vault backup: 2026-10-09 14:38:43
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5 changed files with 144 additions and 91 deletions
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ summary: "Federal agency created by Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953 to run the
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start: 1953-08-01
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location: "Washington, D.C."
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created: 2026-09-24
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updated: 2026-09-24
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updated: 2026-10-09
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relations:
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Theodore C. Streibert]]"
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@ -27,109 +27,116 @@ relations:
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role: "director"
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start: 1953-08-04
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end: 1956-11-15
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Arthur Larson]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1956-11-14
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end: 1957-10-27
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[George V. Allen]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1957-11-15
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end: 1960-12-01
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Edward R. Murrow]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1961-03-15
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end: 1964-01-20
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Carl Rowan]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1964-02-27
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end: 1965-07-10
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Leonard Marks]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1965-09-01
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end: 1968-12-06
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Frank Shakespeare]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1969-02-07
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end: 1973-02-07
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[James Keogh]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1973-02-08
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end: 1976-11-30
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[John E. Reinhardt]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1977-03-23
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end: 1980-08-29
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Charles Z. Wick]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1981-06-09
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end: 1989-01-20
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Bruce Gelb]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1989-04-14
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end: 1991-03-20
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Henry Catto]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1991-05-09
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end: 1993-01
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fn: 2
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fn: 4
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Joseph Duffey]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "director"
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start: 1993-06-03
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fn: 4
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- type: partner_of
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with: "[[Office of War Information]]"
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role: "Successor for OWI's foreign dissemination functions, through the State Department interim service, 1945 to 1953"
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start: 1945-08-31
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fn: 2
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---
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The United States Information Agency was created by Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, which President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sent to [[Congress]] on June 1, 1953, and which took effect on August 1, 1953. Section 1(a) reads: "There is hereby established a new agency which shall be known as the United States Information Agency, hereinafter referred to as the Agency." The Director was to be "appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate" at 17,500 dollars a year, and "The Secretary of State shall advise with the President concerning the appointment and tenure of the Director." Section 1(c) created a Deputy Director at 16,000 dollars.[^1]
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The agency's foreign information functions descended from the [[Office of War Information]]. Executive Order 9608 of August 31, 1945 transferred OWI's foreign functions, together with the informational functions of the [[Office of Inter-American Affairs]] performed abroad, to an interim International Information Service in the [[State Department]]. The National Archives lists the foreign dissemination functions as in the State Department from 1945 to 1953 and in the United States Information Agency from 1953.[^2][^3] The agency's own records are in RG 306 at the National Archives.[^3]
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### Functions
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Section 2 of the plan transferred to the Director "the functions vested in the Secretary of State by Title V of the [[Smith-Mundt Act|United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948]], as amended," with related functions on the interchange of books and periodicals, aid to libraries, and the information programs in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] previously run by the [[Mutual Security Agency]]. Section 2(c)(1) kept content with the [[State Department]]: "The Secretary of State shall direct the policy and control the content of a program, for use abroad, on official United States positions."[^1]
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Section 2 of the plan transferred to the Director "the functions vested in the Secretary of State by Title V of the [[Smith-Mundt Act|United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948]], as amended," with related functions on the interchange of books and periodicals, aid to libraries, and the information programs in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] previously run by the [[Mutual Security Agency]]. Section 2(c)(1) kept content with the State Department: "The Secretary of State shall direct the policy and control the content of a program, for use abroad, on official United States positions."[^1]
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The agency was "known overseas as the U.S. Information Service" and was "responsible for the U.S. Government's overseas information and cultural programs, including the [[Voice of America]]."[^2]
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The agency was "known overseas as the U.S. Information Service" and was "responsible for the U.S. Government's overseas information and cultural programs, including the [[Voice of America]]."[^4]
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[[National Security Action Memorandum 124]] of January 18, 1962, established the [[NSC Special Group|Special Group (Counterinsurgency)]], on which representatives of the agency sat with officials of the [[Agency for International Development]] and [[Robert Kennedy]].[^3]
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[[National Security Action Memorandum 124]] of January 18, 1962, established the [[NSC Special Group|Special Group (Counterinsurgency)]], on which representatives of the agency sat with officials of the [[Agency for International Development]] and [[Robert Kennedy]].[^5]
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### Names
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Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1977 (91 Stat. 1636) abolished the agency and established in its place the International Communication Agency, effective April 1, 1978. Public Law 97-241 of August 24, 1982 (96 Stat. 291), restored the earlier name.[^2]
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Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1977 (91 Stat. 1636) abolished the agency and established in its place the International Communication Agency, effective April 1, 1978. Public Law 97-241 of August 24, 1982 (96 Stat. 291), restored the earlier name.[^4]
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### Directors
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Directors and their dates of service were:[^2]
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Directors and their dates of service were:[^4]
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- [[Theodore C. Streibert]], August 4, 1953, to November 15, 1956
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- [[Arthur Larson]], November 14, 1956, to October 27, 1957
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@ -145,11 +152,13 @@ Directors and their dates of service were:[^2]
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- [[Henry Catto|Henry E. Catto]], May 9, 1991, to January 1993
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- [[Joseph Duffey|Joseph D. Duffey]], appointed May 25, 1993, entered on duty June 3, 1993
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[[Mark W. Everson]] began his service in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration at the agency in 1982, during Wick's directorship.[^4]
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[[Mark W. Everson]] began his service in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration at the agency in 1982, during Wick's directorship.[^6]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, 67 Stat. 642-643, effective August 1, 1953. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-67/pdf/STATUTE-67-Pg642.pdf
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[^2]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. "Director of the U.S. Information Agency." Archived February 11, 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20260211080812/https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/history/officers/usia.html
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[^3]: NSAM No. 124, January 18, 1962. Department of Defense Mandatory Declassification Review release 12-M-3087, "The Special Group (Counterinsurgency) from January 18, 1962, to November 21, 1963." https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/MDR_Releases/FY12/12-M-3087
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[^4]: National Archives and Records Administration. Catalog Record ID 3936205. catalog.archives.gov.
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[^2]: Executive Order 9608, "Providing for the Termination of the Office of War Information, and for the Disposition of Its Functions and of Certain Functions of the Office of Inter-American Affairs," August 31, 1945, Federal Register, September 1, 1945, 10 F.R. 11223. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1945-09-01/pdf/FR-1945-09-01.pdf
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[^3]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 208, administrative history, "Successor Agencies," and "Related Records" (Records of the U.S. Information Agency, RG 306). https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/208.html
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[^4]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. "Director of the U.S. Information Agency." Archived February 11, 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20260211080812/https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/history/officers/usia.html
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[^5]: NSAM No. 124, January 18, 1962. Department of Defense Mandatory Declassification Review release 12-M-3087, "The Special Group (Counterinsurgency) from January 18, 1962, to November 21, 1963." https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/MDR_Releases/FY12/12-M-3087
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[^6]: National Archives and Records Administration. Catalog Record ID 3936205. catalog.archives.gov.
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