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200
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@ -1,100 +1,100 @@
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Robert Frye]] - 2026-10-09T2058 · [[South Africa]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] - 2026-10-09T2058 · [[CIA Family Jewels]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Michael Riconosciuto]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[White House]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[P.W. Botha]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Tom McNear]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Cabazon Security Corporation]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[SCANATE]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[John Paul Nichols]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ingo Swann]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Arthur Welmas]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ed Dames]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Myron S. Malkin]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Center Lane]]
- 2026-10-09T1843 · [[Middle East]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]
- 2026-10-09T1821 · [[John Vandewerker]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Las Vegas]]
- 2026-10-09T1821 · [[Fred Alvarez]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Project Azorian]]
- 2026-10-09T1821 · [[Mark Nichols]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stafford Sands]]
- 2026-10-09T1815 · [[Cabazon Indian Casino]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stargate Project]]
- 2026-10-09T1814 · [[Rocco Zangari]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[G. Gordon Liddy]]
- 2026-10-09T1814 · [[Peter Milano]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[John B. Alexander]]
- 2026-10-09T1814 · [[Los Angeles Crime Family]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]]
- 2026-10-09T1813 · [[Martin Nowak]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[VELA Satellite]]
- 2026-10-09T1813 · [[Steven Pinker]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[George K. Pender]]
- 2026-10-09T1813 · [[Jeffrey Epstein]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Meyer Lansky]]
- 2026-10-09T1812 · [[Unit 8200]] - 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Jack Anderson]]
- 2026-10-09T1812 · [[Ben Nelson]] - 2026-10-09T2056 · [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]
- 2026-10-09T1811 · [[Minerva Project]] - 2026-10-09T2055 · [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.]]
- 2026-10-09T1811 · [[Stephen Kosslyn]] - 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]]
- 2026-10-09T1757 · [[Ocean Living Institute]] - 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Jimmy Carter]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Gerald Richards]] - 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Jack P. Ruina]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Adam Starchild]] - 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Harold M. Agnew]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Francis Shelden]] - 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Gerald G. Oplinger]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[The Church of New Revelation]] - 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Frank Press]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Dyer Grossman]] - 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Donald M. Kerr]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Claudius Vermilye]] - 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]]
- 2026-10-09T1755 · [[Father Bud's Boys Farm]] - 2026-10-09T2049 · [[Burns & Roe, Inc.]]
- 2026-10-09T1752 · [[Tony Van den Boggaert]] - 2026-10-09T2047 · [[Grill Flame]]
- 2026-10-09T1752 · [[Regina Louf]] - 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Radio Free Europe]]
- 2026-10-09T1751 · [[Karel Maasdam]] - 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Peter Hurkos]]
- 2026-10-09T1751 · [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] - 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Harry Stump]]
- 2026-10-09T1751 · [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]] - 2026-10-09T2039 · [[John Palmer]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Marc Dutroux]] - 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Melissa Russo]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] - 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Julie Lejeune]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]] - 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Project Troy]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Count Leopold Lippens]] - 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Gertrude Schmeidler]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Jean-Claude Van Espen]] - 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Cold War]]
- 2026-10-09T1750 · [[Michel Bourlet]] - 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Marleen De Cokere]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[X-Dossier]] - 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Michel Lelievre]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Melchior Wathelet]] - 2026-10-09T2035 · [[Marc Dutroux]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Katrien de Cuyper]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Sidney Cooke]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Christine Van Hees]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Gay Palace]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Carine Dellaert]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[John Gay]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Annie Bouty]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Lee Tucker]]
- 2026-10-09T1749 · [[Patrick De Baets]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Alan Williams]]
- 2026-10-09T1744 · [[Chris Denning]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[International Child Trafficking Network Overview]]
- 2026-10-09T1744 · [[Operation Fernbridge]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Report]]
- 2026-10-09T1744 · [[Operation Arundel]] - 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Investigation]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] - 2026-10-09T2033 · [[Operation Framework]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Lothar Glandorf]] - 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]] - 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Gary Glitter]] - 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Knokke-Heist]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Peter Howells]] - 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Michel Bourlet]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Manuel Schadwald]] - 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Cecile Beernaert]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Gay Palace]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Rex Productions]]
