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2026-10-14 14:52:51 -04:00 · 2026-10-14 14:52:51 -04:00 · a14e456aba
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--- a/META/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/META/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,3 +1,49 @@
 - 2026-10-14T1440 · [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]]
 - 2026-10-14T1439 · [[John M. Middleton]]
 - 2026-10-14T1439 · [[Robert H. Cain]]
 - 2026-10-14T1438 · [[George Hunter White]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Union Banking Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[PayPal Mafia]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Palantir Technologies]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[U.S. Attorney's office]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[National Center for Prosecution Management]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Stanley H. Turner]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Richard Thornburgh]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Elliot Richardson]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[David Sacks]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Soo Lee]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Thomas A. Flannery]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[James M. Etheridge]]
 - 2026-10-14T1437 · [[Albert Biderman]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Operation Condor]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[World War II]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Operation Paperclip]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[PROMIS]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[PayPal]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Kissinger Associates]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[INSLAW]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[LEAA]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Department of Justice]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Gehlen Organization]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Combat 18]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Roger Whelan]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Peter Thiel]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Frederick G. Watts]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Charles R. Work]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Rene Schneider]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Walter Langer]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Richard Helms]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Morton H. Halperin]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Max Levchin]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Joan E. Jacoby]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Henry Murray]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Henry A. Kissinger]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Fred L. Lander III]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Bill Hamilton]]
 - 2026-10-14T1435 · [[Adolf Hitler]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Founders Fund]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Andreessen Horowitz]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Brian Quintenz]]
@ -14,7 +60,6 @@
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Sequoia Capital]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[DARPA]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Ron Wyden]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Peter Thiel]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[John Poindexter]]
 - 2026-10-13T2011 · [[Mercer family]]
 - 2026-10-13T1851 · [[Turki bin Saud bin Mohammed Al Saud]]
@ -49,52 +94,7 @@
 - 2026-10-12T2005 · [[Iran-Iraq War]]
 - 2026-10-12T2003 · [[Edwin May]]
 - 2026-10-12T2003 · [[Arthur Hastings]]
 - 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Bill Hamilton]]
 - 2026-10-12T2002 · [[International Signal and Control]]
 - 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Capcom]]
 - 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Jose Macario]]
 - 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]
 - 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Louis Jolyon West]]
 - 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Department of Justice]]
 - 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Charles R. Work]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Vacaville]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Thomas Karamessines]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[PROMIS]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Lowell Jensen]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[J. Edgar Hoover]]
 - 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
 - 2026-10-12T1959 · [[LEAA]]
 - 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Iraq]]
 - 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
 - 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Carlos Cardoen]]
 - 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Saddam Hussein]]
 - 2026-10-12T1954 · [[Yom Kippur War]]
 - 2026-10-12T1954 · [[G. Gordon Liddy]]
 - 2026-10-12T1954 · [[Anwar Sadat]]
 - 2026-10-12T1953 · [[National Institute for Discovery Science]]
 - 2026-10-12T1953 · [[Condon Committee]]
 - 2026-10-12T1952 · [[United Nations]]
 - 2026-10-12T1952 · [[Garry Nolan]]
 - 2026-10-12T1952 · [[Jacques Vallee]]
 - 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Paul L. Perito]]
 - 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Joseph McCarthy]]
 - 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Roy Cohn]]
 - 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Donald Trump]]
 - 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Joe McMoneagle]]
 - 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Robert Monroe]]
 - 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Frederick Atwater]]
 - 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Gehlen Organization]]
 - 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Heinz Felfe]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Larry Devlin]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Allen Dulles]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[NSA]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Cambridge Analytica]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Charles Tart]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Kenneth A. Kress]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Stargate Project]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Vernon Walters]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[William Colby]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Ilopango Airbase]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Edwin Corr]]
 - 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Walter Grasheim]]
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Albert
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Albert
@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ tags:
  - Interrogation
  - BehavioralControl
  - BSSR
-summary: "Air Force social scientist at the Bureau of Social Science Research whose 1957 analysis of Communist coercion methods produced the Chart of Coercion, a document later reverse-engineered into SERE training and applied directly at Guantanamo Bay by military interrogators in 2002."
+summary: "Air Force social scientist at the Bureau of Social Science Research whose 1957 analysis of Communist coercion produced the Chart of Coercion, later adapted into SERE training and taught at Guantanamo Bay in 2002."
 location: Washington, D.C.
 created: 2026-06-04
-updated: 2026-06-04
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Albert D. Biderman was a sociologist at the [[Bureau of Social Science Research]] (BSSR) in [[Washington, D.C.]], who conducted [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]-funded research on the coercive interrogation methods applied to American prisoners during the [[Korean War]]. His analysis identified the psychological mechanisms underlying apparent "brainwashing" and produced the Chart of Coercion, a taxonomy of eight coercive control methods. Originally framed as a defensive document to help American servicemen recognize Communist coercion techniques, the chart was incorporated into [[SERE]] training and in 2002 was taught at [[Guantanamo Bay]] as an interrogation template.
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Biderman's contributions to the volume situated the Chart of Coercion within a b
 ### KUBARK and CIA Connections
-The Bureau of Social Science Research appears in secondary accounts as one of the CIA's conduit organizations for behavioral research funding during the [[MKULTRA]] period. No specific MKULTRA subproject number for Biderman's work has been identified in declassified records.
+The Bureau of Social Science Research appears in secondary accounts as one of the CIA's conduit organizations for behavioral research funding during the [[MKULTRA]] period. No specific MKULTRA subproject number for Biderman's work has been identified in declassified records. The bureau's Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts include AF 49(638)727, under which it issued Biderman's *Cultural Models of Captivity Relationships* (February 1961), and AF 49(638)1344, under which Biderman's *Chinese "Thought Reform" as a Source of Perspectives toward Western Correctional Practice* (May 1965) was prepared.[^8][^9]
 KUBARK's adoption of Biderman's framework placed his taxonomy directly into the Agency's operational interrogation doctrine. The manual used his analysis of the psychological conditions necessary for compliance as the theoretical basis for its guidance on handling resistant sources.
@ -59,3 +59,5 @@ The [[Senate Armed Services Committee]]'s 2008 inquiry into the treatment of det
 [^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, *KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation*, July 1963. Declassified 1997.
 [^6]: Albert D. Biderman, *March to Calumny: The Story of American POW's in the Korean War*. Macmillan, 1963.
 [^7]: Senate Armed Services Committee. *Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody*, November 20, 2008 (released April 22, 2009). https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Detainee-Report-Final_April-22-2009.pdf
 [^8]: Biderman, Albert D., *Cultural Models of Captivity Relationships*, BSSR Research Report 339-4, Bureau of Social Science Research, Washington, D.C., February 1961, Contract No. AF 49(638)727, DTIC AD0257325. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0257325
 [^9]: Biderman, Albert D., *Chinese "Thought Reform" as a Source of Perspectives toward Western Correctional Practice*, AFOSR 65-1205, May 20, 1965, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc., Contract No. AF 49(638)1344, DTIC AD0623172. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0623172
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/George
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/George
@ -1,33 +1,209 @@
 ---
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
-  - PROMIS
+  - Promis
-  - DoJ
+  - Doj
-  - INSLAW
+  - Inslaw
  - Judge
-summary: "George Francis Bason Jr. was the D.C. Bankruptcy Court judge who ruled in 1987 that the DOJ stole INSLAW's PROMIS software by trickery, fraud, and deceit, and whose non-reappointment generated allegations of DOJ retaliation."
+  - BankruptcyCourt
  - Reappointment
  - AmericanUniversity
 aliases:
  - George Francis Bason Jr.
  - George F. Bason
  - George F. Bason Jr.
  - George Francis Bason
  - George Bason
  - Judge Bason
 summary: "George Francis Bason Jr. was the District of Columbia bankruptcy judge who ruled in 1987 that the Justice Department took INSLAW's PROMIS software by trickery, fraud and deceit, and whose non-reappointment prompted allegations of retaliation."
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[American University]]"
    role: "assistant professor, then associate professor of law"
    start: 1966
    end: 1972-06-30
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia]]"
    role: "bankruptcy judge"
    start: 1984-02-08
    end: 1988-02-08
    fn: 2
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[PROMIS Software Scandal]]"
    role: "presiding judge in the INSLAW adversary proceeding"
    start: 1987-06
    end: 1988-01-25
    fn: 3
 ---
-George Francis Bason Jr. was appointed to the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia on February 8, 1984, to fill a vacancy. His four-year term expired February 8, 1988. The two proceedings he presided over in the [[INSLAW]] case produced the most damaging judicial findings against the [[Department of Justice|DOJ]] in the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] - findings that were ultimately reversed on jurisdictional grounds but that shaped congressional investigations for years afterward.[^1]
+George Francis Bason Jr. was a law professor at [[American University]] from 1966 to 1972 and a judge of the [[United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia]] from February 8, 1984, to February 8, 1988, filling the vacancy left by [[Roger Whelan]].[^1][^2] The two proceedings he presided over in the [[INSLAW]] case produced the most damaging judicial findings against the [[Department of Justice|DOJ]] in the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^3] The [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Circuit]] reversed the adversary ruling in 1991 on jurisdictional grounds.[^4]
 ### Career Before the Bench
 Bason joined the law faculty of American University in 1966 as an assistant professor and became an associate professor in 1969. His reappointments carried favorable comments, and in the fall of 1970 the university's tenure committee voted to offer a one-year terminal contract in place of a recommendation for tenure, with no reasons formally communicated to him. His employment ended June 30, 1972. He sued the university for breach of contract in November 1973. After the trial court granted summary judgment to the university, the D.C. Court of Appeals, with [[Thomas Penfield Jackson]] as his counsel, reversed on April 24, 1980 and remanded for trial, and the parties then settled out of court.[^1][^5] A 1988 magazine profile described him as a Harvard Law School graduate and former law professor, and gave his age as 56.[^6]
 An attorney directory lists bar admissions in North Carolina (1956), the District of Columbia (1958) and Maryland (1989), and places him after the bench in a bankruptcy practice in Bethesda, Maryland.[^7] He wrote the bankruptcy volume of West's Legal Forms (second edition, 1984).[^8]
 ### Early Rulings
 In a July 17, 1987 letter to Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]] transmitting one of his orders, Bason pointed to the paragraph inviting the Attorney General "to designate an appropriate official outside" the department to deal with the case.[^9] On July 31, 1987, he denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding, holding that a complaint may not be dismissed unless it appears "beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts which would entitle him to relief."[^10]
 ### The Independent Handling Proceeding (June 1987)
-In June 1987, after INSLAW filed for independent handling of its bankruptcy case on the grounds that the DOJ could not be trusted to administer it fairly, Bason found that DOJ had "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully" attempted to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation "without justification and by improper means." The ruling was based partly on testimony from Anthony Pasciuto, Deputy Director of the Executive Office of U.S. Trustees, who initially stated that DOJ Director Thomas Stanton had pressured U.S. Trustee [[William White]] to force the company into liquidation. Bason also found that Stanton had struck a bargain with [[C. Madison Brewer]] to achieve this conversion.[^1]
+On February 25, 1987, INSLAW applied to the bankruptcy court for independent handling of its adversary proceeding, asking that the Department conduct the case "completely and entirely independent of any Department of Justice officials who are involved in the allegations." The petition charged that [[C. Madison Brewer]] was biased against the company.[^11] In March 1987 [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]] met [[Anthony Pasciuto]], deputy director of the [[Executive Office for United States Trustees]]. Pasciuto testified to the Senate subcommittee staff that he told them he had heard from the U.S. Trustee [[William White]] that the office's director, [[Thomas Stanton]], had called White repeatedly to express displeasure with his handling of the case and had pressured him to act against INSLAW. Nancy Hamilton's contemporaneous notes read "St call Wh & sd had to be convertd," while Pasciuto told the staff he did not remember using the word "convert."[^12]
 [[Cornelius Blackshear]], the former U.S. Trustee for the Southern District of New York, testified in a March 25, 1987 deposition that White had told him Stanton thought the case should be converted or dismissed and wanted one of Blackshear's assistants detailed to Washington, and answered "Yes" when asked whether White had said he had received pressure from Stanton to have the case converted to Chapter 7. Within two days he signed an affidavit recanting that testimony, stating that after two telephone conversations with White he now recalled that no such discussion took place. White, Stanton and the assistant, Harold Jones, contradicted Pasciuto's account.[^13] The Senate subcommittee staff wrote that facts it obtained, including tape recordings of an American Bar Association conference session, "severely undercut the credibility of Blackshear's recantation."[^14]
 At the close of the hearing in June 1987, Bason gave oral findings that Brewer had obtained a commitment from the Executive Office for United States Trustees to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation.[^15] The written findings of January 25, 1988 state that DOJ "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully sought to cause the conversion of INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization case to a Chapter 7 liquidation case without justification and by improper means."[^16] Bason found that Stanton had struck a bargain with Brewer under which Stanton would make efforts to liquidate the company, and that Brewer "sought and obtained assistance for his unlawful plan from Thomas Stanton, Director of the Executive Office for U.S. Trustees."[^17]
 Deputy Attorney General [[Arnold Burns]] referred allegations of misconduct against Pasciuto to the [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] in July 1987, and on December 18, 1987 the office recommended that Pasciuto be fired. Its memorandum stated: "Mr. Pasciuto's recantation notwithstanding, Judge Bason relied on [Pasciuto's] testimony about his remarks at the breakfast meeting to support his conclusion that Mr. Stanton engaged in misconduct. We have found no evidence that this conclusion was at all correct."[^18] The Special Counsel's report states that the office recommended termination primarily because of Pasciuto's admitted decision to harm Stanton by any means possible, including providing false information to the Hamiltons.[^19] A House Judiciary Committee report states that Pasciuto recanted at trial under strong pressure from senior Department officials, and that his attorney wrote on March 17, 1988 that what Pasciuto had told the Hamiltons was true and that he had backed away at trial because Blackshear and White would not acknowledge the truth and Stanton was pressuring him over an appointment as an Assistant U.S. Trustee.[^20] The Office of Professional Responsibility reported on March 31, 1989 that Bason's independent-handling findings were "clearly erroneous" and that no evidence showed Department employees had tried to pressure White to convert the case.[^21]
 ### The Adversary Proceeding (September 1987)
-After a two-week liability trial, Bason ruled on September 28, 1987, that the DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit." He found that [[C. Madison Brewer]] had "developed an intense and abiding hatred" for [[Bill Hamilton]] and had "devised a strategy to have the government 'ruin' INSLAW," with his "poisonous attitude" infecting other DOJ personnel who administered the contract. Bason further concluded that [[Lowell Jensen]]'s "biased attitude toward Inslaw contributed to the situation in which Inslaw's complaints about Brewer and the administration of the PROMIS implementation contract went unheeded." Bason awarded approximately $6.8 million in damages and attorneys' fees against DOJ.[^1]
+After a two-week liability trial in July 1987,[^22] Bason ruled from the bench on September 28, 1987. The transcript of the ruling, reprinted in an appendix to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff study, records him stating that there were two major categories of findings, each standing independently of the other. The first was that Brewer, believing he had been wrongfully discharged by Hamilton and INSLAW, "developed an intense and abiding hatred for Mr. Hamilton and Inslaw" and applied for the project manager position in order "to vent his spleen against Inslaw." The second was that "the Department of Justice took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit," and had used and continued to use the enhanced version in about 45 U.S. Attorney's offices, beyond the 20 in which it was entitled to use a different version.[^23]
-The D.C. Circuit Court affirmed Bason's adversary ruling in November 1989, with Judge William Bryant finding "convincing, perhaps compelling support" for the bankruptcy court's conclusions. In May 1991, however, the Court of Appeals reversed all lower court rulings on jurisdictional grounds, finding the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction because DOJ possessed PROMIS under a claim of right at the time of INSLAW's bankruptcy filing. The reversal vacated Bason's findings entirely.[^1]
+In the same ruling Bason said that Brewer's subordinate [[Jack Rugh]] and the contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] "were infected with this poisonous attitude by Mr. Brewer and they aided and assisted him." He described the Department's stated concerns about INSLAW's financial viability as "a smoke screen," and said that once the Department obtained the proprietary enhancements it "engaged in an outrageous, deceitful, fraudulent game of cat and mouse, demonstrating contempt for both the law and any principle of fair dealing."[^24] Of the testimony of William Tyson that Brewer's attitude toward INSLAW was "positive, constructive and favorable in every way," he said "that is so ludicrous that there is no way that I can believe anything the man has to say."[^25] Of [[Stuart Schiffer]], with whom he had held an in-chambers discussion on the record, he said it was obvious from his demeanor that "the entire Department of Justice was in a completely defense attitude."[^26] Bason also observed that [[Lowell Jensen]] had acknowledged in deposition the general principle against hiring a person to supervise a contract with his former employer, without any sign that he saw its application to Brewer and INSLAW.[^27]
-### Non-Reappointment and Retaliation Allegations
+The written findings of January 25, 1988 state that Brewer "developed an intense and abiding hatred for Hamilton and INSLAW" and applied for the position "with the purpose of using that position to vent his spleen against INSLAW," and that Rugh and Videnieks "were infected by Brewer's poisonous attitude towards Hamilton and INSLAW, and they aided and assisted Brewer in his wrongful efforts to injure INSLAW."[^28] They describe the issues Brewer raised as forming "the basis for Brewer's effort to ruin INSLAW and to bring about DOJ's wrongful use of INSLAW's Enhanced PROMIS software."[^29] As the Special Counsel's report summarized the findings, Bason held that Brewer "devised and implemented a strategy to ruin Inslaw because of his intense hatred of Inslaw," and concluded that Jensen's biased attitude toward INSLAW contributed to the situation in which the company's complaints about Brewer and the administration of the PROMIS contract went unheeded.[^30]
-Bason sought early reappointment in 1987, while his Inslaw rulings were pending. The selection committee chose not to reappoint him; his term expired as scheduled in February 1988. Bason subsequently alleged that the DOJ had improperly influenced the selection process in retaliation for his rulings. On January 12, 1988, he sent a 14-page letter to Chief Judge [[Patricia Wald]] alleging DOJ obstruction of his reappointment. The DOJ moved to recuse him from further Inslaw proceedings on the basis of this letter; Bason denied the motion, and the denial was upheld on appeal. Just before leaving office, on February 1, 1988, Bason filed an unsuccessful lawsuit seeking to block his successor, S. Martin Teel Jr., from being sworn in.[^1]
+On February 2, 1988, Bason ordered DOJ to pay INSLAW about $6.8 million in licensing fees and roughly $1 million in legal costs, and postponed a decision on punitive damages.[^31] He told a Barron's reporter that a few days before he left the bench he had restrained the [[Internal Revenue Service]] from going after the Hamiltons personally, by an order lasting ten days.[^32] The award came during the week before he left the bench.[^33]
-The Special Counsel's investigation found no evidence that anyone had improperly influenced the selection process, concluding that Bason's allegations rested on speculation and uncorroborated information. The Bua Report found Bason's blanket adverse credibility assessments of DOJ witnesses to be unwarranted and specifically disputed his conclusion that DOJ's financial concerns about INSLAW were pretextual.[^1]
+### Non-Reappointment
 Bason asked [[Patricia Wald]], chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, for reappointment by letter in May 1987, before the circuit had adopted a selection procedure, and in June 1987 the Circuit Executive sent the chief judges of the district court and the court of appeals a proposed procedure. Chief Judge [[Aubrey Robinson]] of the district court recommended four people for a merit selection panel: District Judge [[Norma Holloway Johnson]], who chaired it, Dean [[Jerome A. Barron]], [[Wesley Williams Jr.]] and [[Thomas C. Papson]]. Wald sent the invitations in the first week of August 1987, as testimony in the INSLAW case was concluding.[^34]
 Before Bason's September 28 oral ruling, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia held an INSLAW file but did no substantive work on the case. [[Royce Lamberth]], then chief of its civil division and sworn in as a district judge on November 16, 1987, obtained a transcript of the oral ruling and gave it to Johnson, who circulated it to the panel; it was the only judicial opinion circulated. The Special Counsel recorded that Lamberth had heard about the ruling from an assistant in his division who had preceded Brewer as PROMIS project manager at the [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]], and that the assistant U.S. Attorney who handled the government's bankruptcy cases told him the government would be better off if Bason were not reappointed. Three panel members told the Special Counsel that the panel discussed the ruling and agreed it should not influence their evaluation.[^35] Schiffer, a deputy assistant attorney general, said he had almost certainly revealed his displeasure with Bason to Lamberth by joking that Lamberth's office should take over the case, and that he never encouraged Lamberth to speak to the panel.[^36]
 The panel invited bankruptcy practitioners to appear, and sixteen lawyers, including INSLAW's attorney [[Charles Work]], did so at a hearing on November 11, 1987. DOJ declined to appear.[^37] Roger Whelan, then a practicing bankruptcy attorney, told the panel by telephone that colleagues had complained that Bason was pro-debtor and slow. [[Charles Docter]], an INSLAW attorney, told the House Judiciary Committee that in July 1987 Whelan had complained about Bason's delay in ruling on a fee application and said Senior District Judge [[Irvin Gasch]] would organize opposition to his reappointment; Bason ruled on Whelan's application on July 17, 1987. Whelan acknowledged frustration over the delay and friendship with Gasch, and denied speaking to Docter or applying pressure.[^38]
 The panel received twelve applications and found six finalists worthy of further consideration, Bason among them. After a second round of interviews, [[S. Martin Teel Jr.]], an attorney in the Tax Division of the Department of Justice, received the most votes. On or about November 24, 1987, the panel sent the [[Judicial Council of the District of Columbia Circuit|Judicial Council]] a list of four names in order of preference, Teel first and Bason included.[^39] A confidential memorandum to Johnson dated December 8, 1987, unsigned and marked "read and destroy," described each finalist; the section on Bason included the phrases "inclined to make mountains out of molehills," "a pronounced and unrelenting reputation for favoring debtors," and "no inclination to come to grips personally with the management challenge posed by the terrible shortcomings of the Office of the Clerk of our Bankruptcy Court." The House committee reported that a judge and a panel member identified the author as another panel member, who denied writing it.[^40] Bason told the committee on July 22, 1992 that Judge Tim Murphy had served with Johnson on the D.C. Superior Court from 1970 to 1980 and had left the bench on April 15, 1985 to work for [[C. Madison Brewer]] as his assistant director on the Justice Department's PROMIS implementation.[^40]
 In an October 29, 1987 memorandum, Schiffer wrote that Bason had scheduled the next INSLAW trial for February 2, 1988 and that "Coincidentally, it has been my understanding that February 1 [1988] is the date on which he [Bason] will either be reappointed or replaced."[^41] Deputy Attorney General Burns had earlier asked the Civil Division to "consider initiatives for achieving a more favorable disposition of this matter," and Schiffer had asked [[Michael Hertz]], director of the Department's Commercial Litigation Branch, to investigate disqualifying Bason.[^41] The Special Counsel reported that Johnson telephoned Schiffer, with whom she had shared an office as a young staff attorney at DOJ in the early 1960s, during the selection process to ask for his candid appraisal of two DOJ candidates on the panel's short list, one of them Teel. Schiffer told the Special Counsel that he advised her DOJ had a sensitive matter pending before Bason, that Johnson replied she did not want to hear about Bason, that he knew nothing about Teel, who worked in the Tax Division, and that he said nothing about Bason. The House committee had stated that it had no information that Johnson talked to Schiffer about INSLAW, Bason or the selection process; it did not interview Schiffer.[^42]
 The Judicial Council, consisting of twelve active court of appeals judges and six district judges, met on December 15, 1987 and after about ninety minutes voted to recommend the first three names, Teel and Bason among them. Each finalist was interviewed by seven court of appeals judges, and on December 21, 1987 the judges of the court of appeals voted in person or by telephone; Teel "won by a substantial majority."[^43] Wald informed Bason on December 28, 1987 that he would not be reappointed.[^44] The district court's 1989 opinion dates the court of appeals' decision to January 11, 1988.[^45] A 1988 magazine article reprinted in the Senate staff study reported that only four of 136 federal bankruptcy judges seeking reappointment in the previous four years had been turned down, that the panel was headed by Johnson, "another former Justice Department lawyer," that Wald was "a former Justice Department employee," and that Washington attorneys called the action "shocking" and "eerie."[^46]
 Teel served as bankruptcy judge in the District of Columbia from February 8, 1988 until his retirement on March 22, 2020.[^47] In a March 27, 1992 interview with House investigators, he said that before his February 1988 appointment he had been assistant chief of the Tax Division and had supervised the tax portion of both the UPI and INSLAW matters for the Department. He said the decision to ask the court to convert INSLAW's case from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 in 1987 originated with the Internal Revenue Service, not the Department, and he declined to give a sworn statement.[^48] The Senate staff described him as having "made a brief appearance in the INSLAW case on behalf of the IRS."[^49] The House committee described him as a Justice Department attorney heavily involved in the litigation of the INSLAW case, and Bason told the committee that Teel's selection rested on expertise in tax law and that his bankruptcy litigation experience was extremely limited.[^50] A fee claim in the INSLAW bankruptcy was later assigned to a Maryland bankruptcy judge because of Teel's recusal.[^51]
 On January 12, 1988, Bason sent a fourteen-page letter to Wald with copies to every judge on the court of appeals, mostly addressing his qualifications and his administrative abilities, the lack of which he said was the only stated reason for the decision.[^52] The letter said that lawyers had suggested "a more sinister, hidden force" behind the decision, and that the Justice Department had undertaken "to influence the judicial selection process as a means of retaliation against me for my recent rulings."[^53] Bason later told the Special Counsel the "lawyers and others" were Nelson Deckelbaum, Marcie Docter and Nelson Kline, none of whom supplied any support for the suspicion.[^54] The [[Washington Post]] and the [[Legal Times]] reported the letter on January 18, 1988.[^55]
 ### Recusal Motion and the Suit Against Teel
 In July 1987 Hertz advised that the facts did not support a legally sufficient case of bias, because the Department had no evidence of an extrajudicial source for what it viewed as Bason's incredible factual conclusions.[^56] On January 19, 1988, after the January 12 letter, the Department moved for Bason's recusal on the ground of bias. The motion relied on the letter, the press reports and an affidavit by Schiffer. The Special Counsel wrote that the letter supplied a satisfactory basis for the motion.[^57] Judge [[William Bryant, Jr.|William Bryant]] later wrote that the affidavit "contains no facts based on personal knowledge" and "recites the press accounts."[^58] Bason heard the motion on January 22 and denied it in a memorandum and order filed January 25, 1988.[^59]
 The same day, Chief Judge Robinson denied the Department's application for a writ of mandamus directing Bason to recuse himself. Robinson wrote: "I can't see anything in this record that measures up to the standards that would be applicable to force another judge to take over this case."[^60] Bryant, on appeal, found "no basis in fact to support a motion for recusal."[^61]
 On February 1, 1988, seven days before the expiration of his term according to the Special Counsel, Bason filed suit in the federal district court and moved for a temporary restraining order to enjoin Teel from being sworn in. The complaint incorporated the January 12 letter but did not otherwise allege that DOJ interfered with the appointment process. The suit was unsuccessful, and Bason left the bench on February 8, the date Teel's service began.[^62]
 ### Further Allegations Reported to the House Committee
 Bason added details when he testified to and spoke with the House committee. He said that one of Hamilton's children overheard a DOJ attorney say at a March 1987 hearing "We've got to get rid of this judge." He said that [[Chris Welles]] of Business Week told him a high-level DOJ official boasted that DOJ was responsible for his non-reappointment; Welles told the Special Counsel he could not recall saying it and had no such source, and his published article stated that "[T]here is no evidence that Justice influenced the selection made by the Court of Appeals." Bason named former D.C. Superior Court judge [[Tim Murphy]], who had been Johnson's colleague on that court and who left it in 1985 to work for Brewer as assistant director on PROMIS implementation, as another possible channel to Johnson; Murphy told the Special Counsel he had no contact with her about the process.[^63]
 Bason also reported hearing third-hand, from Kevin Reynolds, a former aide to Senator [[Christopher Dodd]], that someone at DOJ bragged that accomplishing his non-reappointment was "as easy as turning off a light switch," information Reynolds understood to come from Hamilton. Reynolds could not recall the expression. Hamilton wrote to the Special Counsel that former DOJ security officer [[Garnett Taylor]] knew that [[Anthony Moscato]], who was acting director of the Executive Office for United States Attorneys in 1993, had played an affirmative role in denying the reappointment, and that his source was a senior U.S. government official whom he declined to identify. Moscato told the Special Counsel he had nothing to do with the selection of bankruptcy judges.[^64]
 ### Appeals
 On November 22, 1989, Senior District Judge William Bryant affirmed the bankruptcy findings. He wrote that the record contained "convincing, perhaps compelling support for the findings set forth by the bankruptcy court."[^65] He reduced the compensatory award by $655,200, which he calculated as twelve percent of the license fees.[^66]
 On May 7, 1991, the D.C. Circuit reversed, in an opinion by Circuit Judge [[Stephen F. Williams]] for a panel of Judges [[James L. Buckley]], Williams and [[Raymond Randolph]]. The court held that "the automatic stay does not reach the Department's use of property in its possession under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing." It held that "the bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction to hear the claims asserted under § 362(a)," reversed the district court, and remanded with directions "to vacate all orders concerning the Department's alleged violations of the automatic stay and to dismiss Inslaw's complaint against the Department."[^67] Rehearing and rehearing en banc were denied on July 12, 1991.[^68]
 The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 conclusions state that the court of appeals "did not dispute the Bankruptcy Court's ruling" that DOJ had taken the software, and that its decision "was based primarily on the narrow question of whether the Bankruptcy Court had jurisdiction."[^69]
 ### Congressional and Senate Inquiries
 The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff study of 1989 found "no proof that the Department of Justice attempted to influence the selection process so as to deny Judge Bason reappointment."[^70]
 On December 5, 1990, the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law held a hearing at which Bason testified.[^71] He told the subcommittee under oath that the Department's actions against its critics may have extended into blocking his reappointment in 1988 because of his ruling in the INSLAW case.[^72] The committee concluded: "The committee was unable to substantiate Judge Bason's charges. If such undue influence did occur, it was subtle and lost in the highly private manner in which judge selection procedures are conducted."[^72]
 The committee's interviews with members of the merit selection panel and several members of the Judicial Council echoed the view that the nonreappointment was heavily influenced by the poor administration of the bankruptcy clerk's office. Most of the district and circuit judges interviewed said they had little or no contact with Bason. Nonjudicial panel members said that no statistics were examined, that Bason was not interviewed about the condition of the court, and that neither the clerk nor his staff was interviewed.[^73]
 On January 2, 1991, Bason filed a complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 372(c) with the Judicial Council of the Second Circuit against Blackshear, writing that he had "regretfully concluded that Judge Blackshear recanted not because of an honest mistake but because he made a conscious choice to testify falsely." The council and a special committee declined to address the complaint because the alleged perjury concerned matters outside Blackshear's judicial activities, and it was dismissed on October 3, 1991. Bason gave the House committee a copy on October 24, 1991.[^74]
 ### The Special Counsel's Findings
 The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] to the [[Attorney General]] is dated March 1993.[^75] Bua wrote that "we find that there is no credible evidence that DOJ employees sought to improperly influence the selection process that resulted in the decision not to reappoint Bankruptcy Judge Bason." The report found that the only evidence of an attempt by anyone within DOJ to influence the process was that relating to Lamberth, whose conduct it described as proper, and recorded that Johnson and Wald "unequivocally deny" that DOJ obstructed the reappointment.[^76] On the pretext question, Bua wrote that Bason "neither acknowledged nor addressed the inherent tension between his finding" that DOJ's financial concerns about INSLAW in December 1982 were pretextual and the conduct of DOJ employees a month later.[^77]
 A September 27, 1994 report of the Department of Justice reviewing Bua's report stated: "We are aware that many of these conclusions are at odds with some conclusions reached by Judge Bason after trial in his court. We cannot explain why Judge Bason reached such very different conclusions." It continued that the decisions "rest in large part on Judge Bason's determinations as to the credibility of the witnesses," that the testimony of Hamilton and a few other INSLAW officials "appears to be the only support for the vast majority of Judge Bason's findings," and: "We disagree with Judge Bason's credibility determinations."[^78]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993; Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, September 28, 1987; Independent Handling Proceeding, June 1987.
+[^1]: *Bason v. American University*, 414 A.2d 522 (D.C. 1980) (per curiam; first hired as assistant professor of law in 1966; promoted to associate professor in 1969; terminal contract after the fall 1970 committee vote; employment ended June 30, 1972; suit commenced November 1973; summary judgment reversed and remanded). https://static.case.law/a2d/414/cases/0522-01.json
 [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* (March 1993) ("Bua report"), p. 155 (appointed February 8, 1984 "to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of the District of Columbia's only bankruptcy judge, Roger Whelan"; term four years, expiring February 8, 1988), p. 180 ("He left the bench on February 8."). U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, S. Prt. 101-58, 101st Cong., 1st sess. (1989) ("PSI staff study"), p. 36 n.182 (appointed in 1984 "to fill the unexpired term of retiring Judge Roger Whalen"; February 4, 1988 given as the date the term was due to expire). https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt ; https://archive.org/details/StaffStudyOfAllegationsPertainingToTheDepartmentOfJusticesHandlingOfAContractWithInslaw
 [^3]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988) (findings of fact and conclusions of law, Bason, J.). https://cite.case.law/br/83/89/
 [^4]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc. (In re INSLAW, Inc.)*, 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. May 7, 1991). https://cite.case.law/f2d/932/1467/
 [^5]: Bua report, p. 180 n.84 ("Bason filed a similar lawsuit when he was denied tenure by American University College of Law in 1972 ... After summary judgment for the University was reversed and remanded for trial, the parties settled out of court."); 414 A.2d 522 (Thomas Penfield Jackson for appellant).
 [^6]: Maggie Mahar, "Beneath Contempt: Did the Justice Department Deliberately Bankrupt INSLAW?," *Barron's*, Mar. 21, 1988, reprinted in PSI staff study, pp. 91-92 ("a 56-year-old federal bankruptcy judge with a reputation for being meticulous in his judicial approach"; "the Harvard Law School graduate and former law professor").
 [^7]: Avvo attorney directory listing, "George Francis Bason Jr.," Bethesda, Md. (licensed North Carolina 1956, District of Columbia 1958, Maryland 1989; states that he served four years as U.S. Bankruptcy Judge for the District of Columbia and has written several books on bankruptcy law). https://www.avvo.com/attorneys/20814-md-george-bason-4636504.html
 [^8]: Catalog record, *Bankruptcy* by George F. Bason, Jr., West's Legal Forms, vol. 9 (West Publishing Company, 2d ed. 1984), debtor and creditor relations. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA36707572
 [^9]: PSI staff study, p. 9 (July 17, 1987 transmittal letter from Bason to Attorney General Meese, quoting the order's invitation "to designate an appropriate official outside").
 [^10]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 76 B.R. 224 (Bankr. D.D.C. July 31, 1987) (opinion on denial of defendants' motion to dismiss). https://cite.case.law/br/76/224/
 [^11]: PSI staff study, p. 6 (application of February 25, 1987); Bua report, p. 5 (the petition charged that Brewer was biased against the company).
 [^12]: PSI staff study, pp. 6-7 and nn.22-23 (Pasciuto's July 15, 1988 deposition to the staff; Nancy Hamilton's handwritten notes "St call Wh & sd had to be convertd"; Pasciuto's testimony that he did not remember using the word "convert").
 [^13]: PSI staff study, p. 7 (Blackshear deposition of March 25, 1987, at 8-9; recanting affidavit within two days; White, Stanton and Jones contradicted Pasciuto's story).
 [^14]: PSI staff study, p. 30 (Blackshear's recantation; tape recordings of the ABA conference session in which Blackshear made no mention of the UPI case).
 [^15]: Bua report, p. 5 (Bason's oral findings at the conclusion of the independent-handling hearing).
 [^16]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89, finding 351(n) (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988). https://cite.case.law/br/83/89/
 [^17]: Bua report, p. 194 ("Judge Bason found that Stanton struck a bargain with Brewer"); 83 B.R. 89, finding 329.
 [^18]: PSI staff study, pp. 48-49 (OPR referral by Deputy Attorney General Burns in July 1987; OPR memorandum of December 18, 1987 recommending that Pasciuto be fired, quoted at p. 49).
 [^19]: Bua report, p. 197.
 [^20]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857, 102d Cong., 2d sess. (Sept. 10, 1992) ("House report"), p. 79 ("Mr. Pasciuto's Firing"). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
 [^21]: Bua report, p. 197 (OPR report of March 31, 1989).
 [^22]: Bua report, p. 35 ("in July 1987 Bankruptcy Judge Bason held a two week trial on the liability phase of Inslaw's claims").
 [^23]: PSI staff study, App. D (transcript, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, Sept. 28, 1987), p. 70.
 [^24]: PSI staff study, App. D, pp. 70 ("poisonous attitude") and 74 ("smoke screen"; "game of cat and mouse").
 [^25]: PSI staff study, App. D, p. 76.
 [^26]: PSI staff study, App. D, p. 71 (the transcript renders the name "Stewart Shifter").
 [^27]: PSI staff study, App. D, p. 71 (Jensen's deposition; the hiring of Brewer by Tyson and McWhorter).
 [^28]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89, findings 125 and 137.
 [^29]: 83 B.R. 89, finding 206.
 [^30]: Bua report, p. 7 (summary of Bason's findings; the sentences are the Special Counsel's summary, not a quotation of the bench ruling).
 [^31]: Mahar, *Barron's*, Mar. 21, 1988, reprinted in PSI staff study, p. 91 (order of February 2, 1988); Mahar, *Barron's*, Apr. 4, 1988, reprinted in PSI staff study, p. 97 ("He postponed a decision on punitive damages"). U.S. Department of Justice, *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (Sept. 27, 1994), Part VII, p. 172 (the "$6.8 million awarded it by the Bankruptcy Court").
 [^32]: PSI staff study, p. 92 (Bason quoted: "I restrained the IRS from going after the Hamiltons personally ... But that restraining order lasts only 10 days.").
 [^33]: Bua report, p. 180 ("During the week before his departure, he issued an award of damages and attorneys' fees against DOJ.").
 [^34]: Bua report, pp. 155-156.
 [^35]: Bua report, pp. 156-163 (U.S. Attorney's Office file; Lamberth confirmed November 13 and sworn November 16, 1987; the assistant who preceded Brewer as project manager; Froman's view; transcript delivered to Johnson; panel discussion).
 [^36]: Bua report, p. 158 and n.73.
 [^37]: Bua report, pp. 167-168.
 [^38]: Bua report, pp. 166-167, 169-170 and n.82.
 [^39]: Bua report, p. 171.
 [^40]: Bua report, pp. 172-173; House report, p. 105 (§ VIII.A; panel report dated November 24, 1987; n.329, committee review with Judge Bason, July 22, 1992).
 [^41]: House report, pp. 107-108 (Burns's request; Schiffer's request to Hertz; Schiffer memorandum of October 29, 1987, quoted); Bua report, p. 179.
 [^42]: Bua report, pp. 183-184; House report, p. 105 ("The committee has no information that Judge Johnson talked to Mr. Schiffer about INSLAW, Judge Bason or the bankruptcy judge selection process").
 [^43]: Bua report, pp. 171-172 ("on December 21, 1987, the judges of the Court of Appeals voted either in person or by telephone ... Judge Teel won by a substantial majority").
 [^44]: Bua report, p. 175; PSI staff study, p. 36 ("On December 28, 1987, Judge Bason was informed that he was not being reappointed to the bench.").
 [^45]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.*, 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 1989) ("the decision on January 11, 1988 by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit not to reappoint Judge Bason"). https://cite.case.law/br/113/802/
 [^46]: Mahar, *Barron's*, Mar. 21, 1988, reprinted in PSI staff study, p. 92 (panel headed by Johnson; Wald; "shocking" and "eerie"); Mahar, *Barron's*, Apr. 4, 1988, reprinted in PSI staff study, p. 97 (four of 136).
 [^47]: Office of the Circuit Executive, U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, news release, "Bankruptcy Judge Merit Selection Panel Appointed" (Jan. 28, 2020) ("Judge Teel has served as the bankruptcy judge in the District of Columbia since February 8, 1988, and will retire on March 22, 2020"). https://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/BankruptcyJudgeMeritSelectionPanelNewsReleaseJanuary-28-2020.pdf
 [^48]: House report, n.233 (interview of Teel on March 27, 1992).
 [^49]: PSI staff study, p. 36.
 [^50]: House report, p. 12 (§ I.E) and pp. 102-103 (§ VIII.A).
 [^51]: PSI staff study, p. 35 n.176 ("because of the recusal from the case of Judge S. Martin Teel").
 [^52]: Bua report, p. 175 ("On January 12, 1988, Judge Bason sent a 14-page letter to Chief Judge Wald with copies to every judge on the Court of Appeals.").
 [^53]: PSI staff study, p. 36 n.183; Bua report, p. 175 (letter text: "there may be a more sinister, hidden force behind what has happened ... somehow the Department of Justice has undertaken to influence the judicial selection process as a means of retaliation against me for my recent rulings").
 [^54]: Bua report, pp. 175-176.
 [^55]: 113 B.R. 802 ("Washington Post, January 18, 1988; Legal Times, January 18, 1988").
 [^56]: House report, p. 107 (Hertz memorandum of July 1987).
 [^57]: 113 B.R. 802 (January 19, 1988 motion; Schiffer affidavit); Bua report, pp. 176-178.
 [^58]: 113 B.R. 802 ("The deputy assistant attorney general's affidavit contains no facts based on personal knowledge. Instead, the affidavit recites the press accounts.").
 [^59]: 113 B.R. 802 (hearing January 22, 1988; memorandum and order filed January 25, 1988).
 [^60]: House report, p. 108 (Robinson's January 25, 1988 ruling).
 [^61]: House report, p. 108 (Bryant: "This court like the courts before it can find no basis in fact to support a motion for recusal.").
 [^62]: Bua report, p. 180 ("Bason's lawsuit was unsuccessful. He left the bench on February 8."); Circuit Executive release (note 47).
 [^63]: Bua report, pp. 181-182 and 184-185.
 [^64]: Bua report, pp. 185-187 and n.85.
 [^65]: 113 B.R. 802 (Bryant, Senior J.).
 [^66]: 113 B.R. 802 ("twelve percent of the license fees amounts to $655,200. It is by that amount that the compensatory damages award should be reduced.").
 [^67]: 932 F.2d 1467 (opinion by Circuit Judge Williams; panel Buckley, Williams and Randolph).
 [^68]: 932 F.2d 1467 (caption: "Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied in No. 90-5052 July 12, 1991").
 [^69]: House report, p. 112 (Committee conclusions, point 11; majority conclusions, not the dissenting views).
 [^70]: PSI staff study, p. 37 ("The Staff found no proof that the Department of Justice attempted to influence the selection process so as to deny Judge Bason reappointment.").
 [^71]: House report, p. 14 (§ II).
 [^72]: House report, p. 12 (§ I.E).
 [^73]: House report, p. 105 (§ VIII.B).
 [^74]: House report, pp. 78-79 (complaint of January 2, 1991; dismissed October 3, 1991; copy provided October 24, 1991, n.344).
 [^75]: Bua report, cover page and transmittal text.
 [^76]: Bua report, p. 13 (executive summary conclusion); p. 188 (§ VIII.F).
 [^77]: Bua report, p. 131.
 [^78]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (Sept. 27, 1994), Part VII, pp. 185-186 (quoting *In re INSLAW*, 83 B.R. at 156, on Hamilton's testimony), printed in the same volume as the Bua report. https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/James
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/James
@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 ---
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
-summary: "James M. Etheridge served as assistant director for computer systems in the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia during the original 1969 PROMIS design effort, became acting director of that office in 1970, and served as Deputy Director of the National Center for Prosecution Management from 1974."
+summary: "James M. Etheridge was computer systems assistant director at the Office of Crime Analysis for the 1969 PROMIS design, acting director in 1970, and Deputy Director of the National Center for Prosecution Management from 1974."
