, 1967 (CIA reading room copy). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800060024-5.
[^32]: *United Nations World*, December 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 10), statement of ownership, management and circulation for October 1, 1947. https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-12_1_10.
[^33]: Henry A. Kissinger to Peter Flanigan, memorandum, March 26, 1969, on the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and John Hay Whitney (CIA reading room copy, document LOC-HAK-1-2-69-2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-loc-hak-1-2-69-2.
[^34]: William H. Jackson to Rear Admiral R. H. Hillenkoetter, letter of May 29, 1947, on J. H. Whitney & Co. letterhead, 630 Fifth Avenue (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000040034-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000040034-9.
[^35]: Georgetown University Library, *William Harding Jackson Papers* (GTM-101014), biographical note (born March 25, 1901, Nashville; B.A. Princeton 1924; LL.B. Harvard 1928; lawyer and investment banker in New York; Army 1942 to 1945; Bradley's intelligence staff 1944; Deputy Director of the CIA from August 18, 1950 to August 3, 1951; part-time assistant and senior consultant to the CIA director, August 1951 to February 1956; died September 28, 1971). https://findingaids.library.georgetown.edu/repositories/15/resources/10428.
[^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, press release of August 23, 1951 announcing Allen W. Dulles as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence to succeed William H. Jackson, "of Princeton, New Jersey," who "resigned that post due to the pressure of private business," and noting that both men were members of the three-man board that reported to the National Security Council in January 1949 (CIA reading room, CIA-RDP57-00384R000100150018-8). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000100150018-8.
[^37]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, "Persons," entry "Jackson, William H.," member of the National Security Council Survey Committee in 1948 and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from October 7, 1950. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons.
[^38]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, *U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53*, finding aid, historical note (appointment of William H. Jackson, "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency," as chairman; members; report of June 30, 1953). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/finding-aids/pdf/us-presidents-committee-on-international-information-activities.pdf.
[^39]: Central Intelligence Agency, "General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950 to February 1953," vol. III (CREST document 00669377), passages on the Board of National Estimates, the Princeton Consultants and their original members, and the references to William Jackson as deputy director. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00669377.
[^40]: William H. Jackson to the Central Intelligence Agency, letter of October 3, 1952, on J. H. Whitney & Co. letterhead (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R000500470007-3). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000500470007-3.
[^41]: Don Irwin and Vincent J. Burke, "21 Foundations, Union Got Money From CIA," *Los Angeles Times*, February 26, 1967 (CIA reading room copy). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000600210002-4.
[^42]: "Foundations Fail to File Tax Report," February 21, 1967 (CIA reading room copy), list including the Granary Fund, Boston. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000101290002-3.
[^43]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," *Ramparts*, March 1967. https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia.
[^44]: "Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report," *New York Times*, February 16, 1967 (CIA reading room copy), as cited on the Michael Josselson page. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800100021-3.
[^45]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 182. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit.
[^46]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 183 (devised foundations; 108 of 700 grants). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit.
[^47]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 (Straight as grandson of William C. Whitney), as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^9]: *United States v. American Tobacco Co.*, 221 U.S. 106 (1911), opinion of White, C.J., statement of the Consolidated Tobacco Company's share holdings before the merger. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/106
[^10]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Oliver Hazard Payne, B.A. 1863, pp. 295 to 296. https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^11]: *Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States*, 221 U.S. 1 (1911), Section 2 of the decree as set out in the opinion, naming "the seven individual defendants" and including "Oliver H. Payne." https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1.
[^12]: *Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States*, 221 U.S. 1 (1911), the opinion's description of the trust agreement of 1882 and its nine trustees, and the list of individual stockholders including "O. H. Payne." https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1.
[^13]: Sutton (1983), the passage on the Paynes and Standard Oil. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^14]: Sutton (1983), index of members by class year: the Whitney entries under 1851, 1854, 1855, 1863, 1878, 1882, 1894 and 1898, and the list for the class of 1863, which does not include Payne. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^15]: Sutton (1983), the section "The Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," point 1 ("the core of Whitney influence"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^16]: Sutton (1983), Whitney table and index of members by class year, which print "1894 Payne Whitney" and "1898 Harry Payne Whitney"; text, which gives "Harry Payne ('94) and Payne Whitney ('98)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^17]: Advertisement of the Knickerbocker Trust Co., *Trusts and Estates*, vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1907). https://archive.org/details/sim_trusts-estates_1907-06_4_6
[^18]: "Charles Tracy Barney, Deposed President of Knickerbocker Trust Co., Unbalanced by His Misfortunes," *The Morning Star* (New York), November 15, 1907, p. 1. https://archive.org/details/per_star-news_the-morning-star_1907-11-15_81_46
[^19]: Cuyler Reynolds, ed., *Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley*, vol. 2 (New York, 1914), p. 855 (Alice Hay, born Cleveland, January 6, 1880, daughter of John Hay; marriage of September 30, 1902), https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami02reyn ; *Who's Who in America*, vol. 14, 1926-1927, entry "Wadsworth, Alice Hay" (children Evelyn (Mrs. Stuart Symington), James Jeremiah, Reverdy), https://archive.org/details/whoswho141926 ; Livingston County Historian's Office, "Wadsworth Family: A Subject Finding Aid" (2019, rev. 2022), section II.
