vault backup: 2026-10-27 00:25:03

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cyrus Vance.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ born: 1917-03-27
 died: 2002-01
 location: "New York, New York"
 created: 2026-10-09
-updated: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-26
 relations:
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ relations:
     role: "trustee; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977"
     start: 1970
     end: 1977
-    fn: 24
+    fn: 25
   - type: director_of
     with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
     role: "trustee again until retirement on June 30, 1982"
     start: 1980
     end: 1982-06-30
-    fn: 24
+    fn: 25
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Jimmy Carter]]"
     reverse: true
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ relations:
     role: "head of the expert group"
     start: 1978-09-05
     end: 1978-09-17
-    fn: 19
+    fn: 20
   - type: director_of
     with: "[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]"
     role: "Class C director; chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1989 to 1991"
     start: 1989-01
-    fn: 25
+    fn: 26
   - type: head_of
     with: "[[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]]"
     role: "cochairman"
@@ -144,27 +144,27 @@ relations:
   - type: director_of
     with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
     role: "director, term expiring 1987 per the 1984-1985 annual report; member of the Executive Committee"
-    fn: 27
+    fn: 28
   - type: funded
     with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
     role: "individual donor of 10,000 dollars or more to the council campaign, 1984-1985"
     start: 1984
     end: 1985
-    fn: 27
+    fn: 28
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[United Nations]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia"
     start: 1991-10-08
     end: 1993-05
-    fn: 28
+    fn: 29
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[United Nations]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "good offices on the differences between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
     start: 1993-07
     end: 1999-12
-    fn: 32
+    fn: 33
 ---
 
 Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917 to 2002) was an American lawyer who served as general counsel of the [[Department of Defense]], Secretary of the Army, and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and then as [[Secretary of State]] under [[Jimmy Carter]] from 1977 to 1980. He resigned in April 1980 over the rescue attempt in Iran during the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Between 1991 and 1999 he served as a [[United Nations]] envoy on the Yugoslav wars and on the dispute between [[Greece]] and the [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]].[^1]
@@ -211,47 +211,55 @@ Among the witnesses was [[Edward Korry]], the former ambassador to [[Chile]]. Ko
 
 The Office of the Historian records that Carter appointed Vance on January 21, 1977, that he entered the office on January 23, and that his appointment terminated on April 28, 1980.[^1] He emphasized negotiation over military confrontation. Over the following two years Vance helped negotiate the [[Panama Canal Treaty]], an Israel-Egypt peace treaty, the restoration of full diplomatic relations with China and a settlement in [[Zimbabwe]].[^1] His resignation letter lists, among the administration's achievements, the Panama Canal Treaty, the Camp David Accords, the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, normalization with China, the [[SALT II]] negotiations and the Zimbabwe settlement.[^18]
 
+### Drill bit export, 1978" in chronological order. The live page does not mention Dresser. Footnote D1.
+
+Insert-ready section:
+
+### Drill bit export, 1978
+
+On August 17, 1978 Cyrus Vance met representatives of the National Conference on Soviet Jewry at the Department of State. [[Eugene Gold]], the conference's chairman, questioned "whether enough spade work had been done before the Dresser (drill bit) plant decision had been taken," and Vance told him that the letter authorizing [[Dresser Industries]] to sell the equipment to the Soviets had already been transmitted. When [[Yehuda Hellman]] later asked whether trade might be a better carrot in dealings with the Soviets, Vance replied, according to the memorandum of conversation drafted the next day, that "the problem was that other countries had the same carrot. In the case of the Dresser license, for example, some thought that Dresser was the sole source of (drill bit) technology, but that was simply not true. Others could sell this (drill bit) technology to the Soviets as well."[^19]
+
 ### Camp David
 
-At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^19] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^19]
+At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^20] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^20]
 
 ### Vela, 1979
 
-A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^20] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^20] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^20] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^20]
+A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^21] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^21] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^21] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^21]
 
-On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^20]
+On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^21]
 
 ### Iran and the Resignation
 
-Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^21]
+Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^22]
 
-The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^21][^22] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^21] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^22] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^21]
+The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^22][^23] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^22] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^23] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^22]
 
-Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^21] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^23] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^21] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^21] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1]
+Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^22] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^24] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^22] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^22] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1]
 
 ### Return to Private Practice and Later Boards
 
-Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^24]
+Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^25]
 
-Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^25] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^26] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2]
+Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^26] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^27] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2]
 
-The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^27]
+The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^28]
 
 ### United Nations Envoy on Yugoslavia
 
-On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^28] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^29] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^28]
+On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^29] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^30] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^29]
 
-Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^30] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^28] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^28]
+Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^31] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^29] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^29]
 
 ### Nagorno-Karabakh, 1992
 
-On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^31]
+On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^32]
 
 ### Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
 
-In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^32] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^28]
+In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^33] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^29]
 
-Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^32]
+Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^33]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -273,17 +281,18 @@ Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement
 [^16]: U.S. Senate, "Jimmy Carter Cabinet Nominations" (table of announcement, hearing, receipt and confirmation dates and votes). https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/Carter_cabinet.htm
 [^17]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement and prepared statement of Edward M. Korry, and the exchange with Senator Church, pp. 56-61. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf
 [^18]: Letter, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to President Carter, Washington, April 21, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 22. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d22
-[^19]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf
-[^20]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
-[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21
-[^22]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254
-[^23]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23
-[^24]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
-[^25]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf
-[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf
-[^27]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
-[^28]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm
-[^29]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991)
-[^30]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf
-[^31]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926
-[^32]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942
+[^19]: Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, August 17, 1978, 3:30 p.m., drafted by Robert W. Farrand on August 18, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 140. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d140
+[^20]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf
+[^21]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
+[^22]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21
+[^23]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254
+[^24]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23
+[^25]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf
+[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf
+[^27]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf
+[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
+[^29]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm
+[^30]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991)
+[^31]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf
+[^32]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926
+[^33]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942