 ---
-James M. Etheridge served as assistant director for computer systems in the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] during the 1969 effort that produced the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]]. The team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]], with [[Bill Hamilton]] as project manager at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. Etheridge wrote a 1969 paper, "Design and Development of a Criminal Justice Information and Analysis System in Washington, D.C.," published in the Urban and Regional Information Systems Proceedings, documenting the project.[^2]
+James M. Etheridge served as assistant director for computer systems in the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] during the 1969 effort that produced the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]]. The team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]], and a May 1971 system overview lists Etheridge among its members as an assistant director of the Office of Crime Analysis.[^3] [[Bill Hamilton]] was project manager at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. Etheridge wrote a 1969 paper, "Design and Development of a Criminal Justice Information and Analysis System in Washington, D.C.," published in the Urban and Regional Information Systems Proceedings, documenting the project.[^2]
-In 1970, Etheridge served as acting director of the Office of Crime Analysis. By 1974, he was Deputy Director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], working alongside Executive Director [[Joan E. Jacoby]] to expand PROMIS adoption and statistical tools in prosecutor's offices nationwide.[^1]
+In 1970, Etheridge served as acting director of the Office of Crime Analysis. By 1974, he was Deputy Director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], working alongside Executive Director Joan E. Jacoby to expand PROMIS adoption and statistical tools in prosecutor's offices nationwide.[^1] Etheridge and J. D. Bourland are listed with Jacoby as authors of the center's *First Annual Report* (1972).[^4]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Sessions, Vivian S. *Directory of Data Bases in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.* Science Associates International, 1974.
 [^3]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^4]: Jacoby, J. E., Ethridge, J. M. and Bourland, J. D., *First Annual Report of the National Center for Prosecution Management* (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Prosecution Management, 1972), as listed in the bibliography of NCJ 79227. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/79227NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
  - INSLAW
 summary: "Robert H. Cain was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team and later joined INSLAW; no additional biographical details have been identified."
 ---
-Robert H. Cain was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He later joined [[INSLAW]] as a staff member. No additional biographical details have been identified.[^1]
+Robert H. Cain was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He later joined [[INSLAW]] as a staff member.[^1]
 ### Footnotes
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas
@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 ---
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 created: 2026-05-01
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
  - Lawyer
  - Judge
-summary: "Thomas A. Flannery was U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1967 to 1970 who, in 1969, directed the commissioning of the computer-based case management system that became PROMIS, and subsequently served as a U.S. District Court Judge for the District of Columbia from 1970 until his death in 1993, including as Chief Judge from 1977."
+summary: "Thomas A. Flannery was U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1967 to 1970, commissioned the system that became PROMIS in 1969, and was a federal district judge from 1970 until 1993."
 born: 1918-01-05
 died: 1993-06-25
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 ---
-Thomas A. Flannery was born January 5, 1918, in Washington, D.C. He served as U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1967 to March 1970, appointed under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. In that capacity, he directed the formation of the team that designed the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]] -- the case management software that became the center of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal|INSLAW affair]] a decade later.[^1]
+Thomas A. Flannery was born January 5, 1918, in Washington, D.C. He served as U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1967 to March 1970, appointed under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. In that capacity, he directed the formation of the team that designed the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]], the case management software that became the center of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal|INSLAW affair]] a decade later.[^1]
 ### Role in PROMIS Development
-In 1969, Flannery commissioned a team from [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] to design a computer-based case management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]], funded by a $60,000 grant (70-DF-047) from the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered through the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]]. The team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the Office of Crime Analysis) and [[Charles R. Work]] (Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office), with [[Bill Hamilton]] serving as project manager. The system - named the Prosecutor's Management Information System - was deployed on January 1, 1971.[^1]
+In 1969, Flannery commissioned a team from [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] to design a computer-based case management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]], funded by a $60,000 grant (70-DF-047) from the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered through the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]]. The team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the Office of Crime Analysis) and [[Charles R. Work]] (Deputy Director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office), with [[Bill Hamilton]] serving as project manager.[^1][^3] The system, named the Prosecutor's Management Information System, was deployed on January 1, 1971.[^3]
 ### Judicial Career
@ -27,3 +27,4 @@ President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated Flannery to the U.S. District Court for th
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Federal Judicial Center. "Thomas A. Flannery." History of the Federal Judiciary. fjc.gov.
 [^3]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Adolf
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Adolf
@ -2,17 +2,172 @@
 category: "Political Figure"
 tags:
  - Person
  - NaziGermany
  - WorldWarII
  - OSS
  - PsychologicalWarfare
  - Astrology
  - Occult
  - DeathRumors
  - NeoNazism
  - SiegeCulture
 summary: "Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party and the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945."
 aliases:
  - Adolf Hitler
  - Adolph Hitler
  - Hitler
  - Der Führer
  - Eric Hanussen
 born: 1889-04-20
 died: 1945-04-30
 location: "Braunau am Inn, Austria"
 created: 2026-10-14
 updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Nazi Germany]]"
    start: 1934-08-02
    end: 1945-04-30
    role: "Führer and Reich Chancellor; the tribunal's judgment describes full power in his hands after the plebiscite that followed"
    fn: 2
  - type: spouse_of
    with: "[[Eva Braun]]"
    start: 1945-04-29
    role: "married in the Berlin bunker on the date of his private will, which names her as his wife"
    fn: 20
  - type: appointed
    with: "[[Karl Dönitz]]"
    start: 1945-04-29
    role: "named President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in the political testament"
    fn: 21
  - type: appointed
    with: "[[Martin Bormann]]"
    start: 1945-04-29
    role: "named executor of the private will with full legal authority, and Party Minister in the testament's cabinet list"
    fn: 20
  - type: subject_of
    with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
    start: 1943
    role: "subject of the 1943 psychoanalytic profile by Walter Langer and the October 1943 personality analysis by Henry Murray, both prepared for the OSS"
    fn: 10
  - type: subject_of
    with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
    start: 1945-09-21
    role: "Los Angeles report titled Hitler Hideout, file 105-410, on a claim that he was in hiding in Argentina"
    fn: 29
  - type: subject_of
    with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
    start: 1955-10-03
    role: "Maracaibo station dispatch forwarding a claim that he was alive in South America"
    fn: 32
 ---
 Adolf Hitler (born April 20, 1889, in [[Braunau am Inn]], Austria; died April 30, 1945, in [[Berlin]]) was the leader of the [[Nazi Party]] and the dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] from 1934 to 1945.[^1] He was the central figure in the rise of Nazism, the Holocaust, and World War II.[^2]
-Adolf Hitler was the leader of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Party]] and the dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] from 1934 to 1945. He was the central figure in the rise of Nazism, the Holocaust, and World War II.[^1]
+The International Military Tribunal at [[Nuremberg]] described the [[SS]] as created in 1925 "nominally to act as his personal bodyguard, but in reality to terrorise political opponents."[^2] The tribunal recorded that [[Hermann Göring]] founded the [[Gestapo]] in [[Prussia]] on April 26, 1933, and confided to its deputy leader that the main task was to eliminate political opponents of National Socialism and Hitler.[^3]
-While Hitler himself was reportedly dismissive of mysticism, his regime had a complex relationship with the occult. Figures like [[Heinrich Himmler]] were deeply invested in paranormal research, and the Nazi government's use of astrology and other forms of divination for propaganda purposes is well-documented. Hitler's reaction to [[Rudolf Hess]]'s flight to Scotland, which he attributed to the influence of astrologers, led to a crackdown on occult practices in Germany.[^1]
+### Occult milieu and the Hess flight
 Hitler was reportedly dismissive of mysticism. [[Albert Speer]] wrote that when [[Heinrich Himmler]] mythologized the SS, Hitler remarked: "What nonsense! Here we have at last reached an age that has left all mysticism behind it, and now he wants to start that all over again. We might just as well have stayed with the church."[^4] Himmler was deeply invested in paranormal research. The [[Ahnenerbe]], the research body he founded in 1935, investigated extrasensory perception, astrology and map dowsing, according to [[Annie Jacobsen]].[^5] The regime had a complex relationship with the occult, and the Nazi government's use of astrology and other forms of divination for propaganda purposes is well-documented.[^5]
 Jacobsen wrote that Hitler's reaction to [[Rudolf Hess]]'s flight to [[Scotland]], which he attributed to the influence of astrologers, led to a crackdown on occult practices in Germany.[^5] Accounts of the flight name two astrologers. [[Karl Krafft]], a Swiss astrologer, is said to have produced a star chart that fixed the date of the flight, and [[Sybil Leek]], a British astrologer working for British intelligence, is said to have written a phony horoscope that drew Hess toward Scotland.[^5] The arrests that followed, under the name [[Special Action Hess|Sonderaktion Heß]], reportedly took in more than 600 astrologers, fortune tellers, clairvoyants and faith healers, among them [[Wilhelm Wulff]], who had become Himmler's personal astrologer.[^5] The historian [[Eric Kurlander]] wrote that the action had the Gestapo round up astrologers, clairvoyants and occultists, that hundreds were detained or arrested, and that thousands of books and items of esoteric paraphernalia were confiscated.[^6]
 A CIA-released survey of parapsychology research states that [[Louis Pauwels]] and [[Jacques Bergier]], in [[The Morning of the Magicians]] (1960), maintained that Hitler was clairvoyant and surrounded himself with astrologers and prophets. The same survey says that [[Erik Jan Hanussen]], a stage clairvoyant, was assassinated by the Nazis because his ability to see their secret projects threatened the regime.[^7] A 1930 and 1931 report by the Dutch researcher [[P.A. Dietz]] on a test of Hanussen's psychometric ability appears in an annotated CIA-released abstract. The annotator described Hanussen, who visited the [[Netherlands]] in 1930, as someone who "later would often be consulted by Adolph Hitler."[^8]
 ### Profiles by the OSS and Harvard
 In 1943 [[William J. Donovan|William Donovan]] of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] asked the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] psychoanalyst [[Walter Langer]] to analyze Hitler without direct access to him. Langer wrote in his 1972 book that Donovan asked, "What light could psychoanalysis shed on these pressing problems?" and then, "And how would you go about getting it?"[^9] The OSS report of 1943, A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend, lists as collaborators [[Henry Murray]] of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, [[Ernst Kris]] of the [[New School for Social Research]] and [[Bertram Lewin]] of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.[^10]
 The 1943 report stated that there was "unanimous agreement among the four psychoanalysts who have studied the material that Hitler is an hysteric bordering on schizophrenia and not a true paranoiac as so frequently supposed."[^11] In the 1972 book the same passage reads "general agreement among the collaborators that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^12] The 1943 report described his behavior as "masochistic in the extreme" and stated that "there is a large feminine component in his physical makeup."[^13] Its eighth prediction read: "Hitler might commit suicide. This is the most plausible outcome."[^14]
 In October 1943 Murray of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Psychological Clinic completed a memorandum titled *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, marked "O.S.S. Confidential," with predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after [[Germany]]'s surrender.[^15] Murray wrote that Hitler's neurotic spells would increase in frequency and duration, and that there was some evidence his mental powers had been deteriorating since November 1942.[^16] He considered it possible that the military command or a revolutionary faction might seize Hitler and immure him in a prison fortress, an outcome that would end the myth of the invincible hero. He judged that Hitler being shot by a German was "possible but not very likely."[^16]
 Murray proposed that Hitler might arrange to be killed by a German, perhaps by a Jew, completing the myth of the hero's death at the hand of a trusted follower, on the pattern of Siegfried stabbed by Hagen, Caesar by Brutus, and Christ betrayed by Judas.[^17] On suicide, Murray wrote that Hitler had often vowed he would kill himself if his plans miscarried, but that if he chose that course he would do it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible manner.[^17] In the closing section Murray named insanity to some extent, dramatic suicide and death at the front as the outcomes that seemed most probable, on the assumption that Hitler's chief concern was the immortality of his legend.[^18]
 ### Assassination schemes
 [[Stanley Lovell]], who headed OSS Research and Development, wrote in his memoir of several schemes to kill Hitler. He took up Langer's idea that Hitler had feminine tendencies and got permission to try to push him over the gender line with female hormones, hoping his moustache would fall off and his voice would rise. The OSS agent network was used to try to slip the hormones into Hitler's food. Other plans included blinding him with mustard gas and a drug to aggravate his suspected epilepsy, and a plan to hypnotize a German prisoner into assassinating him, which a consulting psychiatrist judged unworkable. Lovell also reported that the main problem in these operations was getting Hitler to take the medicine.[^19]
 ### Marriage, will and testament, April 1945
 The document the prosecution at Nuremberg numbered 3569-PS is a translation of a private will and a political testament dated April 29, 1945, with a covering note from Martin Bormann of the same date. In the private will Hitler wrote that he had decided to take as his wife the woman who had entered the besieged city to share his fate, that at her desire she went with him into death, and that he and his wife chose death "in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation" and wished to be burnt on the spot. He named Bormann executor, and left his picture collections to a gallery in [[Linz]]. The will bears the signatures of Bormann, Dr. Fuhr and [[Nicolaus von Below]] as witnesses.[^20]
 In the political testament Hitler attributed the outbreak of the war to international statesmen of Jewish descent or working for Jewish interests, and stated that he would remain in Berlin and choose death. In the second part he expelled Göring and Himmler from the party for secret negotiations with the enemy, appointed Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, [[Joseph Goebbels]] Chancellor, Bormann Party Minister, and named [[Karl Hanke]] to succeed Himmler as Reichsführer-SS. The testament is witnessed by Josef Fuhr, [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], Bormann and [[Hans Krebs]]. The editors of the Nuremberg volume noted that the document was not introduced into evidence because there was not sufficient time to verify its authenticity.[^21]
 The FBI file on Hitler contains a March 6, 1946 memorandum recording that the Army's Military Intelligence Service had prepared a bound brochure of the marriage certificate, private will and political testament from captured documents, that General Vandenberg wanted the Bureau to compare the signatures with captured official documents, and that the Army asked that its possession of the documents be kept secret until the President announced it. The Bureau's laboratory report of March 13, 1946, addressed to the Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, analyzed paper, condition, typewriting and handwriting. It stated that the paper was consistent in every respect with the ostensible source, that the marriage form had been completed in ink by a registrar, Walter Wagner, and that entries in other inks and hands were evidence of the impromptu nature of the ceremony.[^22]
 In notes that Bormann took during the final months, published by [[François Genoud]], Hitler recalled [[Frederick the Great]]'s winter of 1762, when Frederick resolved to take poison if no change came by a date he had fixed. A few days before that date the Tsarina died, and the situation reversed.[^23]
 ### Death in Berlin and the Soviet record
 [[Morris Leikind]], whose medical study of Hitler was released by the CIA, wrote that it is generally believed he shot himself, and that information published in [[Russia]] alleged death by cyanide poisoning rather than a gunshot wound.[^1] Leikind wrote that Hitler died by suicide in his bunker beneath the ruins of the Chancellery on April 30, 1945, with his newly wedded wife, [[Eva Braun]].[^1]
 A Soviet forensic commission sitting at [[Berlin-Buch]] on May 8, 1945 examined a fire-damaged male corpse presumed to be Hitler's. It concluded that death was caused by poisoning with cyanide compounds, and the identification that followed rested in part on dental bridgework and jawbone fragments.[^24] The commission's summary reached the same conclusion for the female corpse presumed to be Braun's.[^25] Leikind wrote that, contrary to other published reports, the protocols showed poisoning, with the odor of cyanide still detectable in the mouth and slivers of glass from a capsule present, and that the protocols seemed to have been "edited."[^26]
 An OSS cable of August 7, 1945 discussed transmitting a report on Hitler's dentition to Soviet officers, and suggested that [[Allen Dulles]] be instructed to give copies of the reports directly to Russian officers in Berlin. According to the OSS message, the War Department was disturbed over the exchange of communications through [[John R. Deane]].[^27] A related message in the same file concerns fingerprints that were to be obtained from [[Munich]] police records.[^27]
 ### Claims of survival
 On September 21, 1945, the Los Angeles office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] filed a report titled "Hitler Hideout" on information obtained from a [[Hollywood]] source in July 1945. The source reported that a friend, talking in front of the Melody Lane restaurant, said he was one of four men who met Hitler when he landed from two submarines in [[Argentina]] about two and a half weeks after the fall of Berlin. The account described a ranch in the foothills of the southern Andes, six Argentine officials who had aided the party, and a payment of $15,000 for helping in the hiding place. According to the source, Hitler suffered from asthma and ulcers and had shaved off his mustache.[^28] The information was given to a reporter for the [[Los Angeles Examiner]] on July 29, 1945.[^28] The Bureau's summary says that the information could not be verified, that efforts to locate the friend were negative, and that there was no record of Hitler in police or [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] files.[^29]
 The same file holds translations dated July 28, 1948 of two newspaper items from [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. The first summarized a letter dated April 27, 1948 from [[Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]], addressed to the newspaper [[El Tiempo]] and signed "Amigo, amigo, amigo," which stated that Hitler was in Bogotá, had landed from a submarine on the coast of the Guajira on July 19, 1945 with six men and three million dollars, and intended after a war between the United States and the Soviet Union to head a western crusade against Bolshevism.[^30] In El Tiempo of June 20, 1948, under a headline connecting the story to the assassination of [[Jorge Eliécer Gaitán]], a second correspondent who claimed to be Colombian wrote that he had known of Hitler's plans since January 1945 and that the death of Gaitán would have been a master coup against Communism on Hitler's part; the newspaper reported that the first writer had demanded 50,000 dollars to reveal more.[^30] The Director of the Bureau forwarded translations of the clippings to the State Department's Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, with a copy to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^30]
 On October 3, 1955, the acting chief of a CIA station forwarded a report to the chief of the [[Western Hemisphere Division]] from a source in [[Maracaibo]], identified by the codename MELODY-3. In the latter part of September 1955 a friend who had served under the source in Europe told him that a former German SS trooper, identified by the codename CITROEN, had said that Hitler was still alive. CITROEN was said to have contacted Hitler about once a month in Colombia while working for a Dutch shipping company in Maracaibo, and to have said that Hitler left Colombia for Argentina around January 1955.[^31] The friend obtained a photograph that CITROEN referred to. On September 29 the source was shown it to obtain his reaction to the possible veracity of the story, and the station made photostats before the photograph went back to its owner the next day. The station's assessment was that the man on the right is "undoubtedly the person which CITROEN claims is HITLER." The reverse carried an inscription with the first name Adolf, a town in Colombia and the year 1954.[^31] The station wrote that neither it nor the source was in a position to give an intelligent evaluation of the information, which was forwarded as of possible interest.[^32]
 ### Neo-Nazi veneration
 [[James Mason]]'s *[[Siege]]*, the collected newsletters of the [[National Socialist Liberation Front]], names Hitler throughout. In an issue dated August 1980 Mason wrote that [[Joseph Tommasi]] "did the very same thing as Adolf Hitler" and that "perhaps his is the closest comparison to Hitler's methodology to date."[^33] The 2021 edition carries a foreword by Mason that closes "Heil Hitler!"[^33] The [[International Centre for Counter-Terrorism]] study by Bethan Johnson and Matthew Feldman states that propaganda of the "Siege Culture" milieu falls into three categories, the first being praise of Nazi and neo-Nazi predecessors, in which images of Hitler, Mason, Tommasi and Charles Manson are often featured in imposing stances.[^34] The same study records that activists of the [[Iron March]] forum released what became the third edition of Siege in 2015, and that [[Atomwaffen Division]], which publicly emerged that year, made the book required reading for new members.[^35] The [[Counter Extremism Project]] reports that the original Siege Culture website's library included Hitler's *Mein Kampf*, and that Atomwaffen Division posted a video in 2017 of masked members raising their arms in a "Heil Hitler" salute before a swastika flag with the message "Join your local Nazis."[^36]
 [[Combat 18]], founded in early 1992 by [[Charlie Sargent]] and [[Wilf Browning]] as a stewarding group for the [[British National Party]], takes its name from the initials of Adolf Hitler (A=1, H=8), according to [[Nick Lowles]].[^37] The German [[Federal Ministry of the Interior]] banned the association Combat 18 Deutschland on January 23, 2020; Combat 18 does not appear in Schedule 2 of the Terrorism Act 2000.[^38] [[Jack Reed]] described himself in writing as a "natural sadist" and expressed admiration for Hitler, according to press reports of his case.[^39] [[Jacek Tchorzewski]] kept a collection of extreme right-wing material that praised Hitler, neo-Nazism and Satanism, including antisemitic content calling for genocide, according to the [[Campaign Against Antisemitism]].[^40]
 ### Postwar continuities
 [[Edwin Black]] wrote that after the Nazi government awarded [[Thomas J. Watson]], chairman of [[IBM]], the Merit Cross of the German Eagle with Star in 1937, Watson on May 16, 1940 asked Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] whether the government wanted him to return the medal. Hull replied that the decision "will have to rest entirely with you, and is not one upon which this Government would be able to take a position." Watson returned the medal to Hitler on June 6, 1940 with a letter, released to the newspapers, stating that "the present policies of your government are contrary to the causes for which I have been working and for which I received the decoration."[^41]
 [[Reinhard Gehlen]], who had headed the [[Wehrmacht]]'s [[Fremde Heere Ost]] directorate, wrote in his memoir that Hitler ordered his dismissal about a month after March 5, 1945, that his staff held a farewell party on April 12, and that he supervised the microfilming and burying of the directorate's files in secret locations in the Bavarian mountains, with three hideouts for his staff in the Alps.[^42] A statement by his deputy [[Gerhard Wessel]], reproduced in a CIA documentary history, records that Hitler relieved Gehlen on April 9, 1945 after Gehlen was presented to him in February or March, and that the microfilmed files were moved to three sites in southern Germany, near Schliersee, the Wilder Kaiser and Marquartstein.[^43]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^1]: Leikind, Morris. "Studies in Pathography II: Adolph Hitler." CIA Reading Room document C00416336, released under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416336
 [^2]: International Military Tribunal, Judgment, October 1, 1946. Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judnazi.asp
 [^3]: International Military Tribunal, Judgment, October 1, 1946, section on the Gestapo. Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judnazi.asp
 [^4]: Speer, Albert. *Inside the Third Reich*. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. Macmillan, 1970, pp. 94-95. https://archive.org/details/inside-the-third-reich-memoirs-by-albert-speer
 [^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^6]: Kurlander, Eric. "The Nazi Magicians' Controversy: Enlightenment, 'Border Science,' and Occultism in the Third Reich." *Central European History* 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 498-522, as quoted in Frey, Angelica. "Border Science vs. Commercial Occultism: A Nazi Debate." JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/border-science-vs-commercial-occultism-a-nazi-debate/
 [^7]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, p. 208, chapter "New Psychic Frontiers," citing Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier, *The Morning of the Magicians* (1960).
 [^8]: Dietz, P.A. "A successful psychometric experiment with the clairvoyant E. Hanussen." *Tijdschrift voor Parapsychologie*, 1930/31, 3, 70-76, as annotated in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00792R000700700002-2, item 01377. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000700700002-2
 [^9]: Langer, Walter C. *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*. Basic Books, 1972, chapter on the OSS request.
 [^10]: Langer, Walter C. *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend*. Office of Strategic Services, 1943 (title page). CIA Reading Room document C02571145. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
 [^11]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 86 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
 [^12]: Langer, *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, chapter on the collaborators' diagnosis.
 [^13]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, section "Femininity," p. 122 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
 [^14]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 155 as paginated in the CIA copy; repeated in *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, section "Hitler's Death." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
 [^15]: Murray, Henry A. *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler, with Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and after Germany's Surrender*. Harvard Psychological Clinic, October 1943. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler. Same text in CIA Reading Room document 02617886.
 [^16]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 29-30. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
 [^17]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 30-32. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
 [^18]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, p. 33. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
 [^19]: Lovell, Stanley P. *Of Spies and Stratagems*. Prentice-Hall, 1963. https://archive.org/details/ofspiesstratagem0000stan
 [^20]: Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. *Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression*, vol. VI. Government Printing Office, 1946. Document 3569-PS, translation of the covering letter of Martin Bormann, April 29, 1945, and Hitler's "Private Will and Testament," pp. 257-259. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
 [^21]: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. VI, document 3569-PS, "My political Testament" and "Second Part of the Political Testament," pp. 259-262, with the editors' note on authentication. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
 [^22]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: office memorandum of March 6, 1946 and Laboratory report of March 13, 1946 on the examination of the bound "Adolf Hitler: Certificate of Marriage, Private Will and Political Testament" for the War Department. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
 [^23]: Martin Bormann's notes of Hitler's conversations, February to April 1945, published as *The Political Testament of Adolf Hitler*, edited by François Genoud (1961 edition). https://archive.org/details/PoliticalTestamentOfAdolfHitler
 [^24]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 12, forensic examination of a male corpse at Berlin-Buch, May 8, 1945. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
 [^25]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 13 and the commission summary. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
 [^26]: Leikind, Morris. "Studies in Pathography II: Adolph Hitler," p. 32. CIA Reading Room document C00416336. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416336
 [^27]: OSS cable of August 7, 1945, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP13X00001R000100200005-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100200005-7
 [^28]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 2. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
 [^29]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 1 (synopsis). https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
 [^30]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: translations summarized July 28, 1948 of "Nueva York al Dia," May 22, 1948, and *El Tiempo* (Bogotá), June 20, 1948, with the Director's transmittal to the Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, State Department, copy to the Director of Central Intelligence. https://archive.org/details/fbi-hitler-adolf-ocr
 [^31]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch No. 2592 from the acting chief of station to the Chief, WHD, dated October 3, 1955. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
 [^32]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch of October 3, 1955, closing paragraph. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
 [^33]: Mason, James. *Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason*, 2021 edition, foreword and "Serious Steps," *Siege* vol. IX, no. 4 (August 1980). https://archive.org/details/siege-the-collected-writings-james-mason
 [^34]: Johnson, Bethan, and Matthew Feldman. "Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine." International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, p. 12. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
 [^35]: Johnson and Feldman, "Siege Culture After Siege," pp. 12-13. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
 [^36]: Counter Extremism Project. "James Mason's Siege: Ties to Extremists," March 4, 2022. https://www.counterextremism.com/themes/custom/cep/templates/reports/sieges_ties_to_extremists/files/James_Mason_Siege_Ties_to_Extremists_030422.pdf
 [^37]: Lowles, Nick. *White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18*. Milo Books, 2001.
 [^38]: Beck-aktuell. "Seehofer verbietet rechtsextremistischen Verein 'Combat 18 Deutschland,'" January 23, 2020. https://www.beck-aktuell.de/heute-im-recht/rechtsgeschehen/seehofer-verbietet-rechtsextremistischen-verein-combat-18-deutschland-2020-01-23; Terrorism Act 2000, Schedule 2, as amended, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2
 [^39]: Enfield Independent. "Nazi terrorist named after judge rejects anonymity bid." 2021. https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/national/19002125.nazi-terrorist-named-judge-rejects-anonymity-bid/
 [^40]: Campaign Against Antisemitism. "Hitler-loving neo-Nazi who said it was his 'dream' to create a bloodbath arrested at Luton Airport and sentenced to four years." September 2019. https://antisemitism.org/hitler-loving-neo-nazi-who-said-it-was-his-dream-to-create-a-bloodbath-arrested-at-luton-airport-and-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison
 [^41]: Black, Edwin. *IBM and the Holocaust*. Crown, 2001, chapters on 1940. https://archive.org/details/ibm-and-the-holocaust-the-strategic-alliance-between-nazi-germany-and-americas-m
 [^42]: Gehlen, Reinhard. *The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen*. World Publishing, 1972. https://archive.org/details/theservicethememoirsofgeneralreinhardgehlen
 [^43]: Central Intelligence Agency. *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, vol. I, Document 1, "Statement of Gerhard Wessel on Development of the German Organization," and chronology. https://archive.org/details/CIAANDTHEORIGINSOFTHEBND1945-49VOL1-0001
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bill
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bill
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 category: "Technologists"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
  - Person
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ location: "Laude, Indiana"
 William A. Hamilton was born around 1940 and grew up in Laude, Indiana, where he was one of seven brothers. He graduated from Notre Dame with an English degree in 1962 and married [[Nancy Hamilton]] in 1963.[^1]
-Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He left the firm in 1971 to improve the software, which by contract rights belonged to the government. He then worked for eighteen months as an independent contractor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in D.C., and he then founded the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]].[^2][^3] He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1]
+Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He left the firm in 1971 to improve the software, which by contract rights belonged to the government. He then worked for eighteen months as an independent contractor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in D.C., and he then founded the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]].[^2][^3] He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1][^7]
 In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded INSLAW (the Institute for Law and Social Research), a non-profit organization that took over stewardship of PROMIS. INSLAW received additional LEAA funding to enhance PROMIS into a transferable system adoptable by other jurisdictions and oversaw its spread to prosecutors' offices around the country. In January 1981, Hamilton reorganized INSLAW as a for-profit entity and acquired the predecessor organization's assets.[^1]
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded INSLAW (the Institute for Law and S
 In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the contract's earliest days, Hamilton and [[C. Madison Brewer]], the DOJ's project manager, were in conflict: Hamilton alleged Brewer obstructed INSLAW's proprietary rights claims and engineered advance payment disputes to force the company into financial distress. When INSLAW ran out of funds to sustain litigation against the DOJ while fighting to protect its software rights, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985.[^4]
-Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^4]
+Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding that the Department of Justice "took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^4]
 ### Representation by Elliot Richardson
@ -55,3 +55,4 @@ Hamilton continued to assert that PROMIS was fraudulently stolen and distributed
 [^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; U.S. Court of Federal Claims, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Ruling of Hearing Officer Christine Miller, July 31, 1997.
 [^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; Richardson, Elliot L. Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, 1992.
 [^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
 [^7]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fred
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fred
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ He worked as a classroom teacher, operated an independent real estate and insura
 Lander dedicated 30 years of his career to the Federal Government, working at the [[Internal Revenue Service]], the Federal Power Commission, the National Archives and Records Service, and the Department of Justice's [[LEAA]]. 
-Fred was part of the original 1969 team creating [[PROMIS]] with [[Joan E. Jacoby]], [[Charles R. Work]], and [[Bill Hamilton]] as part of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] where he was an Assistant Director.
+Fred was part of the original 1969 team creating [[PROMIS]] with [[Joan E. Jacoby]], [[Charles R. Work]], and [[Bill Hamilton]] as part of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] where he was an Assistant Director.[^1]
 He later served with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission until his retirement on April 16, 1987. During this time, he also worked as a Crime Analyst and Executive Director of the Pilot District Police Community Relations Project for the District of Columbia and was appointed an Administrative Law Judge for the Civil Service Commission in Dallas, Texas.
@ -30,3 +30,7 @@ He was a 50-year member of the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., and received thei
 Lander was certified to practice law before all Courts in the State of Texas, the United States District Courts for the Northern and Eastern Districts of Texas, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]], and the United States Supreme Court.
 Fred L. Lander III passed away in 2001.
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry
@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ title: Henry A. Kissinger
 aliases:
  - Henry A. Kissinger
  - Henry Kissinger
  - Henry Alfred Kissinger
  - Heinz Alfred Kissinger
  - Kissinger
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
@ -15,9 +17,20 @@ tags:
  - Israel
  - Nuclear
  - ColdWar
  - Chile
  - Cambodia
  - Wiretaps
  - OperationCondor
  - EastTimor
  - BancaNazionaleDelLavoro
  - Iran
  - Kurds
  - BCCI
  - Pakistan
  - 1960s
  - 1970s
-summary: "National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford who endorsed Israel's nuclear program at Dimona and privately argued that Japan and Israel were better served by the bomb than the Non-Proliferation Treaty."
+  - 1980s
 summary: "National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford, documented in the NSC wiretaps, Track II against Allende, the Condor demarche, Kurdish covert aid and the BNL advisory board."
 born: 1923-05-27
 died: 2023-11-29
 location: "Fürth, Germany"
@ -25,103 +38,326 @@ relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]]"
    role: "director, Special Studies Project"
    start: 1956
    end: 1958-06-30
-    fn: ssp
+    fn: 5
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
    role: "attended some sessions, Quantico I"
    start: 1955-06-05
    end: 1955-06-10
-    fn: qp3
+    fn: 4
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
    role: "panel member, Quantico II"
    start: 1955-08
    end: 1955-11
-    fn: qp1
+    fn: 4
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[National Security Council]]"
    role: "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs"
    start: 1969-01-20
    end: 1975-11-03
    fn: 7
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[State Department]]"
    role: "Secretary of State"
    start: 1973-09-22
    end: 1977-01-20
    fn: 7
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[40 Committee]]"
    role: "chairman"
    start: 1969-01-20
    end: 1975-11-03
    fn: 22
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Project FUBELT]]"
    role: "principal, Track II"
    start: 1970-09-15
    end: 1970-11-30
    fn: 20
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Kissinger Associates]]"
    role: "co-founder with Brent Scowcroft"
    start: 1982
    fn: 63
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]"
    role: "international advisory board member"
    start: 1985
    end: 1991-06
    fn: 63
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Richard Nixon]]"
    role: "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs"
    start: 1969-01-20
    end: 1974-08-09
    fn: 28
  - type: reported_to
    with: "[[Gerald R. Ford]]"
    role: "National Security Advisor, then Secretary of State"
    start: 1974-08-09
    end: 1977-01-20
    fn: 60
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Harvard University]]"
    role: "faculty member, Department of Government and Center for International Affairs"
    start: 1954
    end: 1971
    fn: 3
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
    role: "study director, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy"
    start: 1955
    end: 1956
    fn: 3
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Halperin v. Kissinger]]"
    role: "defendant"
    start: 1973-06
    end: 1992
    fn: 11
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]"
    role: "consulting contract for Kissinger Associates, July 1986 to June 1988"
    start: 1986-07-01
    end: 1988-06-30
    fn: 65
 ---
-Henry A. Kissinger was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the [[United States Secretary of State]] and National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. In the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College. At the end of his course, he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]], warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1]
+Henry Alfred Kissinger (1923 to 2023) was a German-born American political scientist and diplomat who served as [[United States Secretary of State]] and as National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that in the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College, and that at the end of that course he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]] warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1]
-Kissinger approached inauguration day on January 20, 1969, convinced that Israel's nuclear ambitions were justified and understandable. Once in office, he and Nixon endorsed Israel's nuclear ambitions and shared a contempt for the 1968 [[Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty|Nonproliferation Treaty]]. Kissinger told his staff in the first months of 1969 that [[Japan]], as well as Israel, would be better off with the bomb than without it, believing that nuclear weapons were essential to the national security of both nations. His view was pragmatic: most major powers would eventually obtain nuclear weapons, and the [[United States]] could benefit most by helping them do so rather than engaging in futile exercises in morality.[^2]
+Hersh wrote that Kissinger approached inauguration day on January 20, 1969, convinced that Israel's nuclear ambitions were justified and understandable; that once in office he and Nixon endorsed those ambitions and shared a contempt for the 1968 [[Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty|Nonproliferation Treaty]]; and that Kissinger told his staff in the first months of 1969 that [[Japan]], as well as Israel, would be better off with the bomb than without it, believing that nuclear weapons were essential to the national security of both nations. Hersh described Kissinger's view as pragmatic: most major powers would eventually obtain nuclear weapons, and the [[United States]] could benefit most by helping them do so rather than engaging in futile exercises in morality.[^2]
-Kissinger's support for Israel's nuclear weapons program was widely known to the Israeli leadership. This was overtly signaled by the decision in 1969 to end the [[Floyd L. Culler, Jr.|Floyd Culler]] inspections of Dimona, a move that became American policy for the next two decades, signifying that Israel had gone nuclear and the United States would not intervene.[^2]
+Hersh wrote that Kissinger's support for Israel's nuclear weapons program was widely known to the Israeli leadership, and that it was signaled by the decision in 1969 to end the [[Floyd L. Culler, Jr.|Floyd Culler]] inspections of Dimona, a move that became American policy for the next two decades, signifying that Israel had gone nuclear and the United States would not intervene.[^2]
-### Biographical Record
+### Biography
-Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born on May 27, 1923, in [[Fürth]], Bavaria, to a German-Jewish family. The family emigrated to the United States in 1938. Kissinger was naturalized as a U.S. citizen on June 19, 1943, while serving in the [[U.S. Army]]. He earned a B.A. summa cum laude from Harvard College in 1950, an M.A. in 1952, and a Ph.D. in 1954, with a dissertation later published as *A World Restored* (1957).[^bio]
+Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born on May 27, 1923, in [[Fürth]], Bavaria, to a German-Jewish family. The family emigrated to the United States in 1938. He was naturalized as a United States citizen on June 19, 1943, while serving in the [[U.S. Army]].[^3] He earned a B.A. summa cum laude from [[Harvard College]] in 1950, an M.A. in 1952, and a Ph.D. in 1954, with a dissertation later published as *A World Restored* (1957).[^3]
-He died on November 29, 2023, at his home in [[Kent, Connecticut]], at the age of 100.[^bio]
+He died on November 29, 2023, at his home in [[Kent, Connecticut]], at the age of 100.
 ### Harvard Career
-Kissinger's academic career at Harvard ran from 1951 to 1971, with a leave of absence beginning January 1969 when he entered government service. He directed the [[Harvard International Seminar]] from 1951 to 1971, a program that brought rising foreign policy figures from Europe and Asia to Cambridge each summer. Beginning in 1957, he served as Associate Director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs. He directed the [[Harvard Defense Studies Program]] from 1958 to 1971. His last seminar at the Center for International Affairs was held on December 16, 1968, before he departed for [[Washington, D.C.]] to serve as Nixon's National Security Advisor.[^bio]
+Kissinger's Harvard career began in 1951. He was a member of the faculty from 1954 until 1971, with a leave of absence beginning January 1969 when he entered government service.[^3] He directed the [[Harvard International Seminar]] from 1951 to 1971,[^3] a program that brought rising foreign policy figures from Europe and Asia to Cambridge each summer. From 1957 to 1960 he served as Associate Director of Harvard's [[Center for International Affairs]].[^3] He directed the [[Harvard Defense Studies Program]] from 1958 to 1971. His last seminar at the Center for International Affairs was held on December 16, 1968, before he departed for [[Washington, D.C.]] to serve as Nixon's National Security Advisor.
-The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.[^seminar]
+The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.
 ### Quantico Panels, 1955
-Kissinger attended some sessions of the first [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]] at the Marine Corps Schools in June 1955, as did members of the State and Defense departments and the Central Intelligence Agency.[^qp3] On August 16, 1955, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited him, then a Harvard academic, to a second panel on the psychological aspects of future United States strategy, which is called Quantico II in the record.[^qp1] The panel's twelve members met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with [[Frederick L. Anderson]] designated chairman.[^qp1] Kissinger took the place of [[Hans Speier]], who had planned a trip to Germany for the [[Rand Corporation]]. [[Daniel Bessner]] describes the meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career, and states that Rockefeller became his political patron after it.[^qp4] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] describes its folder of Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers as stating that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s"; Bessner, citing Isaacson, places the two men's first meeting at the first panel.[^qp5][^qp4] Kissinger's paper "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR" appears in the November 1955 source book, which the panel submitted on November 29, 1955.[^qp1][^qp2]
+Kissinger attended some sessions of the first [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]] at the Marine Corps Schools in June 1955, as did members of the State and Defense departments and the CIA.[^4] On August 16, 1955, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited him, then a Harvard academic, to a second panel on the psychological aspects of future United States strategy, which is called Quantico II in the record.[^4] The panel's twelve members met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with [[Frederick L. Anderson]] designated chairman. Kissinger took the place of [[Hans Speier]], who had planned a trip to Germany for the [[Rand Corporation]]. [[Daniel Bessner]] describes the meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career and states that Rockefeller became his political patron after it. The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] describes its folder of Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers as stating that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s"; Bessner, citing Isaacson, places the two men's first meeting at the first panel.[^4] Kissinger's paper "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR" appears in the November 1955 source book, which the panel submitted on November 29, 1955.
 ### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project
-Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by Nelson Rockefeller that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies.
+Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by Nelson Rockefeller that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961).[^5] The volume sold over 400,000 copies.
-The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.[^ssp]
+The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.
-The project was Kissinger's primary institutional bridge to the [[Rockefeller family]] network prior to his entry into government. Roswell Gilpatric subsequently served as Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Kennedy administration. Nelson Rockefeller retained Kissinger as his personal foreign policy consultant after the project concluded.[^c1]
+The project was Kissinger's primary institutional bridge to the [[Rockefeller family]] network prior to his entry into government. Roswell Gilpatric subsequently served as Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Kennedy administration. Nelson Rockefeller retained Kissinger as his personal foreign policy consultant after the project concluded. In a telephone conversation of March 13, 1972, [[David Rockefeller]], chairman of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], offered Kissinger a plane ride to the next [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg]] meeting.[^6]
-### *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy* (1957)
+### Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957)
-Kissinger's book *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy* (Harper, 1957) grew out of eighteen months of work with a study group organized by the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and led by [[Gordon Dean]], former chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]. The book argued for a doctrine of limited nuclear war as an alternative to massive retaliation, and established Kissinger as a leading voice on strategic doctrine. Panel II of the Rockefeller Special Studies Project built on the same framework.[^nwfp]
+Kissinger's book *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy* (Harper, 1957) grew out of eighteen months of work with a study group organized by the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and led by [[Gordon Dean]], former chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]. The book argued for a doctrine of limited nuclear war as an alternative to massive retaliation, and established Kissinger as a leading voice on strategic doctrine. Panel II of the Rockefeller Special Studies Project built on the same framework.
 ### Brazil and 1964 Coup
-A week before the April 1964 Brazilian military coup that overthrew [[Joao Goulart]], Nelson Rockefeller's longtime Latin American representative [[Berent Friele]] briefed both Nelson Rockefeller and Kissinger on Brazil's political crisis. Friele, a Norwegian-born coffee dealer who had served as Rockefeller's country director in Brazil during the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] (OCIAA) programs in [[World War II]], had maintained a dense network of contacts in Brazilian business and military circles. His briefing dismissed Goulart's constitutional reform proposals as demagoguery and characterized the opposition's plans favorably.[^c2]
+A week before the April 1964 Brazilian military coup that overthrew [[Joao Goulart]], Nelson Rockefeller's longtime Latin American representative [[Berent Friele]] briefed both Nelson Rockefeller and Kissinger on [[Brazil]]'s political crisis. Friele, a Norwegian-born coffee dealer who had served as Rockefeller's country director in Brazil during the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] (OCIAA) programs in [[World War II]], had maintained a dense network of contacts in Brazilian business and military circles. His briefing dismissed Goulart's constitutional reform proposals as demagoguery and characterized the opposition's plans favorably.
-After the coup, Friele functioned as a back-channel between the Nixon administration and the Brazilian military government. A secret communications channel was established between Nixon and Brazilian President [[Emilio Garrastazu Medici]] through Kissinger, with Brazilian contacts including figures close to Friele.[^friele]
+After the coup, Friele functioned as a back-channel between the Nixon administration and the Brazilian military government. A secret communications channel was established between Nixon and Brazilian President [[Emilio Garrastazu Medici]] through Kissinger, with Brazilian contacts including figures close to Friele.
 ### Bay of Pigs
-When news of the [[Bay of Pigs invasion]] reached Harvard in April 1961, Kissinger told students who asked his view: "Well, as long as we're there, I don't think it would do us any good to lose."[^c3]
+When news of the [[Bay of Pigs invasion]] reached Harvard in April 1961, Kissinger told students who asked his view: "Well, as long as we're there, I don't think it would do us any good to lose."
 ### Government Service
-Kissinger was appointed Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs on January 20, 1969, the date of Nixon's inauguration. He was appointed Secretary of State on September 21, 1973, and took office the following day, September 22, 1973. He held both positions concurrently until November 3, 1975, when President Ford removed him as National Security Advisor. He continued as Secretary of State until January 20, 1977.[^state]
+Kissinger was appointed Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs on January 20, 1969, the date of Nixon's inauguration. He was appointed Secretary of State on September 21, 1973, and took office the following day, September 22, 1973. He held both positions concurrently until November 3, 1975, when President Ford removed him as National Security Advisor. He continued as Secretary of State until January 20, 1977.[^7]
 ### Cambodia Secret Bombing
-On March 15, 1969, Kissinger transmitted Nixon's order to commence the secret bombing of Cambodia (Operation Menu, first phase: Operation Breakfast) to Secretary of Defense [[Melvin Laird]]. Kissinger briefed Nixon on preparations on March 17, 1969, and received a report on the first raid's results on the evening of March 18, 1969, commenting that "the impact must have been something."[^doc11][^doc12][^doc13]
+On March 15, 1969, the President issued the directives for the Breakfast Plan, the first phase of the secret bombing of [[Cambodia]] (Operation Menu, first phase: Operation Breakfast), after a rocket attack on [[Saigon]]. The directives provided that the Department of State and the ambassadors in Saigon would be notified only after the point of no return.[^8] Kissinger's memorandum to Nixon of March 16 set out the political reasons for the action and its possible consequences, including a Cambodian protest.[^9] Kissinger transmitted Nixon's order to commence the secret bombing to Secretary of Defense [[Melvin Laird]], briefed Nixon on preparations on March 17, 1969, and received a report on the first raid's results on the evening of March 18, 1969.