[^20]: Weill Cornell Medicine, "History of the Medical Center" (undated PDF), passages on the will of Payne Whitney and on the gift of Oliver Hazard Payne. https://library.weill.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/history_of_the_medical_center.pdf
[^21]: Yale University, *Obituary Record of the Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools, Deceased 1915 to 1920*, entry for Albert Dillon Sturtevant, Ph.B. 1916, Sheffield Scientific School, stating that the Yale Aviation Corps was "formed by Payne Whitney, '98, in June, 1916," and that Aerial Coast Patrol Unit No. 1 was organized by F. Trubee Davison (B.A. 1918). https://archive.org/details/1915t20obituary00yaleuoft.
[^22]: "Payne Whitney Dies Suddenly at Home," *The New York Times*, May 26, 1927, p. 1, continued p. 25. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_the-new-york-times_1927-05-26_76_25324. Yale University, *Obituary Record ... Deceased During the Year Ending July 1, 1927*, p. 172. https://archive.org/details/obituaryrecordof00yale_4. Weill Cornell Medicine Library, "History of the Medical Center." https://library.weill.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/history_of_the_medical_center.pdf
[^23]: "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," *Washington Daily News*, November 23, 1928, p. 6. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82016181/1928-11-23/ed-1/?sp=6.
[^24]: "$178,893,655 Estate, Record for America," *The New York Times*, November 23, 1928, p. 1, continued p. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1928-11-23_78_25871. Also "Payne Whitney Left Biggest Estate Ever Appraised in U.S.," United Press, *Brainerd Daily Dispatch*, November 23, 1928, p. 1. https://archive.org/details/brainerd-daily-dispatch-1928-11-23. Also "Payne Whitney Estate Appraised," *Paper Trade Journal*, vol. 87, no. 22, November 29, 1928. https://archive.org/details/sim_paper-trade-journal_1928-11-29_87_22
[^25]: "200 Millions to Legatees of Payne Whitney," *Chicago Daily Tribune*, September 1, 1931. https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1931-09-01_90_209
[^26]: Sutton (1983), the passage on the Harriman family, the Whitney-Payne fortune and the Vanderbilt marriage, and the account of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney's marriage to Marie Norton. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^27]: "Harry Payne Whitney, Multi-Millionaire, Is Dead," United Press, *The Indianapolis Times*, October 27, 1930, p. 2. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015313/1930-10-27/ed-1/?sp=2.
[^28]: Whitney Museum of American Art, "Whitney History: Founding." https://whitney.org/about/history.
[^29]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, *W. Averell Harriman Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress* (2016), chronology entry "1930 Married Marie Norton Whitney (died 1970)." https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf.
[^30]: Harry S. Truman Library, photograph 73-2702, "Truman with National Security Council," August 19, 1948 (identification of Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and Director of Central Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter at the table). https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/73-2702.
[^31]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment*, "Persons," entry "Whitney, C. V., Assistant Secretary of the Air Force." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/persons.
[^32]: Harry S. Truman Library, photograph 2017-286, swearing-in of Roy V. Peel as Director of the Bureau of the Census, March 5, 1950 (caption: "Mr. C. V. Whitney, Acting Secretary of Commerce"), and the library's index entry for "Whitney, C. V. (Cornelius Vanderbilt), 1899-1992." https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/2017-286.
[^33]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *Who Paid the Piper?* (1999), pp. 134 to 135 (conduits) and p. 285 (Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney).
[^34]: Tara Mastrelli, "Dorothy Payne Whitney Straight Elmhirst," Histories of The New School, May 25, 2018 (founding of The New Republic with Willard Straight and Herbert Croly; the 1911 marriage), as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page. https://histories.newschool.edu/people/dorothy-payne-whitney-straight-elmhirst.
[^35]: Sutton (1983), the section on the press (the Nation and New Republic passage). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones.
[^36]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), special inquiry report of September 1969, interview with the publisher of *The New Republic*, as cited on the Dorothy Payne Whitney page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^37]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, the William C. Whitney Foundation passage, the summary of the Washington Times-Herald article of December 6, 1952, and the statement that Straight was president of the foundation, as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^38]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," memorandum of June 25, 1963 on the interview of June 18, 1963, as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^39]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "John Hay Whitney (1904-1982)," Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission, United Kingdom. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/whitney-john-hay.
[^40]: San Francisco Chronicle, "CIA Link to Charity Funds," February 25, 1967 (CIA reading room copy). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800060024-5.
[^41]: *United Nations World*, December 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 10), statement of ownership, management and circulation for October 1, 1947. https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-12_1_10.