 When the first raid was reported, Kissinger suggested that if the North Vietnamese "retaliate without any diplomatic screaming, we are in the driver's seat. Psychologically the impact must have been something."[^10]
 ### FBI Wiretap Program
-On May 9, 1969, following the publication of a New York Times report by William Beecher on the secret Cambodia bombing, Kissinger contacted FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and arranged surveillance on [[Morton Halperin]], an NSC staffer and former Harvard colleague. The following day, General [[Alexander Haig]] went to FBI headquarters on Kissinger's behalf to submit a formal surveillance request covering Halperin and three others, including NSC staffer [[Helmut Sonnenfeldt]] and State Department official [[William Sullivan]]. A May 12, 1969, FBI memorandum documents the "Colonel Alexander M. Haig Technical Surveillance Request." A May 11, 1970, FBI report from Hoover to Nixon summarized results of the surveillance program. Between May 1969 and February 1971, seventeen individuals (thirteen government officials and four journalists) were subjected to wiretapping under this program, which produced no evidence of leaks.[^doc16][^doc17] The litigation arising from the program, *Halperin v. Kissinger*, was settled in 1992 after twenty years.[^halperin]
+On April 25, 1969, Nixon met in his office with Kissinger, Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]] and FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] to discuss methods of controlling leaks of classified information. Mitchell, Hoover and Nixon continued the discussion over dinner at [[Camp David]] that evening and developed a program that included wiretaps on private telephones.[^11] A [[New York Times]] report of May 9, 1969 by William Beecher disclosed American bombing of targets in Cambodia. The Court of Appeals recorded that Nixon told Kissinger to ask the FBI to investigate the source, that Hoover told Kissinger that [[Morton H. Halperin]], an NSC staff member and former Harvard colleague, was the "prime suspect" although Halperin had no access to the information in the article, that Hoover and Kissinger spoke by telephone four times that day, and that the wiretap on the Halperin home telephone was in place by evening, after Kissinger had told Halperin earlier that day that he was considered a potential leaker.[^11]
 The court wrote that three other private telephones were wiretapped in the attempt to find the source. On the following day, Colonel [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]], then Kissinger's assistant, went to FBI headquarters on Kissinger's behalf to submit a formal surveillance request covering Halperin and three others, including NSC staffer [[Helmut Sonnenfeldt]] and [[State Department]] official [[William Sullivan]]. FBI officials and Haig worked out procedures to conduct the surveillance "with no record maintained" in normal FBI files, and the Bureau then formally requested wiretap authorization from the Attorney General, who approved the Halperin tap. A May 12, 1969, FBI memorandum bears the heading "Colonel Alexander M. Haig Technical Surveillance Request." A May 11, 1970, FBI report from Hoover to Nixon summarized the results of the surveillance program.[^11]
 According to the court, the FBI observed in May and June 1969 that the Halperin tap was not producing evidence of a leak, and Kissinger requested that the taps be continued. On September 15, 1969, Kissinger requested termination of all wiretaps except Halperin's and one other. Halperin resigned from the NSC staff four days later, continued as a consultant until May 1970, and had no access to classified information during that period. After he resigned as consultant in protest over the invasion of Cambodia, the FBI reports on the wiretap went to [[H. R. Haldeman]] rather than to the National Security Advisor, and the tap continued until February 10, 1971. The plaintiffs cited FBI logs showing that agents overheard more than 600 calls on the Halperin telephone, of which 28 percent were between Halperin and people outside the family. The court wrote that "at first the FBI logs were kept at the Bureau in special files, where Kissinger and Haig reviewed them," and referred to "the 21 months of the Halperin wiretap."[^11]
 The [[Church Committee]] reported that seventeen individuals (thirteen government officials and four journalists) were wiretapped between May 1969 and February 1971 and that most of the taps had been requested by Kissinger or Haig rather than by other White House officials.[^12] Nixon described the product as "just gobs of material: gossip and bull." The committee found that the program did not reveal the source of any leak of classified data, which was its ostensible purpose, and that it generated information about the personal lives of the targets.[^12] The litigation arising from the program, *Halperin v. Kissinger*, was settled in 1992 after twenty years.
 ### Operation CHAOS
 On February 18, 1969, [[Richard Helms]] sent Kissinger the CIA's study of student dissidence worldwide, "Restless Youth," which included a section on American students. The covering memorandum states: "This is an area not within the charter of this Agency, so I need not emphasize how extremely sensitive this makes the paper."[^13] The Church Committee described the CIA's collection on student dissent in the United States as "clearly outside the Agency's statutory charter," and recorded that Helms urged Kissinger to treat the matter with extreme sensitivity.[^14] The [[Rockefeller Commission]] heard 51 witnesses in 1975, among them Secretary of State Kissinger.[^13]
 ### Chile
-Kissinger's documented role in U.S. intervention against Chilean President [[Salvador Allende]] spans the period from Allende's electoral victory in September 1970 through the Pinochet era. A September 12, 1970, telephone conversation between Kissinger and Secretary of State [[William Rogers]] discussed blocking Allende's inauguration. On September 15, 1970, CIA Director [[Richard Helms]]'s handwritten notes from a White House meeting record Nixon ordering the CIA to "make the economy scream" and authorizing a coup. On October 15, 1970, Kissinger met with Helms and General Haig at the White House to discuss coup planning with General [[Roberto Viaux]]; CIA officers assessed Viaux's chances of success at "one in twenty." On November 5, 1970, Kissinger sent Nixon a memorandum arguing Allende posed "one of the most serious challenges" ever to U.S. interests in the hemisphere.
+Kissinger's documented role in U.S. intervention in [[Chile]] against President [[Salvador Allende]] spans the period from Allende's electoral victory in September 1970 through the Pinochet era.
-On September 16, 1973, three days after the coup that killed Allende, Kissinger spoke by telephone with Nixon about U.S. involvement. On June 8, 1976, Kissinger met privately with General [[Augusto Pinochet]] in Santiago, telling him "you are a victim of all left-wing groups around the world." These exchanges are documented in NSAEBB No. 437 and in *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI (Chile, 1969-1973).[^chile]
+On September 12, 1970, Kissinger spoke with Helms by telephone. Kissinger announced that he was calling a [[40 Committee]] meeting for the following Monday and said: "We will not let Chile go down the drain."[^15] On September 14, Secretary of State [[William Rogers]] discussed with Kissinger a CIA paper on Chile and the risk that the paper record would look bad. Kissinger told Rogers: "The President's view is to do the maximum possible to prevent an Allende takeover, but through Chilean sources and with a low posture."[^16] On September 15, 1970, Kissinger, Attorney General John N. Mitchell, and Helms met with Nixon at the White House. Helms's notes of the meeting record "1 in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!", "$10,000,000 available, more if necessary," "game plan make the economy scream" and "48 hours for plan of action."[^17][^18] In his August 12, 1975 testimony to the Church Committee, Kissinger said that at that meeting "President Nixon did almost all of the talking" and that Nixon "used the figure of $10 million."[^17]
-The post-coup period included Kissinger's endorsement of [[Operation Condor]], the multinational assassination program coordinated by the [[Southern Cone]] military dictatorships. On August 30, 1976, Kissinger received a State Department action memorandum requesting approval for a formal warning to the Condor governments against conducting international assassinations. On September 16, 1976, Kissinger rescinded the proposed warning and ordered "no further action be taken on this matter." Five days later, on September 21, 1976, [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]] were killed by a car bomb in Washington, D.C.[^condor]
+A CIA memorandum for the record of September 16, 1970, "Genesis of Project FUBELT," states that Helms told CIA officials that "President Nixon had decided that an Allende regime in Chile was not acceptable to the United States," that the President authorized ten million dollars, that the CIA was to carry out the mission without coordination with the Departments of State or Defense, and that Helms had been asked by Kissinger to meet him on September 18 to give the Agency's views on how the mission could be accomplished.[^19] The Church Committee wrote that the September 15 meeting "initiated Track II," that "Track II was initiated by President Nixon on September 15 when he instructed the CIA to play a direct role in organizing a military coup d'etat in Chile," and that "there is no doubt that the U.S. government sought a military coup in Chile," while noting that it had received conflicting testimony about White House officials' awareness of specific coup plans.[^20][^21]
 The Church Committee wrote that, by Presidential instruction, Track II "was to be operated without informing the U.S. Ambassador in Santiago, the State Department, or any 40 Committee member save Henry Kissinger."[^22] The committee's chronology records that President Nixon instructed Helms to prevent Allende's accession to office and that the CIA was to play a direct role in organizing a military coup.[^23]
 On October 15, 1970, [[Thomas Karamessines]], the CIA's Deputy Director for Plans, met Kissinger and Brigadier General Haig at the White House and gave Kissinger a run-down on [[Roberto Viaux]], the army general at the center of the coup planning. The CIA record of the meeting states that Viaux "did not have more than one chance in twenty" of launching a successful coup. It records that those present decided the CIA must get a message to Viaux that included the words "Preserve your assets. We will stay in touch. The time will come when you with all your other friends can do something. You will continue to have our support," that Kissinger instructed Karamessines to preserve Agency assets in Chile and "maintain the capability for Agency operations against Allende in the future," and that Kissinger closed by saying the Agency should "continue keeping the pressure on every Allende weak spot in sight."[^24] In a telephone conversation with Nixon the same day, Kissinger said: "I saw Karamessines today. That looks hopeless. I turned it off. Nothing would be worse than an abortive coup."[^25]
 On October 22, 1970, gunmen shot and seriously wounded Chilean Army Commander General [[Rene Schneider]]. CIA briefing notes of October 23, titled "Track II," begin with the shooting.[^26] A CIA briefing of October 28 states that the military principals in contact with the agency had depended on the abduction of Schneider, probably by Viaux, "as the pretext needed to launch a coup."[^27]
 On November 5, 1970, Kissinger sent Nixon a memorandum for the November 6 [[National Security Council]] meeting arguing that the election of Allende "poses for us one of the most serious challenges ever faced in this hemisphere."[^28]
 On September 16, 1973, five days after the coup that killed Allende, Kissinger spoke with Nixon by telephone about the U.S. role. Kissinger said that the newspapers were "bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown." Nixon remarked that "our hand doesn't show on this one," and Kissinger replied: "We didn't do it. I mean we helped them."[^29] These exchanges are documented in NSAEBB No. 437 and in *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI (Chile, 1969-1973).
 On June 8, 1976, Kissinger met General [[Augusto Pinochet]] in Santiago at noon. Pinochet's Foreign Minister Patricio Carvajal and Ambassador Manuel Trucco were among the Chilean participants, and Assistant Secretary [[William D. Rogers]] and an interpreter accompanied Kissinger. Kissinger told Pinochet: "My evaluation is that you are a victim of all left-wing groups around the world, and that your greatest sin was that you overthrew a government which was going Communist." He said that his speech was not aimed at Chile and that he wanted Pinochet to succeed.[^30]
 ### Operation Condor
 On August 3, 1976, [[Harry Shlaudeman]], the Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, had reported to Kissinger that the [[Southern Cone]] military regimes saw themselves as embattled and were joining forces to eradicate "subversion."[^31] On August 23, 1976, the State Department cabled the embassies in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Santiago, and La Paz that "government planned and directed assassinations within and outside the territory of Condor members has most serious implications," and set out how to raise the concern with the governments involved.[^32] On August 24, Ambassador David Popper replied from Santiago that he "seriously" doubted an approach to President Pinochet was the best way to achieve the objective and that, "given Pinochet's sensitivity regarding pressures by USG, he might well take as an insult any inference that he was connected with such assassination plots."[^33]
 An unnumbered memorandum from Shlaudeman to Kissinger of August 30, 1976, titled "Operation Condor," stated: "What we are trying to head off is a series of international murders that could do serious damage to the international status and reputation of the countries involved." The memorandum, as the National Security Archive described it, reported that the U.S. ambassador in Montevideo, Ernest Siracusa, had resisted delivering the demarche to the Uruguayan generals for fear for his life and wanted further instructions, and it recommended that Kissinger authorize a message to Siracusa to talk to the Uruguayan Foreign Minister and the commander-in-chief of the army.[^34]
 On September 16, 1976, a cable from Kissinger's party in Lusaka, Zambia (SECTO 27128, "Actions Taken"), addressed to the Department for the Secretary's and the Executive Secretary's offices, recorded: "Unnumbered ARA memo dated August 30, 'Operation Condor'. Secretary declined to approve message to Montevideo and has instructed that no further action be taken on this matter."[^34] [[Peter Kornbluh]] of the [[National Security Archive]], who posted the cable in April 2010, said: "The State Department initiated a timely effort to thwart a 'Murder Inc' in the Southern Cone, and Kissinger, without explanation, aborted it."[^34] On September 20, writing from San José, Costa Rica, to his deputy William Luers in Washington, Shlaudeman wrote: "You can simply instruct the ambassadors to take no further action, noting that there have been no reports in some weeks indicating an intention to activate the Condor scheme."[^35]
 On September 21, 1976, [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]] were killed by a car bomb in Washington, D.C. The National Security Council staff's memorandum that morning described one of the dead as tentatively identified as Letelier and noted that no group had claimed the bombing.[^36] On October 8, 1976, Shlaudeman reported to Kissinger on the approach made, on Kissinger's instructions, to Colonel [[Manuel Contreras]], chief of the Chilean National Directorate of Intelligence (DINA), and wrote that the approach "seems to me sufficient action for the time being. The Chileans are the prime movers in Operation Condor."[^37]
 ### Argentina
-On June 30, 1976, Kissinger rebuked a State Department aide for a demarche criticizing Argentine death squads. On October 7, 1976, in a meeting with Argentine Foreign Minister [[César Augusto Guzzetti]], Kissinger stated: "The quicker you succeed the better." On October 19, 1976, U.S. Ambassador [[Robert Hill]] cabled Washington to protest that Kissinger's approach had emboldened the junta.[^doc32][^doc33]
+On June 10, 1976, in Santiago, Kissinger told Argentine Foreign Minister [[César Augusto Guzzetti]]: "If there are things that have to be done, you should do them quickly. But you must get back quickly to normal procedures."[^38] On June 30, 1976, Kissinger rebuked a State Department aide for a demarche criticizing death squads in [[Argentina]]. On October 7, 1976, in a meeting in New York with Guzzetti, Kissinger stated: "The quicker you succeed the better," and "If you can finish before Congress gets back, the better."[^39] On October 19, 1976, U.S. Ambassador [[Robert Hill]] cabled Washington that Guzzetti had returned from the visit "in a state of jubilation, convinced that there is no real problem with the USG over this issue," and that "it will be unrealistic and ineffective for this Embassy to press representations to the GOA over human rights violations."[^40]
 ### East Pakistan / Bangladesh
-On April 6, 1971, U.S. Consul General [[Archer Blood]] in Dacca sent what became known as the "Blood Telegram," a dissent channel cable signed by twenty diplomatic staff members condemning the Pakistani military's actions in East Pakistan as genocide and calling U.S. policy "moral bankruptcy." Kissinger's April 28, 1971, memorandum to Nixon presented policy options; Nixon handwrote "Don't squeeze Yahya at this time" in the margin, reflecting the administration's priority of the Pakistan channel to China. Blood was recalled from his post. Casualty estimates for the 1971 conflict in East Pakistan range up to three million civilian deaths.[^doc51][^doc52]
+On March 28, 1971, the American consulate in [[Dacca]] sent a telegram under the subject line "Selective Genocide," describing a reign of terror by the Pakistani military and reporting that the authorities appeared to hold lists of targets.[^41] On April 6, 1971, the consulate sent telegram 1138, "Dissent From U.S. Policy Toward East Pakistan," signed by twenty officers of the Consulate General, USAID and USIS and known as the "Blood Telegram." It stated that the U.S. government "has evidenced what many will consider moral bankruptcy" and that "the overworked term genocide is applicable." [[Archer Blood]], the U.S. Consul General in Dacca, did not sign it, wrote that he supported the right of the officers to voice their dissent, and added that he subscribed to their views.[^42] Blood was recalled from his post.
 On April 10, 1971, the Dacca consulate sent a second telegram stating its "specific areas of dissent with current U.S. policy toward East Pakistan" and preparing a series of policy recommendations.[^43]
 Kissinger's April 28, 1971, memorandum to Nixon, "Policy Options Toward Pakistan," set out three options: unqualified backing for West Pakistan, neutrality leaning toward the East, and an effort to help [[Yahya Khan]] achieve a negotiated settlement. Nixon approved the third and wrote: "To all hands. Don't squeeze Yahya at this time," underlining "Don't" three times. A note from Haig to Nixon of the same day, attached to another copy of the memorandum, indicates that Kissinger suggested that Nixon include a note to the effect that he did not want any actions taken that would have the effect of squeezing West Pakistan.[^44] Casualty estimates for the 1971 conflict in East Pakistan range up to three million civilian deaths.
 ### Iran and the Kurds
 On May 30, 1972, in [[Tehran]], Nixon and Kissinger met [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], the Shah of Iran, from 5:35 to 6:35 p.m. The memorandum of conversation records the Shah saying he was afraid the Soviets would establish "a coalition of the Kurds, the Baathists, and the Communists." Kissinger asked what could be done. The Shah replied: "Turkey needs strengthening. Iran can help with the Kurds." In the same conversation Kissinger noted that the United States would have to reestablish Pakistan's arms program to make [[Pakistan]] eligible for third-country transfers from Iran, and Nixon agreed.[^45]
 A CIA memorandum of June 12, 1972, prepared for Helms ahead of a meeting with representatives of the Kurdish leader Mulla Mustafa Barzani, states that in March 1972 the policy of non-interference in Kurdish affairs was confirmed "not only by the State Department but by Dr. Kissinger's office as well."[^46] On June 7, 1972, [[Harold Saunders]] of the NSC staff wrote to Kissinger that Helms was the channel for a message from the Shah, on the basis of the Tehran talk, that Kissinger should speak personally with two representatives of Barzani. Saunders wrote that "the balance is fairly fine on the question of whether we should support the Kurds" and advised against Kissinger seeing them, since that "comes so close to involving the President at least by implication."[^47] On July 28, 1972, Haig sent Kissinger a Helms proposal for covert assistance to Barzani of about $3 million in funds over one year and about $2 million in ordnance, and recommended informing only the 40 Committee principals, "but avoid any paper and tell them that the President wants this done."[^48]
 In a memorandum to Nixon of September 6, 1973, Kissinger wrote: "You will recall that you initiated financial and military support to the Kurds in August 1972 in response to an appeal from the Shah," and that the Shah had said he was impressed by the material aid supplied: "arms, ammunition, blankets, medical supplies, plus a monthly cash subsidy."[^49] On April 11, 1974, Kissinger wrote to Nixon that the program begun after the Tehran visit had provided a monthly subsidy and small arms "through the Iranians." He wrote: "The underlying purpose was to keep the Iraqi Government tied down and to limit its capacity for adventures abroad."[^50] On June 24, 1974, he recommended that Nixon approve $8.06 million from the Agency Reserve for support to the Kurds in fiscal year 1975.[^51] On March 16, 1975, after the Iran-Iraq agreement, [[Brent Scowcroft]] transmitted a message from Kissinger to Richard Helms, by then Ambassador to Iran, instructing him to answer a message from Barzani with the words "our prayers are with them," to raise with the Iranians "the problem both the Iranian and the U.S. Governments will face in the U.S. and elsewhere if there is a massacre and Barzani charges that he has been let down," and to tell the Shah that the United States was prepared to provide the March subvention.[^52]
 ### The Shah in New York, 1979
 On November 5, 1979, the Special Coordination Committee recorded: "The Rockefeller group, which is managing the Shah's affairs, has increased the security around the Shah."[^53] The *Foreign Relations* editorial note on Iranian withdrawals from Chase Manhattan Bank states that David Rockefeller, "a friend of the Shah, had lobbied for the Shah's acceptance into the United States for medical treatment."[^54] On November 26, 1979, Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] reported to [[Jimmy Carter]] on congressional briefings, writing that an interview by [[George Ball]] "inspired a number of inquiries on Henry Kissinger's advice" and that several members pressed for details on the decision to let the Shah into the country.[^55]
 In an undated summary of discussions with Panamanian emissaries about the Shah's presence in [[Panama]], White House Chief of Staff [[Hamilton Jordan]] recorded their account of meetings with Iranian Foreign Minister [[Sadegh Ghotbzadeh]] on January 7. According to that account, Ghotbzadeh described the seizure of the American embassy as an "American conspiracy" involving "Rockefeller, Kissinger and others" who intended to create a crisis for Carter that would lead to the election of a Republican "controlled by Kissinger and Rockefeller."[^56]
 ### East Timor
-On December 6, 1975, in Jakarta, Kissinger and President Ford met with Indonesian President [[Suharto]] the day before Indonesia's invasion of [[East Timor]]. The meeting is documented in Embassy Jakarta Telegram 1579, classified Secret/Nodis, from Gerald R. Ford Library records. Kissinger told Suharto: "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly." He noted that "the use of US-made arms could create problems," but framed this as a question of how the operation was construed legally. Ford stated: "We will understand and will not press you on the issue." The East Timor Truth Commission subsequently concluded that U.S. material support was "fundamental to the Indonesian invasion." Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 180,000 Timorese deaths. These materials are documented in NSAEBB No. 62.[^doc61]
+On December 6, 1975, in [[Jakarta]], Kissinger and President Ford met with Indonesian President [[Suharto]] the day before Indonesia's invasion of [[East Timor]]. Foreign Minister Adam Malik, Minister of State Sudharmono, Ambassador Newsom and an interpreter were also present. The memorandum of conversation was transmitted by the embassy in Jakarta as telegram 14945, classified Secret/Nodis, and is printed in the Foreign Relations volume for East and Southeast Asia, 1973 to 1976.[^57]
 Suharto told Ford: "We want your understanding if we deem it necessary to take rapid or drastic action." Ford replied: "We understand and will not press you on the issue." Kissinger added: "You appreciate that the use of US-made arms could create problems." Ford said: "We could have technical and legal problems." Kissinger said: "It depends on how we construe it. Whether it is in self defense or is a foreign operation. It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly. We would be able to influence the reaction in America if whatever happens happens after we return."[^57]
 The East Timor Truth Commission subsequently concluded that U.S. material support was "fundamental to the Indonesian invasion." Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 180,000 Timorese deaths. The documents are also posted in the National Security Archive's Electronic Briefing Book No. 62.
 ### Cyprus
 The American response to the [[Cyprus]] crisis of July 1974 was handled through Washington Special Actions Group meetings and Nixon's telephone calls with Kissinger. In a conversation on July 17, 1974, Nixon and Kissinger discussed the European position that [[Makarios]] should be brought back to Cyprus and that the United States should press the Greeks to accept it.[^58] A Washington Special Actions Group meeting on July 20, 1974, discussed the evacuation of civilians from Cyprus and the positioning of the amphibious task force south of the island.[^59] In an April 29, 1975, memorandum to President Ford, Kissinger attributed the Greek request for military assistance in large part to the wish to recoup military losses "suffered during last summer's Cyprus crisis."[^60]
 ### Israel and the 1973 War
 Kissinger's Israeli contacts during the October 1973 war ran principally through Ambassador [[Simcha Dinitz]]. On October 8, 1973, Kissinger and Dinitz discussed Israeli aircraft losses, including a reference to the SAM-6 missiles, which were "very effective against our planes."[^61] On October 13, 1973, Kissinger told Dinitz, "We are going to do three separate things."[^62]
 ### Kissinger Associates, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Iraq
 Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft set up [[Kissinger Associates]] in 1982. Scowcroft served as vice chairman and head of the firm's Washington office until he became head of the National Security Council under President [[George H. W. Bush]] in January 1989.[^63] [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] was the firm's president.[^63]
 The House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs and its chairman, [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], pursued the relationship between the firm and the [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]] during the lending of its [[Atlanta]] branch to [[Iraq]]. Gonzalez told the House that Kissinger was a paid member of the bank's advisory board for international policy between 1985 and June 1991, and that he received at least $10,000 for attending each meeting of the board.[^63] Gonzalez said that Kissinger's contract expired in the summer of 1991, more than four months after the date Kissinger had previously reported for his departure from the board.[^63] Gonzalez inserted into the House hearing record the minutes of the advisory board's meeting in [[Madrid]] on May 4 and 5, 1987, which quote Kissinger giving "the victory of Iran over Iraq at 55 percent" and stating that he would change that estimate.[^64]
 [[Christopher Drogoul]], the Atlanta branch manager, testified in 1993 that [[Wafai Dajani]] had told him in 1989 that Kissinger was "the architect of foreign policy in the United States." Drogoul also testified that "it became clear to us that the people at Kissinger and Associates were somehow assisting clients of Iraq in further developing business."[^64] 
 The report of the Italian Senate's parliamentary commission of inquiry on the Atlanta branch of BNL, approved on April 22, 1992, states that BNL's executive committee decided in June 1986 to begin a consulting relationship with Kissinger Associates, under a two-year contract at $150,000 a year plus expenses that ran from July 1, 1986 to June 30, 1988; that five meetings took place between officers of the bank and of the firm, with Iraq not among the countries examined; and that Scowcroft attended as a representative of the firm and received no personal compensation, only travel and lodging expenses. The commission gave June 30, 1991 as the end of Kissinger's membership of BNL's international advisory committee under his own consulting contract, which provided $50,000 for the address at the dinner preceding the committee's annual meeting, and noted Gonzalez's statement that the membership continued to August 1991. It reported that Alan Stoga of Kissinger Associates took part in a June 1989 meeting in Baghdad between the US-Iraq Business Forum and Iraqi government officials, and listed among the firm's clients [[American Express]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Anheuser-Busch]], [[H. J. Heinz]], [[Volvo]], [[Arco]], [[Hunt Oil]], Chase Manhattan Bank, [[American International Group]] and [[Freeport-McMoRan]].[^65]
 Gonzalez also reported that Eagleburger was at a meeting between the bank's managers and Kissinger Associates in New York in 1987 or 1988, and that Kissinger had stated that Eagleburger did not handle the BNL account at the firm.[^63]
 The Senate Foreign Relations Committee's December 1992 report on [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] by [[John Kerry]] and [[Hank Brown]] devotes its chapter 20 to Kissinger Associates. It states that from the fall of 1986 through early 1989 BCCI initiated contacts with the firm, which then had five partners (Kissinger, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Alan Stoga and T. Jefferson Cunningham III); that Stoga and a retired Brazilian ambassador working as a Kissinger Associates consultant, Sergio Correa da Costa, explored ways to link BCCI's banks with the firm's services; and that the discussions "ended in early 1989 at Henry Kissinger's personal insistence," after which Kissinger Associates referred BCCI to its director William D. Rogers and the law firm [[Arnold & Porter]]. Letters of November 3, 1986 set da Costa's terms at $40,000 a year plus 10 to 20 percent of fees on transactions he arranged, and da Costa told Kissinger in them that he would also work for BCCI. In the summer of 1987 da Costa wrote to the firm about "that amusing luncheon with the BNL crowd." On September 20, 1987 da Costa invited Kissinger to a dinner at the plantation of the BCCI shareholder [[Ghaith Pharaon]], suggesting Pharaon as a client; the report states that Kissinger declined the invitation.[^66]
 In a letter of January 30, 1992 to Kerry, the firm's attorney [[Lloyd Cutler]] wrote that Kissinger Associates "have never represented or provided any services for BCCI, ICIC, or any BCCI shareholder." The committee wrote that the account "is not untrue" but "does fail to characterize the full extent of the contacts," and that the firm refused to provide its client list to the subcommittee.[^66] A note by Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists on the copy of the report published by that organization states that Hank Brown, "reportedly acting at the behest of Henry Kissinger," pressed after its release for the deletion of a few passages, particularly in chapter 20, so that the Government Printing Office edition differs slightly from the committee's softcopy.[^66]
 ### Telephone Transcripts
-Beginning in January 1969, Kissinger had his telephone conversations transcribed for his office files, a practice that continued through his tenure as Secretary of State. On October 29, 1976, while still Secretary of State, Kissinger arranged to move the transcripts as personal papers from his State Department office to Nelson Rockefeller's estate in [[Tarrytown, New York]], before arranging a donation to the Library of Congress under terms excluding public access.[^kissrc] State Department lawyers advised in 1975 and 1976 that the transcripts were not subject to the Freedom of Information Act as personal property, despite having been created by government secretaries using government resources. William Safire's January 14, 1976, *New York Times* column, "The Dead-Key Scrolls," first brought the issue to public attention. The [[National Security Archive]] began corresponding with the Archivist of the United States, [[John W. Carlin]], about recovering the transcripts in January 1999. A complaint written by its pro bono counsel at [[Mayer Brown]] was presented to the Archivist and the Secretary of State on January 25, 2001, and its attorneys wrote again to the State Department, the National Archives and the Department of Justice on April 25, 2001. The government recovered copies of the transcripts to the National Archives and State Department in 2001, and a State Department statement of August 8, 2001 credited the Archive with prompting the recovery. On May 26, 2004 the National Archives released about 20,000 pages of the transcripts, covering Kissinger's service from 1969 to August 1974.[^nsa123] These materials are documented in NSAEBB Briefing Book No. 852.[^telcons]
+Beginning in January 1969, Kissinger had his telephone conversations transcribed for his office files, a practice that continued through his tenure as Secretary of State. On October 29, 1976, while still Secretary of State, Kissinger arranged to move the transcripts as personal papers from his State Department office to Nelson Rockefeller's estate in [[Tarrytown, New York]], before arranging a donation to the Library of Congress under terms excluding public access. State Department lawyers advised in 1975 and 1976 that the transcripts were not subject to the Freedom of Information Act as personal property, despite having been created by government secretaries using government resources. William Safire's January 14, 1976, *New York Times* column, "The Dead-Key Scrolls," first brought the issue to public attention. The National Security Archive began corresponding with the Archivist of the United States, [[John W. Carlin]], about recovering the transcripts in January 1999. A complaint written by its pro bono counsel at [[Mayer Brown]] was presented to the Archivist and the Secretary of State on January 25, 2001, and its attorneys wrote again to the State Department, the National Archives and the Department of Justice on April 25, 2001. The government recovered copies of the transcripts to the National Archives and State Department in 2001, and a State Department statement of August 8, 2001 credited the Archive with prompting the recovery. On May 26, 2004 the National Archives released about 20,000 pages of the transcripts, covering Kissinger's service from 1969 to August 1974.[^67] These materials are documented in NSAEBB Briefing Book No. 852.
 ### Commission Chairmanship, 2002
 On November 27, 2002, President [[George W. Bush]] announced his choice of Kissinger to chair the independent commission on the September 11 attacks: "my choice for commission chairman, Dr. Henry Kissinger."[^68]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12.
+[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 12.
-[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 16.
+[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 16.
 [^3]: Nobel Prize Outreach, "Henry Kissinger: Biographical," Nobelprize.org, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/kissinger/biographical/. Gives the birth at Fuerth on May 27, 1923, arrival in the United States in 1938, naturalization on June 19, 1943, the Harvard degrees of 1950, 1952 and 1954, membership of the Harvard faculty from 1954 until 1971, the Associate Directorship of the Center for International Affairs from 1957 to 1960, direction of the Harvard International Seminar from 1951 to 1971, study directorship for the Council on Foreign Relations from 1955 to 1956, and the founding of Kissinger Associates.
 [^4]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, description of the folder for Henry A. Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview, as quoted in the account of Daniel Bessner of the Quantico II panel.
 [^5]: *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports*. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961. Report of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, which Kissinger directed.
 [^6]: National Security Archive, "The Kissinger Telcons," Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Thomas Blanton and William Burr, posted May 26, 2004, telephone conversation of Kissinger and David Rockefeller, March 13, 1972, 11:12 a.m. (Nixon Presidential Materials Project, NSC Files, HAK Office Files, Box 87). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/.
 [^7]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Henry Alfred Kissinger," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kissinger-henry-alfred. Identifies him as the 56th Secretary of State, 1973 to 1977, while continuing as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
 [^8]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume VI, Vietnam, January 1969 to July 1970, document 39, Memorandum for the Record, Washington, March 15, 1969, "March 16 Rocket Attack on Saigon." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v06/d39.
 [^9]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume VI, document 40, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, March 16, 1969, "Breakfast Plan." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v06/d40.
 [^10]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume VI, document 41, Editorial Note, quoting Kissinger's remarks after the first raid. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v06/d41.
 [^11]: *Halperin v. Kissinger*, 606 F.2d 1192 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Text from the Caselaw Access Project (static.case.law, F.2d volume 606, case 1192). The opinion recounts the April 25, 1969 meeting, the events of May 9 and 10, 1969, the procedures worked out by FBI officials and Colonel Haig, the logs kept in special files where Kissinger and Haig reviewed them, the September 15, 1969 request, the continuation of the tap to February 10, 1971, and the 21 months of the wiretap.
 [^12]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans*, Book II, Final Report, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), PDF pages 215-216 (the "seventeen" wiretaps, May 1969 to February 1971, Nixon's "gobs of material" remark, and the finding that no leak was identified), PDF pages 222-223 (the authorization and duration of the taps), and PDF page 244, note 2 (taps requested by Kissinger or Haig). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_II.pdf.
 [^13]: Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States (Rockefeller Commission), June 1975, introduction (the commission "heard 51 witnesses," including Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger) and Chapter 11, "Operation CHAOS" (Helms's covering memorandum of February 18, 1969, delivering the first version of "Restless Youth" to Kissinger). https://archive.org/details/Rockefeller-commission-report-to-the-president-by-the-commission-on-cia-activiti.
 [^14]: *Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans*, Book II, S. Rept. 94-755, PDF page 162, on the CIA's student-dissent survey and the letter from Richard Helms to Henry Kissinger, February 18, 1969.
 [^15]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile: The Declassified Record on Regime Change," Electronic Briefing Book No. 437, document 1, Helms-Kissinger telephone conversation, September 12, 1970, 12:00 noon. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/.
 [^16]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 88, Transcript of a Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Rogers and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, September 14, 1970, 12:15 p.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d88.
 [^17]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 93, Editorial Note, quoting Helms's notes of the September 15, 1970 meeting and Kissinger's August 12, 1975 testimony before the Church Committee. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d93.
 [^18]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile," EBB No. 437, document 3, handwritten notes of the September 15, 1970 meeting at the White House, with Mitchell and Kissinger listed as present.
 [^19]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 94, Memorandum for the Record, Washington, September 16, 1970, "Genesis of Project FUBELT" (William V. Broe, Chief, Western Hemisphere Division). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d94.
 [^20]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, Staff Report, December 1975, PDF page 37 ("Richard Helms' notes from his September 15, 1970, meeting with President Nixon, the meeting which initiated Track II, contain the indication: 'Make the economy scream.'"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94chile.pdf.
 [^21]: Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973, PDF page 29 (Track II "was initiated by President Nixon on September 15"), and PDF page 14 (the "no doubt" finding and the conflicting testimony).
 [^22]: *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, PDF page 57, on the operating restrictions placed on Track II.
 [^23]: *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, PDF page 62, chronology entry for President Nixon's instruction to CIA Director Helms.
 [^24]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 152, Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, October 15, 1970 (Kissinger, Karamessines and Haig present; Central Intelligence Agency, Job 80-000012A, Chile Task Force Files). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d152.
 [^25]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 153, Transcript of a Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, October 15, 1970. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d153.
 [^26]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 162, Briefing Notes Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, October 23, 1970, "Track II." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d162.
 [^27]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 168, Briefing Notes Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, October 28, 1970, "Recent Developments: Track II." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d168.
 [^28]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 172, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, November 5, 1970, "NSC Meeting, November 6, Chile." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d172.
 [^29]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile," EBB No. 437, document 7, Kissinger-Nixon telephone conversation, September 16, 1973.
 [^30]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile," EBB No. 437, document 10, Memorandum of Conversation, Santiago, June 8, 1976, noon (Gerald R. Ford Library copy), participants and Kissinger's statement.
 [^31]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 238, Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Shlaudeman) to Secretary of State Kissinger, Washington, August 3, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d238.
 [^32]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, document 241, Telegram 209192 From the Department of State to the Embassies in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia, Washington, August 23, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d241.
 [^33]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 242, Telegram 8210 From the Embassy in Chile to the Department of State, Santiago, August 24, 1976, "Subject: Operation Condor" (signed Popper). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d242.
 [^34]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger Blocked Demarche on International Assassinations to Condor States," Electronic Briefing Book No. 312, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted April 10, 2010, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB312/index.htm, with document 1 (ARA memorandum of August 30, 1976, "Operation Condor," released in part under FOIA) and document 2 (SECTO 27128, Lusaka, September 16, 1976, Department of State, released 2004 on 25-year review; the cable text is in capitals and is quoted in lowercase). The Siracusa account is the Archive's description of the August 30 memorandum.
 [^35]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, document 245, Telegram 4526 From the Embassy in Costa Rica to the Department of State, San José, September 20, 1976, "For ARA-Luers from Shlaudeman" (also National Security Archive EBB No. 312, document 3). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d245.
 [^36]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 246, Memorandum From Mary Brownell and Dan Mozeleski of the National Security Council Staff to Les Janka, Washington, September 21, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d246.
 [^37]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 249, Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Shlaudeman) to Secretary of State Kissinger, Washington, October 8, 1976, "Operation Condor." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d249.
 [^38]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 48, Memorandum of Conversation, Santiago, June 10, 1976, 8:10 to 9:15 a.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d48.
 [^39]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 56, Memorandum of Conversation, New York, October 7, 1976, "Secretary's Meeting with Argentine Foreign Minister Guzzetti." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d56.
 [^40]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-11, Part II, document 57, Telegram 6871 From the Embassy in Argentina to the Department of State, Buenos Aires, October 19, 1976, "Foreign Minister Guzzetti Euphoric Over Visit to United States" (signed Hill). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d57.
 [^41]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969-1972, document 125, Telegram 959 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, Dacca, March 28, 1971, "Selective Genocide." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d125.
 [^42]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971, document 19, Telegram 1138 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, Dacca, April 6, 1971, 0730Z. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11/d19.
 [^43]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-7, document 130, Telegram 1249 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, Dacca, April 10, 1971, "Specific Areas of Dissent With Current U.S. Policy Toward East Pakistan." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d130.
 [^44]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XI, document 36, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, April 28, 1971, "Policy Options Toward Pakistan," with the editorial note on Nixon's handwritten annotation (Library of Congress, Kissinger Papers, Box CL 210). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11/d36.
 [^45]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969-1972, document 200, Memorandum of Conversation, Tehran, May 30, 1972, 5:35 to 6:35 p.m. (participants: the Shah, the President, Kissinger). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve04/d200.
 [^46]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-4, document 315, Memorandum From the Chief of the Near East and South Asia Division, CIA (Waller) to the Director of Central Intelligence (Helms), Washington, June 12, 1972. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve04/d315.
 [^47]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-4, document 313, Memorandum From Harold Saunders of the National Security Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June 7, 1972, "Message from Shah on Kurds." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve04/d313.
 [^48]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-4, document 321, Memorandum From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July 28, 1972, "Kurdish Problem," attaching Helms's memorandum of July 18, 1972. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve04/d321.
 [^49]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXVII, Iran; Iraq, 1973-1976, document 233, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, September 6, 1973, "Increased Assistance to the Kurds." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d233.
 [^50]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXVII, document 246, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, April 11, 1974, "Further Support for the Kurds in Iraq." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d246.
 [^51]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXVII, document 254, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, June 24, 1974, "Fiscal Year 1975 Support for the Kurds." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d254.
 [^52]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXVII, document 281, Backchannel Message From the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to the Ambassador to Iran (Helms), Washington, March 16, 1975, 1336Z, WH50453. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v27/d281.
 [^53]: *FRUS 1977-1980*, Volume XI, Part 1, Iran: Hostage Crisis, November 1979-September 1980, document 2, Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting, Washington, November 5, 1979. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d2.
 [^54]: *FRUS 1977-1980*, Volume XI, Part 1, document 30, Editorial Note (Bani-Sadr announcement of November 14, 1979; John Kifner, "Iran Defends Move To Withdraw Funds," *New York Times*, November 15, 1979). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d30.
 [^55]: *FRUS 1977-1980*, Volume XI, Part 1, document 60, Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter, Washington, November 26, 1979. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d60.
 [^56]: *FRUS 1977-1980*, Volume XI, Part 1, document 144, Memorandum From the White House Chief of Staff (Jordan) to President Carter, Secretary of State Vance, and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski), undated, with Jordan's summary of notes. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d144.
 [^57]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-1976, document 141, Telegram 14946 From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Jakarta, December 6, 1975, 1000Z (the telegram header reads "JAKARTA 14945" and "PRIORITY 1579"), "Ford-Suharto Meeting." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d141. The telegram text is in capitals; quotations are rendered in lowercase.
 [^58]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXX, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, 1973-1976, document 93, Transcript of a Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger, Washington, July 17, 1974, 4:30 p.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v30/d93.
 [^59]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXX, document 105, Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group, Washington, July 20, 1974, "Cyprus." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v30/d105.
 [^60]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXX, document 46, Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Ford, Washington, April 29, 1975. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v30/d46.
 [^61]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, document 126, Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Kissinger and the Israeli Ambassador (Dinitz), Washington, October 8, 1973, 1:14 p.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d126.
 [^62]: *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXV, document 168, Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Kissinger and the Israeli Ambassador (Dinitz), Washington, October 13, 1973, 1:03 a.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d168.
 [^63]: Gonzalez, Henry B. "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm.
 [^64]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, *Testimony of Former Employees of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro*, Serial No. 103-95, hearing of November 9, 1993, testimony of Christopher P. Drogoul, with the Madrid advisory board minutes inserted into the record by Chairman Gonzalez. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit.
 [^65]: Senato della Repubblica, X Legislatura, Doc. XXII-bis n. 4, Allegato, Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul caso della filiale di Atlanta della Banca Nazionale del Lavoro e sue connessioni, Relazione conclusiva approvata il 22 aprile 1992, schede di documentazione 30 ("La società Kissinger Associates. Rapporti con la Banca Nazionale del Lavoro") and 31 ("Scowcroft"), pp. 188-189, drawing on BNL document 158 (the consulting contract and renewals) and document 428 (transcript of a CBS interview with Kissinger, March 29, 1992). https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/DOC%20XXII%20bis%20n.%204%20Allegato.pdf.
 [^66]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *The BCCI Affair*, report by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, S. Prt. 102-140, December 1992, chapter 20, "BCCI and Kissinger Associates," footnote 1 (Cutler letter) and text; the FAS note appears on the index page of the copy. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/20kiss.htm and https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/index.html.
 [^67]: National Security Archive, "The Kissinger Telcons," Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Thomas Blanton and William Burr, posted May 26, 2004, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/. Describes the release on May 26, 2004 of approximately 20,000 declassified pages (10 cubic feet) spanning 1969 to August 1974.
 [^68]: White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "President Names Henry Kissinger Chairman of Commission," November 27, 2002. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/11/20021127-1.html.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ born: 1893-05-13
 died: 1988-06-23
 location: Cambridge, Massachusetts
 created: 2026-06-03
-updated: 2026-06-03
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Henry "Harry" Murray was a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] psychology professor who, in 1938, wrote *Explorations of Personality*, a notable book laying out a battery of tests for evaluating individuals. General [[William Donovan]] recruited Murray to create an assessment system for the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] to sort through the masses of recruits being rushed through training. The program's prime objective, according to Murray, was keeping out the "loonies," as well as "sloths, irritants, bad actors, and free talkers." "Spying is attractive to loonies," Murray stated. "Psychopaths, who are people who spend their lives making up stories, revel in the field."[^1]
@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ The OSS assessment program was recognized as a milestone in American psychology,
 In the postwar years, Murray would be superseded by a young [[Oklahoma]] psychologist, [[John Gittinger]], who would rise in the [[CIA]] on the strength of his ideas about how to make a hard science out of personality assessment and how to use it to manipulate people. Gittinger would build an office within the Agency that refined both Murray's assessment function and [[Walter Langer]]'s indirect analysis of foreign leaders. Murray was not enthusiastic about the spinoffs from his work: "Some of the things done with it turn your stomach," he declared.[^1]
 ### The Hitler Analysis, 1943
 In October 1943 Murray completed a confidential memorandum for the OSS, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, with predictions of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after Germany's surrender.[^2] Murray wrote that Hitler's neurotic spells would increase in frequency and duration, and that there was some evidence his mental powers had been deteriorating since November 1942. He considered it possible that the military command or a revolutionary faction might seize Hitler and immure him in a prison fortress, an outcome that would end the myth of the invincible hero.[^3] On suicide, Murray wrote that Hitler had often vowed to kill himself if his plans miscarried, but that if he chose that course he would do it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible manner.[^4] In the closing sections Murray named insanity to some extent, dramatic suicide and death at the front as the outcomes that seemed most probable, on the assumption that Hitler's chief concern was the immortality of his legend.[^5]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 1.
 [^2]: Murray, Henry A. *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler, with Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and after Germany's Surrender*. Harvard Psychological Clinic, October 1943. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler. Same text in CIA Reading Room document 02617886.
 [^3]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 29-30. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
 [^4]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 31-32. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
 [^5]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, p. 33. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joan
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joan
@ -1,33 +1,123 @@
 ---
-category: "Intelligence & Government"
+aliases:
  - Joan Jacoby
  - Mrs. Joan E. Jacoby
 category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
  - Criminologist
-summary: "Joan E. Jacoby was Director of the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia who co-led the 1969 team that designed PROMIS alongside Charles R. Work and project manager Bill Hamilton, and later directed national prosecution research programs at the National Center for Prosecution Management and the Bureau of Social Science Research."
+  - ProsecutionManagement
  - LEAA
  - BureauOfSocialScienceResearch
 summary: "Joan E. Jacoby directed the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia, co-led the 1969 PROMIS design team, and later directed the National Center for Prosecution Management."
 relations:
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]"
    role: "director"
    start: 1969
    end: 1972
    fn: 6
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[National Center for Prosecution Management]]"
    role: "executive director"
    start: 1972
    fn: 9
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Bureau of Social Science Research]]"
    role: "adjunct research associate; project coordinator and project director of prosecution research projects"
    start: 1975
    fn: 18
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[PROMIS]]"
    role: "co-director of the 1969 design team"
    start: 1969
    end: 1971
    fn: 2
 ---
-Joan E. Jacoby received a B.A. in sociology from Boston University and an M.A. in statistics from The American University. She is a published criminologist with work spanning prosecution management, criminal statistics, and information systems design.
+Joan E. Jacoby is a criminologist who directed the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]], co-led the 1969 team that designed the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]] with [[Charles R. Work]], and later directed the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]] and the prosecution research projects of the [[Bureau of Social Science Research]]. She received a B.A. in sociology from [[Boston University]] and an M.A. in statistics from [[American University]]. She is a published criminologist with work spanning prosecution management, criminal statistics, and information systems design.
-### Role in PROMIS Development
+### PROMIS design team, 1969 to 1971
-In 1969, while serving as Director of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]], Jacoby co-led the team commissioned by U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]] to design a computer-based case management system for the DC U.S. Attorney's Office, funded by a $60,000 [[LEAA]] grant (70-DF-047) administered through [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. The co-directors of the project were Jacoby and [[Charles R. Work]] (then Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division of the [[U.S. Attorney's office|U.S. Attorney's Office]]), with [[Bill Hamilton]] serving as project manager as a senior consultant at Peat Marwick. The resulting system was named the Prosecutor's Management Information System ([[PROMIS]]) and deployed on January 1, 1971.[^1]
+In 1969 the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia and the [[U.S. Attorney's office|U.S. Attorney's Office]] assembled a team of prosecutors, criminologists, statisticians and systems analysts to design a computerized case management system for the Superior Court Division. The team was commissioned by U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]] and funded through a $60,000 grant from the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]], grant 70-DF-047, administered through the Office of Crime Analysis.[^1] [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] was engaged to assist in the design and implementation of the system, which became operational on January 1, 1971.[^2] [[Bill Hamilton]] served as project manager as a senior consultant at Peat Marwick. The resulting system was named the Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS).
-Jacoby also developed a competing proposal during this period: a 1970 paper titled "Project TRACE - A System for the Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events," presented at the Urban and Regional Information Systems Proceedings on November 12, 1970. Project TRACE (Tracking Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events) shared PROMIS's subject-in-process tracking concept but was not adopted for the federal program.[^2][^3]
+A May 1971 system overview prepared for the Office of Crime Analysis states that the team "was headed by Mrs. Joan E. Jacoby, Director of the Office of Crime Analysis," together with Charles R. Work, deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^3] The other members were [[James M. Etheridge]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]] and [[Stanley H. Turner]], assistant directors of the Office of Crime Analysis, and [[Frederick G. Watts]], chief of the Grand Jury Section of the Superior Court Division.[^4]
 The Office of Crime Analysis described PROMIS as the critical component of its own project TRACE (Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events), a system for tracking offenders through the District's criminal justice system from arrest through sentencing and incarceration, and the LEAA provided funding for both TRACE and PROMIS.[^5] Jacoby is listed as director on the 1971 PROMIS system overview and on the Office of Crime Analysis's 1972 *Final Report: Project TRACE*.[^6] A 1974 directory of social and behavioral science data bases lists her 1970 paper "Project TRACE - A System for the Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events," presented to the Urban and Regional Information Systems proceedings on November 12, 1970.[^7]
 The case evaluation systems used in PROMIS, which score the seriousness of the offense with an adaptation of the Sellin and Wolfgang scale and the seriousness of the defendant's record, were originally developed by the Office of Crime Analysis for the U.S. Attorney's office in 1969. By 1976 PROMIS was being implemented in about 22 prosecutors' offices.[^8]
 In April 1973 Patrick F. Healy, executive director of the [[National District Attorneys Association]], told a House Judiciary subcommittee that PROMIS "was developed by Joan E. Jacoby who is now the executive director of the National Center for Prosecution Management, and Charles Work," an assistant U.S. attorney.[^9] Healy described the system as developed under a $290,000 LEAA grant and said it had produced a 25-percent increase in convictions for certain serious misdemeanors in the District of Columbia.[^10][^11]
 ### National Center for Prosecution Management
-After her time at the Office of Crime Analysis, Jacoby served as Executive Director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], a nonprofit corporation established by the [[Department of Justice]] with LEAA funding to provide management and technical assistance to prosecutors nationwide and conduct research on the prosecution function.[^1]
+The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration made a grant to the National District Attorneys Association for the development of standards to measure the efficiency of prosecutors' offices, and the grant created the National Center for Prosecution Management.[^12] The center was established with LEAA funding in December 1971 as a nonprofit corporation to provide technical and management assistance to prosecutors nationwide and to conduct research on the prosecution function. Jacoby served as its executive director.[^9]
-### Bureau of Social Science Research
+In fiscal 1973 the center had received about $1 million in grants through the National District Attorneys Association and had been in operation for less than two years, with a staff of 18 located in Washington. The LEAA's fiscal 1973 report lists the [[National College of District Attorneys]] and the [[Institute for Court Management]] as co-sponsors of the center, alongside the association.[^13]
-In 1975, Jacoby became a Research Associate at the Bureau of Social Science Research, where she directed national programs of research in prosecution and criminal justice. She subsequently became Executive Director of the Jefferson Institute in Washington, D.C.[^1]
+Jacoby, James M. Etheridge and J. D. Bourland are listed as the authors of the center's *First Annual Report* (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Prosecution Management).[^14] Exhibits to the 1973 hearing include three items under Jacoby's name as executive director: "Capacity and Overload in a Prosecutor's Office," a system for the manual evaluation of case processing in a prosecutor's office, and a manual statistical system to measure case flow.[^15]
 ### Bureau of Social Science Research, 1975 to 1982
 Jacoby joined the Bureau of Social Science Research in 1975, when the bureau took part in a national evaluation of pretrial screening programs.[^16] Her charging-decision monograph, published in January 1977 by the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, states that it is a direct result of a Phase I Evaluation of Pretrial Screening conducted by its author. The preface describes the work as based on her experience as executive director of the National Center for Prosecution Management.[^17] The monograph identifies her as an adjunct research associate of the bureau and was supported by Contract Number OM 6-0566-J-LEAA and Grant Number 75-NI-99-0079, awarded to the bureau.[^18]
 Under LEAA Grant 78-NI-AX-0006 Jacoby was project director of the bureau's research on prosecutorial decision making, with [[Leonard R. Mellon]] as deputy project director. The executive summary of that research is dated April 1979.[^19] Jacoby and Mellon also published Policy Analysis for Prosecution through the bureau in 1979.[^20] The 1982 National Institute of Justice report Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: A National Study lists Jacoby, Mellon, [[Edward C. Ratledge]] and Stanley H. Turner as authors and was funded under Grants 79-NI-AX-0006 and 79-NI-AX-0034 awarded to the bureau.[^21]
 Jacoby's single-author monograph Basic Issues in Prosecution and Public Defender Performance was issued by the National Institute of Justice in 1982 under Grant 78-NI-AX-0091. It applies functions analysis to the measurement of prosecutor and public defender performance.[^22][^23] A January 1982 report, Policy and Prosecution, lists Jacoby with Mellon and [[Walter F. Smith]] as authors and presents a conceptual model for analyzing prosecutive decision making from a policy perspective.[^24] Her book The American Prosecutor: A Search for Identity was published by [[Lexington Books]] in 1980.[^25]
 Her 1975 *Judicature* article "Case Evaluation: Quantifying Prosecutorial Policy" and the January 1976 LEAA National Evaluation Program Phase I report *Pre-trial Screening in Perspective* preceded the charging-decision monograph.[^26]
 The bureau also held LEAA support before this work. In 1972 it received a short grant, 72-NI-99-0019-G, for an extension of its criminological survey techniques project, under which it added studies to an inventory of public surveys on crime and justice. The inventory was published in January 1973 as an interim report listing 240 studies.[^27]
 The bureau had been a military contractor since the 1950s. Under [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]] contract AF 49(638)727 it issued Research Report 339-4, [[Albert Biderman|Albert D. Biderman]]'s *Cultural Models of Captivity Relationships* (February 1961), and Biderman's 1964 paper *Captivity Lore and Behavior in Captivity* reports research supported in part by the same contract.[^28] Biderman's *Chinese "Thought Reform" as a Source of Perspectives toward Western Correctional Practice* (May 20, 1965), a bureau report, was prepared under contract AF 49(638)1344.[^29] In 1963 the bureau submitted to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research an annotated bibliography of about 200 items on prisoner interrogation, compliance and resistance, prepared for a special conference on training programs for required captivity behavior and supported by the office's Behavioral Sciences Division; a preliminary report on Chinese Communist indoctrination of military prisoners of war by John W. Lewis of [[Cornell University]] was issued for the same conference under the bureau's contract.[^30] A 1963 bureau final report on historical incidents of extreme overcrowding, by Biderman and two co-authors, was written under Office of Civil Defense contract OCD-OS-62-122.[^31]
 In October 1965 Elisabeth T. Crawford compiled for the bureau, under an Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract, an annotated bibliography of 150 references, *The Social Sciences in International and Military Policy*.[^32] The 1969 anthology *Social Scientists and International Affairs*, edited by Crawford and Biderman, states that its plan was developed in a research project supported by the Behavioral Sciences Division of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research on the use of social science knowledge in international and military affairs; the same volume contains an article titled "The Rise and Fall of Project Camelot" ([[Project Camelot]]).[^33]
 A *Wall Street Journal* report of December 8, 1965 described a different bureau project. According to the report, the private Bureau of Social Science Research was at the [[Pentagon]]'s request embarked on a study project to determine how social science research was being used in making Pentagon and foreign-policy decisions.[^34]
 ### Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies, 1985 to 1987
 In October 1987 the National Institute of Justice published Jacoby's Caseweighting Systems for Prosecutors: Guidelines and Procedures. The report was submitted under subcontract Z-sub-JIJ-12/19/85 from [[Abt Associates]], Inc., by the [[Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies]] of Washington, D.C.[^35] Jacoby later served as executive director of the Jefferson Institute in Washington, D.C. Her 1984 papers "Attorney Effort: A Powerful Descriptor of Operations and Policy" and "Computing Variable Costs in Adjudication," the latter presented to the American Society of Criminology in Cincinnati on November 10, 1984, were both issued by the Jefferson Institute.[^36]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
+[^1]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), title page, prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
-[^2]: Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Abstract: "Project TRACE (Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events) - Final Report." OJP Virtual Library.
+[^2]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS (Prosecutor's Management Information System): A Computer-Based System for the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia* (May 1971), passage on the team, the firm's engagement and the January 1, 1971 operational date, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
-[^3]: Sessions, Vivian S. *Directory of Data Bases in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.* Science Associates International, 1974.
+[^3]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^4]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), note 1 to the passage on the design team, list of members, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^5]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), abstract and introduction: PROMIS as the critical component of the Office of Crime Analysis's project TRACE, with LEAA funding for both; NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^6]: Jacoby, Joan E., *Final Report: Project TRACE* (Washington, D.C.: Office of Crime Analysis, Government of the District of Columbia, 1972) and *System Overview and Report Format for PROMIS* (1971), each listed with Jacoby as director in the notes and bibliography of NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^7]: Sessions, Vivian S., *Directory of Data Bases in the Social and Behavioral Sciences* (Science Associates International, 1974), entry for the Project TRACE paper, presented to the Urban and Regional Information Systems proceedings, November 12, 1970.
 [^8]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective* (January 1977; copyright 1976), chapter on case evaluation systems, note 1, NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, *Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings*, Serial No. 4 (1973), statement of Patrick F. Healy, executive director, National District Attorneys Association, April 4, 1973, and the appended listing of the National Center for Prosecution Management, where Jacoby is identified as executive director. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
 [^10]: Same hearing, statement of Patrick F. Healy, April 4, 1973, on the $290,000 LEAA grant. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
 [^11]: Same hearing, statement of Patrick F. Healy, April 4, 1973, on the 25-percent increase in convictions for certain serious misdemeanors. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
 [^12]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1972*, court improvement section, grant to the National District Attorney's Association for standards to measure the efficiency of prosecutors' offices through a new National Center for Prosecution Management. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/148302NCJRS.pdf
 [^13]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1973*, section on prosecutors' offices, describing the grants to the National Center for Prosecution Management, its sponsors and its staff of 18. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147380NCJRS.pdf
 [^14]: Jacoby, J. E., Ethridge, J. M. and Bourland, J. D., *First Annual Report of the National Center for Prosecution Management* (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Prosecution Management, 1972), as listed in the bibliography of NCJ 79227. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/79227NCJRS.pdf
 [^15]: Same hearing, appendix exhibits by Joan E. Jacoby, Executive Director, National Center for Prosecution Management, including "Capacity and Overload in a Prosecutor's Office," "A System for Manual Evaluation of Case Processing in the Prosecutor's Office," and a manual statistical system to measure case flow. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
 [^16]: Jacoby, Joan E., Mellon, Leonard R., Ratledge, Edward C., and Turner, Stanley H., *Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: A National Study* (1982), passage stating that in 1975 the Bureau of Social Science Research, as part of a national evaluation of pretrial screening programs, added a new dimension to the standard setting task. NCJ 79227. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/79227NCJRS.pdf
 [^17]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective* (January 1977), preface and acknowledgments, including the statement that the work is a direct result of a Phase I Evaluation of Pretrial Screening conducted by the author, and her description as executive director of the National Center for Prosecution Management. NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^18]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective* (National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, January 1977), copyright page and project note: Contract Number OM 6-0566-J-LEAA and Grant Number 75-NI-99-0079 awarded to the Bureau of Social Science Research; staff listing with Jacoby as project coordinator and adjunct research associate. NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^19]: Jacoby, Joan E., and Mellon, Leonard R., *Research on Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: Executive Summary* (April 1979), LEAA Grant 78 NI-AX-0006 to the Bureau of Social Science Research, project staff listing. NCJ 69512. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/69512NCJRS.pdf
 [^20]: Jacoby, J. E., and Mellon, L. R., *Policy Analysis for Prosecution* (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Social Science Research, 1979), as listed in the bibliography of NCJ 79227. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/79227NCJRS.pdf
 [^21]: Jacoby, Joan E., Mellon, Leonard R., Ratledge, Edward C., and Turner, Stanley H., *Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: A National Study* (National Institute of Justice, 1982), NCJ 79227, grant numbers 79-NI-AX-0006 and 79-NI-AX-0034 to the Bureau of Social Science Research. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/prosecutorial-decisionmaking-national-study
 [^22]: Jacoby, J. E., *Basic Issues in Prosecution and Public Defender Performance* (Bureau of Social Science Research, 1982), NCJ 84431, Grant Number 78-NI-AX-0091. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/basic-issues-prosecution-and-public-defender-performance
 [^23]: Jacoby, Joan, *Caseweighting Systems for Prosecutors: Guidelines and Procedures* (October 1987), bibliography entry for Jacoby, Joan E., *Basic Issues in Prosecution and Public Defender Performance* (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 1982). NCJ 109771. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/109771NCJRS.pdf
 [^24]: Jacoby, Joan E., Mellon, Leonard R., and Smith, Walter F., *Policy and Prosecution* (National Institute of Justice, January 1982), abstract: a conceptual model for analyzing prosecutive decisionmaking from a policy perspective. University of Delaware UDSpace record. https://udspace.udel.edu/items/3de0b540-2905-4dd6-8e95-a7bd8092164f/full
 [^25]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The American Prosecutor: A Search for Identity* (Lexington Books, c1980). CiNii catalogue record. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA04306866
 [^26]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective* (1977), bibliography and notes: *Pre-trial Screening in Perspective*, National Evaluation Program Phase I Report (U.S. Department of Justice, LEAA, January 1976), and "Case Evaluation: Quantifying Prosecutorial Policy," *Judicature* 58:10 (May 1975), NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^27]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1972*, grant 72-NI-99-0019-G (May 31 to July 13, 1972, $6,796) to the Bureau of Social Science Research, extension of the criminological survey techniques project, with the inventory of 240 studies published January 1973. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/148302NCJRS.pdf
 [^28]: Biderman, Albert D., *Cultural Models of Captivity Relationships*, BSSR Research Report 339-4, Bureau of Social Science Research, Washington, D.C., February 1961, Contract No. AF 49(638)727, DTIC AD0257325 (https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0257325); Biderman, *Captivity Lore and Behavior in Captivity*, AFOSR 65-0577 (1964), footnote on AFOSR Contract AF 49(638)727, DTIC AD0615363 (https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0615363).
 [^29]: Biderman, Albert D., *Chinese "Thought Reform" as a Source of Perspectives toward Western Correctional Practice*, AFOSR 65-1205, May 20, 1965, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc., Contract No. AF 49(638)1344, DTIC AD0623172. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0623172
 [^30]: *An Annotated Bibliography on Prisoner Interrogation, Compliance and Resistance*, AFOSR 68-1401, August 1963, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc., supported by the Behavioral Sciences Division, AFOSR, DTIC AD0670999 (https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0670999); Lewis, John W., *Preliminary Report on Chinese Communist Indoctrination of Military Prisoners of War*, AFOSR 68-1410, DTIC AD0671004 (https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0671004).
 [^31]: Biderman, Albert D., Louria, Margot, and Bacchus, Joan, *Historical Incidents of Extreme Overcrowding*, BSSR 354-5, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc., Final Report, Contract No. OCD-OS-62-122, DTIC AD0609752. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0609752
 [^32]: Crawford, Elisabeth T., *The Social Sciences in International and Military Policy: An Analytic Bibliography*, AFOSR 65-1890, October 1965, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc., prepared under contract with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DTIC AD0623841. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0623841
 [^33]: Crawford, Elisabeth T., and Biderman, Albert D., eds., *Social Scientists and International Affairs: A Case for a Sociology of Social Science* (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969), AFOSR 69-1443TR, preface and table of contents, DTIC AD0688759. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0688759
 [^34]: "Research Ripples: Government Farms Out More Studies; Some Reports Draw Criticism," by Edward A. Behr, *Wall Street Journal*, December 8, 1965, as reproduced in the CIA CREST reading room file CIA-RDP73-00475R000102100001-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000102100001-3
 [^35]: Jacoby, Joan, *Caseweighting Systems for Prosecutors: Guidelines and Procedures* (National Institute of Justice, October 1987), NCJ 109771, statement that the report was submitted under a sub-contract with Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. (Z-sub-JIJ-12/19/85), by the Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies, Washington, D.C. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/109771NCJRS.pdf
 [^36]: Jacoby, Joan E., bibliography of *Caseweighting Systems for Prosecutors* (NCJ 109771), entries "Attorney Effort: A Powerful Descriptor of Operations and Policy" (1984a) and "Computing Variable Costs in Adjudication," paper presented to the American Society of Criminology, November 10, 1984, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984b), both Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/109771NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/John
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/John
@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
-summary: "John M. Middleton was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team under Joan E. Jacoby, Charles R. Work, and Bill Hamilton; his subsequent career is difficult to trace due to the commonality of the name."
+summary: "John M. Middleton was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team under Joan E. Jacoby, Charles R. Work, and Bill Hamilton."
 ---
 John M. Middleton was a member of the team assembled in 1969 to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]].[^1]
 His subsequent career has proven difficult to trace. John M. Middleton is a sufficiently common name that multiple individuals matching basic biographical parameters appear in government, STEM, and legal records from the 1960s through the 1990s, making positive identification of the PROMIS team member in later documents uncertain without additional corroborating details.
 ### Footnotes
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max
@ -31,11 +31,13 @@ relations:
    start: 1998-12
    fn: 1
 created: 2026-09-22
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Max R. Levchin co-founded Confinity, Inc., with [[Peter Thiel]] in December 1998 and was its chief technology officer and a director until March 2000, when Confinity merged with [[Elon Musk]]'s X.com Corporation; he was then chief technology officer and a director of the merged company, renamed [[PayPal]], Inc., in February 2001. Before Confinity he founded NetMeridian Software, a developer of security applications for handheld computers, which he ran from January 1996 to December 1998, and co-founded SponsorNet, a web advertising service. PayPal's registration statement of September 2001 named Thiel and Levchin as the two executives on whose continued work the company depended to a significant degree, and disclosed that a fraud episode between July and October 2000 had cost it 5.7 million dollars in unauthorized charge-backs and that MasterCard had fined it for excessive charge-backs.[^1] In September 2001 Levchin held 2.6 percent of the company's stock. [[eBay]] completed its acquisition of PayPal, valued at about 1.5 billion dollars, on October 3, 2002.[^1][^2]
 A [[Newsweek]] article by [[Brad Stone]] published July 16, 2001 quotes Levchin, then chief technology officer: "We came to realize that we would either defeat fraud or fraud would defeat us."[^5] The article reports that PayPal reached this conclusion after its rate of rejected credit-card transactions passed one percent, and that Levchin and Thiel "reduced the maximum payment users could make from $500 to $250."[^5] The article says the company's antifraud team numbered 75 and that it had designed an internal program that "sniffs the 180,000 transactions made every day, looking for abuse."[^5] The article says the team named the software "Igor," "after a Russian mobster who plagued the system last year." The registration statement of September 2001 calls the same system "PayPal's proprietary IGOR system."[^6]
 He is counted among the [[PayPal Mafia]], the network of PayPal founders and early executives whose members went on to found or lead [[LinkedIn]], [[Palantir Technologies]], [[Founders Fund]], [[Tesla]] and [[SpaceX]].[^3]
 ### Affirm
@ -48,3 +50,5 @@ Levchin is the founder, chairman and chief executive of [[Affirm]], a consumer l
 [^2]: PayPal, Inc. Form 8-K, October 4, 2002, exhibit 99.1, "eBay Completes PayPal Acquisition." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702037693/a2090698zex-99_1.htm
 [^3]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/
 [^4]: Affirm Holdings, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed November 18, 2020. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1820953/000110465920126927/tm2026663-4_s1.htm
 [^5]: Stone, Brad. "Busting the Web Bandits." *Newsweek,* July 16, 2001. https://www.newsweek.com/busting-web-bandits-154463
 [^6]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, "Business," subsection "Risk Management." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morton
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morton
@ -7,10 +7,24 @@ tags:
 summary: "Close aide to Kissinger on the NSC staff who recalled Kissinger's belief that Israel and Japan would be better off with nuclear weapons."
 born: 1938-06-13
 location: "Brooklyn, New York, USA"
 updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Halperin v. Kissinger]]"
    role: "plaintiff"
    fn: 2
 ---
 Morton H. Halperin was a close aide to [[Henry A. Kissinger]] on the [[National Security Council]] staff. He recalled that Kissinger believed it was good to spread nuclear weapons around the world and that if he were the Israelis, he would get nuclear weapons. Kissinger did not believe that the [[United States]] should try to talk them out of it. Halperin also noted that Kissinger believed [[Japan]], as well as [[Israel]], would be better off with the bomb than without it, viewing nuclear weapons as essential to their national security.[^1]
 ### FBI Wiretap, 1969
 On April 25, 1969, [[Richard Nixon]] met Kissinger, Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]] and FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] to discuss methods of controlling leaks, and Mitchell, Hoover and Nixon developed a program that included wiretaps on private telephones. After a [[New York Times]] article of May 9, 1969 reported the bombing of [[Cambodia]], Hoover told Kissinger that Halperin, then an NSC staff member, was the "prime suspect," although Halperin had no access to the information in the article. Hoover and Kissinger spoke four times by telephone that day, and the wiretap on Halperin's home telephone was in place by evening.[^2]
 FBI officials and Colonel [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]] worked out procedures on the following day to conduct the surveillance "with no record maintained" in normal FBI files, and "at first the FBI logs were kept at the Bureau in special files, where Kissinger and Haig reviewed them."[^2] The FBI observed in May and June 1969 that the tap was not producing evidence of a leak, and Kissinger requested that it continue. Halperin resigned from the NSC staff on September 19, 1969, continued as a consultant until May 1970, and the tap remained in place until February 10, 1971. Plaintiffs cited FBI logs showing that agents overheard more than 600 calls, of which 28 percent were between Halperin and people outside his family.[^2] The Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities placed the wiretap among seventeen taps on journalists and government employees that lasted from May 1969 to February 1971, and found that the program did not reveal the source of any leak of classified data.[^3]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 16.
 [^2]: *Halperin v. Kissinger*, 606 F.2d 1192 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Caselaw Access Project text, F.2d volume 606, case 1192. https://static.case.law/f2d/606/cases/1192-01.json
 [^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans*, Book II, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), PDF pages 215-216 and 222-223. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_II.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-14
 title: Richard Helms
 aliases:
  - Richard McGarrah Helms
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Separately, Helms authorized and expanded the CIA's psychic research program bas
 ### Chile: Covert Action and Congressional Perjury
-In September 1970, following the election of Socialist candidate Salvador Allende in [[Chile]], President Nixon instructed Helms in a meeting at the [[White House]] to conduct covert operations to prevent Allende from assuming the presidency. Nixon told Helms, in the presence of [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] and others, to "make the economy scream." Helms's notes from this meeting, preserved and later produced to investigators, confirmed: "One in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!... \$10,000,000 available, more if necessary... make the economy scream."
+In September 1970, following the election of Socialist candidate Salvador Allende in [[Chile]], President Nixon instructed Helms in a meeting at the [[White House]] to conduct covert operations to prevent Allende from assuming the presidency. At the White House meeting of September 15, 1970, attended by [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] and Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]], Helms's notes record "1 in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!", "$10,000,000 available, more if necessary" and "game plan make the economy scream." The Church Committee wrote that Nixon instructed the CIA at that meeting to play a direct role in organizing a military coup.[^24][^25] In his August 12, 1975 testimony Kissinger said that at that meeting "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."[^26] On September 12, 1970, Kissinger told Helms by telephone that he was calling a [[40 Committee]] meeting for the following Monday, and said: "We will not let Chile go down the drain."[^27] A CIA memorandum for the record of September 16, 1970, "Genesis of Project FUBELT," records Helms telling CIA officials that "President Nixon had decided that an Allende regime in Chile was not acceptable to the United States."[^28]
 The CIA subsequently funded opposition media, political parties, and military factions. General [[Augusto Pinochet]] seized power in a coup on September 11, 1973 - the same year Helms was replaced as DCI and sent as U.S. Ambassador to [[Iran]].
@ -129,3 +129,8 @@ The original 1978 filing with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] listed
 [^21]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence" (the section on Richard Helms and Mohammed Irvani; text preceding notes 49 to 51). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
 [^22]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 11 (Safeer's name, its capitalization and the Carlson passages; text following note 51 through note 57; *G&H Montage GmbH v. Irvani*, Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, 88-A-03571-6). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
 [^23]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 6, "BCCI in the United States: Initial Entry" (Irvani listed in the original SEC filing as a 5 percent shareholder of CCAH; recruitment by Abedi in early 1978, note 49); ch. 11 (Helms's advice to Irvani on liability). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
 [^24]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, Staff Report, December 1975, PDF pages 29 and 37. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94chile.pdf
 [^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 93, Editorial Note, with Helms's notes. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d93
 [^26]: Kissinger testimony of August 12, 1975, as quoted in *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 93, Editorial Note: "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."
 [^27]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile: The Declassified Record on Regime Change," Electronic Briefing Book No. 437, document 1, Helms-Kissinger telephone conversation, September 12, 1970, 12:00 noon. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/
 [^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 94, Memorandum for the Record, Washington, September 16, 1970. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d94
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Soo
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Soo
@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 ---
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
-summary: "Soo Lee was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team and by 1974 was a management analyst for the Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis of the DC government; further identification is complicated by the commonality of the name."
+summary: "Soo Lee was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team and by 1974 a management analyst for the Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis of the DC government."
 ---
-Soo Lee was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. By 1974, Lee was employed as a management analyst for the Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis (OCJPA) of the DC government, a role consistent with the analytical work the PROMIS team had pioneered. Positive identification of this individual in later records is complicated by the commonality of the name.[^1]
+Soo Lee was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. A May 1971 system overview lists Lee among the team's members as an assistant director of the Office of Crime Analysis.[^2] By 1974, Lee was employed as a management analyst for the Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis (OCJPA) of the DC government, a role consistent with the analytical work the PROMIS team had pioneered. Positive identification of this individual in later records is complicated by the commonality of the name.[^1]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Sessions, Vivian S. *Directory of Data Bases in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.* Science Associates International, 1974.
 [^2]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Walter
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Walter
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ born: 1899-02-09
 died: 1981-07-05
 location: Boston, Massachusetts
 created: 2026-06-03
-updated: 2026-06-03
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Walter Langer was a [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] psychoanalyst whose older brother [[William Langer|William]] had taken leave from a chair of history at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] to head OSS Research and Analysis. General [[William Donovan]] gave Langer the job of psychoanalyzing [[Adolf Hitler]] to uncover vulnerabilities that could be covertly exploited. Donovan told Langer to go ahead despite the obvious limitations of conducting analysis without direct access to the patient.[^1]
@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ Four months before [[Pearl Harbor]], Donovan had enlisted Langer to put together
 ### The Hitler Profile
-With a small research staff, Langer examined everything he could find on Hitler and interviewed a number of people who had known the German leader. Aware of the severe limitations on his information, but left no choice by General Donovan, Langer plowed ahead and wrote up a final study. It pegged Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath" and proceeded to dissect the Führer's psyche. Langer, since retired to [[Florida]], believed he came "pretty close" to describing the real Adolf Hitler. He was particularly proud of his predictions that the Nazi leader would become increasingly disturbed as [[Germany]] suffered more and more defeats and that he would commit suicide rather than face capture.[^1]
+With a small research staff, Langer examined everything he could find on Hitler and interviewed a number of people who had known the German leader. Aware of the severe limitations on his information, but left no choice by General Donovan, Langer plowed ahead and wrote up a final study. In the wording of the 1972 book it pegged Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath" and proceeded to dissect the Führer's psyche. [[John D. Marks]] wrote that Langer, since retired to [[Florida]], believed he had come "pretty close" to describing the real Adolf Hitler, and that he was particularly proud of his predictions that the Nazi leader would become increasingly disturbed as [[Germany]] suffered more and more defeats and that he would commit suicide rather than face capture.[^1]
 The OSS report of 1943, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend*, stated that there was "unanimous agreement among the four psychoanalysts who have studied the material that Hitler is an hysteric bordering on schizophrenia and not a true paranoiac as so frequently supposed."[^3] The 1972 book prints the same passage as "general agreement among the collaborators that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^4] The report's eighth prediction read: "Hitler might commit suicide. This is the most plausible outcome."[^5] Langer wrote in 1972 that Donovan had asked, "What light could psychoanalysis shed on these pressing problems?"[^6] The report names as collaborators [[Henry Murray]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Bertram Lewin]] on its title page.[^3]
 ### Operational Applications
@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ Langer's profile noted Hitler's "large feminine component," "extreme sentimental
 The full report, titled "A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend," remained classified for nearly three decades. Basic Books published it in 1972 as *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*, edited by Walter C. Langer himself, with an introduction explaining its original context and subsequent history. The 1972 publication became a bestseller.
-The report's most famous predictions proved accurate. Langer's central conclusion was that Hitler would "become more and more neurotic" as Germany's military position deteriorated and that suicide was "the most plausible outcome" when defeat became undeniable. He predicted Hitler would show increasingly rare public appearances, intensifying emotional outbursts, and would contemplate no surrender, capitulation, or peace negotiations. He also identified the possibility of a military coup against Hitler well before the failed July 1944 assassination attempt. The report's diagnosis was "neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^2]
+The report's most famous predictions proved accurate. Langer's central conclusion was that Hitler would "become more and more neurotic" as Germany's military position deteriorated and that suicide was "the most plausible outcome" when defeat became undeniable. He predicted Hitler would show increasingly rare public appearances, intensifying emotional outbursts, and would contemplate no surrender, capitulation, or peace negotiations. He also identified the possibility of a military coup against Hitler well before the failed July 1944 assassination attempt. The 1972 book gives the diagnosis as "neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^2]
 ### Gittinger's Extension of Langer's Methods
@ -42,3 +44,7 @@ Langer's indirect analytical method, conducting psychological assessment without
 [^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 1.
 [^2]: Langer, Walter C. *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*. Basic Books, 1972. (Original OSS report: "A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend," 1943, available at https://archive.org/details/APsychologicalAnalysisofAdolfHitler); Exploring Your Mind, "Psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer and the Mental Study of Hitler." https://exploringyourmind.com/psychoanalyst-walter-c-langer-mental-study-of-hitler/
 [^3]: Langer, Walter C. *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend*. Office of Strategic Services, 1943, title page and p. 86 as paginated in the CIA copy (CIA Reading Room C02571145). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
 [^4]: Langer, *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*. Basic Books, 1972, chapter on the collaborators' diagnosis.
 [^5]: Langer, 1943 report, p. 155 as paginated in the CIA copy; same text in the 1972 book, section "Hitler's Death."
 [^6]: Langer, *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, chapter on the OSS request.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/David
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/David
@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ tags:
  - AllInPodcast
  - Trump
  - CryptoCzar
-summary: "David Sacks is a South African-born American entrepreneur and political figure who served as chief operating officer of PayPal, founded Yammer, cohosted the All-In Podcast, and was appointed White House AI and cryptocurrency czar under the second Trump administration."
+summary: "David Sacks is a South African-born entrepreneur who was chief operating officer of PayPal, founded Yammer, cohosted the All-In Podcast, and became White House AI and cryptocurrency czar under the second Trump administration."
 born: 1972-05-25
 location: "Cape Town, South Africa (born)"
 created: 2026-06-18
-updated: 2026-06-18
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 [[David Sacks|David Sacks]] (born May 25, 1972, in [[Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[South Africa|South Africa]]) is a [[PayPal Mafia|PayPal Mafia]] principal who served as chief operating officer of [[PayPal]], founded [[Yammer|Yammer]] (the enterprise social network, acquired by [[Microsoft|Microsoft]] in 2012 for 1.2 billion dollars), produced the film *[[Thank You for Smoking|Thank You for Smoking]]* (2005), and was appointed Special Advisor on Artificial Intelligence and Cryptocurrency (the "AI and crypto czar") under the second [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration. Sacks cohosted the [[All-In Podcast|All-In Podcast]], which became a media channel for the PayPal Mafia cohort's political positions during the 2022-2025 period.[^1][^2]
 ### The PayPal COO Role and the Post-PayPal Ventures
-Sacks served as chief operating officer at PayPal through the 2002 eBay acquisition, managing the company's operations alongside [[Peter Thiel|Thiel]] (chief executive) and [[Max Levchin|Levchin]] (chief technology officer). The COO role placed Sacks in operational control of the company's day-to-day execution during the period when the anti-fraud architecture was built and the PayPal Mafia cohort was formed. After the eBay sale, Sacks founded Yammer, the enterprise social network that applied consumer-social-networking patterns to corporate communications. Microsoft acquired Yammer in 2012.[^1]
+Sacks joined PayPal in November 1999. The company's registration statement of September 2001 describes him as executive vice president of product since May 2000.[^3] Sacks became chief operating officer of PayPal in February 2002.[^4] He served in that role through the 2002 eBay acquisition, managing the company's operations alongside [[Peter Thiel|Thiel]] (chief executive) and [[Max Levchin|Levchin]] (chief technology officer). The COO role placed Sacks in operational control of the company's day-to-day execution during the period when the anti-fraud architecture was built and the PayPal Mafia cohort was formed. After the eBay sale, Sacks founded Yammer, the enterprise social network that applied consumer-social-networking patterns to corporate communications. Microsoft acquired Yammer in 2012.[^1]
 Sacks subsequently founded [[Craft Ventures|Craft Ventures]], a venture capital firm whose portfolio overlaps with the PayPal Mafia and Thiel-network commercial ecosystem. Sacks also produced the film *Thank You for Smoking* (2005), an adaptation of the [[Christopher Buckley|Christopher Buckley]] satirical novel about tobacco-industry lobbying.[^1]
@ -35,3 +35,5 @@ In the second Trump administration, Sacks received the Special Advisor on Artifi
 [^1]: For Sacks's PayPal COO role and the post-PayPal ventures, see the PayPal Mafia page and the contemporaneous Silicon Valley press.
 [^2]: For the All-In Podcast and the Trump AI/crypto czar role, see the contemporaneous press coverage of the second Trump administration appointments.
 [^3]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, "Management," biography of David O. Sacks. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^4]: PayPal, Inc. Form 10-K405 for fiscal 2001, filed March 13, 2002, "Management": "David O. Sacks has served as our Chief Operating Officer since February 2002." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Elliot
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Elliot
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
  - Lawyer
  - Politician
  - DoJ
-summary: "Elliot Richardson served as U.S. Attorney General under Nixon before resigning during the Saturday Night Massacre, and later became INSLAW's lead outside counsel, declaring the PROMIS conspiracy 'far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate' and publicly stating his belief that Danny Casolaro was murdered."
+summary: "Elliot Richardson was Nixon's Attorney General until he resigned during the Saturday Night Massacre, and later INSLAW's lead outside counsel, calling the PROMIS affair 'far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate.'"
 born: 1920-07-20
 died: 1999-12-31
 location: "Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Under President [[Gerald R. Ford|Ford]], Richardson served as U.S. Ambassador to
 ### INSLAW Representation
-Richardson was retained as outside counsel by [[INSLAW]] and [[Bill Hamilton|Bill]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]] following the September 1987 bankruptcy court ruling in which Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the [[Department of Justice]] had "taken, converted, stole" INSLAW's enhanced [[PROMIS]] software "by trickery, fraud, and deceit." By March 1989, Richardson was writing to Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman [[Joe Biden]] requesting assurances that DOJ whistleblowers who cooperated with congressional investigators would face no reprisals; Biden responded through an aide, and Richardson challenged the dismissal. Richardson subsequently championed the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks, which ran from 1989 through September 1992 and produced House Report 102-857.[^2][^3]
+Richardson was retained as outside counsel by [[INSLAW]] and [[Bill Hamilton|Bill]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]] following the September 1987 bankruptcy court ruling in which Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the [[Department of Justice]] "took, converted, stole" INSLAW's enhanced [[PROMIS]] software "by trickery, fraud, and deceit." By March 1989, Richardson was writing to Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman [[Joe Biden]] requesting assurances that DOJ whistleblowers who cooperated with congressional investigators would face no reprisals; Biden responded through an aide, and Richardson challenged the dismissal. Richardson subsequently championed the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks, which ran from 1989 through September 1992 and produced House Report 102-857.[^2][^3]
 In congressional testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, Richardson stated:
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rene
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rene
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ summary: "Commander of the Chilean army who held that the military must respect
 died: 1970-10-25
 location: "Santiago, Chile"
 created: 2026-09-21
-updated: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 General René Schneider was commander in chief of the Chilean army from 1969. In an interview with [[El Mercurio]] on May 8, 1970, he stated that the army would respect the constitutional process and the outcome of that year's presidential election, a position that became known as the [[Schneider Doctrine]]. He was shot in [[Santiago]] on the morning of October 22, 1970, two days before the [[National Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] was to confirm [[Salvador Allende]], and died on October 25.[^1]
@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ On October 18 the station asked headquarters for "three 45 calibre machine guns
 Six hours after the delivery Schneider's car was blocked on his way to work. He drew his pistol and was shot with handguns. A Chilean military court found that two groups of officers, active and retired, had conspired to kidnap him and bring about a coup, and "that the two Generals had been in contact throughout the coup plotting." Viaux was sentenced to twenty years as "intellectual author" of the attempt. Valenzuela was sentenced to three years in exile. Martial law was declared on the day of the shooting and Valenzuela was given command of Santiago province. The CIA's task force log recorded: "The attack on General Schneider has produced developments which closely follow Valenzuela's plan." Director [[Richard Helms]] concluded the next day that "a maximum effort has been achieved." The agency later paid 35,000 dollars to members of the group that had attacked Schneider. Wimert retrieved the machine guns and threw them into the Pacific. General [[Carlos Prats]] succeeded to the command.[^1][^3]
 CIA briefing notes prepared on October 23, 1970 under the heading "Track II" begin with the shooting, which occurred at about 8:15 that morning and left the commander seriously wounded.[^7] Briefing notes of October 28 state that the military principals in contact with the agency had depended on the abduction of Schneider, "probably by General Viaux, as the pretext needed to launch a coup."[^8]
 ### The Police Report
 The report of the military police officer who investigated the shooting, Major Carlos Donoso Perez, makes no mention of a drawn pistol. It states that the car was "surrounded by five individuals, one of whom, making use of a blunt instrument similar to a sledgehammer, broke the rear window and then fired at General Schneider, striking him in the region of the spleen, in the left shoulder, and in the left wrist." The Senate committee reasoned that since none of the machine guns passed to Valenzuela had been used, there was "no evidence of a plan to kill Schneider." [[John Court]], an aide on the [[National Security Council]] staff, recalled Haig telling him that "if we have to take care of somebody, we could do it."[^4]
@ -53,3 +55,5 @@ René and Raúl Schneider and other members of the family sued Kissinger and the
 [^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House*. Summit Books, 1983, pp. 275, 289-290.
 [^5]: Kornbluh, Peter. *The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability*. New Press, 2003, p. 29.
 [^6]: Schneider v. Kissinger, 310 F. Supp. 2d 251 (D.D.C. 2004), affirmed, 412 F.3d 190 (D.C. Cir. 2005); complaint, November 12, 2002, National Security Archive document 23606.
 [^7]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 162, Briefing Notes Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, October 23, 1970, "Track II." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d162
 [^8]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 168, Briefing Notes Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, October 28, 1970, "Recent Developments: Track II." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d168
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Charles
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Charles
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ In 1966, Work became an Assistant United States Attorney in the criminal trial s
 ### Role in PROMIS Development
-In 1969, while serving as Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division, Work co-directed the original [[PROMIS]] design team commissioned by U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], alongside [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]) and project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] (then a senior consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]). The team produced the Prosecutor's Management Information System, deployed January 1, 1971, in the DC U.S. Attorney's Office. Work hired INSLAW to write the first version of PROMIS and maintained a close working relationship with Hamilton through the program's early years.[^3]
+In 1969, while serving as Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division, Work co-directed the original [[PROMIS]] design team commissioned by U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], alongside [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]) and project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] (then a senior consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]).[^3] The team produced the Prosecutor's Management Information System, deployed January 1, 1971, in the DC U.S. Attorney's Office.[^4] Work hired INSLAW to write the first version of PROMIS and maintained a close working relationship with Hamilton through the program's early years.[^3]
 A May 1971 overview of PROMIS prepared by Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co for the Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA grant 70-DF-047 records that the design team was headed by Joan E. Jacoby, director of the Office of Crime Analysis, and Work, deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^4] A 1985 White House announcement lists Work as Deputy Chief and Chief of the Superior Court Division from 1969 to 1973 and as Deputy Administrator of LEAA from 1973 to 1975, and a White House release of January 26, 1976 records that he resigned effective November 21, 1975.[^5] In April 1973 the executive director of the National District Attorneys Association described PROMIS as developed by Jacoby and Work, "assistant U.S. attorney," under a $290,000 LEAA grant.[^6]
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frederick
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frederick
@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 ---
 category: "Technologists"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
 summary: "Frederick G. Watts was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team; no further biographical details have been identified."