[^42]: *Editor and Publisher*, vol. 99, no. 34 (August 20, 1966), historical note on the *New York Herald Tribune*. https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1966-08-20_99_34
[^43]: Ferdinand Lundberg, *America's 60 Families* (New York: Vanguard Press, 1937), pp. 254 and 269 to 270. https://archive.org/details/lundberg-ferdinand-americas-60-families-1937
[^44]: "Herald Tribune" historical note and text of John Hay Whitney's statement of August 15, 1966, *Editor & Publisher*, vol. 99, no. 34 (August 20, 1966), pp. 11 to 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1966-08-20_99_34
[^45]: Henry A. Kissinger to Peter Flanigan, memorandum, March 26, 1969, on the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and John Hay Whitney (CIA reading room copy, document LOC-HAK-1-2-69-2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-loc-hak-1-2-69-2.
[^46]: William H. Jackson to Rear Admiral R. H. Hillenkoetter, letter of May 29, 1947, on J. H. Whitney & Co. letterhead, 630 Fifth Avenue (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000040034-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000040034-9.
[^47]: Georgetown University Library, *William Harding Jackson Papers* (GTM-101014), biographical note (born March 25, 1901, Nashville; B.A. Princeton 1924; LL.B. Harvard 1928; lawyer and investment banker in New York; Army 1942 to 1945; Bradley's intelligence staff 1944; Deputy Director of the CIA from August 18, 1950 to August 3, 1951; part-time assistant and senior consultant to the CIA director, August 1951 to February 1956; died September 28, 1971). https://findingaids.library.georgetown.edu/repositories/15/resources/10428.
[^48]: Central Intelligence Agency, press release of August 23, 1951 announcing Allen W. Dulles as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence to succeed William H. Jackson, "of Princeton, New Jersey," who "resigned that post due to the pressure of private business," and noting that both men were members of the three-man board that reported to the National Security Council in January 1949 (CIA reading room, CIA-RDP57-00384R000100150018-8). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000100150018-8.
[^49]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, "Persons," entry "Jackson, William H.," member of the National Security Council Survey Committee in 1948 and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from October 7, 1950. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons.
[^50]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, *U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53*, finding aid, historical note (appointment of William H. Jackson, "a managing partner in the investment firm J.H. Whitney and Company, and a former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency," as chairman; members; report of June 30, 1953). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/finding-aids/pdf/us-presidents-committee-on-international-information-activities.pdf.
[^51]: Central Intelligence Agency, "General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950 to February 1953," vol. III (CREST document 00669377), passages on the Board of National Estimates, the Princeton Consultants and their original members, and the references to William Jackson as deputy director. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00669377.
[^52]: William H. Jackson to the Central Intelligence Agency, letter of October 3, 1952, on J. H. Whitney & Co. letterhead (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R000500470007-3). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000500470007-3.
[^53]: Don Irwin and Vincent J. Burke, "21 Foundations, Union Got Money From CIA," *Los Angeles Times*, February 26, 1967 (CIA reading room copy). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000600210002-4.
[^54]: "Foundations Fail to File Tax Report," February 21, 1967 (CIA reading room copy), list including the Granary Fund, Boston. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000101290002-3.
[^55]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," *Ramparts*, March 1967. https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia.
[^56]: "Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report," *New York Times*, February 16, 1967 (CIA reading room copy), as cited on the Michael Josselson page. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800100021-3.
[^57]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 182. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit.
[^58]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 183 (devised foundations; 108 of 700 grants). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit.
[^59]: "Pandora's Cashbox," *Time*, March 3, 1967 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP70B00338R000200230042-5). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70b00338r000200230042-5.
[^60]: David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, *The Espionage Establishment* (Random House, 1967), p. 144.
[^61]: David H. Price, *Cold War Anthropology* (Duke University Press, 2016), Table 7.3, p. 172, citing Kenworthy 1967 and *Time* 1967.
[^62]: Charles Katek, Chief, Central Cover Staff, memorandum for the Deputy Director for Plans, "Indications of the Scope and Possible Damage of New Allegations by Ramparts Magazine," November 1968, with annexes (JFK Assassination Records, 2025 release, 104-10059-10026). https://archive.org/details/JFK-Assassination-Records-2025-Batch01-02.
[^63]: Central Intelligence Agency, Information and Privacy Coordinator, letter of May 28, 1985 responding to the Freedom of Information Act request of January 11, 1980 (CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP87B00858R000500640014-6). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP87B00858R000500640014-6.
[^64]: Bernard D. Nossiter, "CIA News Service," *The Washington Post*, July 3, 1975, p. A26. https://archive.org/details/nsia-CIAForumWorldFeatures.
[^65]: Brian Crozier, reply to the *Guardian*, December 1, 1976, with printed correspondence of John Hunt (June 10, 1965), Samuel C. Park (January 24, 1973) and John Hay Whitney (September 23, 1969), and glossary. https://archive.org/details/crozier-replies-to-gaurdian-by-peter-chippendale-martin-walker-the-gaurdian-december-1-1976-pp.-1-9.
[^66]: Frances Stonor Saunders, *Who Paid the Piper?* (1999), pp. 311 to 312, on Forum World Features.
[^67]: FBI, "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 (Straight as grandson of William C. Whitney), as cited on the Michael Whitney Straight page. https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.