 ---
-Frederick G. Watts was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. No additional biographical details have been identified.[^1]
+Frederick G. Watts was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working under co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]].[^2] [[Bill Hamilton]] served as project manager at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]].[^1] A May 1971 system overview lists Watts as chief of the Grand Jury Section of the Superior Court Division of the [[U.S. Attorney's office|U.S. Attorney's Office]].[^2]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/George
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/George
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-10-14
 title: George Hunter White
 aliases:
  - George Hunter White
@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ tags:
  - 1950s
  - 1960s
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
-summary: "George Hunter White was a Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent who operated the CIA's Operation Midnight Climax safe houses in San Francisco and New York City from 1955 to 1963, administering LSD to unwitting civilian subjects for Project MKULTRA while working under CIA contract."
+summary: "George Hunter White was a Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent who ran CIA safe houses of Operation Midnight Climax in San Francisco and New York, 1955 to 1963, dosing unwitting subjects with LSD for MKULTRA."
 born: 1908-01-01
 died: 1975-10-22
 location: "San Francisco, California"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
    role: "Army lieutenant colonel attached to the OSS, counterespionage training and operations in India"
    fn: 4
 ---
 George Hunter White (1908 - October 22, 1975) was a senior agent of the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]] who simultaneously operated as a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contractor from the early 1950s through 1963, running [[Operation Midnight Climax]] - the CIA's program of administering [[LSD]] to unconsenting civilian subjects in safe houses in [[San Francisco]] and [[New York City]]. White managed these operations under the direction of [[Sidney Gottlieb]] of the CIA's [[Technical Services Division]] as part of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]], the agency's classified behavioral research program. His personal diaries, discovered after his death during Freedom of Information Act research by journalist John Marks, provided the primary firsthand account of the Midnight Climax operations and are among the most revealing documents about MKULTRA's operational culture.[^1]
@ -36,6 +41,12 @@ White was also a personal associate of [[J. Edgar Hoover]], director of the [[Fe
 During [[World War II]] White came from the Narcotics Bureau into the [[Office of Strategic Services]], where he joined the truth drug committee's testing program run under [[Stanley Lovell]] in cooperation with the [[Manhattan Project]]. After early tests with vaporized [[marijuana]] at [[St. Elizabeth's Hospital]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] proved insufficient, the group settled on cigarettes laced with marijuana essence. White conducted the first field test on May 27, 1943, dosing New York mobster [[August Del Gracio]] on the reasoning that a criminal would never report the experiment to the police or press. He later tested the technique on suspected Communist soldiers at camps near [[Atlanta]], [[Memphis]], and [[New Orleans]], on one occasion shooting his initials into the ceiling molding of his New Orleans hotel room with a .22 automatic. The Del Gracio logic, that society's marginal people make ideal unwitting subjects because they cannot safely complain, was the principle Gottlieb later built the safe house program around.[^3]
 ### Testimony on the Luciano Parole
 In 1951 the Senate's Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce heard testimony from George H. White, who gave his name as George H. White (the index reads "White, Col. George H., narcotics agent, United States Treasury"), a supervising narcotic agent with seventeen years of service, four of them with the Army. He testified that during the war he was a lieutenant colonel in charge of counterespionage training and later operations in India and parts of the United States, on active duty and attached to the OSS. He testified that in May 1943, while on active Army duty, an intermediary named August Del Grazio came to him on behalf of two attorneys, George Wolf and [[Moses Polakoff]], and of [[Frank Costello]], who were seeking the release of [[Charles Luciano]] from prison. Del Grazio said that Luciano could arrange contacts for undercover American agents in Sicily, and White told him that parole was impossible but that any information would be passed to the military authorities.[^4]
 White also testified that a letter from Commander [[Charles R. Haffenden]] of Naval Intelligence in New York to Governor Dewey, stating that Luciano had been of great service to the Armed Forces, was part of the basis for the 1946 parole. He reported that the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and OSS had each categorically denied that Luciano furnished any information.[^5]
 ### Recruitment by the CIA
 White was recruited to work with the CIA around 1950-1952, initially through the precursor programs Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke before MKULTRA was formally authorized. His recruitment reflected Gottlieb's judgment that the behavioral modification research needed an operational manager who could set up and run field operations rather than a scientist who could only conduct laboratory research. Gottlieb had found White's OSS truth-drug record while reviewing Lovell's old files in 1952, secured the approval of Narcotics Commissioner [[Harry Anslinger]], and made his pitch in New York; White's diary for June 9, 1952 records simply, "Gottlieb proposed I be a CIA consultant, I agree." White had previously been blackballed from the Agency by enemies who considered him "too rough," including New York Governor [[Thomas Dewey]] and Hoover. He was designated MKULTRA Subproject 3.[^3]
@ -73,3 +84,5 @@ White died before the August 3, 1977 Senate Health Subcommittee hearings at whic
 [^1]: Marks, John. *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, Chapters 5-6 (primary account of Midnight Climax using surviving MKULTRA documents and White's diaries). Kinzer, Stephen. *Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control.* Henry Holt and Company, 2019. "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
 [^2]: White, George Hunter. Diaries, 1940s-1970s. Special Collections, Foothill College Library, Los Altos Hills, California.
 [^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapters 1 and 6. The 1963 CIA Inspector General report allocated $10,000 a year to each of the two safe house cities "to cover cost of cultivation of targets and maintenance of a safehouse," and the Agency's auditors accepted canceled checks White cashed himself marked "Stormy" or "Undercover Agent."
 [^4]: U.S. Senate, *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey) (1951), testimony of George H. White, pp. 1180-1182. https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
 [^5]: *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Part 7, testimony of George H. White, p. 1183 (Haffenden letter; Navy and OSS denials as stated by the witness).
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ summary: "Peter Thiel is the German-born investor who cofounded PayPal, Palantir
 born: 1967-10-11
 location: "Frankfurt, West Germany (born); San Francisco, California (base)"
 created: 2026-06-17
-updated: 2026-10-13
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Peter Thiel (born October 11, 1967, in [[Frankfurt]], [[West Germany]]) is a German-born American billionaire investor and the central figure of the [[PayPal Mafia]], the informal network of founders and early executives of [[PayPal]] who went on to found or lead much of the subsequent generation of [[Silicon Valley]] companies. Thiel cofounded PayPal, founded the venture capital firm [[Founders Fund]], and cofounded and chairs the data-analytics and defense contractor [[Palantir Technologies]]. In 2006 he cofounded the secret society [[Dialog]] with [[Auren Hoffman]]. He is the most prominent documented financial patron of the neoreactionary philosopher [[Curtis Yarvin]], the founder of [[Neoreaction]] (NRx) and co-originator of the [[Dark Enlightenment]], and his political investments extended to funding the covert lawsuit that destroyed [[Gawker Media]] and bankrolling the U.S. Senate and subsequent vice-presidential campaigns of [[JD Vance]].[^1][^2][^3]
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Across these activities Thiel has built a coordinated program for the privatizat
 ### PayPal and the PayPal Mafia
-Thiel cofounded the online payments company Confinity in 1998, which merged with [[Elon Musk]]'s X.com in 2000 to form PayPal, and Thiel served as chief executive through the company's 2002 initial public offering and acquisition by [[eBay]] for 1.5 billion dollars. The exit dispersed a cohort of founders and early engineers, each capitalised at levels that let them found the subsequent generation of consumer-internet companies, and the cohort acquired the label PayPal Mafia as a recognizable social and commercial network.[^1][^4]
+Thiel cofounded the online payments company Confinity in 1998, which merged with [[Elon Musk]]'s X.com in 2000 to form PayPal, and Thiel served as chief executive through the company's 2002 initial public offering and acquisition by [[eBay]] for 1.5 billion dollars. eBay's announcement of October 3, 2002, the day it completed the acquisition, states: "Peter Thiel announced today that he has resigned as PayPal's CEO," and that Matt Bannick, eBay's senior vice president for global online payments, would assume all of Thiel's responsibilities.[^27] The exit dispersed a cohort of founders and early engineers, each capitalised at levels that let them found the subsequent generation of consumer-internet companies, and the cohort acquired the label PayPal Mafia as a recognizable social and commercial network.[^1][^4]
 The PayPal Mafia included [[Max Levchin]] (CTO, later [[Affirm]]), [[Reid Hoffman]] (executive vice president, later [[LinkedIn]]), [[David Sacks]] (COO, later [[Yammer]] and the Trump administration crypto role), [[Ken Howery]] (CFO, later Trump-era ambassador to [[Sweden]]), [[Luke Nosek]] (founding team, later Founders Fund partner), [[Roelof Botha]] (CFO, later [[Sequoia Capital]] partner), [[Keith Rabois]] (executive, later Founders Fund and OpenStore), [[Jeremy Stoppelman]] (later [[Yelp]]), and the three YouTube cofounders [[Chad Hurley]], [[Steve Chen]], and [[Jawed Karim]]. Six members of the network appear on the leaked 2026 Dialog retreat roster, per *WIRED*. The network functions as a recurring capital and endorsement channel: PayPal Mafia founders sit on each other's boards, invest in each other's subsequent companies, and convene, through Dialog, in the same off-the-record setting.[^1][^4]
@ -153,3 +153,4 @@ The citizenship was not publicly disclosed for nearly six years. The February 20
 [^24]: "Former FBI Special Agent Arrested for Disclosure of Confidential Information." *DOJ Office of Inspector General,* 2025. https://oig.justice.gov/news/press-release/former-fbi-special-agent-arrested-disclosure-confidential-information ; "FBI whistleblower claims he tried to get to Musk to warn him he was being targeted by Russia." *The Guardian,* May 22, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/may/22/fbi-whistleblower-musk-russia
 [^25]: "What We Learned About Clearview AI's Hidden 'Co-Founder.'" *New York Times,* March 18, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/technology/clearview-facial-recognition-ai.html ; "Business Partner Sues Chuck Johnson for Falsely Presenting as Intelligence Agent." *Semafor,* October 16, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/10/16/2024/business-partner-sues-chuck-johnson-for-falsely-presenting-as-intelligence-agent
 [^26]: "Documents reveal how Peter Thiel was granted New Zealand citizenship." *The Guardian,* February 1, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/01/documents-reveal-how-peter-thiel-was-granted-new-zealand-citizenship ; "New Zealand Is 'the Future,' Peter Thiel Said in His Push for Citizenship." *New York Times,* February 1, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/peter-thiel-new-zealand-citizenship.html
 [^27]: eBay Inc., "eBay Completes PayPal Acquisition," press release, San Jose, October 3, 2002, exhibit 99.1 to PayPal, Inc. Form 8-K filed October 4, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702037693/a2090698zex-99_1.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Richard
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Richard
@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 ---
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 created: 2026-05-01
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - DoJ
  - Lawyer
-summary: "Richard Thornburgh (1932-2020) served as U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991 under Presidents Reagan and Bush, succeeding Edwin Meese, and was named alongside Meese in the House Judiciary Committee's 1992 INSLAW report as having blocked or restricted congressional inquiries into the PROMIS software theft, ignored two court findings against the DOJ, and refused to seek appointment of an independent counsel."
+summary: "Richard Thornburgh (1932-2020) was U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991, named with Edwin Meese in the House Judiciary Committee's 1992 INSLAW report as having blocked congressional inquiries and refused an independent counsel."
 born: 1932-07-16
 died: 2020-12-31
 location: "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"
 ---
-Richard Lewis Thornburgh was born July 16, 1932, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He earned a B.S. in engineering from [[Yale University]] in 1954 and an LL.B. from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in 1957. He served as [[United States Attorney]] for the Western District of Pennsylvania from 1969 to 1975, appointed by President Nixon, and as Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division under President Ford from 1975 to 1977. He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1978, serving two successive terms from January 16, 1979 to January 20, 1987 -- the first Republican to serve consecutive terms as Pennsylvania governor -- managing the March 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] nuclear incident during his first term. Richard Thornburgh died December 31, 2020, in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, at age 88.[^1]
+Richard Lewis Thornburgh was born July 16, 1932, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He earned a B.S. in engineering from [[Yale University]] in 1954 and an LL.B. from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in 1957. He served as [[United States Attorney]] for the Western District of Pennsylvania from 1969 to 1975, appointed by President Nixon, and as Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division under President Ford from 1975 to 1977. He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1978, serving two successive terms from January 16, 1979 to January 20, 1987, the first Republican to serve consecutive terms as Pennsylvania governor, managing the March 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] nuclear incident during his first term. Richard Thornburgh died December 31, 2020, in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, at age 88.[^1]
 ### Attorney General
@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ On August 12, 1988, Thornburgh was sworn in as Attorney General of the United St
 The [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s September 1992 investigation (House Report 102-857) named both Meese and Thornburgh as the two Attorneys General who had "blocked or restricted congressional inquiries into the matter, ignored the findings of two courts and refused to ask for the appointment of an independent counsel" in connection with the alleged theft of [[INSLAW]]'s [[PROMIS]] software.[^2]
-The two court findings at issue were Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason Jr.]]'s 1987 ruling that the [[Department of Justice]] had stolen PROMIS from INSLAW "tainted by fraud, deceit and overreaching," and the District Court's 1988 affirmance of that ruling on appeal.
+The two court findings at issue were Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason Jr.]]'s 1987 ruling that the [[Department of Justice]] had stolen PROMIS from INSLAW "tainted by fraud, deceit and overreaching," and the District Court's 1989 affirmance of that ruling on appeal.[^5]
-Thornburgh declined to reverse Meese's May 1988 denial of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton|INSLAW]]'s petition for appointment of an independent counsel under the Ethics in Government Act. [[Elliott Richardson]], INSLAW's attorney and himself a former Attorney General, wrote Thornburgh directly requesting the appointment; Thornburgh did not respond. When the House Judiciary Committee requested Thornburgh's personal testimony on the matter, he declined to appear. When the committee issued subpoenas for hundreds of DOJ internal documents -- including documents from the files of DOJ counsel Sandra Spooner that the committee alleged had been "mysteriously disappeared" -- Thornburgh's DOJ failed to produce all subpoenaed documents, asserting some had been mislaid or accidentally destroyed and claiming the remainder were protected by litigation privilege as part of DOJ's ongoing civil dispute with INSLAW.[^2][^3]
+Thornburgh declined to reverse Meese's May 1988 denial of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton|INSLAW]]'s petition for appointment of an independent counsel under the Ethics in Government Act. [[Elliott Richardson]], INSLAW's attorney and himself a former Attorney General, wrote Thornburgh directly requesting the appointment; Thornburgh did not respond. When the House Judiciary Committee requested Thornburgh's personal testimony on the matter, he declined to appear. When the committee issued subpoenas for hundreds of DOJ internal documents (including documents from the files of DOJ counsel Sandra Spooner that the committee alleged had been "mysteriously disappeared"), Thornburgh's DOJ failed to produce all subpoenaed documents, asserting some had been mislaid or accidentally destroyed and claiming the remainder were protected by litigation privilege as part of DOJ's ongoing civil dispute with INSLAW.[^2][^3]
 ### The BNL Indictment
@ -42,3 +42,4 @@ After leaving the Senate race, Thornburgh was appointed UN Under-Secretary Gener
 [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
 [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 183-189, 194, 198.
 [^5]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.*, 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 1989). https://cite.case.law/br/113/802/
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Roger
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Roger
@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Roger Whalen
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 tags:
  - PROMIS
@ -6,7 +8,9 @@ tags:
 summary: "Roger Whelan was the bankruptcy judge who preceded Judge Bason in the District of Columbia."
 ---
-Roger Whelan was the bankruptcy judge who preceded [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|Judge Bason]] in the District of Columbia. He was appointed on February 8, 1984, and his term expired four years later.
+Roger Whelan was the bankruptcy judge who preceded [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|Judge Bason]] in the District of Columbia. He was the District of Columbia's only bankruptcy judge until he resigned; George F. Bason Jr. was appointed on February 8, 1984 to fill the vacancy.[^2]
 The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff study of 1989 spells the name Whalen and records that Bason "had been appointed in 1984, to fill the unexpired term of retiring Judge Roger Whalen."[^3] A House report records that Judge Robinson said Bason "inherited a mess (administratively) in the clerk's office" when he took over for Whalen.[^4]
 Whelan became involved in the controversy surrounding Judge Bason's non-reappointment. He was a practicing bankruptcy attorney and reportedly received complaints about Bason from several of his colleagues. These attorneys, according to Whelan, shared his view that Bason was pro-debtor and too slow in making decisions. Whelan reported these views to the Merit Selection Panel by telephone. The Special Counsel's investigation noted that Whelan's opposition to Bason's reappointment was significant, as it contributed to the perception that Judge Bason was a poor administrator. This perception, whether accurate or not, was made known to the Panel at least by Whelan and almost certainly by others.[^1]
@ -15,3 +19,6 @@ Whelan became involved in the controversy surrounding Judge Bason's non-reappoin
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
 [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* (March 1993), p. 155. https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
 [^3]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, S. Prt. 101-58 (1989), p. 36 n.182. https://archive.org/details/StaffStudyOfAllegationsPertainingToTheDepartmentOfJusticesHandlingOfAContractWithInslaw
 [^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (Sept. 10, 1992), p. 105 (section VIII.B). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Stanley
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Stanley
@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 ---
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
-summary: "Stanley H. Turner held a doctorate and served as Assistant Director for Research and Analysis at the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia under Joan E. Jacoby, and was a member of the original 1969 PROMIS design team."
+summary: "Stanley H. Turner held a doctorate, was Assistant Director for Research and Analysis at the Office of Crime Analysis under Joan E. Jacoby, and belonged to the original 1969 PROMIS design team."
 ---
-Stanley H. Turner held a doctorate and served as Assistant Director for Research and Analysis at the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] under [[Joan E. Jacoby]]. In that capacity, he was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working with co-directors [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] and project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]].[^1]
+Stanley H. Turner held a doctorate and served as Assistant Director for Research and Analysis at the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] under [[Joan E. Jacoby]]. In that capacity, he was a member of the original 1969 team assembled to design the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], working with co-directors Joan E. Jacoby and [[Charles R. Work]] and project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]].[^1] A May 1971 system overview lists him among the team's members as an assistant director of the Office of Crime Analysis.[^2] He is listed with Jacoby, [[Leonard R. Mellon]] and [[Edward C. Ratledge]] as an author of the 1982 National Institute of Justice report *Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: A National Study*.[^3]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^3]: Jacoby, Joan E., Mellon, Leonard R., Ratledge, Edward C., and Turner, Stanley H., *Prosecutorial Decisionmaking: A National Study* (National Institute of Justice, 1982), NCJ 79227. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/prosecutorial-decisionmaking-national-study
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/Combat
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/Combat
@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ start: 1992
 end: 1998
 location: "United Kingdom"
 created: 2026-05-22
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-14
 summary: "British neo-Nazi paramilitary group founded in 1992 as a BNP stewarding squad, linked to loyalist paramilitaries, banned in Germany in January 2020 but not proscribed in the United Kingdom."
 ---
-[[Combat 18]] (C18) was a British neo-Nazi paramilitary organisation founded in early 1992 by [[Charlie Sargent]] and [[Wilf Browning]], initially as a stewarding group for the [[British National Party]] to protect its events from anti-fascist counter-demonstrators. The name is a numerical reference to the initials of [[Adolf Hitler]] (A=1, H=8). C18 quickly developed an independent identity as an organisation committed to open violence rather than electoral politics, split from the BNP in 1993, and maintained documented connections to the [[Ulster Defence Association]] and international neo-Nazi networks throughout the mid-1990s. Its core leadership was destroyed by an internal feud that resulted in the murder of [[Christopher Castle]] in 1997 and the life imprisonment of Sargent and his associate [[Martin Cross]] in January 1998. The organisation was proscribed by the UK Home Office under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]] (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, which came into force in February 2020.[^1]
+[[Combat 18]] (C18) was a British neo-Nazi paramilitary organisation founded in early 1992 by [[Charlie Sargent]] and [[Wilf Browning]], initially as a stewarding group for the [[British National Party]] to protect its events from anti-fascist counter-demonstrators. The name is a numerical reference to the initials of [[Adolf Hitler]] (A=1, H=8). C18 quickly developed an independent identity as an organisation committed to open violence rather than electoral politics, split from the BNP in 1993, and maintained documented connections to the [[Ulster Defence Association]] and international neo-Nazi networks throughout the mid-1990s. Its core leadership was destroyed by an internal feud that resulted in the murder of [[Christopher Castle]] in 1997 and the life imprisonment of Sargent and his associate [[Martin Cross]] in January 1998. Germany banned Combat 18 Deutschland on January 23, 2020; the organisation is not listed in Schedule 2 to the [[Terrorism Act 2000]] and has not been proscribed in the United Kingdom.[^1]
 ### Founding and BNP Split
@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ Whether Sargent himself was also a police informant, as alleged by the World in
 ### Proscription
-Combat 18 does not appear on the Home Office list of proscribed organisations, updated July 7, 2026. The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, made on February 27, 2020, added the [[Sonnenkrieg Division]] to Schedule 2 and amended the entry for the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]; it did not name Combat 18. Germany had banned C18 in January 2020; Canada had listed it as a terrorist entity in June 2019.[^1]
+Combat 18 does not appear on the Home Office list of proscribed organisations, updated July 7, 2026. The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, made on February 27, 2020, added the [[Sonnenkrieg Division]] to Schedule 2 and amended the entry for the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]; it did not name Combat 18. The Federal Interior Ministry banned and dissolved the association Combat 18 Deutschland on January 23, 2020, with raids in six states;  Canada had listed it as a terrorist entity in June 2019.[^1]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, art. 2. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/200/made; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026, GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2
+[^1]: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, art. 2. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/200/made; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026, GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2; Terrorism Act 2000, Schedule 2, as amended, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2; Beck-aktuell, "Seehofer verbietet rechtsextremistischen Verein 'Combat 18 Deutschland'," January 23, 2020. https://www.beck-aktuell.de/heute-im-recht/rechtsgeschehen/seehofer-verbietet-rechtsextremistischen-verein-combat-18-deutschland-2020-01-23
 [^2]: Lowles, Nick. *White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18.* Milo Books, 2001.
 [^3]: Counter Extremism Project. "Blood and Honour." https://www.counterextremism.com/supremacy/blood-honour-bh; Channel 4 News. "Ian Stuart Donaldson and a legacy of hate." https://www.channel4.com/news/ian-stuart-donaldson-a-legacy-of-hate
 [^4]: Notes From The Borderland (Larry O'Hara). "Combat 18 and MI5: Some Background Notes." https://borderland.co.uk/combat-18-mi5-some-background-notes/; Lowles, *White Riot.*
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Gehlen
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Gehlen
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The Gehlen Organization (Organisation Gehlen), commonly called "the Org," was a
 ### Origins: The Gehlen Deal
-In April-May 1945, anticipating German defeat, Gehlen had the files of Fremde Heere Ost microfilmed and the film containers buried in the Austrian Alps, as Gehlen's memoir states. The CIA history's statement by Gehlen's deputy Gerhard Wessel records that after Hitler relieved Gehlen on April 9, 1945 the microfilmed Fremde Heere Ost files were moved by army truck and dispersed in three places in southern Germany: near the Wilder Kaiser, near Marquartstein and near Schliersee.[^2] He surrendered to U.S. Army forces on May 22, 1945, and immediately proposed a bargain to his American captors: his organization, its accumulated records on the Soviet military and political structure, and its agent networks in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, in exchange for American protection, funding, and operational support.
+In April-May 1945, anticipating German defeat, Gehlen had the files of Fremde Heere Ost microfilmed and the film containers buried in secret locations in the Bavarian mountains, as Gehlen's memoir states. The CIA history's statement by Gehlen's deputy Gerhard Wessel records that after Hitler relieved Gehlen on April 9, 1945 the microfilmed Fremde Heere Ost files were moved by army truck and dispersed in three places in southern Germany: near the Wilder Kaiser, near Marquartstein and near Schliersee.[^2] He surrendered to U.S. Army forces on May 22, 1945, and immediately proposed a bargain to his American captors: his organization, its accumulated records on the Soviet military and political structure, and its agent networks in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, in exchange for American protection, funding, and operational support.
 The offer was accepted by the Strategic Services Unit, successor to the Office of Strategic Services, and Gehlen was transported to the United States in August 1945 for debriefing at Fort Hunt, Virginia. He returned to Germany in 1946 to begin operations under American supervision. The CIA, formally established in 1947, inherited the arrangement from its predecessor organizations and took over direct management of the Gehlen network.[^1]
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ The first Historians' Commission volume, by Christoph Rass, rests on a random sa
 ### Former SS and SD Staff in the CIA's Name Files
-The CIA acknowledged an intelligence relationship with Gehlen for the first time in an October 2000 court filing in Oglesby v. Army; the Disclosure Act processing released the Army's 2,100-page Gehlen file and nearly 2,100 further pages from CIA files.[^8] The Interagency Working Group historians found that nine of fourteen second-tier CIA name files involved individuals who had contact with the Organization.[^9] Emil Augsburg, an SD major and Wannsee Institute department director, was taken on by 1953 and regarded as a "shining star" of counterintelligence; Gehlen required him in 1954 to work outside Pullach, and he was dismissed in 1966.[^9] Wilhelm Krichbaum, former head of the Wehrmacht Secret Field Police, was a district chief in the Organization; a 1963 document apparently from the BND concluded he had worked for the Soviets since 1950.[^9] Hans Sommer, a Gestapo official, was recruited for counterespionage in early 1950 and dropped in 1953; Wilfried Krallert was picked up in 1952; Franz Six was reported to have joined in the mid-1950s.[^9] In 1963 the East German media charged that Gehlen had transferred a number of former SS and SD officials, among them Six, Augsburg and Franz Goering, to camouflaged positions.[^9] Friedrich Panzinger, released from Soviet custody in 1956 with a mission to penetrate the BND, reported it and was used as a double agent until his suicide in 1959.[^9]
+The CIA acknowledged an intelligence relationship with Gehlen for the first time in an October 2000 court filing in Oglesby v. Army; the Disclosure Act processing released the Army's 2,100-page Gehlen file and nearly 2,100 further pages from CIA files.[^8] The CIA's records on Gehlen had been withheld under the Director of Central Intelligence's obligation to protect intelligence sources and methods, and the agency pledged to acknowledge the relationship in records processed under the Act. The Working Group describes Gehlen as a man who "is not considered a Nazi war criminal" but who "had served as Hitler's senior military intelligence officer on the Eastern Front," and states that the Organization "included operatives and agents with Nazi, collaborationist, and war criminal backgrounds."[^8] The Interagency Working Group historians found that nine of fourteen second-tier CIA name files involved individuals who had contact with the Organization.[^9] Emil Augsburg, an SD major and Wannsee Institute department director, was taken on by 1953 and regarded as a "shining star" of counterintelligence; Gehlen required him in 1954 to work outside Pullach, and he was dismissed in 1966.[^9] Wilhelm Krichbaum, former head of the Wehrmacht Secret Field Police, was a district chief in the Organization; a 1963 document apparently from the BND concluded he had worked for the Soviets since 1950.[^9] Hans Sommer, a Gestapo official, was recruited for counterespionage in early 1950 and dropped in 1953; Wilfried Krallert was picked up in 1952; Franz Six was reported to have joined in the mid-1950s.[^9] In 1963 the East German media charged that Gehlen had transferred a number of former SS and SD officials, among them Six, Augsburg and Franz Goering, to camouflaged positions.[^9] Friedrich Panzinger, released from Soviet custody in 1956 with a mission to penetrate the BND, reported it and was used as a double agent until his suicide in 1959.[^9]
 The CIA's own records, as disclosed through Freedom of Information Act releases, documented awareness of the Nazi personnel inheritance. Agency officials weighed the operational value of Gehlen's network against the security and political risks of employing former Nazis, consistently prioritizing operational continuity. The arrangement created long-term political vulnerabilities when the personnel roster became more widely known.[^1]
@ -60,8 +60,12 @@ The CIA's own records, as disclosed through Freedom of Information Act releases,
 The Org was penetrated by Soviet intelligence from its early years. The most serious known penetration was [[Heinz Felfe]], who joined the Org in 1951 and rose to become chief of counterintelligence (the CIA study describes him as deputy chief of the section, in practice its real chief). Felfe was a former SS officer who had been recruited by Soviet intelligence and operated as a KGB agent within the Org and its successor the BND for approximately a decade before being exposed in November 1961. His position in counterintelligence gave him access to the operations, agent identities, and procedures that he was tasked with protecting - a near-ideal placement for a Soviet penetration agent.[^1]
 The CIA's documentary history states that the service "suffered devastating penetrations by the KGB as seen by the Hans Clemons and Heinz Felfe spy scandals of the early 1960s" and that the KGB's exploitation of former Nazis led to further Stasi penetrations until 1989.[^12] Gerhard L. Weinberg, chair of the Working Group's Historical Advisory Panel, wrote that the newly released records would make clearer the story of an intelligence operation "financed for years by American taxpayers but largely run from Moscow."[^13]
 Additional penetrations were identified over the years, and the extent of Soviet knowledge of Org operations has never been fully assessed. The KGB had specific and well-founded interest in penetrating the Gehlen network given both its CIA connection and its operational focus on the Soviet bloc.[^1]
 The CIA's documentary history records that in 1950 James H. Critchfield cut Gehlen's projects from 150 to 49 and then to 10 and told Gehlen that his organization was "considered definitely second class in any intelligence activity of a more difficult or sophisticated nature." In 1953 Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Keyes criticized the agency's role in Germany, and Deputy Director of Plans [[Frank Wisner]] answered that there was "no adequate answer or correction of the assumption that we rely very largely upon the [Gehlen Organization] effort for intelligence on Eastern Europe generally," adding that the CIA had its own independent operations.[^11]
 ### Transition to the BND
 When West Germany recovered sovereignty in 1955 and joined [[NATO]], negotiations transferred the Gehlen Organization from American to West German government control. The BND was formally established on April 1, 1956, with Gehlen as its first president. The BND retained the Pullach compound, its personnel roster, and its operational assets. The CIA-BND liaison relationship that replaced the CIA-Org relationship maintained close cooperation on Soviet bloc intelligence through the remainder of the Cold War.[^1]
@ -80,3 +84,6 @@ The CIA held the Organization in what its own history calls "trusteeship" from 1
 [^8]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress*, April 2007, Figure 12. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^9]: Breitman, Richard, "Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records," Interagency Working Group, 2001. https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-263-cia-records/historical-analysis-by-breitman.pdf
 [^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1949-56*, Vol. 1, declassified 2007. https://archive.org/details/CIAAndTheOriginsOfTheBND1949-1956
 [^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, Vol. 1, introduction, p. xxvii. https://archive.org/details/CIAAndTheOriginsOfTheBND1945-1949
 [^12]: *Forging an Intelligence Partnership*, Vol. 1, introduction, pp. xxvii-xxviii.
 [^13]: Gerhard L. Weinberg, "Perspectives," in Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress*, April 2007, p. 104. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Department
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Department
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The Department of Justice, established in 1870 under the Attorney General, conta
 ### INSLAW and PROMIS
-In March 1982 the Executive Office for United States Attorneys contracted with [[INSLAW]], the company of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], to install PROMIS in the largest U.S. Attorneys' offices; within a month the department's project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] and contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] were disputing INSLAW's proprietary claims, payments were withheld, and in 1985 the company entered Chapter 11. Deputy Attorney General [[Arnold Burns]] told the Office of Professional Responsibility in 1986 that INSLAW's claim was "legitimate" and that the government "would probably lose the case in court," yet the litigation continued. On September 28, 1987, Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the department had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit"; the district court affirmed in 1988 and the D.C. Circuit reversed on jurisdiction in 1991. Bason was not reappointed, the transcript of his ruling having reached the selection panel's chair, Judge [[Norma H. Johnson]], from the U.S. Attorney's civil chief [[Royce Lamberth]]. [[Elliot Richardson]], retained by INSLAW, called the affair "a high-tech Watergate." The [[House Committee on the Judiciary]] under [[Jack Brooks]] opened its investigation in 1989 and reported in September 1992 "strong evidence" that the department "acted willfully and fraudulently"; INSLAW alleged that [[Earl Brian]], a friend of Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]], had been given the software to sell to foreign intelligence services, and a document on department letterhead dated May 14, 1985, and signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]] was later produced as a plan to distribute a modified PROMIS in the [[Middle East]]. [[Ronald LeGrand]] of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] relayed a career department source's judgment that INSLAW "is a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice, in its breadth and depth, than Watergate." Attorney General [[William Barr]] appointed [[Nicholas J. Bua]] special counsel in 1991; his report of March 1993 found no credible evidence of wrongdoing, and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]]'s review of September 1994 concurred, after Associate Attorney General [[Webster Hubbell]] had announced a nationwide investigation of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death. The Senate referred INSLAW's claims to the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]], where Judge [[Christine Odell Cook Miller]] ruled in July 1997 that every version of PROMIS was in the public domain. The writer Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] said that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] acquired a copy through back-channel contacts with the department in the early 1980s, and the department's own successor system, the Integrated Case Management System, employed one of PROMIS's original designers, [[Dennis W. Wright]].[^4]
+In March 1982 the Executive Office for United States Attorneys contracted with [[INSLAW]], the company of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], to install PROMIS in the largest U.S. Attorneys' offices; within a month the department's project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] and contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] were disputing INSLAW's proprietary claims, payments were withheld, and in 1985 the company entered Chapter 11. Deputy Attorney General [[Arnold Burns]] told the Office of Professional Responsibility in 1986 that INSLAW's claim was "legitimate" and that the government "would probably lose the case in court," yet the litigation continued. On September 28, 1987, Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the department "took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit"; the district court affirmed in 1988 and the D.C. Circuit reversed on jurisdiction in 1991. Bason was not reappointed, the transcript of his ruling having reached the selection panel's chair, Judge [[Norma H. Johnson]], from the U.S. Attorney's civil chief [[Royce Lamberth]]. [[Elliot Richardson]], retained by INSLAW, called the affair "a high-tech Watergate." The [[House Committee on the Judiciary]] under [[Jack Brooks]] opened its investigation in 1989 and reported in September 1992 "strong evidence" that the department "acted willfully and fraudulently"; INSLAW alleged that [[Earl Brian]], a friend of Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]], had been given the software to sell to foreign intelligence services, and a document on department letterhead dated May 14, 1985, and signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]] was later produced as a plan to distribute a modified PROMIS in the [[Middle East]]. [[Ronald LeGrand]] of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] relayed a career department source's judgment that INSLAW "is a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice, in its breadth and depth, than Watergate." Attorney General [[William Barr]] appointed [[Nicholas J. Bua]] special counsel in 1991; his report of March 1993 found no credible evidence of wrongdoing, and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]]'s review of September 1994 concurred, after Associate Attorney General [[Webster Hubbell]] had announced a nationwide investigation of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death. The Senate referred INSLAW's claims to the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]], where Judge [[Christine Odell Cook Miller]] ruled in July 1997 that every version of PROMIS was in the public domain. The writer Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] said that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] acquired a copy through back-channel contacts with the department in the early 1980s, and the department's own successor system, the Integrated Case Management System, employed one of PROMIS's original designers, [[Dennis W. Wright]].[^4]
 ### The CIA and Prosecution
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LEAA.md
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LEAA.md
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2024-04-26
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 title: LEAA
 aliases:
  - LEAA
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 report on the INSLAW affair states that in
 A 1979 PROMIS dataset for [[St. Louis]], deposited with the [[Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research]], states that PROMIS "was first used in 1971 in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia," and that LEAA then "awarded a grant to the [[Institute for Law and Social Research]] (INSLAW)" to make the system transferable to other jurisdictions.[^11]
-LEAA funded the original PROMIS software development, beginning with an exploratory grant to the DC U.S. Attorney's Office in 1969 to create a case management system.[^12] The design work was done under LEAA grant 70-DF-047, administered by the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] and carried out by [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]], and PROMIS became operational in the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] on January 1, 1971. A May 1971 Peat Marwick overview prepared for the Office of Crime Analysis under that grant records that the team was headed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]], the office's director, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^13] The grant is reported as $60,000, paid to Peat Marwick for the design work at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], with [[Bill Hamilton]] as project manager.[^12] In April 1973 [[Patrick Healy]], executive director of the [[National District Attorneys Association]], told the House Judiciary Committee's subcommittee that PROMIS was "Developed under a $290,000 LEAA grant," that it had led to a 25-percent increase in convictions for certain serious misdemeanors in the District of Columbia, and that Jacoby, by then executive director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], and Work, whom he called an assistant U.S. attorney, had developed it.[^14] The National Center for Prosecution Management appears in LEAA's fiscal 1971 grant list as grant 71-DF-1093 for $292,925, made through the Maryland State Planning Agency to the National District Attorneys Association as subgrantee to develop guidelines and minimum standards for measuring the efficiency of prosecutors' offices.[^15] LEAA's push to spread the system ran through several channels. In August 1971 LEAA Administrator Leonard wrote to approximately 1,300 prosecutors encouraging adoption of PROMIS-style systems. At peak, LEAA grants accounted for up to 80 percent of INSLAW's operating income.[^12] Work was deputy chief and then chief of the Superior Court Division from 1969 to 1973 and served as LEAA Deputy Administrator from 1973 to 1975; a White House announcement of January 26, 1976 recorded that he had resigned effective November 21, 1975.[^16] As Deputy Administrator he continued grants to INSLAW and promoted adoption through the National Center for Prosecution Management, which was established with LEAA funding in December 1971 with Jacoby as its first executive director.[^12]
+LEAA funded the original PROMIS software development, beginning with an exploratory grant to the DC U.S. Attorney's Office in 1969 to create a case management system.[^12] The design work was done under LEAA grant 70-DF-047, administered by the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] and carried out by [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]], and PROMIS became operational in the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] on January 1, 1971. A May 1971 Peat Marwick overview prepared for the Office of Crime Analysis under that grant records that the team was headed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]], the office's director, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^13] The grant is reported as $60,000, paid to Peat Marwick for the design work at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], with [[Bill Hamilton]] as project manager.[^12] In April 1973 [[Patrick Healy]], executive director of the [[National District Attorneys Association]], told the House Judiciary Committee's subcommittee that PROMIS was "Developed under a $290,000 LEAA grant," that it had led to a 25-percent increase in convictions for certain serious misdemeanors in the District of Columbia, and that Jacoby, by then executive director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], and Work, whom he called an assistant U.S. attorney, had developed it.[^14] The National Center for Prosecution Management appears in LEAA's fiscal 1971 grant list as grant 71-DF-1093 for $292,925, made through the Maryland State Planning Agency to the National District Attorneys Association as subgrantee to develop guidelines and minimum standards for measuring the efficiency of prosecutors' offices.[^15] LEAA's push to spread the system ran through several channels. In August 1971 LEAA Administrator Leonard wrote to approximately 1,300 prosecutors encouraging adoption of PROMIS-style systems. At peak, LEAA grants accounted for up to 80 percent of INSLAW's operating income.[^12] Work was deputy chief and then chief of the Superior Court Division from 1969 to 1973 and served as LEAA Deputy Administrator from 1973 to 1975; a White House announcement of January 26, 1976 recorded that he had resigned effective November 21, 1975.[^16] As Deputy Administrator he continued grants to INSLAW and promoted adoption through the National Center for Prosecution Management, which was established with LEAA funding in December 1971 with Jacoby as its first executive director.[^12][^14]
 LEAA also funded a three-grant research project run by the Institute for Law and Social Research (grants 74-NI-99-0008, 75-NI-99-0111 and 76-NI-99-0118). The project's 1977 highlights volume states that the grants were awarded under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, and describes its data as covering about 100,000 street-crime cases received by District of Columbia prosecutors.[^17] The volume lists 17 publications from the project, and credits Charles R. Work with the program's origination, saying that his "creative imagination and determination were indispensable to the origination and growth of the whole PROMIS program."[^17]
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National
@ -1,23 +1,32 @@
 ---
 category: "U.S. Government"
 created: 2024-04-26
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Organization
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
  - LEAA
-summary: "The National Center for Prosecution Management was a nonprofit corporation established by the Department of Justice with LEAA funding in December 1971 to provide technical and management assistance to prosecutors nationwide, promote adoption of the PROMIS software system, and conduct research on the prosecution function, with Joan E. Jacoby as its first Executive Director."
+summary: "The National Center for Prosecution Management was a nonprofit established with LEAA funding in December 1971 through a National District Attorneys Association grant, with Joan E. Jacoby as its first Executive Director."
 start: 1971
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 relations:
  - type: funded
    with: "[[LEAA]]"
    role: "grant to the National District Attorney's Association establishing the center"
    start: 1971-12
    reverse: true
    fn: 2
 ---
-The National Center for Prosecution Management (NCPM) was a nonprofit corporation established by the [[Department of Justice]] with [[LEAA]] funding in December 1971. Its mandate was to provide management and technical assistance to prosecutors nationwide, promote adoption of the [[PROMIS]] software system, and conduct research on prosecution practices and criminal justice administration.[^1]
+The National Center for Prosecution Management (NCPM) was a nonprofit corporation established with [[LEAA]] funding in December 1971 through a grant to the [[National District Attorneys Association]]. Its mandate was to provide management and technical assistance to prosecutors nationwide, promote adoption of the [[PROMIS]] software system, and conduct research on prosecution practices and criminal justice administration.[^2]
 ### Founding and Leadership
-LEAA provided an initial grant of $292,925 in December 1971 to establish the Center. Subsequent grants funded specific program areas: $68,675 in 1972 for technical manuals on case screening and paperwork flow, and $54,057 for a technical assistance program. In 1973 LEAA awarded the Center $528,365 total -- $296,462 for operations, $159,564 for four additional manuals, and $72,339 to expand technical assistance.[^1]
+LEAA provided an initial grant of $292,925 in December 1971 to establish the Center. Subsequent grants funded specific program areas: $68,675 in 1972 for technical manuals on case screening and paperwork flow, and $54,057 for a technical assistance program.[^1] The LEAA's fiscal 1972 report lists a $54,057 entry for the National District Attorney's Association under "Prosecutors technical assistance."[^2] In 1973 LEAA awarded the Center $528,365 in total: $296,462 for operations, $159,564 for four additional manuals, and $72,339 to expand technical assistance.[^1]
-[[Joan E. Jacoby]], who had co-directed the original 1969 PROMIS design team, served as the Center's first Executive Director. [[James M. Etheridge]], also a member of the original 1969 team, served as Deputy Director. Both worked closely with [[Charles R. Work]], [[Bill Hamilton]], and [[INSLAW]] to expand PROMIS implementation across the country.[^1]
+In fiscal 1973 the Center had received about $1 million in grants through the National District Attorneys Association and had been in operation for less than two years, with a staff of 18 in Washington. The LEAA's fiscal 1973 report lists the [[National College of District Attorneys]] and the [[Institute for Court Management]] as sponsors alongside the association.[^3]
 [[Joan E. Jacoby]], who had co-directed the original 1969 PROMIS design team, served as the Center's first Executive Director.[^1][^5] [[James M. Etheridge]], also a member of the original 1969 team, served as Deputy Director.[^1][^5] Both worked closely with [[Charles R. Work]], [[Bill Hamilton]], and [[INSLAW]] to expand PROMIS implementation across the country.[^1] A transcript of the April 1973 hearing of a House Judiciary subcommittee identifies Jacoby as executive director of the Center, and the hearing's appendices carry manuals issued under her name as executive director.[^4]
 ### Executive Board
@ -26,3 +35,7 @@ The Center's executive board was composed of leading figures from prosecutorial
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1972*, court improvement section (grant to the National District Attorney's Association for standards to measure the efficiency of prosecutors' offices through a new National Center for Prosecution Management), and the grant listing for the National District Attorney's Association entry "Prosecutors technical assistance" at $54,057. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/148302NCJRS.pdf
 [^3]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1973*, section on prosecutors' offices (grants to the National Center for Prosecution Management and the National College of District Attorneys; the center funded by some $1 million in grants through the National District Attorneys Association, in operation less than two years, staff of 18, sponsored by the National College of District Attorneys and the Institute for Court Management as well as the association). https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147380NCJRS.pdf
 [^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, *Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings*, Serial No. 4 (1973), statement of Patrick F. Healy, April 4, 1973 ("Joan E. Jacoby who is now the executive director of the National Center for Prosecution Management"), and appendix exhibits listing Joan E. Jacoby, Executive Director, National Center for Prosecution Management, 1900 L Street NW, Suite 701. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
 [^5]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office
@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
 ---
 category: "U.S. Government"
 created: 2024-04-26
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Organization
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
  - DC Government
-summary: "The Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia was a DC government research unit whose Director, Joan E. Jacoby, co-led the 1969 team that commissioned and designed the PROMIS software under a $60,000 LEAA grant, and later administered the National Center for Prosecution Management."
+summary: "The Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia was a DC government research unit whose Director, Joan E. Jacoby, co-led the 1969 team that designed PROMIS for the U.S. Attorney's office."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 relations:
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Joan E. Jacoby]]"
    role: "director"
    start: 1969
    end: 1972
    reverse: true
    fn: 4
 ---
 The Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia was a small governmental research and analysis unit operating within the DC government. It had no federal counterpart and appears to have operated primarily to support criminal justice planning and prosecution management for the District.
 ### Role in PROMIS Development
-In 1969, the office administered the $60,000 LEAA grant (70-DF-047) to [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] that funded the design of the original [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]] for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]]. [[Joan E. Jacoby]], then Director of the office, co-directed the design team alongside [[Charles R. Work]] (Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office), with [[Bill Hamilton]] of Peat Marwick serving as project manager. The resulting system was deployed January 1, 1971.[^1]
+In 1969, the office administered the $60,000 LEAA grant (70-DF-047) to [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] that funded the design of the original [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS)]] for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]]. [[Joan E. Jacoby]], then Director of the office, co-directed the design team alongside [[Charles R. Work]] (Deputy Director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office), with [[Bill Hamilton]] of Peat Marwick serving as project manager.[^1] A May 1971 system overview prepared for the office under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047 states that the design team "was headed by Mrs. Joan E. Jacoby, Director of the Office of Crime Analysis," and that the system became operational on January 1, 1971.[^3]
-Jacoby remained Director of the office at least through 1972, overseeing early PROMIS operations and accompanying research. She subsequently became the first Executive Director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], a nonprofit established by the [[Department of Justice]] with LEAA funding to provide technical assistance to prosecutors nationwide.[^2]
+The office described PROMIS as the critical component of its own Project TRACE (Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events), an offender-tracking system from arrest through sentencing and incarceration, and the LEAA funded both TRACE and PROMIS.[^3] The case evaluation systems used in PROMIS were developed by the office for the U.S. Attorney's office in 1969.[^4]
 Jacoby is listed as director on the office's 1972 *Final Report: Project TRACE*.[^4] She subsequently became the first Executive Director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], a nonprofit established with LEAA funding through a grant to the [[National District Attorneys Association]] to provide technical assistance to prosecutors nationwide.[^2][^5]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service. "The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective." OJP Publication No. 35832. ojp.gov.
 [^3]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, NCJ 32469, title page, abstract, introduction and note 1 to the design team passage. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
 [^4]: Jacoby, Joan E., *The Prosecutor's Charging Decision: A Policy Perspective* (January 1977), note 1 to the chapter on case evaluation systems and bibliography (*Final Report: Project TRACE*, Joan Jacoby, Director, Office of Crime Analysis, Government of the District of Columbia, 1972), NCJ 35832. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/35832NCJRS.pdf
 [^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, *Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings*, Serial No. 4 (1973), statement of Patrick F. Healy, April 4, 1973, identifying Joan E. Jacoby as now the executive director of the National Center for Prosecution Management. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S.
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S.
@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 ---
 category: "U.S. Government"
 created: 2024-04-26
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - Organization
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
  - DoJ
-summary: "The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia was the original client for the PROMIS case management software, commissioning the system in 1969 under U.S. Attorney Thomas A. Flannery and deploying it January 1, 1971; the EOUSA later signed the March 1982 implementation contract with INSLAW that became the central dispute in the PROMIS Software Scandal."
+summary: "The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia commissioned PROMIS in 1969, deployed it January 1, 1971, and signed the March 1982 INSLAW implementation contract at the center of the PROMIS Software Scandal."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 ---
 The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia is the federal prosecutor's office responsible for both local criminal matters (unique among U.S. Attorneys' offices due to DC's non-state status) and federal crimes within the District. As used throughout the INSLAW files and the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s PROMIS investigation, "the U.S. Attorney's Office" refers to this DC office unless otherwise specified.
 ### Role in PROMIS Development
-In 1969, U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]] perceived an urgent need for improved case management tools to handle the volume of cases flowing through the DC office. He directed the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] to commission a computerized case tracking system, funded by a $60,000 [[LEAA]] grant (70-DF-047) administered through [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. The design team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] (then Deputy Chief of the office's Superior Court Division), with [[Bill Hamilton]] of Peat Marwick as project manager. The resulting system, the Prosecutor's Management Information System ([[PROMIS]]), was deployed January 1, 1971.[^1]
+In 1969, U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]] perceived an urgent need for improved case management tools to handle the volume of cases flowing through the DC office. He directed the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] to commission a computerized case tracking system, funded by a $60,000 [[LEAA]] grant (70-DF-047) administered through [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. The design team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] (then Deputy Director of the office's Superior Court Division), with [[Bill Hamilton]] of Peat Marwick as project manager.[^1][^2] The resulting system, the Prosecutor's Management Information System ([[PROMIS]]), was deployed January 1, 1971.[^2]
 The DC office became the first PROMIS site and served as the demonstration platform for the system's national expansion. LEAA subsequently funded [[INSLAW]] to adapt PROMIS for adoption by other jurisdictions, and provided grants to municipalities converting to the system.[^1]
@ -25,3 +25,4 @@ The [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] (EOUSA), which administers
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^2]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/INSLAW.md
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/INSLAW.md
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 category: "Private Organization"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-14
 start: 1981
 location: "Washington, D.C., USA"
 tags:
@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ INSLAW's lead litigation counsel, Leigh Ratiner of the Washington firm Dickstein
 ### Bankruptcy and Litigation History
-Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] presided over two landmark proceedings in the INSLAW case. In June 1987, he found that DOJ had "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully" attempted to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation "without justification and by improper means," based in part on testimony from DOJ official Anthony Pasciuto, who stated that DOJ director Thomas Stanton had pressured U.S. Trustee Edward White to force the company into liquidation. In September 1987, after a two-week liability trial, Bason ruled that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit," with damages later computed at about 6.8 million dollars and attorneys' fees.[^1]
+Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] presided over two landmark proceedings in the INSLAW case. In June 1987, he found that DOJ had "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully" attempted to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation "without justification and by improper means," based in part on testimony from DOJ official Anthony Pasciuto, who stated that DOJ director Thomas Stanton had pressured U.S. Trustee Edward White to force the company into liquidation. In September 1987, after a two-week liability trial, Bason ruled that the Department of Justice "took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit," with damages later computed at about 6.8 million dollars and attorneys' fees.[^1]
-Senior District Judge [[William Bryant, Jr.|William Bryant]] of the district court affirmed Bason's ruling on November 22, 1989, finding "convincing, perhaps compelling support" for the bankruptcy court's conclusions and reducing the damages by 655,200 dollars. The D.C. Circuit reversed on May 7, 1991, on jurisdictional grounds, finding the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction because DOJ held PROMIS under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing. The Supreme Court declined review.[^2]
+Senior District Judge [[William Bryant, Jr.|William Bryant]] of the district court affirmed Bason's ruling on November 22, 1989, finding "convincing, perhaps compelling support" for the bankruptcy court's conclusions and reducing the damages by 655,200 dollars. The D.C. Circuit reversed on May 7, 1991, on jurisdictional grounds, finding the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction because DOJ held PROMIS under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing. The Supreme Court declined review.[^2] The reported decisions are *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988) (written findings), *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.*, 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 1989) (affirmance), and *United States v. INSLAW, Inc. (In re INSLAW, Inc.)*, 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. May 7, 1991).[^8] The D.C. Circuit held that the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. 362(a) did not reach the Department's use of property in its possession under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing, and that the bankruptcy court therefore had no jurisdiction to hear the claims asserted under that section.[^9] The panel was Judges [[James L. Buckley]], [[Wesley Williams Jr.]] and [[Raymond Randolph]], and rehearing and rehearing en banc were denied on July 12, 1991.[^9] The Supreme Court's refusal to hear INSLAW's appeal is recorded in House Report 102-857, conclusion 11.[^10]
 The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) issued a report in September 1989 finding "no proof" that [[Lowell Jensen]] and [[Edwin Meese]] had conspired to ruin INSLAW or steal its software. The Senate report nonetheless found that DOJ official Thomas Stanton had improperly sought special handling for INSLAW's bankruptcy and criticized the Department for placing Brewer in charge of the implementation contract given his prior employment by INSLAW.[^3]
@ -69,3 +69,6 @@ INSLAW, Inc. continued to operate as a going concern after the conclusion of all
 [^5]: Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Abstract: "PROMIS (Prosecutor's Management Information System) Research Project Highlights." NCJ-40229. OJP/NCJRS Virtual Library.
 [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. Press Release, August 4, 1997: Court of Federal Claims Rules Against INSLAW.
 [^7]: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. *An Assessment of Alternatives for a National Computerized Criminal History System.* OTA-CIS-161. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1982.
 [^8]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), https://cite.case.law/br/83/89/; *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.*, 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 1989), https://cite.case.law/br/113/802/; *United States v. INSLAW, Inc. (In re INSLAW, Inc.)*, 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. May 7, 1991), https://cite.case.law/f2d/932/1467/.
 [^9]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc. (In re INSLAW, Inc.)*, 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ("the automatic stay does not reach the Department's use of property in its possession under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing"; "the bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction to hear the claims asserted under § 362(a)"; caption showing panel and denial of rehearing). https://cite.case.law/f2d/932/1467/
 [^10]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (Sept. 10, 1992), p. 112 (conclusion 11). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Kissinger
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Kissinger
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ summary: "New York consulting firm founded by Henry Kissinger in 1982 whose offi
 start: 1982
 location: "New York, New York"
 created: 2026-09-21
-updated: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]"
@ -37,11 +37,13 @@ Gonzalez reported that Scowcroft, while at the firm, worked on the BNL account,
 The Italian Senate commission of inquiry's final report of April 22, 1992 stated that the House Banking Committee's coming interim report would address "la collaborazione prestata per alcuni anni alla BNL dall'ex segretario di Stato Kissinger e attraverso la Ljublianska Bank dal sottosegretario Eagleburger," and the consultancy given "anche diversi mesi dopo il 4 agosto 1989" by Kissinger Associates and by the national security adviser, Scowcroft.[^4]
 The Italian Senate commission's documentation sheet on Kissinger Associates states that BNL's executive committee decided in June 1986 to begin a consulting relationship with the firm, under a two-year contract at $150,000 a year plus expenses running from July 1, 1986 to June 30, 1988, and that five meetings took place between officers of the bank and of the firm, with Iraq not among the countries examined. Scowcroft attended as a representative of the firm and received no personal compensation, only travel and lodging expenses.[^10] The advisory board minutes that Gonzalez entered into the record of the November 9, 1993 hearing record a meeting in Madrid on May 4 and 5, 1987, in which Kissinger is quoted giving "the victory of Iran over Iraq at 55 percent" and stating that he would change that estimate.[^11]
 ### Stoga in Baghdad
-In June 1989 Stoga traveled to [[Baghdad]] with a delegation of the [[U.S.-Iraq Business Forum]] led by its chairman, the banker [[A. Robert Abboud]], and the group met [[Saddam Hussein]]. The forum's president, [[Marshall Wiley]], said on the television program 60 Minutes that Stoga went to advise the Iraqi government on restructuring its debt. Stoga told the Banking Committee he went "to get to know the country better." He spoke at the forum's symposium on American commercial and strategic interests in Iraq that November.[^1]
+In June 1989 Stoga traveled to [[Baghdad]] with a delegation of the [[U.S.-Iraq Business Forum]] led by its chairman, the banker [[A. Robert Abboud]], and the group met [[Saddam Hussein]]. The forum's president, [[Marshall Wiley]], said on the television program 60 Minutes that Stoga went to advise the Iraqi government on restructuring its debt. Stoga told the Banking Committee he went "to get to know the country better." He spoke at the forum's symposium on American commercial and strategic interests in Iraq that November.[^1] The Italian commission's documentation sheet likewise records Stoga's participation in the June 1989 meeting in Baghdad between the forum and Iraqi government officials.[^10]
-The manager of the Atlanta branch, [[Christopher Drogoul]], testified in 1993 that "it became clear to us that the people at Kissinger and Associates were somehow assisting clients of Iraq in further developing business." Drogoul added: "By the time we moved into the 1988 period or early 1989 period, it was fairly clear to me that Kissinger and Associates' people were involved in some way in trying to enhance and develop a relationship between Iraq and the United States. I really shouldn't go farther than that, because the rest is probably speculation." He also described a Kissinger Associates member who went to Iraq with a member of the Iraqi-American Business Forum to discuss business ties.[^5] The special counsel appointed by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[William Barr]], [[Frederick Lacey]], reported in December 1992 that Scowcroft and Eagleburger "came into contact with BNL management" while at the firm and that he had seen nothing to suggest they knew of the loans or influenced the prosecution.[^6][^7] The exact text of Lacey's conclusion on the two former officers reads: "It is clear that, while at Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft and Eagleburger came into contact with BNL management. I have seen nothing, however, to suggest that they knew of BNL-Atlanta's wrongful loans to Iraq or influenced the prosecution of this matter."[^8]
+The manager of the Atlanta branch, [[Christopher Drogoul]], testified in 1993 that [[Wafai Dajani]] had told him in 1989 that Kissinger was "the architect of foreign policy in the United States," and that "it became clear to us that the people at Kissinger and Associates were somehow assisting clients of Iraq in further developing business." Drogoul added: "By the time we moved into the 1988 period or early 1989 period, it was fairly clear to me that Kissinger and Associates' people were involved in some way in trying to enhance and develop a relationship between Iraq and the United States. I really shouldn't go farther than that, because the rest is probably speculation." He also described a Kissinger Associates member who went to Iraq with a member of the Iraqi-American Business Forum to discuss business ties.[^5] The special counsel appointed by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[William Barr]], [[Frederick Lacey]], reported in December 1992 that Scowcroft and Eagleburger "came into contact with BNL management" while at the firm and that he had seen nothing to suggest they knew of the loans or influenced the prosecution.[^6][^7] The exact text of Lacey's conclusion on the two former officers reads: "It is clear that, while at Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft and Eagleburger came into contact with BNL management. I have seen nothing, however, to suggest that they knew of BNL-Atlanta's wrongful loans to Iraq or influenced the prosecution of this matter."[^8]
 ### The State Department Certificates
@ -51,6 +53,8 @@ On March 14, 1989, Secretary of State [[James Baker]] signed the documents certi
 The day after the [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] branch of the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] was indicted for money laundering in October 1988, a senior officer of that bank wrote to its president describing a telephone call from Stoga, in which "Dr. Kissinger recommends that a public relations offensive be made by us." Gonzalez placed the letter in the [[Congressional Record]]. Stoga denied the account. An expense report filed in July 1986 by [[Roy Carlson]], president of the [[National Bank of Georgia]], which the Saudi financier [[Ghaith Pharaon]] held as a front for the same bank, lists a "Briefing Session Dr. Henry Kissinger."[^1]
 The Senate Foreign Relations Committee's 1992 report by [[John Kerry]] and [[Hank Brown]] states that BCCI initiated contacts with the firm from the fall of 1986 through early 1989; that Stoga and the firm's consultant, the retired Brazilian ambassador Sergio Correa da Costa (who was simultaneously a paid front-man for BCCI), explored ways to link BCCI's banks with the firm's services; that the discussions "ended in early 1989 at Henry Kissinger's personal insistence"; and that the firm referred BCCI to its director William D. Rogers and [[Arnold & Porter]].[^12] On September 20, 1987 da Costa invited Kissinger to dinner at the Georgia plantation of the BCCI shareholder Ghaith Pharaon, suggesting Pharaon as a client; the report states that Kissinger declined.[^12] The firm's counsel [[Lloyd Cutler]] wrote to Kerry on January 30, 1992 that the firm had "never represented or provided any services for BCCI, ICIC, or any BCCI shareholder"; the committee wrote that this account "is not untrue" but "does fail to characterize the full extent of the contacts."[^12] A note by Steven Aftergood on the Federation of American Scientists copy of the report states that Hank Brown, "reportedly acting at the behest of Henry Kissinger," pressed after its release for the deletion of a few passages, particularly in chapter 20.[^12]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Gonzalez, Henry B. "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record,* House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
@ -62,3 +66,6 @@ The day after the [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] branch of the [[Bank of Credit and Co
 [^7]: Lacey, Frederick B. "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation: Report of the Independent Counsel," reproduced in Serial No. 103-95, pp. 514-15.
 [^8]: Lacey, Part I of the report of the Independent Counsel, printed in Serial No. 103-95, p. 514. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
 [^9]: Gonzalez, Henry B. "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm
 [^10]: Senato della Repubblica, X Legislatura, Doc. XXII-bis n. 4, Allegato, Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul caso della filiale di Atlanta della Banca Nazionale del Lavoro e sue connessioni, Relazione conclusiva approvata il 22 aprile 1992, schede di documentazione 30 and 31, pp. 188-189. https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/DOC%20XXII%20bis%20n.%204%20Allegato.pdf
 [^11]: Testimony of Former Employees of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Serial No. 103-95, hearing of November 9, 1993, advisory board minutes inserted into the record by Chairman Gonzalez. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
 [^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, December 1992, chapter 20, "BCCI and Kissinger Associates," and the Federation of American Scientists index note. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/20kiss.htm
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Palantir
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Palantir
@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ tags:
  - ICE
  - CIA
  - In-Q-Tel
-summary: "Palantir Technologies is a data-analytics and defense contractor cofounded in 2003 by Peter Thiel, Alex Karp, Joe Lonsdale, Stephen Cohen, and Nathan Gettings with CIA In-Q-Tel seed funding, that supplies data-integration platforms to U.S. intelligence, the Department of Defense, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement."
+summary: "Palantir Technologies is a data-analytics and defense contractor cofounded in 2003 by Peter Thiel, Alex Karp, Joe Lonsdale, Stephen Cohen and Nathan Gettings with In-Q-Tel seed funding, supplying U.S. intelligence, defense and ICE."
 location: "Denver, Colorado (headquarters)"
 created: 2026-06-17
-updated: 2026-06-17
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Palantir Technologies is an American data-analytics and software company founded in 2003 by [[Peter Thiel]], [[Alex Karp]], [[Joe Lonsdale|Joseph Lonsdale]], [[Stephen Cohen]], and [[Nathan Gettings]]. The company builds data-integration and decision-support platforms for government and commercial clients, and is structured around two principal products: [[Palantir Gotham|Gotham]], oriented to intelligence and defense users, and [[Palantir Foundry|Foundry]], oriented to commercial enterprises. The company received early institutional backing from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] venture-capital arm [[In-Q-Tel]], and Thiel has served as chairman since founding. The company went public on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in September 2020 under the ticker PLTR.[^1]
@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ Palantir was founded in 2003 in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks|9/11
 The founding team included Lonsdale, then a recent [[Stanford University]] graduate who had worked at Thiel's [[Clarium Capital]], as a founding engineer. Cohen and Gettings rounded out the technical cofounding group. The [[PayPal Mafia]] lineage is direct: the fraud-detection heritage is consciously modeled on the anti-fraud data systems Thiel and [[Max Levchin]] built at [[PayPal]]. Palantir's data-fusion architecture for intelligence and law enforcement is an adaptation of the payments-fraud-detection architecture, the basis for the recurring internal claim that the company "does for governments what PayPal did for fraud."[^2]
 ### Founding Account in the 2020 Registration Statement
 Palantir Technologies Inc.'s registration statement of August 25, 2020 states: "We were founded in 2003 and started building software for the intelligence community in the United States to assist in counterterrorism investigations and operations. We later began working with commercial enterprises."[^6] The filing describes Gotham, its first platform, as "constructed for analysts at defense and intelligence agencies."[^6] Among the government users it names are the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force, U.S. Special Operations Command, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Food and Drug Administration.[^7]
 The filing states that Thiel "is one of our co-founders and has served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors since 2003," and that he has been a partner of Founders Fund since 2005. The PayPal name appears in the filing only in Thiel's biography, which states that he "served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chairman of its board of directors from 2000 until its acquisition by eBay in 2002."[^8] PayPal's 2001 registration statement describes its IGOR system, a fraud-detection program that "monitors account and transaction patterns in order to control our loss exposure once fraudulent funds enter the PayPal system."[^9]
 ### Gotham and the Intelligence Client Base
 [[Gotham]] is Palantir's government platform, deployed across the Central Intelligence Agency, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the Department of Defense, the [[National Security Agency|NSA]], and allied foreign intelligence services. The platform integrates structured and unstructured data from multiple source systems into a unified ontology, allowing analysts to query across what would otherwise be siloed databases. The company's early growth was driven by counterterrorism and defense contracting in the post-9/11 period, and Palantir was used in the operation that located [[Osama bin Laden]] in 2011, according to company and press accounts.[^1][^2]
@ -61,3 +67,7 @@ Gotham is marketed on Palantir's own website as supporting soldiers with an "AI-
 [^3]: ICE FALCON contract documented through EPIC v. ICE FOIA litigation (https://epic.org/documents/epic-v-ice-palantir-databases/) and ICE contract HSCETC-15-C-00001 (https://www.ice.gov/doclib/foia/contracts/palantirTechHSCETC15C00001.pdf). For the smartphone raid app, see WNYC (https://www.wnyc.org/story/palantir-directly-powers-ice-workplace-raids-emails-show/). For ImmigrationOS, see Immigration Policy Tracking Project (https://immpolicytracking.org/policies/reported-palantir-awarded-30-million-to-build-immigrationos-surveillance-platform-for-ice/). For the ACLU analysis, see https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/palantir-deportation-roundup. For the Amnesty International briefing, see https://www.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Amnest-International-Palantir-Briefing-Report-092520_Final.pdf.
 [^4]: For the ELITE neighborhood-targeting app, see *404 Media* reporting. For the American Immigration Council analysis, see https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/ice-immigrationos-palantir-ai-track-immigrants/.
 [^5]: "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech." *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-12/palantir-israel-agree-to-strategic-partnership-for-battle-tech ; "Palantir supplying Israel with technology to help in war effort." *Calcalist CTech.* https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/rymy7ret6 ; "Corbyn slams UK for deal with Israel-linked US tech giant Palantir." *Middle East Eye.* https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/corbyn-slams-uk-ps240m-deal-israeli-military-linked-tech-giant-palantir
 [^6]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, August 25, 2020, "Overview." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^7]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1, August 25, 2020, "Government," list of departments and agencies currently using the platforms. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^8]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1, August 25, 2020, "Management," biography of Peter Thiel. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^9]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, "Business," subsection "Risk Management." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/PayPal
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/PayPal
@ -11,13 +11,15 @@ tags:
  - ElonMusk
  - ReidHoffman
  - MaxLevchin
-summary: "The PayPal Mafia is the informal network of founders and early executives of PayPal who, after the company's 2002 sale to eBay for 1.5 billion dollars, dispersed to found or lead the subsequent generation of Silicon Valley companies including YouTube, LinkedIn, Yelp, Palantir Technologies, Founders Fund, Tesla, SpaceX, and the convening network Dialog."
+summary: "The PayPal Mafia is the network of PayPal founders and early executives who after the 2002 eBay sale founded or led YouTube, LinkedIn, Yelp, Palantir, Founders Fund, Tesla, SpaceX and Dialog."
 location: "San Francisco Bay Area"
 created: 2026-06-18
-updated: 2026-06-18
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
-The PayPal Mafia is the informal network of founders and early executives of [[PayPal]] who, after the company's 2002 sale to [[eBay]] for 1.5 billion dollars, dispersed to found or lead much of the subsequent generation of [[Silicon Valley]] companies. The cohort acquired the "Mafia" label as a recognizable social and commercial network whose members sit on each other's boards, invest in each other's ventures, and convene, through [[Dialog]], in the same off-the-record settings. Six members of the network appear on the leaked 2026 Dialog retreat roster, and the documented commercial, convening, ideological, and political infrastructure of the [[Thiel Influence Network]] runs substantially through the PayPal Mafia cohort.[^1][^2][^3]
+The PayPal Mafia is the informal network of founders and early executives of [[PayPal]] who, after the company's 2002 sale to [[eBay]] for 1.5 billion dollars, dispersed to found or lead much of the subsequent generation of [[Silicon Valley]] companies. The cohort acquired the "Mafia" label as a recognizable social and commercial network whose members sit on each other's boards, invest in each other's ventures, and convene, through [[Dialog]], in the same off-the-record settings. WIRED reported on June 16, 2026 that a leaked Dialog website directory names "six members of the Paypal Mafia," and the documented commercial, convening, ideological, and political infrastructure of the [[Thiel Influence Network]] runs substantially through the PayPal Mafia cohort.[^1][^2][^3]
 The company's registration statement of September 2001 lists Peter Thiel as chief executive and president since September 2000, Max Levchin as chief technology officer since March 2000, David Sacks as executive vice president of product and Reid Hoffman as executive vice president of business development, both since May 2000.[^6] Elon Musk, who had been chief executive of X.com from March to December 1999 and of PayPal from May to September 2000, was in May 2001 party to a separation agreement with the company as its former president and chief executive.[^6]
 ### The PayPal Period (1998-2002)
@ -58,3 +60,4 @@ The cohort's internal political divergence has been documented across the 2016-2
 [^3]: Founders Fund, "Portfolio," documenting the firm's Palantir, SpaceX, Anduril, and Affirm positions; the firm was founded in 2005 by Thiel, Ken Howery, and Luke Nosek. https://foundersfund.com/portfolio/
 [^4]: "FBI whistleblower claims he tried to get to Musk to warn him he was being targeted by Russia." *The Guardian,* May 22, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/may/22/fbi-whistleblower-musk-russia
 [^5]: "Statement by President-elect Donald J. Trump Announcing the Appointment of David O. Sacks as 'White House A.I. & Crypto Czar.'" December 5, 2024, archived at The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-president-elect-donald-j-trump-announcing-the-appointment-david-o-sacks-white
 [^6]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, "Management" and "Certain Relationships" sections, and the footnotes to the executive compensation table. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/PayPal.md
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/PayPal.md
@ -2,16 +2,23 @@
 category: "Private Organization"
 aliases:
  - "PayPal, Inc."
  - "PayPal Holdings, Inc."
  - "PayPal Holdings"
  - "X.com Corporation"
  - "X.com"
  - "Confinity"
  - "Confinity, Inc."
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Payments
  - FinancialServices
  - AntiFraud
  - Sanctions
  - SiliconValley
  - PeterThiel
  - ElonMusk
  - PayPalMafia
-summary: "Online payments company formed in 2000 by merging Elon Musk's X.com with Peter Thiel and Max Levchin's Confinity, run by Thiel from September 2000, floated in February 2002 and sold to eBay that October."
+summary: "Online payment company formed in 2000 by merging Elon Musk's X.com with Peter Thiel and Max Levchin's Confinity, run by Thiel from September 2000, floated in February 2002 and sold to eBay that October."
 location: "Palo Alto, California"
 start: 2000-03-30
 end: 2002-10-03
@ -34,35 +41,182 @@ relations:
    role: "chief executive and president"
    start: 2000-09
    end: 2002-10-03
-    fn: 1
+    fn: 2
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Elon Musk]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "chief executive"
    start: 2000-05
    end: 2000-09
-    fn: 1
+    fn: 2
  - type: owned
    with: "[[eBay]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2002-10-03
-    fn: 4
+    fn: 24
  - type: investigated
    with: "[[New York State Attorney General]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "online gambling merchants, settled August 2002 for 200,000 dollars"
    start: 2002-08
    fn: 15
  - type: investigated
    with: "[[United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Missouri]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "online gambling merchants, grand jury subpoena July 2002, 10 million dollar civil forfeiture July 2003"
    start: 2002-07
    end: 2003-07
    fn: 15
  - type: investigated
    with: "[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "sanctions screening failures, settled for 7,658,300 dollars"
    start: 2015-03-25
    fn: 31
  - type: investigated
    with: "[[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "PayPal Credit consent order, 15 million dollars in redress and 10 million dollar penalty"
    start: 2015-05
    fn: 36
  - type: investigated
    with: "[[New York State Department of Financial Services]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "cybersecurity penalty of 2 million dollars"
    start: 2025-01-23
    fn: 40
 created: 2026-09-22
-updated: 2026-09-23
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
-PayPal, Inc. "resulted from a merger between Confinity, Inc., incorporated in December 1998, and X.com Corporation, incorporated in March 1999." [[Peter Thiel]] and [[Max Levchin]] co-founded Confinity; [[Elon Musk]], earlier a co-founder of Zip2, founded X.com, which "intended to provide Internet banking services." On March 30, 2000, X.com merged with Confinity, X.com surviving; by October 2000 the company had abandoned internet banking for the PayPal product, and it took the name PayPal, Inc. in February 2001. Musk was chief executive of X.com from March to December 1999 and of PayPal from May to September 2000, when Thiel, a former [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] lawyer and derivatives trader, replaced him; Levchin was chief technology officer. In September 2001 Musk was the largest shareholder, with 14.2 percent, ahead of entities affiliated with [[Sequoia Capital]] (10.7 percent), whose partner [[Michael Moritz]] sat on the board, and Nokia Ventures (9.6 percent); Thiel held 5.6 percent and [[Reid Hoffman]] under one percent.[^1]
+PayPal, Inc. was an online payment service formed in March 2000 from the merger of [[Confinity]], co-founded by [[Peter Thiel]] and [[Max Levchin]], and [[X.com Corporation]], founded by [[Elon Musk]]. It was floated on the [[Nasdaq]] in February 2002 and sold to [[eBay]] that October. Its 2001 registration statement describes its fraud-detection software, contemporaneous press describes its anti-fraud team's work with law enforcement, and its later regulatory history includes sanctions screening, consumer finance and cybersecurity matters.
-The company then had 10.0 million registered users, most of whose payments concerned online auctions. It disclosed that "during the four months between July and October 2000, we experienced a significant fraud episode," with gross losses from unauthorized charge-backs of 5.7 million dollars, and that MasterCard had fined it for excessive charge-backs.[^1]
+### Founding and the 2001 registration statement
-### Flotation and Sale
+PayPal, Inc. "resulted from a merger between Confinity, Inc., incorporated in December 1998, and X.com Corporation, incorporated in March 1999."[^1] X.com "intended to provide Internet banking services to our customers."[^1] The two companies merged on March 30, 2000, with X.com as the surviving entity; by October 2000 the company had abandoned internet banking for the PayPal product, and it took the name PayPal, Inc. in February 2001.[^1]
-PayPal sold 5,400,000 shares at 13 dollars in its initial public offering, under a prospectus dated February 14, 2002, on the Nasdaq National Market as PYPL.[^2] On July 8, 2002, [[eBay]] announced that it would acquire the company. The merger was completed on October 3, 2002, at 0.39 of an eBay share for each PayPal share, a transaction eBay valued at about 1.5 billion dollars, and Thiel resigned as chief executive the same day.[^3][^4] Members of the founding group went on to found or lead [[LinkedIn]], [[Palantir Technologies]], [[Founders Fund]], [[Tesla]] and [[SpaceX]], and became known as the [[PayPal Mafia]].[^5]
+Musk served as chief executive of X.com from March to December 1999 and as chief executive of PayPal from May to September 2000. [[Bill H. Harris]] was chief executive from December 1999 to May 2000. Thiel became chief executive and president in September 2000, and Levchin was chief technology officer from March 2000.[^2] [[David Sacks]] was executive vice president of product and [[Reid Hoffman]] executive vice president of business development, both from May 2000.[^2] [[Roelof Botha]] was chief financial officer and Sarah B. Imbach senior vice president of customer service, operations and fraud.[^2] Sacks became chief operating officer in February 2002; Hoffman was then listed as executive vice president, and Musk and Moritz were directors.[^3] In May 2001 the company entered a separation agreement with Musk, its former president and chief executive.[^4]
 Before joining PayPal, Thiel "traded derivatives for CS Financial Products and practiced securities law with [[Sullivan & Cromwell]]."[^5]
 The principal stockholders table in the registration statement lists Musk at 14.2 percent, the largest single position. Entities affiliated with [[Sequoia Capital]] held 10.7 percent, and their partner [[Michael Moritz]] appears in the table as a principal stockholder. [[Nokia Ventures]] held 9.6 percent. Thiel held 5.6 percent, Levchin 2.6 percent, and Hoffman less than one percent.[^6]
 The company then had 10.0 million registered users as of September 1, 2001, with 2.0 million business accounts and 8.0 million personal accounts.[^1] Payments to business accounts, which the filing calls Gross Merchant Sales, were 88.8 percent of the 746.9 million dollars in total payment volume for the quarter ended June 30, 2001. The filing states that "a majority of these payments relate to sales of goods and services through online auctions."[^1] The filing states that "during the four months between July and October 2000, we experienced a significant fraud episode," with gross unauthorized charge-back losses of 5.7 million dollars for that period. It also records that [[MasterCard]] had fined the company for excessive charge-backs, and that "we resolved this situation to MasterCard's satisfaction."[^7]
 ### Fraud control and law enforcement
 The registration statement describes "PayPal's proprietary IGOR system" as a program that "monitors account and transaction patterns in order to control our loss exposure once fraudulent funds enter the PayPal system."[^8] The fraud rate as a percentage of payment volume was 0.33 percent in the quarter ended June 30, 2001, against 0.54 percent in the same quarter of 2000.[^8]
 A [[Newsweek]] article by [[Brad Stone]], published July 16, 2001, reported that the anti-fraud team had 75 members and "regularly works with law enforcement."[^9] The article says the software was named "Igor," "after a Russian mobster who plagued the system last year," and that it searched for patterns such as payments to an account that were consistently close to the maximum limit, or ZIP codes that did not match the area code on an account.[^9] A former Marine Corps investigator hired onto the team proposed the screening program, and the article quotes him describing the work as "the first sheriff to go after Jesse James."[^9] John Kothanek is named in the article as the investigator; executives told the magazine that the team had helped bust organized-crime rings in Chicago, Houston and Nigeria.[^9]
 The same article reports that prosecutors in federal court in [[Seattle]] would receive computer logs and testimony from PayPal's anti-fraud team for a trial scheduled for September 2001, in which two men had pleaded not guilty.[^9] The defendants were Alexey Ivanov and Vasiliy Gorshkov of Chelyabinsk, Russia, brought to Seattle in November 2000 through an undercover [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] operation that created a start-up computer security company named Invita. The Department of Justice announced in October 2001 that a jury had convicted Gorshkov on 20 counts, including fraud against PayPal, and on October 4, 2002 that [[John C. Coughenour]] had sentenced him to 36 months and ordered nearly 700,000 dollars in restitution to Speakeasy and PayPal. According to the evidence presented at trial, the scheme used programs that created thousands of anonymous e-mail accounts, opened PayPal accounts with random identities and stolen credit card numbers, and manipulated eBay auctions so that the conspirators were both seller and winning bidder.[^10][^11] The registration statement says that "federal and state law enforcement agencies could seize customer funds in PayPal accounts that are traceable to suspected criminal transactions," and that the company was subject to [[FinCEN]] regulations on reporting and record keeping.[^12] The filing states that the FinCEN rules would require money services businesses, beginning in 2002, to register with the Department of the Treasury and to report suspicious transactions of 2,000 dollars or more, and that in the quarter ended June 30, 2001, 0.1 percent of PayPal's transactions and 6.1 percent of its payment volume were in that range. PayPal then held money transmitter licenses in Oregon and West Virginia.[^12] The annual report filed March 13, 2002 states that the company had filed for registration with the Treasury and "commenced filing suspicious activity reports," that it held licenses in Oregon, West Virginia and Maryland, and that it had applied for money services business licenses in 18 jurisdictions, with applications to follow in seven more.[^13]
 The February 2002 annual report lists two suits over account restrictions. On February 21, 2002, a class action captioned [[Kamdar v. PayPal]] was served in Santa Clara County Superior Court. It alleged that PayPal restricted accounts in breach of its user agreement and converted users' funds. On March 12, 2002, [[Fawcett v. PayPal]] was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging violations of the [[Electronic Fund Transfer Act]] and conversion.[^14]
 eBay's annual reports describe a second line of government inquiry into PayPal's service to online gambling merchants, a business that supplied about 6 percent of PayPal's 2002 revenue. In August 2002 PayPal agreed with the [[New York State Attorney General]] to stop processing payments from New York members to such merchants and to pay the State of [[New York]] 200,000 dollars in penalties, disgorged profits and investigation costs. Beginning in July 2002 PayPal produced documents in response to a federal grand jury subpoena issued at the request of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of [[Missouri]]; PayPal finished exiting the business in November 2002. On March 28, 2003 the United States Attorney sent a letter asserting that the service violated 18 U.S.C. section 1960, a provision of the [[USA PATRIOT Act]] on the transmission of funds known to derive from a criminal offense, and offering settlement for the amount of PayPal's earnings from gambling merchants. In July 2003 PayPal agreed to pay 10 million dollars as a civil forfeiture and to have its USA PATRIOT Act compliance program supervised by an outside auditing firm. eBay recorded the payment as an adjustment to the purchase price of PayPal.[^15][^16]
 ### Account restrictions and political targets
 In early December 2010, PayPal cut off the account that [[WikiLeaks]] used to collect donations. The company said in a blog posting that the move was prompted by a violation of its policy, which bars use of the service for activities that encourage, promote, facilitate or instruct others to engage in illegal activity.[^17] The account was held by the [[Wau Holland Foundation]], which said in a message on Twitter that its PayPal account had been taken down because of "financial support to WikiLeaks."[^17]
 In February 2011, PayPal froze the account of [[Courage to Resist]], which gave donations to the legal defense fund of [[Chelsea Manning]] (then Bradley Manning). A PayPal representative told [[TechCrunch]] that the action was not WikiLeaks related and that the fund had been "only temporarily restricted." The representative said: "This has nothing to do with WikiLeaks."[^18]
 On September 21, 2018, PayPal told [[Fortune]] that it planned to end its business relationship with [[Infowars]] and its sister sites following an internal review. Infowars reported that the company had given it ten days to switch payment processors.[^19]
 On October 28, 2018, after the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]], PayPal confirmed that it had suspended [[Gab]], a social network. The company said that it had been "in the process of canceling the site’s account before the tragic events occurred." It added: "When a site is allowing the perpetuation of hate, violence or discriminatory intolerance, we take immediate and decisive action."[^20]
 ### Flotation and sale
 PayPal sold 5,400,000 shares at 13 dollars each in its initial public offering. The final prospectus, dated February 14, 2002, was filed with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] on February 15, 2002, and the shares were approved for quotation on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol "PYPL."[^21]
 On July 8, 2002, eBay announced that it would acquire the company. Each PayPal share was to be exchanged for 0.39 of an eBay share, and eBay valued the acquisition at 1.5 billion dollars based on its July 5, 2002 share price.[^22] The merger was completed on October 3, 2002.[^23] The completion announcement filed with the Form 8-K states: "Peter Thiel announced today that he has resigned as PayPal's CEO," and that [[Matt Bannick]], eBay's senior vice president for global online payments, would assume all of Thiel's responsibilities.[^24] That announcement valued the transaction at about 1.5 billion dollars on eBay's average closing price over the period two days before and after July 8, 2002.[^24]
 Members of the founding group went on to found or lead [[LinkedIn]], [[Palantir Technologies]], [[Founders Fund]], [[Tesla]] and [[SpaceX]], and became known as the [[PayPal Mafia]].[^25] LinkedIn's registration statement of January 2011 describes Hoffman as a co-founder and chair of its board, and as executive vice president of PayPal from January 2000 to October 2002.[^26] Tesla's registration statement of January 2010 describes Musk as its chief executive and chairman, as chief executive and chief technical officer of Space Exploration Technologies, and as a co-founder of PayPal.[^27]
 ### Palantir and the intelligence community
 Palantir Technologies Inc.'s registration statement of August 25, 2020 states: "We were founded in 2003 and started building software for the intelligence community in the United States to assist in counterterrorism investigations and operations."[^28] The filing describes its first platform, Gotham, as "constructed for analysts at defense and intelligence agencies."[^29]
 The filing states that Thiel "is one of our co-founders and has served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors since 2003," and that he has been a partner of Founders Fund since 2005. Its biography of Thiel records that he "co-founded PayPal, Inc., an online payment company, where he served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chairman of its board of directors from 2000 until its acquisition by eBay in 2002."[^30]
 The filing lists government users including the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force, [[U.S. Special Operations Command]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], the Department of Agriculture, the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the Department of Veterans Affairs and the [[Food and Drug Administration]].[^29] The PayPal name appears in the Palantir filing only in Thiel's biography.
 ### Sanctions screening and OFAC
 On March 25, 2015, the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] announced a settlement of 7,658,300 dollars with PayPal to settle potential civil liability for 486 apparent violations of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators Sanctions Regulations, the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, the Global Terrorism Sanctions Regulations and the Sudanese Sanctions Regulations.[^31] The release states that "for several years up to and including 2013, PayPal failed to employ adequate screening technology and procedures to identify the potential involvement of U.S. sanctions targets in transactions that PayPal processed."[^31]
 The enforcement information describes approximately 486 transactions totaling about 43,934 dollars, and a total base penalty of 17,018,443 dollars. OFAC treated the apparent violations under the WMD Proliferators regulations as egregious.[^32] The account holder, Kursad Zafer Cire, had been designated by the State Department on January 12, 2009 under Executive Order 13382. The enforcement information says PayPal processed transactions for that account holder for approximately three and a half years, and that risk operations agents cleared name matches against the account on six separate occasions after the designation.[^32]
 A second paragraph of the release describes 136 transactions totaling 7,091.77 dollars, processed between October 20, 2009 and April 1, 2013, to or from an account registered to an individual on the Specially Designated Nationals list. The automated interdiction filter did not initially identify the account holder as a potential match, and when it did, agents dismissed alerts on six separate occasions after failing to obtain or review documentation.[^31]
 The 2015 annual report says the company routinely reports rejected and blocked payments to OFAC, and that after the March 2015 settlement OFAC issued new subpoenas seeking information about other transactions that PayPal had self-reported.[^33]
 In its 2002 annual report, the company described procedures to consult "lists of known or suspected terrorists or terrorist organizations provided by U.S. government agencies" before opening an account, under the International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001.[^34]
 The 2022 annual report states that between January 2013 and January 2022 the company "voluntarily disclosed to OFAC transactions that were inadvertently processed" and responded to subpoenas and information requests about them. In January 2023 OFAC closed these matters with a cautionary letter and no monetary penalty.[^35]
 ### Consumer finance and cybersecurity regulators
 In May 2015 PayPal entered a Stipulated Final Judgment and Consent Order with the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] over PayPal Credit practices between 2011 and 2015. The order required 15 million dollars in consumer redress and a 10 million dollar civil monetary penalty.[^36]
 The company has since reported several further CFPB demands. An October 2023 civil investigative demand concerned error resolution under Regulation E and the presentment of transactions to linked bank accounts.[^37] A civil investigative demand from the [[Federal Trade Commission]] in February 2022 concerned commercial customers that submit charges on behalf of other merchants.[^37] A demand received in August 2024 related to PayPal Credit and to backup payment options in a digital wallet.[^38] The 2025 annual report also records demands on Regulation E and linked accounts, which the company says it is cooperating with.[^38]
 On November 1, 2023, the company received a subpoena from the Securities and Exchange Commission Division of Enforcement relating to the PayPal USD stablecoin.[^37] In 2022 the company disclosed subpoenas from the SEC Division of Enforcement relating to whether interchange rates paid to the bank that issues PayPal-branded debit cards were consistent with Regulation II, and to marketing fees earned from those card programs.[^39]
 On December 20, 2022, the State of [[Hawai'i]] Office of Consumer Protection filed suit against PayPal, and the company reported a final settlement on December 17, 2025.[^38] A putative securities class action filed in the [[New Jersey]] federal court in October 2022 concerns statements on net new active accounts and "the detection of illegitimately created accounts."[^38]
 On January 23, 2025, the [[New York State Department of Financial Services]] announced a 2 million dollar penalty against PayPal for violations of its Cybersecurity Regulation. The department found that PayPal "failed to use qualified personnel to manage key cybersecurity functions," and that changes to data flows, made to produce [[Internal Revenue Service]] Form 1099-K documents for more customers, left Social Security numbers "unredacted and easily accessible to cybercriminals."[^40] The department's enforcement listing records the consent order as issued to PayPal, Inc. on the same date.[^41]
 ### Dialog and the Thiel network
 A leaked website directory of [[Dialog]], the society associated with Peter Thiel, was reported by [[Wired]] on June 16, 2026. Wired wrote that the website directory names Trump administration officials, two US senators, "six members of the Paypal Mafia," a former Middle East chief of intelligence, a sitting ambassador to the United States, and the founders and directors of several surveillance, data-broker and advertising-data companies.[^42]
 ### Law enforcement requests
 In June 2021 [[Access Now]] published a letter asking PayPal and [[Venmo]] to publish annual transparency reports that, "at a minimum, indicate how many requests to surveil, limit, investigate or shut down accounts were received, how many of these requests were complied with, and how many accounts were impacted."[^43]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, SEC file no. 333-70438, "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis," "Management" and "Principal Stockholders." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
+[^1]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed September 28, 2001, SEC file no. 333-70438, "Prospectus Summary" (merger of Confinity and X.com; registered users as of September 1, 2001). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
-[^2]: PayPal, Inc. Prospectus, Rule 424(b)(4), February 14, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702006471/a2071068z424b4.htm
+[^2]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Management," executive officer and director biographies and the footnotes to the executive compensation table (Harris, December 1999 to May 2000; Musk, chief executive of PayPal May 2000 to September 2000; Thiel, chief executive and president since September 2000; Levchin, chief technology officer since March 2000; Sacks and Hoffman, executive vice presidents since May 2000). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
-[^3]: eBay Inc. and PayPal, Inc. "eBay to Acquire PayPal." Press release, July 8, 2002, filed as exhibit 99.1 to PayPal's Form 8-K. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702026650/a2084015zex-99_1.htm
+[^3]: PayPal, Inc. Form 10-K405 for fiscal 2001, filed March 13, 2002, "Management" (David O. Sacks, "Chief Operating Officer since February 2002"; Reid G. Hoffman, "Executive Vice President since February 2002"; directors including Michael J. Moritz and Elon R. Musk). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm
-[^4]: PayPal, Inc. Form 8-K, October 4, 2002, and exhibit 99.1, "eBay Completes PayPal Acquisition," October 3, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702037693/a2090698zex-99_1.htm
+[^4]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), discussion of executive officer arrangements, describing the May 2001 separation agreement with Elon R. Musk, "our former President and Chief Executive Officer." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
-[^5]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/
+[^5]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Management," biography of Peter A. Thiel: "Previously, Mr. Thiel traded derivatives for CS Financial Products and practiced securities law with Sullivan & Cromwell." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^6]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Principal Stockholders" table, including entries for Elon R. Musk (14.2 percent), Entities Affiliated with Sequoia Capital and Michael J. Moritz (10.7 percent), Nokia Ventures, L.P. (9.6 percent), Peter A. Thiel (5.6 percent), Max R. Levchin (2.6 percent) and Reid G. Hoffman (less than 1 percent). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^7]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Risk Factors," describing the fraud episode of July to October 2000, gross unauthorized charge-back losses of $5.7 million, and the MasterCard fine ("Although we resolved this situation to MasterCard's satisfaction and have reduced our charge-back rate"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^8]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Business," subsection "Risk Management": "Proprietary Fraud Detection Software. PayPal's proprietary IGOR system monitors account and transaction patterns in order to control our loss exposure once fraudulent funds enter the PayPal system"; fraud rate of 0.33 percent for the three months ended June 30, 2001 against 0.54 percent for the same period of 2000. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^9]: Stone, Brad. "Busting the Web Bandits." Newsweek, July 16, 2001. The article reports the 75-member antifraud team, the statement that it "now regularly works with law enforcement," the naming of the software "Igor" after a Russian mobster, the description of the screening patterns, the former Marine Corps investigator's quote and the Seattle trial. https://www.newsweek.com/busting-web-bandits-154463
 [^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section, "Russian Computer Hacker Convicted by Jury," press release, October 10, 2001 (Gorshkov convicted on counts of conspiracy, computer crime and fraud against Speakeasy Network, Nara Bank, Central National Bank of Waco and PayPal; Invita operation). https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2001/gorshkovconvict.htm
 [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, "Russian Computer Hacker Sentenced to Three Years in Prison," press release of the U.S. Attorney, Western District of Washington, October 4, 2002 (36 months; restitution of nearly $700,000 to Speakeasy and PayPal; Invita operation and November 2000 meeting; PayPal and eBay account fraud scheme). https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2002/gorshkovSent.htm
 [^12]: PayPal, Inc. Form S-1 (2001), "Business," subsection "Money Laundering": "federal and state law enforcement agencies could seize customer funds in PayPal accounts that are traceable to suspected criminal transactions," and the reference to Financial Crimes Enforcement Network reporting requirements. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205701533855/a2059025zs-1.htm
 [^13]: PayPal, Inc. Form 10-K405 for fiscal 2001, filed March 13, 2002, Item 1, "Regulation," "Money Transmitter Laws" and "Money Laundering." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm
 [^14]: PayPal, Inc. Form 10-K405 for fiscal 2001, filed March 13, 2002, Item 3, "Legal Proceedings": Kamdar et al. v. PayPal et al. (served February 21, 2002, Superior Court of California, Santa Clara County) and Fawcett et al. v. PayPal, Inc. (filed March 12, 2002, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, San Jose). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm
 [^15]: eBay Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2002, filed March 31, 2003, Item 1 and risk factors (New York Attorney General agreement of August 2002 and $200,000 payment; federal grand jury subpoena from July 2002 at the request of the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri; letter of March 28, 2003 citing 18 U.S.C. 1960; exit from gambling merchants in November 2002; about 6% of PayPal 2002 revenue). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1065088/000089161803001538/f88540e10vk.htm
 [^16]: eBay Inc. Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003, filed August 11, 2003 (July 2003 agreement with the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri to pay $10 million as a civil forfeiture; outside auditor supervision of the compliance program; adjustment to purchase price). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1065088/000089161803004232/f92035e10vq.htm
 [^17]: "PayPal pulls WikiLeaks account." Al Jazeera, December 5, 2010, reporting PayPal's blog posting that the move was prompted by a violation of its policy, and the Wau Holland Foundation's confirmation that its PayPal account had been taken down because of "financial support to WikiLeaks." https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/5/paypal-pulls-wikileaks-account
 [^18]: TechCrunch, "PayPal On Cutting Off Courage To Resist: 'This Has Nothing To Do With WikiLeaks,'" February 24, 2011. https://techcrunch.com/2011/02/24/paypal-on-cutting-off-courage-to-resist-this-has-nothing-to-do-with-wikileaks
 [^19]: "PayPal Terminates Its Contract with Alex Jones Conspiracy Site Infowars." Fortune, September 21, 2018, reporting a PayPal spokesperson's confirmation that the company "plans to end its business relationship with Infowars and sister sites like PrisonPlanet following an internal review." https://fortune.com/2018/09/21/paypal-alex-jones-infowars
 [^20]: "PayPal, Stripe, Joyent Suspend Gab in Wake of Pittsburgh Shooting." Fortune, October 28, 2018, quoting PayPal's statement to Fortune. https://fortune.com/2018/10/28/tech-platforms-suspend-gab-pittsburgh-shooting
 [^21]: PayPal, Inc. Prospectus, Rule 424(b)(4), filed February 15, 2002, cover page (5,400,000 shares of common stock at $13.00 per share; Nasdaq National Market symbol "PYPL"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702006471/a2071068z424b4.htm
 [^22]: eBay Inc. and PayPal, Inc. "eBay to Acquire PayPal." Press release, July 8, 2002 (San Jose and Mountain View, California), exhibit 99.1 to PayPal's Form 8-K: 0.39 eBay share for each PayPal share; "Based on eBay's stock price on July 5, 2002, the acquisition is valued at $1.5 billion." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702026650/a2084015zex-99_1.htm
 [^23]: PayPal, Inc. Form 8-K, October 4, 2002, reporting the completion of the merger on October 3, 2002, and the conversion of each PayPal share into 0.39 of an eBay share. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702037693/a2090698z8-k.htm
 [^24]: eBay Inc., "eBay Completes PayPal Acquisition," press release, San Jose, October 3, 2002, exhibit 99.1 to PayPal, Inc. Form 8-K filed October 4, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702037693/a2090698zex-99_1.htm
 [^25]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." WIRED, June 16, 2026, for the term "PayPal Mafia" in the reporting on the Dialog directory, published June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/
 [^26]: LinkedIn Corporation Form S-1 registration statement, filed January 27, 2011, "Management" (Reid Hoffman, co-founder, director since March 2003, chair since December 2010; "executive vice president of PayPal Inc., an online payment company, from January 2000 to October 2002"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1271024/000119312511016022/ds1.htm
 [^27]: Tesla Motors, Inc. Form S-1 registration statement, filed January 29, 2010, "Management" and risk factors (Musk as chief executive and chairman; chief executive and chief technical officer of Space Exploration Technologies; "co-founded PayPal"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000119312510017054/ds1.htm
 [^28]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1, August 25, 2020, "Overview": "We were founded in 2003 and started building software for the intelligence community in the United States to assist in counterterrorism investigations and operations." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^29]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1, August 25, 2020, "Overview" (Gotham "was constructed for analysts at defense and intelligence agencies") and "Government" (list of U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force, U.S. Special Operations Command, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Agriculture, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Veterans Affairs and Food and Drug Administration). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^30]: Palantir Technologies Inc. Form S-1, August 25, 2020, "Management," biography of Peter Thiel: "one of our co-founders and has served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors since 2003," and "a partner of Founders Fund, a venture capital firm, since 2005." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1321655/000119312520230013/d904406ds1.htm
 [^31]: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, "Settlement Agreement between the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control and PayPal, Inc.; OFAC has also Released Additional Enforcement Information," recent actions notice, March 25, 2015 (settlement of $7,658,300 for 486 apparent violations; screening failures "up to and including 2013"; 136 transactions totaling $7,091.77 with an SDN account between October 20, 2009 and April 1, 2013). https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20150325_33
 [^32]: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, "Enforcement Information for March 25, 2015," PayPal, Inc. (approximately 486 transactions totaling approximately $43,934; total base penalty amount of $17,018,443; WMD Proliferators apparent violations treated as egregious; account holder designated as an SDN, processed for approximately three and a half years; six name-match clearances). https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/12321/download?inline=
 [^33]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2015, filed February 11, 2016, Item 1 (anti-money laundering and sanctions) and Note 11, "Regulatory Proceedings" (OFAC reporting, March 2015 settlement, subsequent OFAC subpoenas). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391716000113/pypl201510-k.htm
 [^34]: PayPal, Inc. Form 10-K405 for fiscal 2001, Item 1, regulatory discussion (International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, and consultation of "lists of known or suspected terrorists or terrorist organizations provided by U.S. government agencies"). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm
 [^35]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2022, filed February 10, 2023, Item 1 (OFAC disclosures from January 2013 to January 2022 and the January 2023 cautionary letter with no monetary penalty). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391723000033/pypl-20221231.htm
 [^36]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2015, filed February 11, 2016, Item 1 (May 2015 Stipulated Final Judgment and Consent Order with the CFPB covering PayPal Credit practices from 2011 to 2015; $15 million in redress and a $10 million civil monetary penalty). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391716000113/pypl201510-k.htm
 [^37]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2023, filed February 8, 2024, legal and regulatory proceedings note (CFPB civil investigative demands on Venmo and on Regulation E in October 2023; FTC civil investigative demand of February 2022; SEC Division of Enforcement subpoena of November 1, 2023 relating to PayPal USD). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391724000024/pypl-20231231.htm
 [^38]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2025, filed February 3, 2026, Note 13, "Commitments and Contingencies" (CFPB civil investigative demands on Regulation E and linked accounts; August 2024 demand on PayPal Credit and backup payment options; State of Hawai'i Office of Consumer Protection action filed December 20, 2022, settled December 17, 2025; In re PayPal Holdings, Inc. Securities Litigation, D.N.J., filed October 4, 2022). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391726000024/pypl-20251231.htm
 [^39]: PayPal Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for fiscal 2022, filed February 10, 2023, legal proceedings disclosure (SEC Enforcement Division subpoenas and requests on whether interchange rates paid to the issuing bank were consistent with Regulation II, and on marketing fees from PayPal-branded card programs). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1633917/000163391723000033/pypl-20221231.htm
 [^40]: New York State Department of Financial Services, press release, January 23, 2025, "Superintendent Adrienne A. Harris Secures $2 Million Cybersecurity Settlement with PayPal, Inc." https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr20250123
 [^41]: New York State Department of Financial Services, enforcement actions listing, "Consent Order Issued to PayPal, Inc.," January 23, 2025. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry-guidance/enforcement-discipline/ea20250123-paypal-inc
 [^42]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." WIRED, June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/
 [^43]: Access Now, "It's time for PayPal and Venmo to come clean on account closure policies," published June 28, 2021, last updated January 26, 2023 (call for annual transparency reports covering requests to surveil, limit, investigate or shut down accounts). https://www.accessnow.org/its-time-for-paypal-and-venmo-to-come-clean-on-account-closure-policies-center-human-rights/
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Peat,
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Peat,
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ relations:
    end: 2001
    fn: 5
 created: 2024-04-26
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. (abbreviated PMM, PM&M, PMMC, PMM&C and PMM&Co. in contemporaneous government documents) was an international accounting and consulting firm founded in the late nineteenth century.[^1] By the mid-1970s it had grown to more than 25,000 U.S. clients across over 300 offices in 50 countries, making it the largest accounting firm worldwide by some measures, with 21,000 employees and 1,400 partners globally. Sixty-five percent of its revenue derived from audit, 20 percent from tax and 15 percent from consulting.[^2] In December 1976 a Senate subcommittee staff study described it as "the largest of the 'Big Eight' accounting firms in terms of revenue and operations."[^3] The firm held the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]]-funded contract that produced the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], settled [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charges arising from five audits in 1975, audited banks and futures brokers in the United States and abroad, and combined with [[Klynveld Main Goerdeler|KMG]] into [[KPMG]] in 1986 and 1987.
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ In the late 1960s and early 1970s the firm held federal contracts developing com
 ### PROMIS and the 1969 design team
-In 1969 the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered a $60,000 grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (70-DF-047) to the firm, to design a computer-based case-management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]].[^2] The co-directors were [[Joan E. Jacoby]], then director of the Office of Crime Analysis, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy chief of the Superior Court Division. The project manager was [[Bill Hamilton]], a senior consultant at the firm who had been an analyst at the [[NSA]]. Team members named in the record include [[Sidney H. Brounstein]], [[Robert H. Cain]], [[Joyce H. Deroy]], [[James M. Etheridge]], [[John L. Gizzarelli]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]], [[Dean C. Merrill]], [[John M. Middleton]], [[Stanley H. Turner]], [[Dennis W. Wright]], [[Frederick G. Watts]] and [[Robert Whitaker]]. The system was deployed on January 1, 1971.[^2]
+In 1969 the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered a $60,000 grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (70-DF-047) to the firm, to design a computer-based case-management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]].[^2] The co-directors were [[Joan E. Jacoby]], then director of the Office of Crime Analysis, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy director of the Superior Court Division.[^35] The project manager was [[Bill Hamilton]], a senior consultant at the firm who had been an analyst at the [[NSA]]. Team members named in the record include [[Sidney H. Brounstein]], [[Robert H. Cain]], [[Joyce H. Deroy]], [[James M. Etheridge]], [[John L. Gizzarelli]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]], [[Dean C. Merrill]], [[John M. Middleton]], [[Stanley H. Turner]], [[Dennis W. Wright]], [[Frederick G. Watts]] and [[Robert Whitaker]]. The system was deployed on January 1, 1971.[^2]
 By 1972 the LEAA had paid PM&M $667,400 in aggregate grants related to PROMIS and related criminal justice programs, and the firm received later grants to write training manuals after PROMIS was declared an LEAA "exemplary project."[^2] A February 1977 LEAA publication signed by Hamilton as president of the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]] states that the LEAA "had funded the development of PROMIS" and began a program to transfer the software to state and local agencies.[^9]
@ -218,3 +218,4 @@ In August 2005 [[KPMG LLP]], the firm that succeeded the U.S. partnership, admit
 [^32]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), the passage on the 1986 FDN commission and Mex-US Import and Export Inc.
 [^33]: Department of Justice, press release 05-433, "KPMG to Pay $456 Million for Criminal Violations in Relation to Largest-Ever Tax Shelter Fraud Case," August 29, 2005. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2005/August/05_ag_433.html.
 [^34]: Internal Revenue Service, news release IR-05-083, August 29, 2005, announcing the same agreement jointly with the Justice Department. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/ir-05-083.pdf.
 [^35]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Union
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Union
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
 ---
 title: Union Banking Corporation
 aliases:
  - Union Banking Corporation
  - UBC
 category: "Private Organization"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Banking
  - Nazi
  - WorldWarII
  - TradingWithTheEnemyAct
  - Thyssen
  - 1920s
  - 1940s
 summary: "New York bank holding company incorporated in 1924 and owned by the Rotterdam bank Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, whose capital stock the Alien Property Custodian vested in 1942 as held for the Thyssen family."
 start: 1924-08-04
 end: 1942-10-20
 location: "New York, New York"
 created: 2026-10-14
 updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1924-08-04
    end: 1942-10-20
    role: "sole owner according to the Treasury investigation of 1941"
    fn: 1
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Office of the Alien Property Custodian]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1942-10-20
    role: "capital stock vested under Vesting Order Number 248"
    fn: 2
 ---
 The Union Banking Corporation (UBC) was a New York corporation incorporated on August 4, 1924 and wholly owned by the [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]] of Rotterdam. The Alien Property Custodian vested all of its capital stock under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act]] on October 20, 1942, in an order that records the stock as held for the benefit of that bank and describes the bank as owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family.[^2]
 ### Treasury Investigation, 1941
 A Treasury Department memorandum of August 18, 1941, from Mr. May to Mr. [[J. W. Pehle]] under the subject "Union Banking Corporation," reports that the corporation was wholly owned by the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," that its president, Cornelis Lievense, claimed no knowledge of that ownership but believed it possible that Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]], brother of [[Fritz Thyssen]], might own a substantial interest, and that Heinrich Thyssen was said to have acquired Hungarian citizenship.[^1]
 The memorandum records gold purchases of over eight million dollars in 1931 to 1933, of which $3,085,000 was delivered to the [[Federal Reserve Bank]] on June 15, 1934. It states that the rumor that Fritz Thyssen had large gold deposits in the United States might have arisen from those purchases, while adding that all purchases were "satisfactorily accounted for" in the books. It states that in the fall of 1938 the corporation held two million dollars in currency in a New York safe deposit box, later deposited in its account with [[Brown Brothers Harriman]].[^1] The memorandum does not name [[Prescott Bush]].[^1]
 ### Vesting Order Number 248
 On October 20, 1942 the Alien Property Custodian, Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order Number 248, published in the Federal Register on November 7, 1942. It vested "all of the capital stock of Union Banking Corporation, a New York corporation," consisting of 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock, and listed the registered owners and their shares: E. Roland Harriman, 3,991; Cornelius Lievense, 4; Harold D. Pennington, 1; Ray Morris, 1; Prescott S. Bush, 1; H. J. Kouwenhoven, 1; and Johann G. Groeninger, 1. The order states "all of which shares are held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N. V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands, which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary." A second paragraph vested all claims of that bank and of the August Thyssen-Bank, Berlin, against the corporation for indebtedness.[^2]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Treasury Department memorandum, Mr. May to Mr. Pehle, August 18, 1941, "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, with handwritten notation by J. W. Pehle, declassified by NARA (authority NND 960103).
 [^2]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 248, "All of the Capital Stock of Union Banking Corporation and Certain Indebtedness Owing by It," executed October 20, 1942, signed Leo T. Crowley, F.R. Doc. 42-11568, filed November 6, 1942, 7 *Federal Register* 9097 (November 7, 1942). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-11-07/pdf/FR-1942-11-07.pdf
--- a/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation
+++ b/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
+---
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-10-14
 title: Operation Condor
 aliases:
  - Operation Condor
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The communications network (called Condortel) was established through a secure t
 The CIA's material support for Condor is documented through declassified State Department and CIA documents, the findings of the Church Committee (1975-1976), and the subsequent Hinchey Report (2000). [[Michael Townley]], an American in Chile whom the CIA had name-traced in 1970 and, by its account, turned away, was a DINA operative who participated in multiple Condor assassinations, including the 1976 car bombing in [[Washington, D.C.]] of former Chilean diplomat [[Orlando Letelier]] and his American colleague [[Ronni Moffitt]] - carried out by DINA with Townley's direct participation on American soil. Townley pleaded guilty in the United States and served time before being placed in witness protection.[^1]
-Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] was told of the arrangement by the Argentine foreign minister, [[César Augusto Guzzetti|César Guzzetti]], on June 10, 1976, during the OAS meeting in Santiago that coincided with the second Condor conference. Guzzetti said Argentina wanted "to integrate with our neighbors, all of them: Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil" against terrorism. Kissinger answered: "If there are things that have to be done, you should do them quickly. But you must get back quickly to normal procedures." "We want you to succeed. We do not want to harass you. I will do what I can." On August 23, after [[Harry Shlaudeman]]'s warning that the governments had "established Operation Condor to find and kill terrorists," the department cabled its ambassadors in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Santiago that "government planned and directed assassinations within and outside the territory of Condor members has most serious implications which we must face squarely and rapidly," and told them to see the heads of state. The ambassadors balked. On September 16 Kissinger "instructed that no further action be taken on this matter." The instruction went out on September 20. Letelier was killed on September 21.[^2][^3][^4]
+Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] was told of the arrangement by the Argentine foreign minister, [[César Augusto Guzzetti|César Guzzetti]], on June 10, 1976, during the OAS meeting in Santiago that coincided with the second Condor conference. Guzzetti said Argentina wanted "to integrate with our neighbors, all of them: Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil" against terrorism. Kissinger answered: "If there are things that have to be done, you should do them quickly. But you must get back quickly to normal procedures." "We want you to succeed. We do not want to harass you. I will do what I can." On August 23, after [[Harry Shlaudeman]]'s warning that the governments had "established Operation Condor to find and kill terrorists," the department cabled its ambassadors in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Santiago that "government planned and directed assassinations within and outside the territory of Condor members has most serious implications which we must face squarely and rapidly," and told them to see the heads of state. The ambassadors balked. On August 24, Ambassador David Popper replied from Santiago that, "given Pinochet's sensitivity regarding pressures by USG, he might well take as an insult any inference that he was connected with such assassination plots," and that it was "quite possible, even probable, that Pinochet has no knowledge whatever of Operation Condor."[^9] An unnumbered memorandum from Shlaudeman to Kissinger of August 30 stated: "What we are trying to head off is a series of international murders that could do serious damage to the international status and reputation of the countries involved."[^10] On September 16, a cable from Kissinger's party in Lusaka (SECTO 27128, "Actions Taken") recorded that the "Secretary declined to approve message to Montevideo and has instructed that no further action be taken on this matter."[^10] On September 20, Shlaudeman, writing from San José, Costa Rica, to his deputy William Luers, wrote that Luers could "simply instruct the ambassadors to take no further action."[^11] Letelier was killed on September 21.[^2][^3][^4]
 ### Major Operations
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ At the founding conference on November 26, 1975, Manuel Contreras "outlined his
 A memorandum of June 4, 1976, the day [[Juan José Torres]] was found dead in Buenos Aires, weighed the "existence of an intergovernmental assassination program" and found "no evidence to support a contention that [[Southern Cone]] governments are cooperating in some sort of international Murder Inc." On June 8 [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] met Pinochet in his office in Santiago. The transcript was withheld until 1998. Pinochet's aide summarized: "He asked a lot, but offered little." When Ambassador [[David Popper]] had raised human rights with the junta, Kissinger wrote on the cable: "Tell Popper to cut out the political science lectures." On August 3 Assistant Secretary Harry Shlaudeman sent Kissinger "The Third World War and South America," on the assassination plans. The warning to the governments that followed had not been carried through when Letelier was killed seven weeks later.[^6]
-A CIA paper prepared for a later meeting with Ambassador David Popper records that "in early October, after consulting with Ambassador Popper," the station chief "confronted the Chilean head of DINA, Colonel Manuel Contreras, with U.S. knowledge of Condor's existence. Colonel Contreras denied that our information of Condor was accurate and refused to admit that one of its objectives was to operate against terrorists in Europe. Recent clandestinely acquired information indicates that plans for Condor are continuing."[^7]
+A CIA paper prepared for a later meeting with Ambassador David Popper records that "in early October, after consulting with Ambassador Popper," the station chief "confronted the Chilean head of DINA, Colonel Manuel Contreras, with U.S. knowledge of Condor's existence. Colonel Contreras denied that our information of Condor was accurate and refused to admit that one of its objectives was to operate against terrorists in Europe. Recent clandestinely acquired information indicates that plans for Condor are continuing."[^7] On October 8, 1976, Shlaudeman reported to Kissinger on the approach made, on Kissinger's instructions, to Colonel Manuel Contreras, chief of DINA, and wrote that it "seems to me sufficient action for the time being. The Chileans are the prime movers in Operation Condor."[^12]
 ### The Scherrer Cable
@ -71,9 +71,13 @@ The "Condor Archive" - approximately 700,000 documents from Paraguay's secret po
 [^1]: McSherry, J. Patrice. *Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America.* Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
 [^2]: Kornbluh, Peter. *The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability.* The New Press, 2003.
-[^3]: National Security Archive, "Operation Condor Verdict: GUILTY!," Electronic Briefing Book, May 27, 2016, with the memorandum of Harry Shlaudeman to the Secretary of State, August 5, 1976, the memorandum of conversation of Kissinger and César Guzzetti, June 10, 1976, and cables of September 16 and 20, 1976.
+[^3]: National Security Archive, "Operation Condor Verdict: GUILTY!," Electronic Briefing Book, May 27, 2016, with the memorandum of Harry Shlaudeman to the Secretary of State, August 5, 1976, and the memorandum of conversation of Kissinger and César Guzzetti, June 10, 1976.
 [^4]: U.S. Department of State, cable 209192 to the embassies at Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Santiago, "Operation Condor," August 23, 1976, Secret, Roger Channel. National Security Archive, document 04 in "Operation Condor Verdict: GUILTY!," Electronic Briefing Book, May 27, 2016.
 [^5]: Dinges, John. *The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents*. New Press, 2004, pp. 12-15.
 [^6]: Dinges, John. *The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents*. New Press, 2004, pp. 156-166, 171-174.
 [^7]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* vol. E-11, part 2, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, document 253, paper prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency, undated.
 [^8]: Dinges, John, and Saul Landau. *Assassination on Embassy Row*. McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 237-239.
 [^9]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* Volume E-11, Part II, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, document 242, Telegram 8210 From the Embassy in Chile to the Department of State, Santiago, August 24, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d242
 [^10]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger Blocked Demarche on International Assassinations to Condor States," Electronic Briefing Book No. 312, April 10, 2010, documents 1 (ARA memorandum of August 30, 1976) and 2 (SECTO 27128, Lusaka, September 16, 1976). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB312/index.htm
 [^11]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* Volume E-11, Part II, document 245, Telegram 4526 From the Embassy in Costa Rica to the Department of State, San José, September 20, 1976, "For ARA-Luers from Shlaudeman." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d245
 [^12]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* Volume E-11, Part II, document 249, Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Shlaudeman) to Secretary of State Kissinger, Washington, October 8, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p2/d249
--- a/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation
+++ b/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
  - Operation Paperclip
  - Paperclip
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 category: "Intelligence Operation"
 tags:
  - Program
@ -28,10 +28,21 @@ relations:
    start: 1950-04-15
    role: "Fort Bliss group relocated to Redstone Arsenal"
    fn: 7
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[World War II]]"
    start: 1945-12-04
    end: 1955-12-31
    fn: 11
 ---
 Operation Paperclip was a classified U.S. government program that systematically recruited German and Austrian scientists, engineers, physicians, and technical specialists from the defeated Third Reich beginning in the summer and fall of 1945. Operated by the [[Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency]] (JIOA), established in 1945 as a subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and disbanded in 1962,[^1] which worked closely with the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] and later the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], the program brought over 1,600 technical specialists to the United States to work for American military, intelligence, and civilian agencies during the critical period of the emerging [[Cold War]] and the American aerospace and weapons development programs.[^2]
 ### Recruitment Figures and the 1945 Origins
 The Commerce Department proposed the importation of German scientists before the Pentagon program existed. On December 4, 1945, Secretary of Commerce [[Henry A. Wallace]] wrote to [[Harry S. Truman]] recommending the importation of a selected group of about 50 German scientists, and named [[Otto Hahn]], a former director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, and Dr. W. J. Reppe, director of research of [[I.G. Farbenindustrie]], among the men available.[^11]
 The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group counts 765 scientists, engineers and technicians brought to the United States between 1945 and 1955 under Operation Overcast, Operation Paperclip and similar programs. The Working Group cites [[Clarence Lasby]] for the estimate that up to 80 percent of the immigrant specialists had been members of the Nazi Party.[^12] The figure of over 1,600 given above is [[Annie Jacobsen]]'s count.[^13] Jacobsen writes that a JIOA directive of September 3, 1946 required the State Department to "accept as final the investigation and security reports prepared by JIOA," and that the Office of Military Government sent the War Department 146 security reports that could create scandals if disclosed, among them the report on the rocket engineer [[Kurt Debus]].[^13]
 ### Origins and the German Science Race
 The program emerged from recognition, in the final stages of [[World War II]], that [[Germany]] had developed technical capabilities - particularly in rocketry, jet propulsion, nerve agent chemistry, high-altitude medicine, and aeronautical engineering - that the United States had not matched. The V-2 ballistic missile program, developed at Peenemünde under [[Wernher von Braun]] and Walter Dornberger, represented a class of military technology that would define the postwar competition with the Soviet Union.
@ -40,7 +51,7 @@ American forces operating under [[Operation Alsos]] raced German-held scientific
 ### Authorization and the Nazi Problem
-[[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote that President [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]]'s initial directive specifically prohibited the recruitment of "ardent Nazis."[^2] In practice, the JIOA systematically circumvented this prohibition: the records and backgrounds of scientists with disqualifying Nazi party membership, [[SS]] membership, or wartime conduct were altered before they were reviewed by the State Department and other agencies for security clearances. This process - which amounted to the systematic falsification of government records - was documented in Annie Jacobsen's 2014 investigation and in declassified JIOA files.
+Annie Jacobsen wrote that President Truman's initial directive specifically prohibited the recruitment of "ardent Nazis."[^2] In practice, the JIOA systematically circumvented this prohibition: the records and backgrounds of scientists with disqualifying Nazi party membership, [[SS]] membership, or wartime conduct were altered before they were reviewed by the State Department and other agencies for security clearances. This process - which amounted to the systematic falsification of government records - was documented in Annie Jacobsen's 2014 investigation and in declassified JIOA files.
 Von Braun, who was an SS officer and member of the Nazi party, had his records altered to enable his employment. [[Arthur Rudolph]], who had used slave labor from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp in V-2 production - where approximately 20,000 prisoners died - was recruited and later directed the Saturn V rocket program for [[NASA]] before his Nazi-era conduct was investigated in the 1980s and he agreed to renounce U.S. citizenship and return to Germany. [[Hubertus Strughold]], the Luftwaffe aviation medicine physician who became "the father of U.S. space medicine," had participated in or overseen human experiments at the Dachau concentration camp; his records were altered before his recruitment.[^2]
@ -78,3 +89,6 @@ The Soviet Union's parallel program produced the Soviet space and missile progra
 [^8]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," entry for 20 August 1953. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html
 [^9]: Annie Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*. Little, Brown, 2014; "What Cold War CIA Interrogators Learned from the Nazis," *The Daily Beast*, 2014; Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol," *Steamshovel Press* #16, 1998.
 [^10]: Lasby, Clarence G. *Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War.* Atheneum, 1971.
 [^11]: Memorandum from Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace to President Truman, "Proposed Importation of German Scientists for U.S. Science and Industry Benefit," December 4, 1945, Harry S. Truman Library, Paperclip document set (FOIA release printed April 21, 2009). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/trumanlibrary-paperclip.pdf
 [^12]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 14-15 (765 count and Lasby estimate at p. 15). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^13]: Annie Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America* (Little, Brown, 2014), introduction ("more than sixteen hundred of Hitler's technologists") and chapters on the JIOA directive of September 3, 1946 and the 146 OMGUS security reports.
--- a/PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md
+++ b/PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
  - PROMIS
  - Prosecutor's Management Information System
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-12
+updated: 2026-10-14
 tags:
  - PROMIS
  - INSLAW
@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ PROMIS (Prosecutor's Management Information System) was a pioneering case manage
 In 1969, US Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]] perceived an urgent need for new techniques for dealing with the overwhelming amount of cases going through the DC U.S. Attorney's Office. The [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] (funded by the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] (LEAA)) gave a $60,000 grant (70-DF-047) to [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]] that put together a team of lawyers, management analysts, criminologists, statisticians, and computer science specialists to development a computer-based information system for the prosecutor.
-This team was headed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (then Director of the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia) and [[Charles R. Work]] (then Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's office) with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] (senior consultant at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co, formerly [[NSA]] analyst). Other team members included [[Sidney H. Brounstein]], [[Robert H. Cain]], [[Joyce H. Deroy]], [[James M. Etheridge]], [[John L. Gizzarelli]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]], [[Dean C. Merrill]], [[John M. Middleton]], [[Stanley H. Turner]], [[Frederick G. Watts]], [[Dennis W. Wright]], and [[Robert Whitaker]]. The design work occupied approximately 14 months.
+This team was headed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (then Director of the Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia) and [[Charles R. Work]] (then Deputy Director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's office) with project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] (senior consultant at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co, formerly [[NSA]] analyst).[^12] The roster in the May 1971 system overview lists Etheridge, Lander, Lee and Turner as assistant directors of the Office of Crime Analysis and Watts as chief of the Grand Jury Section of the Superior Court Division.[^12] Other team members included [[Sidney H. Brounstein]], [[Robert H. Cain]], [[Joyce H. Deroy]], [[James M. Etheridge]], [[John L. Gizzarelli]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]], [[Dean C. Merrill]], [[John M. Middleton]], [[Stanley H. Turner]], [[Frederick G. Watts]], [[Dennis W. Wright]], and [[Robert Whitaker]]. The design work occupied approximately 14 months.
 The Office of Crime Analysis described PROMIS as the critical component of its own Project TRACE (Tracking, Retrieval and Analysis of Criminal Events), an offender-tracking system from arrest through sentencing and incarceration, and the LEAA funded both TRACE and PROMIS.[^12]
 The system came to be known as the Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS) and deployed on January 1, 1971 in Washington D.C. for the District Attorney's Office. 
@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Depar
 DOJ withheld advance payments citing an unauthorized pledge of government invoices to a bank, a dispute INSLAW characterized as pretextual. Under financial duress, INSLAW filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985. The bankruptcy proceedings became a second front of litigation: INSLAW alleged that senior DOJ officials, including [[Lowell Jensen]] and acting under direction ultimately traceable to [[Edwin Meese]] and [[Earl Brian]], engineered the advance payment disputes specifically to drive the company into insolvency and enable the acquisition of its software at bankruptcy auction prices.
-Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] ruled in September 1987 that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit." The district court affirmed this ruling in November 1989. The D.C. Circuit reversed it in May 1991 on jurisdictional grounds; the Supreme Court declined review. Full legal history is documented at INSLAW and PROMIS Software Scandal.[^2][^3]
+Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] ruled in September 1987 that the Department of Justice "took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit." The district court affirmed this ruling in November 1989. The D.C. Circuit reversed it in May 1991 on jurisdictional grounds; the Supreme Court declined review. Full legal history is documented at INSLAW and PROMIS Software Scandal.[^2][^3]
 ### Danny Casolaro and "The Octopus"
@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ The witnesses central to the foreign-distribution claims were assessed as unreli
 ### Later Developments
-In September 1987, Bankruptcy Judge George Francis Bason, Jr. ruled that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole" INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS. That ruling was affirmed by the district court in November 1989 but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the D.C. Circuit in May 1991. Bason's opinion of January 25, 1988, deferred damages for later determination; the award subsequently computed, given as about 6.8 million dollars, was reduced by 655,200 dollars on appeal, and he was not reappointed to the bankruptcy bench after his rulings against the department, an outcome the Hamiltons and congressional investigators viewed with suspicion; the district judge [[William Bryant]], upholding the findings in 1989, had described the support for them as convincing, perhaps compelling.
+In September 1987, Bankruptcy Judge George Francis Bason, Jr. ruled that the Department of Justice "took, converted, stole" INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS. That ruling was affirmed by the district court in November 1989 but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the D.C. Circuit in May 1991. Bason's opinion of January 25, 1988, deferred damages for later determination; the award subsequently computed, given as about 6.8 million dollars, was reduced by 655,200 dollars on appeal, and he was not reappointed to the bankruptcy bench after his rulings against the department, an outcome the Hamiltons and congressional investigators viewed with suspicion; the district judge [[William Bryant]], upholding the findings in 1989, had described the support for them as convincing, perhaps compelling.
 The House Judiciary Committee launched a three-year investigation from 1989 to 1992, producing House Report 102-857 on September 10, 1992, which found "strong evidence" of DOJ theft and raised "serious concerns" about a high-level conspiracy. The report was unclassified and publicly available. Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], appointed in November 1991, issued a 267-page report in March 1993 finding no credible evidence of criminal wrongdoing by any DOJ official. The Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims, which ruled in 1997-1998 that all PROMIS versions were in the public domain.
@ -131,3 +133,4 @@ The attachments were a letter from Helen B. McEwan, Director of the Federal Soft
 [^9]: "PRISM's Controversial Forerunner," *Consortium News,* 2013, on PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of bulk data integration and the unproven trapdoor narrative. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/07/11/prisms-controversial-forerunner/
 [^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Data Processing, Management Staff, memorandum ODP-81-307, "Federal Software Exchange Program," March 30, 1981, with Attachment A (letter of Helen B. McEwan, Director, Federal Software Exchange Program, General Services Administration), Standard Form 185 and instructions, and Attachment B, "Federal Software Exchange Catalog, September 1980, Subject Index," pp. SU-1 and SU-2, CIA-RDP84-00933R000200180033-7, approved for release October 31, 2006; 7-page PDF supplied by the vault owner and read on October 3, 2026 (memorandum text by text layer, index page SU-1 by image).
 [^11]: Emma Best, "Memo shows the CIA was offered PROMIS software in 1981," MuckRock, December 18, 2018, https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2018/dec/18/promis-81-memo/.
 [^12]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., *System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS* (May 1971), prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, note 1 to the passage on the design team, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
--- a/EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS
+++ b/EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
  - INSLAW Affair
  - INSLAW Case
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-10-14
 category: "Intelligence Scandal"
 tags:
  - Event
@ -32,11 +32,17 @@ In April 1983, contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] negotiated Modification 1
 ### Bankruptcy Court Proceedings
-Bankruptcy Judge Bason presided over two landmark proceedings. In June 1987, he found that DOJ had "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully" attempted to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation "without justification and by improper means," based partly on testimony from DOJ official Anthony Pasciuto, who initially stated that DOJ director Thomas Stanton had pressured U.S. Trustee [[William White]] to force the company into liquidation.[^1] In September 1987, after a two-week liability trial, Bason ruled that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit," with damages later computed at about 6.8 million dollars.[^1]
+Bankruptcy Judge Bason presided over two landmark proceedings. In June 1987 he gave oral findings on INSLAW's request for independent handling, and his written findings of January 25, 1988 state that DOJ "unlawfully, intentionally and willfully" attempted to convert INSLAW's Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation "without justification and by improper means."[^1][^10] The findings drew partly on testimony from DOJ official Anthony Pasciuto, who told the Hamiltons he understood that U.S. Trustee [[William White]] had received pressure from DOJ director Thomas Stanton to take action against INSLAW; Pasciuto told the Senate subcommittee staff he did not remember using the word "convert."[^11] In September 1987, after a two-week liability trial, Bason ruled that the Department of Justice "took, converted, stole, Inslaw's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit," with damages later computed at about 6.8 million dollars.[^1]
 Senior District Judge [[William Bryant, Jr.|William Bryant]] affirmed Bason's ruling on November 22, 1989, after reviewing "all of the volumes of transcripts... the more than 1,200 pages of briefs and supporting appendices," finding "convincing, perhaps compelling support for the findings set forth by the bankruptcy court" and that "the cold record adequately supports his findings under any standard of review," while reducing the damages by 655,200 dollars.[^1][^8] The D.C. Circuit reversed on May 7, 1991, on jurisdictional grounds, holding that the automatic stay "does not reach the Department's use of property in its possession under a claim of right at the time of the bankruptcy filing, even if that use may ultimately prove to violate the bankrupt's rights," and declined to disturb the findings of fraud, which "if it occurred, is inexcusable"; rehearing was denied on July 12, 1991, and the Supreme Court declined to hear INSLAW's appeal.[^8]
-Bason's non-reappointment in 1988, when his four-year term expired after he sought early renewal, generated additional allegations that DOJ had improperly influenced the selection committee that chose his successor. The Bua Report found no credible evidence supporting this charge.[^2]
+Bason's non-reappointment in 1988, when his four-year term expired on February 8, 1988, generated additional allegations that DOJ had improperly influenced the selection committee that chose his successor. Bason had asked Chief Judge [[Patricia Wald]] for reappointment by letter in May 1987, and on January 12, 1988 he sent her a fourteen-page letter, with copies to every judge on the court of appeals.[^12] The Bua Report found no credible evidence supporting this charge.[^2]
 The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff study of 1989 found "no proof that the Department of Justice attempted to influence the selection process so as to deny Judge Bason reappointment."[^13] The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 report stated that the committee "was unable to substantiate Judge Bason's charges."[^14] Bason's successor, [[S. Martin Teel Jr.]], had been an attorney in the Department's Tax Division, and the House committee described him as a Justice Department attorney heavily involved in the litigation of the INSLAW case.[^15] On February 1, 1988, seven days before his term expired according to the Special Counsel, Bason sued to enjoin Teel from being sworn in, and the suit was unsuccessful.[^16]
 The merit selection panel was chaired by District Judge [[Norma Holloway Johnson]], with [[Jerome A. Barron]], [[Wesley Williams Jr.]] and [[Thomas C. Papson]]; the Court of Appeals voted on December 21, 1987 and Teel "won by a substantial majority."[^17] Teel was bankruptcy judge in the District of Columbia from February 8, 1988 until his retirement on March 22, 2020.[^18] In an October 29, 1987 memorandum Deputy Assistant Attorney General Stuart Schiffer wrote that February 1, 1988 was "the date on which he [Bason] will either be reappointed or replaced."[^19]
 The Department of Justice's September 27, 1994 review of the Bua report, in Part VII, states: "We disagree with Judge Bason's credibility determinations." The review says it cannot explain why Judge Bason reached such very different conclusions and that Hamilton's testimony appears to be the only support for the vast majority of Judge Bason's findings.[^20]
 ### Congressional Investigations
@ -95,3 +101,14 @@ Bill Hamilton continued to maintain that PROMIS was fraudulently stolen and dist
 [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Review of the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* Assistant Associate Attorney General John C. Dwyer, September 1994.
 [^8]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.,* 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. 1989); *In re INSLAW, Inc.,* 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. 1991), rehearing denied July 12, 1991.
 [^9]: "Software likely in hands of terrorist," *The Washington Times,* June 14, 2001, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20190328003123/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/jun/14/20010614-023749-9383r/ ; Fox News, *Special Report with Brit Hume,* October 16, 2001, Carl Cameron segment, transcript as reproduced at Boing Boing, October 17, 2001, and in Ruppert, Michael C., "Bin Laden's Magic Carpet," *From The Wilderness,* October 26, 2001 (the spokesmen's statements appear only in the latter); "Firm says stolen software helped bin Laden plot 9/11," *The Washington Times,* January 6, 2003, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20170329002654/http://www.washingtontimes.com:80/news/2003/jan/6/20030106-083824-4351r/ ; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen,* August 2003, unclassified summary.
 [^10]: *In re INSLAW, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), https://cite.case.law/br/83/89/; *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.*, 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 1989), https://cite.case.law/br/113/802/; *United States v. INSLAW, Inc. (In re INSLAW, Inc.)*, 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. May 7, 1991), https://cite.case.law/f2d/932/1467/.
 [^11]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, S. Prt. 101-58 (1989), pp. 6-7 and n.23 (Pasciuto's account; Nancy Hamilton's notes reading "St call Wh & sd had to be convertd"). https://archive.org/details/StaffStudyOfAllegationsPertainingToTheDepartmentOfJusticesHandlingOfAContractWithInslaw
 [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* (March 1993), pp. 155, 175. https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
 [^13]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, S. Prt. 101-58 (1989), p. 37. https://archive.org/details/StaffStudyOfAllegationsPertainingToTheDepartmentOfJusticesHandlingOfAContractWithInslaw
 [^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (Sept. 10, 1992), p. 12 (section I.E). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
 [^15]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (Sept. 10, 1992), p. 12 (section I.E); U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* (March 1993), p. 171 (Teel "an attorney in the Tax Division of DOJ"). https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
 [^16]: Bua report (1993), p. 180.
 [^17]: Bua report (1993), pp. 155-156, 172.
 [^18]: Office of the Circuit Executive, D.C. Circuit, news release, Jan. 28, 2020. https://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/BankruptcyJudgeMeritSelectionPanelNewsReleaseJanuary-28-2020.pdf
 [^19]: H. Rept. 102-857 (1992), p. 108.
 [^20]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (Sept. 27, 1994), Part VII, pp. 185-186.
--- a/EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/World
+++ b/EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/World
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---
+---
 category: "Major Conflict"
 tags:
  - Event
@ -7,34 +7,208 @@ tags:
  - OSS
  - Intelligence
  - ColdWar
-summary: "World War II (1939-1945) is the global conflict from which the modern American intelligence community was born: the OSS became the CIA, Nazi scientists and intelligence officers were recruited through Operation Paperclip and other stay-behind programs, and the organizational networks, personnel, and covert operational culture of the Cold War era were all shaped by wartime arrangements."
+  - OperationPaperclip
  - Gehlen
  - Ratlines
  - Ahnenerbe
  - ManhattanProject
  - OperationUnderworld
  - UnionBankingCorporation
  - UnitSevenThirtyOne
 aliases:
  - WWII
  - Second World War
  - World War 2
  - WW2
 summary: "World War II (1939-1945) produced the Office of Strategic Services, the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency, and the postwar recruitment of German scientists and intelligence officers."
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
    start: 1942-06-13
    end: 1945-10-01
    fn: 4
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Operation Alsos]]"
    start: 1943
    end: 1945
    fn: 36
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Operation Paperclip]]"
    start: 1946-09
    end: 1955
    fn: 11
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Gehlen Organization]]"
    start: 1946-10-01
    fn: 17
 ---
-World War II was the global conflict fought from September 1, 1939, to September 2, 1945, between the Allied powers (principally the United States, United Kingdom, [[Soviet Union]], France, China, and dozens of allied nations) and the Axis powers ([[Nazi Germany]], [[Japan]], and [[Italy]]). The war killed an estimated 70 to 85 million people, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. It reshaped the political map of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], ended the European colonial empires, and established the post-war order - including the [[United Nations]], the [[Bretton Woods]] financial system, and the Cold War division of the world between U.S. and Soviet spheres.[^1]
+World War II was the global conflict fought from September 1, 1939, to September 2, 1945, between the Allied powers (principally the United States, the United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], France, China and dozens of allied nations) and the Axis powers ([[Nazi Germany]], [[Japan]] and [[Italy]]). The war killed an estimated 70 to 85 million people, the deadliest conflict in human history.[^1] It reshaped the political map of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], ended the European colonial empires, and established the postwar order, including the [[United Nations]], the [[Bretton Woods]] financial system and the Cold War division of the world between U.S. and Soviet spheres.[^1]
-### Origins of American Intelligence
+### From the OSS to the CIA
-The United States entered the war without a centralized foreign intelligence agency. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] established the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) under General [[William J. Donovan]] in June 1942. The OSS conducted espionage, counterintelligence, psychological warfare, and paramilitary operations in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], and became the institutional ancestor of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. When President [[Harry Truman]] dissolved the OSS in September 1945, many of its personnel were absorbed into the War Department's Strategic Services Unit and subsequently into the [[Central Intelligence Group]] (1946) and the CIA (1947).[^1]
+The [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) was established by military order on June 13, 1942, under the jurisdiction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The order directed it to collect and analyze strategic information for the Joint Chiefs and to plan and operate special services.[^2] It was headed by General [[William J. Donovan]] and created under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. On August 25, 1945, Donovan told the Bureau of the Budget that the agency was "working under what is in effect a liquidation budget."[^3]
-### Operation Paperclip and Nazi Recruitment
+President [[Harry S. Truman]] dissolved the OSS by Executive Order 9621 of September 20, 1945. The order moved its Research and Analysis Branch and Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the State Department, transferred all other functions, personnel, records and funds to the War Department, and terminated the Office, including the office of the Director of Strategic Services, as of the opening of business on October 1, 1945.[^4] The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group dates the disbanding to October 1945.[^5] The War Department units that inherited the clandestine side were the Strategic Services Unit (SSU) and its successors. The [[Central Intelligence Group]] was created by presidential directive on January 22, 1946, and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in September 1947.[^6][^5] The Working Group states that the CIA inherited intelligence operations and agents in Europe from the Army and from the organizations that succeeded the OSS, and that these operations later included the [[Gehlen Organization]].[^5]
-Among the most consequential intelligence decisions of the immediate post-war period was the [[U.S. Army]] and early CIA program to recruit [[Nazi Germany|German]] scientists, intelligence officers, and technical specialists before the [[Soviet Union]] could do the same. [[Operation Paperclip]] brought more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians to the United States, including [[Wernher von Braun]] and other rocket scientists central to the [[NASA|American space program]]. The program was conducted with knowledge that many recruits had committed war crimes; records were sanitized to remove incriminating material.[^2]
+[[General Walter Bedell Smith|Walter Bedell Smith]], who became CIA Director in 1950, had been Eisenhower's wartime chief of staff, and dozens of other senior CIA and military intelligence officials of the 1950s to 1970s had served in the OSS.
-Separately, the CIA recruited former [[SS]] intelligence officer [[Reinhard Gehlen]], whose [[Wehrmacht]] intelligence organization covering the Eastern Front became the [[Gehlen Organization]] - and eventually the [[Bundesnachrichtendienst]] (BND), West Germany's foreign intelligence service. Gehlen's network provided the CIA's primary human intelligence on Soviet bloc countries during the early Cold War, though it was heavily penetrated by [[KGB]] double agents.
+The Army's SSU ran an operation in Germany that it called Operation KEYSTONE and that was known as Operation RUSTY.[^7]
-[[General Walter Bedell Smith]], who became CIA Director in 1950, had been Eisenhower's wartime chief of staff; dozens of other senior CIA and military intelligence officials in the 1950s-1970s were shaped by wartime OSS service.
+### Operation Paperclip and the German scientists
-### MKULTRA and Wartime Research
+The program that became [[Operation Paperclip]] began with an earlier proposal from the Commerce Department. On December 4, 1945, Secretary of Commerce [[Henry A. Wallace]] wrote to President Truman recommending the importation of a selected group of about 50 German scientists. His memorandum named [[Otto Hahn]], a former director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, and Dr. W. J. Reppe, director of research of [[I.G. Farbenindustrie]], among the men available.[^8] In August 1946 Acting Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] sent the President a memorandum titled "Interim Exploitation of German and Austrian Specialists in the United States," and on September 4, 1946 Secretary of War [[Robert P. Patterson]] wrote that the policy had been agreed by the State, War and Navy Departments and urged approval because contracts for specialists already in the country were expiring.[^9]
-The [[MKULTRA]] program, the CIA's Cold War research effort into mind control and interrogation, grew directly from wartime research. The CIA recruited scientists who had studied the psychological effects of extreme stress and chemical agents during the war, including individuals with knowledge of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] medical experiments at concentration camps. The organizational culture of MKULTRA reflected wartime assumptions that extreme measures were justified by existential threat.[^2]
+The policy excluded any person whom the Commanding General in Germany found "to have been a member of the Nazi Party and more than a nominal participant in its activities," or an active supporter of Nazism or militarism. It stated that a position or honors awarded under the Nazi regime "solely on account of his scientific or technical ability" would not in themselves disqualify a specialist.[^10] The [[Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency]] (JIOA) of the Pentagon had sought authority to bring 1,000 former enemy scientists and to grant them citizenship. Truman's authorization of September 1946 was limited to "nominal participants" in the Nazi Party, and a panel from the Justice and State Departments ruled on each candidate on the basis of Office of Military Government dossiers built from [[Counter Intelligence Corps]] investigations.[^11]
-### Strategic Significance for the Vault
+The Working Group counts 765 scientists, engineers and technicians brought to the United States between 1945 and 1955 under Operation Overcast, Operation Paperclip and similar programs. It cites the historian [[Clarence Lasby]] for the estimate that up to 80 percent of the immigrant specialists had been members of the Nazi Party, and states that [[Wernher von Braun]] "had been an SS officer."[^11] [[Annie Jacobsen]] writes that more than sixteen hundred of Hitler's technologists became America's own.[^12]
-World War II figures throughout this vault as background context: the formation of the CIA from OSS, the Cold War intelligence relationships born of wartime alliances, the recruitment of former Nazi personnel whose knowledge became part of the Western intelligence apparatus, and the experience of total war that shaped the worldview of the generation of officials who ran the Cold War programs documented here.[^1]
+Jacobsen's account of the clearance process is that a JIOA directive of September 3, 1946 required the State Department to "accept as final the investigation and security reports prepared by JIOA," that the State Department's Samuel Klaus understood the wording to let military intelligence officers withhold damaging information about scientists, and that the Office of Military Government sent the War Department 146 security reports that could create scandals if disclosed, among them the report on the rocket engineer [[Kurt Debus]].[^13] Jacobsen also writes that on January 3, 1946 the War Department released a "sanitized" monograph, the Merck Report, as the first public account of the Army's biological weapons program, and that the department answered the first press accounts of Paperclip with a sanitized public version of its program.[^13]
 The Working Group report records the case of [[Arthur Rudolph]], a chief production engineer for the V-2 program. Rudolph went to work for the War Department and then for [[NASA]] as project director of the [[Saturn V]] program. He left the United States in 1984 after the Office of Special Investigations found his role at the [[Mittelwerk]] underground factory, where numerous concentration camp inmates were worked to death or killed outright.[^14] A JIOA cable of December 4, 1947 on security reports for Paperclip specialists is reproduced in the report.[^14] On October 28, 1949 the Secretary of the Army approved the transfer of the Ordnance rocket group at [[Fort Bliss]] to [[Redstone Arsenal]], including von Braun and his team, who had come to the United States under Paperclip in 1945 and 1946.[^15]
 ### The Gehlen Organization and the Eastern Front files
 The Working Group describes [[Reinhard Gehlen]] as a man who "is not considered a Nazi war criminal" but who "had served as Hitler's senior military intelligence officer on the Eastern Front." After the war he became a U.S. intelligence resource, first for the Army and later for the CIA. His network, the Gehlen Organization, "included operatives and agents with Nazi, collaborationist, and war criminal backgrounds," was the foundation of the West German [[Bundesnachrichtendienst]] (BND), and "purportedly received millions in U.S. funding."[^16]
 The CIA's documentary history of the BND's origins records that "after the war, Gen. Reinhard Gehlen, a senior German army intelligence officer and expert on the Soviet Union, directed his officers to preserve their records and surrender to American forces." His wartime service was in the German army ([[Wehrmacht]]). The history includes the October 1, 1946 memorandum from Major General W. A. Burress to Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg, then Director of Central Intelligence, on "Operation RUSTY: Use of the Eastern Branch of the Former German Intelligence Service."[^17] In October 2000 the CIA acknowledged, in a filing in the Freedom of Information Act case Oglesby v. Army, that it had maintained an intelligence relationship with Gehlen and held records about him, which the Working Group calls the agency's first acknowledgment of any relationship with him. The CIA approved release of the 2,100-page Army Gehlen file and released nearly 2,100 further pages from its own files, including files on many of the Organization's personnel and agents.[^16] Gehlen's network provided the CIA's primary human intelligence on Soviet bloc countries during the early Cold War, though it was heavily penetrated by KGB double agents.
 The same CIA history records the agency's own assessments. In 1950 the CIA's Critchfield reduced the number of Gehlen's projects from 150 to 49 and then to 10, and told Gehlen that his organization was "considered definitely second class in any intelligence activity of a more difficult or sophisticated nature." In 1953 Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Keyes criticized the agency's role in Germany, and Deputy Director of Plans [[Frank Wisner]] answered that there was "no adequate answer or correction of the assumption that we rely very largely upon the [Gehlen Organization] effort for intelligence on Eastern Europe generally," adding that the CIA had its own independent operations.[^18]
 The history states that Gehlen's service "suffered devastating penetrations by the KGB as seen by the Hans Clemons and Heinz Felfe spy scandals of the early 1960s" (the [[Heinz Felfe]] case), that the KGB's exploitation of former Nazis led to further penetrations of the BND by the East German Stasi until 1989, and that the agency had voiced concerns about the Organization as early as 1945.[^19] Gerhard L. Weinberg, who chaired the Working Group's Historical Advisory Panel, wrote that the panel had pressed the issue of the relationship of U.S. agencies to the Gehlen organization and that the newly released records would make clearer the story of an intelligence operation "financed for years by American taxpayers but largely run from Moscow."[^20]
 ### Camp King, Bluebird and the MKULTRA lineage
 The [[MKULTRA]] program, the CIA's Cold War research effort into mind control and interrogation, grew from earlier programs, several of which drew on wartime research and on the German specialists brought to the United States. Jacobsen writes that the Army's psychochemical warfare program began with a monograph by L. Wilson Greene, technical director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at [[Edgewood Arsenal]], titled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War," which proposed a search for "a stable chemical compound which would cause mental abnormalities of military significance," and that she calls it the genesis of MKULTRA. She writes that Edgewood's Charles Loucks befriended the Paperclip chemist and Nobel laureate [[Richard Kuhn]], who introduced him to LSD, later tested on soldiers at Edgewood.[^21]
 Jacobsen describes [[Camp King]] at Oberursel as a Cold War interrogation site where Soviet agents caught in the Gehlen Organization's web were held under the code name [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|Bluebird]], which she says was later renamed Artichoke, and where the Paperclip physicians [[Kurt Blome]] and Schreiber were post doctors from 1949 to 1952. Blome was tried at Nuremberg and acquitted, and Jacobsen writes that his declassified file notes work on an Army "Project 1975" that has never been declassified.[^22]
 ### Ratlines and the Croatian escape network
 The Working Group reports that the [[U.S. Army]] CIC in Germany recruited and sheltered [[Klaus Barbie]], an [[SS]] officer later convicted for rounding up Jews in France, and that the U.S. Army smuggled him out of Europe through a "ratline" of secret escape routes. Barbie escaped justice for more than 30 years in South American hideouts.[^5]
 The report identifies [[Krunoslav Draganovic]], a Franciscan priest who served the Nazi satellite regime in Croatia, as a man who "facilitated the escape of numerous Croatian war criminals to South America via the College of Saint Jerome in Rome." From 1959 to 1962 he worked as a spy for U.S. Army Intelligence against the Yugoslav regime, and the CIA kept a file on him. A June 19, 1961 memorandum to Col. Breen of the 163rd Military Intelligence Battalion, concerning Ljubomir Dedic, warned that Army intelligence considered Draganovic and other Dedic associates highly compromised. A paragraph of the memorandum was withheld until the Working Group asked the CIA to review it again, and the released text of the review states that the redacted paragraph concerned a source of information obtained from a foreign government organization on refugees and emigres associated with Dedic.[^23] The State Department records reviewed by the Working Group also include the cases of [[Josef Mengele]] and [[Walter Rauff]].[^24]
 ### Nazi occultism and wartime psychic claims
 In a 1977 article in the CIA's journal Studies in Intelligence, [[Kenneth A. Kress]] wrote that anecdotal reports of extrasensory perception had reached U.S. national security agencies "at least since World War II, when Hitler was said to rely on astrologers and seers."[^25] A 1992 Defense Intelligence College thesis by Captain [[Michael E. Zarbo]] on remote viewing gave nearly the same account: "since at least World War II when Hitler reportedly relied on astrologers and seers for intelligence information."[^26] An annotated parapsychology bibliography held in the CIA reading room describes the clairvoyant [[Erik Jan Hanussen]], who gave seances in the Netherlands in 1930, as someone who "would often be consulted by Adolph Hitler."[^27]
 [[Walter Schellenberg]], who headed the foreign intelligence branch of the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] (SD), wrote in his memoirs about the flight of [[Rudolf Hess]] to Scotland in May 1941. He stated that SD reports revealed Hess to have been a "silent adherent" of Rudolf Steiner and the anthroposophists, that Hess had made the flight "in accordance with astrological advice" and had close associations with astrologers, seers, mediums and nature therapists, and that collective arrests followed among both groups. According to Schellenberg, [[Heinrich Himmler]] told him that from the day of the flight Hitler's earlier interest in astrology "changed to an uncompromising antipathy," and Himmler was upset by the measures taken against the astrologers.[^28] Schellenberg also wrote that on April 28, 1945 he took an astrologer from Hamburg, whom Himmler knew and thought highly of, to a meeting with Himmler in Luebeck, in order to soften Himmler's reaction to the failure of a peace initiative, and that with the astrologer's help he obtained Himmler's permission to discuss the ending of the German occupation of Norway and the internment of the occupation forces in Sweden.[^29]
 The astrologer [[Wilhelm Wulff]] recorded Schellenberg telling him that mystical belief systems were "a suitable vehicle for the propagation of political concepts and for the political control of a nation," as reported in Jacobsen's *Phenomena* and on the vault pages for Wulff and Schellenberg.[^30]
 The [[Ahnenerbe]] is described in the opening statement of the prosecution in the Doctors' Trial before the American Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. The tribunal's printed record states that the name "literally means 'ancestral heritage'," that the society was "originally devoted to scientific and psuedo-scientific researches concerning the anthropological and cultural history of the German race," and that an Institute for Military Scientific Research was later set up within it. [[Wolfram Sievers]], an SS colonel, was manager of the society and director of the Institute, a direct subordinate of Himmler as president of the Ahnenerbe, and a defendant.[^31] The prosecution quoted a February 1942 report from Sievers to Himmler (document NO-085) proposing the procurement of skulls of Jewish commissars to remedy a shortage of "Jewish race" specimens, and a September 1944 telegram from Sievers to Himmler's adjutant Rudolf Brandt about the skeleton collection assembled at the Reich University of Strasbourg under Professor August Hirt as the Allied armies approached.[^32]
 ### Rocketry: GALCIT, Aerojet and JPL
 Caltech's Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT) was the setting for the rocket work of [[Frank Malina]] and [[Jack Parsons]]. Caltech's history records that Malina and friends test-fired a rocket engine in a dry wash in 1936, the unofficial beginning of what became the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], and that Parsons, a self-taught explosives expert, and Edward Forman were part of the original group.[^33] In 1942 [[Theodore von Karman]] and Malina set up a company named [[Aerojet]] to manufacture the group's rockets. Parsons and Forman went to Aerojet, and the rest of the original team left the rocket business.[^34]
 The laboratory's first guided missile was the Corporal, first flown in an unguided version named the WAC Corporal, for "Without Attitude Control," which debuted at White Sands on October 11, 1945. Its Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel, originally the V-2 Upper Atmosphere Panel, selected scientific instruments that flew on German V-2 rockets captured at the end of the war, and the Army settled von Braun and his team at Redstone Arsenal.[^34]
 ### The Manhattan Project and Alsos
 The atomic bomb program was placed under a Military Policy Committee chaired by [[Vannevar Bush]], with [[Leslie Groves]] named to sit with it as executive officer. The Smyth Report states that the creation of the committee in effect placed all phases of the project under the control of Bush, [[James B. Conant]], General Styer, Admiral Purnell and Groves.[^35] The [[Los Alamos]] laboratory was the principal site of the work.
 [[Operation Alsos]] followed the advancing forces into Germany to investigate the German nuclear energy project and to prevent German scientists from being moved beyond reach. [[Samuel Goudsmit]], chosen as chief scientist at a meeting called by Vannevar Bush at the Office of Scientific Research and Development, was its scientific head. Its military commander, Colonel [[Boris Pash]], wrote that the plan agreed with Goudsmit gave the scientific section the choice of targets (personnel, installations or equipment) and gave Pash the task of seizing and protecting them. Pash described Werner Heisenberg as the first priority, and described the occupation of Haigerloch and the securing of the laboratory of Otto Hahn.[^36] Goudsmit published his own account, *Alsos*, in 1947.[^37]
 ### Abwehr
 A 1978 Soviet-sourced article translated into the CIA's collection describes [[Wilhelm Canaris]] as "Hitler's chief of military intelligence."[^38]
 ### OSS and organized crime: Operation Underworld
 The Senate's Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce heard testimony in 1951 from [[George Hunter White]], who gave his name as George H. White and his occupation as supervising narcotic agent of the United States Treasury. He testified that he had served seventeen years, including four with the Army, that during the war he was a lieutenant colonel in charge of counterespionage training and later operations in India and parts of the United States, and that he was on active duty and attached to the OSS. The chairman remarked that "Col. George White is one of the best men in the game today."[^39]
 White testified that in May 1943 an intermediary named August Del Grazio came to him, saying he acted for people interested in getting [[Charles Luciano]] out of prison. Del Grazio named two attorneys, George Wolf and [[Moses Polakoff]], and [[Frank Costello]] as spearheading the effort. He said Luciano could arrange contacts for undercover American agents in Sicily if the Army arranged a parole. White told him that parole was impossible but that any information would be passed to the proper military authorities.[^40]
 White testified that Luciano was paroled in 1946 on condition of deportation, that he went to Cuba on an Italian passport, and that after protests from the American government and an embargo on narcotics exports to Cuba, the Cuban government arrested him and returned him to Italy. He also testified that [[Charles R. Haffenden]], a Naval Reserve officer attached to Naval Intelligence in New York, had interested himself in Luciano's case, that the Navy Department later denied any interest, and that part of the basis for the parole was a letter from Haffenden to Governor Dewey stating that Luciano had been of great service to the Armed Forces. He reported that the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps and the OSS had each categorically denied that Luciano furnished any information or services of value. He also testified that Luciano was alleged to have been accompanied aboard the departure ship in 1946 by Costello, [[Meyer Lansky]] and Albert Anastasia, and said he had no personal knowledge of it.[^41]
 Haffenden testified in the same part of the hearings. He stated that in 1942 [[Murray Gurfein]], then connected with the district attorney's office, suggested over breakfast that an informant from the underworld would be useful to the Third Naval District, that Gurfein later introduced him to Polakoff as the attorney who was the contact to Luciano, that Luciano was moved from Dannemora Prison to a prison closer to New York, and that he did not make that request. He testified that the letter on the parole was written on his own stationery in a hospital after Polakoff showed him a letter from Governor Dewey's counsel, Charles Breitel, asking whether Luciano had been of any value, and that he had met Lansky once, after the parole.[^42]
 ### Japanese biological warfare and Unit 731
 The Working Group states that "in the name of securing a staunch ally against Communism in Asia and in return for information on biological warfare, the United States was lenient with important Japanese war criminals."[^43] It records that the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] lobbied the Attorney General and the Pentagon for the release of documents on amnesties granted to supervisors of Japan's biological and chemical warfare program in exchange for data from experiments on humans in [[Unit 731]].[^44]
 The Working Group's essays on Japanese records state that the Allied prosecutions in Tokyo and elsewhere did not reach the former scientists of Unit 731, including its commander [[Shiro Ishii]]. They state that by the end of 1947 occupation authorities held evidence that a number of Japanese scientists had conducted biological warfare experiments on humans with Ishii's consent, that Ishii "hinted that he would be willing to provide more information if he were granted immunity from war crimes prosecution," and that the State Department sought to limit the commitment while most U.S. military and intelligence officials were receptive to a deal. The essays add that SCAP, the War Department's Civil Affairs Division, the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the State Department each tried to shield Ishii and his colleagues from prosecution, and that the Soviet request in 1947 to interrogate Ishii was met only on condition that an American official be present and that the Japanese be told what responses to give.[^45]
 In the autumn of 1947 two Fort Detrick scientists, Edwin Hill and Joseph Victor, interviewed Ishii and other Japanese scientists with the support of Major General Charles A. Willoughby. They reported that "no question of immunity guarantee from war crimes prosecution was ever raised during these interviews," that the Japanese scientists appeared to be withholding information that a guarantee of protection might produce, and that the human infection data had been secured with "a total outlay of $250,000 to date, a mere pittance by comparison with the actual cost of the studies."[^45] The historian [[Sheldon Harris]] wrote that "under a cloak of immunity from possible prosecution, the 'open secret' became detailed fact in 1946 and 1947."[^46]
 ### Business with the Reich
 A Treasury Department memorandum of August 18, 1941, from Mr. May to Mr. [[J. W. Pehle]] under the subject "Union Banking Corporation," reports on a New York bank holding company. It states that the [[Union Banking Corporation]] was incorporated on August 4, 1924 and was wholly owned by the [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]] of Rotterdam, that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," that its president, Cornelis Lievense, claimed no knowledge of that ownership but believed it possible that Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]], brother of [[Fritz Thyssen]], might own a substantial interest, and that Heinrich Thyssen was said to have acquired Hungarian citizenship. It records gold purchases of over eight million dollars in 1931 to 1933, of which $3,085,000 was delivered to the [[Federal Reserve Bank]] on June 15, 1934, and states that the rumor that Fritz Thyssen had large gold deposits in the United States might have arisen from them, while adding that all purchases were "satisfactorily accounted for" in the books. It states that in the fall of 1938 the corporation held two million dollars in currency in a New York safe deposit box, later deposited in its account with [[Brown Brothers Harriman]].[^47]
 The memorandum does not name [[Prescott Bush]]. On October 20, 1942 the Alien Property Custodian, Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order Number 248 under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act]], published in the Federal Register on November 7, 1942. It vested "all of the capital stock of Union Banking Corporation, a New York corporation," consisting of 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock, and listed the registered owners and their shares: E. Roland Harriman, 3,991; Cornelius Lievense, 4; Harold D. Pennington, 1; Ray Morris, 1; Prescott S. Bush, 1; H. J. Kouwenhoven, 1; and Johann G. Groeninger, 1. The order states "all of which shares are held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N. V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands, which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary." A second paragraph vested all claims of that bank and of the August Thyssen-Bank, Berlin, against the corporation for indebtedness.[^48]
 The Office of Alien Property Custodian's annual report for March 11, 1942 to June 30, 1943 lists property vested from German interests. Its schedules include the interests of I.G. Farbenindustrie in two patent contracts, one with the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company and one with Pen-Chlor, Inc., and the profits resulting from them.[^49]
 The prosecution's opening statement in the Farben case before the American Military Tribunal at Nuremberg described the agreements between I.G. Farben and [[Standard Oil]] of New Jersey. The statement says that a 1929 agreement recognized Farben's priority in chemicals and Standard's priority in oil outside Germany, that a 1930 agreement created the jointly owned Joint American Study Company (Jasco) to develop new processes "on a basis of equality (50-50)," and that Frank A. Howard of the Standard Oil Development Company wrote in 1936 that "the IG may be said to be our general partner in the chemical business." It states that Standard turned over its butyl rubber process to Farben while Farben delayed the transfer of its buna rubber processes, and that after the outbreak of war in September 1939 Howard met Farben representatives at The Hague, where Farben transferred its Jasco interest to Standard but not the necessary know-how.[^50] The indictment charged that the cartel agreements delayed the development and production of buna rubber in the United States until 1940.[^51] The Tribunal's judgment in the Farben case describes the 1939 Hague transactions as having been held by the U.S. Federal courts in Standard Oil Co. v. Markham (S.D.N.Y.) and Standard Oil Co. v. Clark (2d Cir., September 22, 1947) to be "sham transactions designed to create an appearance of Jersey ownership of property interests which, nevertheless, continued to be regarded by the parties as IG owned."[^52]
 The New York law firm [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] had German clients in the 1930s, according to Frank Lipsius and Nancy Lisagor's history of the firm, and [[John Foster Dulles]] and [[Allen Dulles]] were partners of the firm.[^53] [[IBM]]'s German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft ([[Dehomag]]), is the subject of [[Edwin Black]]'s account. Black wrote that Dehomag, "with the knowledge of its New York headquarters," custom-designed devices and applications for the Reich as an official corporate undertaking, and that IBM's New York management understood from 1933 that it was doing business with the upper echelon of the Nazi Party.[^54]
 ### War crimes trials and the disclosure record
 The International Military Tribunal sat at [[Nuremberg]] from November 14, 1945 to October 1, 1946.[^55] The United States tried about 1,700 German and other Axis nationals at [[Dachau]] for concentration camp crimes.[^43]
 The Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, Public Law 105-246 of October 8, 1998, directed the release of Nazi war criminal records and established the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group.[^56] The Working Group's 2007 report is the principal government account of how those records were handled, including the Gehlen files and the Draganovic memorandum.[^57]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: "World War II," *Encyclopaedia Britannica.* https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
+[^1]: "World War II," *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
-[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America.* Little, Brown and Company, 2014.
+[^2]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment*, Document 4, Memorandum from the Assistant Director for Administrative Management of the Bureau of the Budget to the Director (Stone), August 27, 1945, "Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and the Transfer of its Activities to the State and War Departments," and footnote 1 (OSS "was established by Military Order of June 13, 1942"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d4
 [^3]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment*, Document 3, Donovan to Truman and letter to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget (Smith), August 25, 1945. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d3
 [^4]: Executive Order 9621, "Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions," September 20, 1945, 10 *Federal Register* 12033 (September 22, 1945), paragraphs 1 to 3 (termination "as of the opening of business October 1, 1945"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1945-09-22/pdf/FR-1945-09-22.pdf
 [^5]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 12-13 (OSS disbanded October 1945; CIA created September 1947; CIA inherited operations that "later included the Gehlen Organization"; Army CIC and Barbie; the "ratline"). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^6]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment*, Document 71, Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities, January 22, 1946. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71
 [^7]: *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, vol. 1, documentary history (declassified), editorial note on Operation RUSTY, "Operation KEYSTONE (SSU's project name for Operation RUSTY)." https://archive.org/details/CIAAndTheOriginsOfTheBND1945-1949
 [^8]: Memorandum from Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace to President Truman, "Proposed Importation of German Scientists for U.S. Science and Industry Benefit," December 4, 1945, Harry S. Truman Library, Paperclip document set (FOIA release printed April 21, 2009). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/trumanlibrary-paperclip.pdf
 [^9]: Memorandum from Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson to the President, September 4, 1946, enclosing the Acheson memorandum of August 30, 1946, "Interim Exploitation of German and Austrian Specialists in the United States." Truman Library Paperclip document set (same PDF as the Wallace memorandum).
 [^10]: State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee paper SWNCC 257/22, Appendix B, paragraph 5. Truman Library Paperclip document set (same PDF as the Wallace memorandum).
 [^11]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 14-15 (JIOA request for 1,000 specialists and citizenship authority; Truman's September 1946 authorization and "nominal participants"; review panel and dossiers; 765 specialists, 1945-1955; Lasby on up to 80 percent Nazi Party membership; von Braun "had been an SS officer"). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^12]: Annie Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America* (Little, Brown, 2014), introduction ("more than sixteen hundred of Hitler's technologists would become America's own").
 [^13]: Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*, chapters on the JIOA directive of September 3, 1946 and the State Department's Samuel Klaus, on the 146 OMGUS security reports (Kurt Debus), and on the Merck Report of January 3, 1946 and the War Department's public presentation of Paperclip.
 [^14]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 15-16 (Arthur Rudolph, Mittelwerk and the Office of Special Investigations; Figure 4, JIOA cable 4102, December 4, 1947, RG 330, JIOA General Correspondence 1946-1952). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^15]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," entry for 28 October 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html
 [^16]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), p. 48, Figure 12, "The Gehlen files." https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^17]: *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, vol. 1, introduction (the Gehlen passage) and the document on Operation RUSTY, Burress to Vandenberg, October 1, 1946. https://archive.org/details/CIAAndTheOriginsOfTheBND1945-1949
 [^18]: *Forging an Intelligence Partnership*, vol. 1, introduction, p. xxvii (Critchfield's reduction of Gehlen's projects in 1950 and his remark to Gehlen; Keyes's 1953 criticism and Wisner's reply).
 [^19]: *Forging an Intelligence Partnership*, vol. 1, introduction, pp. xxvii-xxviii (KGB penetrations, the Clemons and Felfe cases, the Stasi, and the agency's concerns "as early as 1945").
 [^20]: Gerhard L. Weinberg, Chair, IWG Historical Advisory Panel, "Perspectives," in IWG, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), p. 104. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^21]: Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*, chapters on Edgewood Arsenal (L. Wilson Greene's monograph "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War," its recommendation of a "stable chemical compound which would cause mental abnormalities of military significance," and its description as the genesis of the CIA's MKUltra program; Charles Loucks and Richard Kuhn).
 [^22]: Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*, chapters on Camp King (Operation Bluebird, "rechristened Artichoke" per John Marks; Kurt Blome and Schreiber as post physicians under Paperclip contracts, 1949 to 1952; "Army, 1952, Project 1975"; Blome's Nuremberg acquittal).
 [^23]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), p. 56 (Draganovic; June 19, 1961 memorandum to Col. Breen, 163rd MI Battalion, concerning Ljubomir Dedic; Figure 13 and the redacted paragraph). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^24]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), p. 66 (State Department records for the cases of Klaus Barbie, Josef Mengele, Walter Rauff and others). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^25]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence*, vol. 21, no. 4 (Winter 1977). CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
 [^26]: Michael E. Zarbo, *Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?* (Master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992), "Early US Interest." CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.
 [^27]: Annotated bibliography entry on Paul A. Dietz, "A successful psychometric experiment with the clairvoyant E. Hanussen," *Tijdschrift voor Parapsychologie*, 1930/31, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700690004-2. The parenthetical about Hitler is the bibliographer's annotation.
 [^28]: Walter Schellenberg, *The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg* (Harper, 1956; Pyramid Books ed. as *Hitler's Secret Service*, 1974), chapter "The Mystery of Rudolf Hess," pp. 190-191.
 [^29]: Schellenberg, *The Labyrinth*, chapter on the Himmler talks of April 1945 (Pyramid ed., pp. 393-394).
 [^30]: Wilhelm Wulff, *Zodiac and Swastika* (1973), as reported in Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017); the quotation appears on the vault pages for Wilhelm Wulff and Walter Schellenberg.
 [^31]: *Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10*, vol. I (The Medical Case), list of defendants (Sievers, "Reich Manager of the 'Ahnenerbe' Society and Director of its Institute for Military Scientific Research") and the prosecution's opening statement on the defendant Sievers. https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NT_war-criminals.html
 [^32]: *Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals*, vol. I, indictment (the skeleton collection for the Reich University of Strasbourg) and the prosecution's opening statement quoting documents NO-085 and NO-087 and Sievers's telegram of September 1944.
 [^33]: Erik M. Conway, "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," *Engineering & Science*, Caltech, no. 4 (2007), pp. 2-3. https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/702/2/Spacecraft.pdf
 [^34]: Conway, "From Rockets to Spacecraft," pp. 3-5 (Aerojet; Parsons and Forman; the Corporal and the WAC Corporal; the Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel and captured V-2 instruments; Redstone Arsenal).
 [^35]: Henry DeWolf Smyth, *Atomic Energy for Military Purposes* (Princeton University Press, 1945), sections 5.25 to 5.27 (Military Policy Committee; General Groves as executive officer). https://archive.org/details/atomicenergyform00smyt_0
 [^36]: Boris T. Pash, *The Alsos Mission* (1969), chapters on the formation of Alsos (Goudsmit as chief scientist; the division of tasks between the scientific section and Pash), the priority list headed by Heisenberg, and the occupation of Haigerloch and Otto Hahn's laboratory.
 [^37]: Samuel A. Goudsmit, *Alsos* (Henry Schuman, 1947).
 [^38]: Joint Publications Research Service, *Translations on USSR Science and Technology: Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences* (FOUO 37/78, December 6, 1978), CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500430001-1. The characterization belongs to the translated Soviet article.
 [^39]: U.S. Senate, *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey) (1951), testimony of George H. White, pp. 1180-1181 (index entry "White, Col. George H., narcotics agent, United States Treasury, 1180-1187"). https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
 [^40]: *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Part 7, testimony of George H. White, pp. 1181-1182 (Del Grazio, May 1943).
 [^41]: *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Part 7, testimony of George H. White, pp. 1182-1183 (parole, Cuba, Haffenden letter, service denials, departure of Luciano).
 [^42]: *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Part 7, testimony of Charles R. Haffenden, pp. 1187-1198, with the Polakoff testimony in the same part (Gurfein and the Third Naval District; Dannemora; the letter and Charles Breitel; Lansky).
 [^43]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), Executive Summary, pp. 4-7 (lenient treatment of Japanese war criminals; 1,700 tried at Dachau). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^44]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 20-21 (Simon Wiesenthal Center lobbying on amnesties for supervisors of Japan's biological and chemical warfare program; Unit 731). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
 [^45]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Researching Japanese War Crimes Records: Introductory Essays* (National Archives and Records Administration, 2006), "Research Starting Points," pp. 96-99 (Unit 731, Ishii, the immunity discussions, the Soviet interrogation request, and the Hill and Victor report of autumn 1947). https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf
 [^46]: Sheldon H. Harris, *Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the American Cover-Up* (Routledge, rev. ed. 2002), p. 63.
 [^47]: Treasury Department memorandum, Mr. May to Mr. Pehle, August 18, 1941, "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, with handwritten notation by J. W. Pehle, declassified by NARA (authority NND 960103). Copy held in an archive.org collection of Bush-related documents.
 [^48]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 248, "All of the Capital Stock of Union Banking Corporation and Certain Indebtedness Owing by It," executed October 20, 1942, signed Leo T. Crowley, F.R. Doc. 42-11568, filed November 6, 1942, 7 *Federal Register* 9097 (November 7, 1942). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-11-07/pdf/FR-1942-11-07.pdf
 [^49]: Office of Alien Property Custodian, *Annual Report for the period March 11, 1942 to June 30, 1943*, schedule of vested interests (I.G. Farbenindustrie patent contracts with Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. and Pen-Chlor, Inc.). https://archive.org/details/officeofalienpro00unit
 [^50]: *Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals*, vol. VII (The Farben Case), prosecution opening statement, pp. 162-167 (1929 and 1930 Standard Oil agreements, Jasco, Howard's letter of 1936, butyl and buna, the Hague conference of September 1939; documents NI-10550, NI-10433, NI-10431, NI-10455). https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NT_war-criminals.html
 [^51]: *Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals*, vol. VII, indictment, paragraph 57.
 [^52]: *Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals*, vol. VIII (The Farben Case), Decision and Judgment of the Tribunal, pp. 1273-1290 (Standard Oil agreements; *Standard Oil Co. v. Markham*, 64 F. Supp. 656 (S.D.N.Y.), and *Standard Oil Co. v. Clark*, 163 F.2d 917 (2d Cir. 1947), as quoted by the Tribunal).
 [^53]: Frank Lipsius and Nancy Lisagor, *A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm Sullivan & Cromwell* (William Morrow, 1988), pp. 99-101 and 132-134.
 [^54]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001), introduction.
 [^55]: *Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal*, Proceedings Volumes, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/imt.asp
 [^56]: Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, Public Law 105-246, 112 Stat. 1859 (October 8, 1998), Section 2. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-105publ246/pdf/PLAW-105publ246.pdf
 [^57]: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress* (April 2007), pp. 48 and 56. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
--- a/DISPATCHES/2026-10-14
+++ b/DISPATCHES/2026-10-14
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
 ---
 title: "Read and Destroy"
 date: 2026-10-14
 status: published
 summary: "Ten weeks after the bankruptcy judge who found that the Justice Department stole INSLAW's software ruled, an unsigned memorandum marked 'read and destroy' ranked him last among the finalists for his own seat, which went to a Justice Department tax lawyer who had supervised the INSLAW tax work."
 entities:
  - "[[George Francis Bason, Jr.]]"
  - "[[INSLAW]]"
  - "[[PROMIS]]"
  - "[[S. Martin Teel Jr.]]"
  - "[[Norma Holloway Johnson]]"
  - "[[Stuart Schiffer]]"
  - "[[C. Madison Brewer]]"
  - "[[Department of Justice]]"
  - "[[Nicholas J. Bua]]"
 tags:
  - INSLAW
  - PROMIS
  - DoJ
  - Judiciary
 ---
 # Read and Destroy
 On September 28, 1987 Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] ruled from the bench that the [[Department of Justice]] "took, converted, stole" [[INSLAW]]'s enhanced [[PROMIS]] software "by trickery, fraud, and deceit."[^1] His four-year term ran to February 8, 1988.[^2] On October 29, 1987 [[Stuart Schiffer]] of the Civil Division wrote that Bason had set the next INSLAW trial for February 2, 1988, and that "Coincidentally, it has been my understanding that February 1 is the date on which he will either be reappointed or replaced."[^3]
 The merit selection panel, chaired by District Judge [[Norma Holloway Johnson]], sent the [[Judicial Council of the District of Columbia Circuit|Judicial Council]] a written report of less than two pages, dated November 24, 1987, ranking four finalists with [[S. Martin Teel Jr.]], a Tax Division attorney, first.[^4] A "confidential memorandum" to Johnson dated December 8, 1987, unsigned and marked at the top "read and destroy," stated that "its purpose is to 'help' elucidate in particular our reasoning in ranking the candidates as we did." The House Judiciary Committee reported that the description of each candidate except Bason began with positive commentary, and that Bason's began: "I could not conclude that Judge Bason was incompetent." It called him "inclined to make mountains out of molehills" and said he "seems to have developed a pronounced and unrelenting reputation for favoring debtors." None of these observations appeared in the panel's written report.[^5]
 The committee obtained the memorandum from a judge who said it had been given to several appeals judges after Bason asked the court to reconsider, and who declined to destroy it because "it was an important document and that it would be improper to destroy it." Panel and Council members shown it did not recognize it. A judge and a panel member named another panel member as its author; he denied writing it.[^5] Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] obtained his own copy through the Circuit Executive, quoted the marking as "Please read and destroy," dated the panel report November 28, and concluded the memorandum had been prepared for the Judicial Council, which met on December 15, 1987.[^6]
 The Special Counsel reported that Johnson, who had shared an office with Schiffer as a young Justice Department staff attorney in the early 1960s, telephoned him during the selection to ask about two Justice Department candidates on the short list, one of them Teel. Schiffer said he told her the department had a sensitive matter pending before Bason, and that she replied she did not want to hear about Bason.[^7] On December 21, 1987 the appeals judges voted in person or by telephone, and Teel "won by a substantial majority."[^8] Teel told House investigators in 1992 that he had been assistant chief of the Tax Division and had supervised the tax portion of the INSLAW matter, and that the 1987 request to convert INSLAW's reorganization into a liquidation had come from the Internal Revenue Service.[^9] He sat as the District of Columbia's bankruptcy judge from February 8, 1988 to March 22, 2020.[^10]
 Bason told the House committee on July 22, 1992 that Judge Tim Murphy had served with Johnson on the D.C. Superior Court from 1970 to 1980, and that Murphy had left the bench on April 15, 1985 to work for [[C. Madison Brewer]] as his assistant director on the Justice Department's PROMIS implementation.[^11]
 [^1]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, staff study, S. Prt. 101-58 (1989), Appendix D, p. 70.
 [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* (March 1993), p. 155.
 [^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857, 102d Cong., 2d sess. (Sept. 10, 1992), pp. 107-108. https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
 [^4]: Bua report, p. 171; H. Rept. 102-857, p. 105.
 [^5]: H. Rept. 102-857, p. 105 (§ VIII.A, "Confidential Memorandum," and n. 330, "Confidential memorandum to Judge Johnson, December 8, 1987, p. 1").
 [^6]: Bua report, pp. 172-173.
 [^7]: Bua report, pp. 183-184.
 [^8]: Bua report, pp. 171-172.
 [^9]: H. Rept. 102-857, n. 233 (interview of Teel, March 27, 1992).
 [^10]: Office of the Circuit Executive, U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, "Bankruptcy Judge Merit Selection Panel Appointed," January 28, 2020.
 [^11]: H. Rept. 102-857, p. 105, n. 329 (committee review with Judge Bason, July 22, 1992).