- 2026-10-09T1743 · [[Alan Williams]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michelle Martin]]
- 2026-10-09T1741 · [[Operation Framework]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michel Forgeot]]
- 2026-10-09T1741 · [[Warwick Spinks]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Lothar Glandorf]]
- 2026-10-09T1738 · [[Greggy's Cult]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]
- 2026-10-09T1737 · [[Camden Rodriguez]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Louis Delamotte]]
- 2026-10-09T1737 · [[Zachary Dosch]] - 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Claude Thirault]]
- 2026-10-09T1737 · [[Hector Bermudez]] - 2026-10-09T2030 · [[Margaret Mead]]
- 2026-10-09T1737 · [[Rumaldo Valdez]] - 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Charles Tart]]
- 2026-10-09T1736 · [[David Brilhante]] - 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Eileen Garrett]]
- 2026-10-09T1711 · [[Samson Option]] - 2026-10-09T2028 · [[Andrija Puharich]]
- 2026-10-09T1711 · [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] - 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Ford Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[Claire Zabel]] - 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Walt Rostow]]
- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[Beersheba]] - 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[P.W. Botha]] - 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Max Millikan]]
- 2026-10-09T1706 · [[Dimona]] - 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
- 2026-10-09T1706 · [[Ian Smart]] - 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Wayne Reeder]] - 2026-10-09T2024 · [[Parapsychological Association]]
- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Tommy Marson]] - 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Round Table Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T1703 · [[Shimon Yiftach]] - 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]
- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[South African Defense Force]] - 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Center for International Studies]]
- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[Shimon Peres]] - 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Psychological Strategy Board]]
- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[SIMWA]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Netherlands]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shimon Levinson]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Zandvoort]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shimon Lavee]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Rotterdam]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Nugan Hand Bank]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Marana]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[G-Force nightclub]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Syrian Embassy in London]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Edwin Wilson]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Ted Shackley]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Jonathan Kwitny]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Entebbe Airport]] - 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Leon Goure]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[El Aqsa Mosque]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Gondola Wish]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Libya]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Jim Schnabel]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Liege]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Bernie Houghton]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Hydrogen Bomb]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Virginia]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Entebbe hijacking]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Middle East]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Achille Lauro]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Fort Meade]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sabra and Shatila massacres]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Festival Bar]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[October Surprise]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Rolodex Investigation]]
- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Lockheed bribe scandal]] - 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Boy Prostitution]]

12
00 - META/NARRATIVES/The Samson Option Narrative.md
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@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ The [[Yom Kippur War]] in October 1973 created an existential crisis for [[Israe
The May 1977 victory of [[Menachem Begin]]'s Likud Party marked a shift in [[Israel]]'s public posture. Begin's government was more overtly committed to the "Samson Option" and the necessity of a nuclear arsenal. His administration intensified nuclear targeting plans against the [[Soviet Union]], which increased [[Israel]]'s demand for U.S. satellite intelligence. Despite [[Israel]]'s official denials, the [[United States]] government, under President [[Jimmy Carter]], maintained its policy of non-confrontation and focused on broader [[Middle East]] peace efforts. The May 1977 victory of [[Menachem Begin]]'s Likud Party marked a shift in [[Israel]]'s public posture. Begin's government was more overtly committed to the "Samson Option" and the necessity of a nuclear arsenal. His administration intensified nuclear targeting plans against the [[Soviet Union]], which increased [[Israel]]'s demand for U.S. satellite intelligence. Despite [[Israel]]'s official denials, the [[United States]] government, under President [[Jimmy Carter]], maintained its policy of non-confrontation and focused on broader [[Middle East]] peace efforts.
Nuclear cooperation between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]], which had grown after the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], intensified. [[Israel]] provided nuclear expertise in exchange for South African uranium ore and strategic minerals. This collaboration led to a joint nuclear test in the South Indian Ocean on September 22, 1979, detected by a [[VELA satellite]]. Facing political pressure and seeking to protect its nonproliferation policy, the Carter administration downplayed the event. An official review panel attributed the satellite's detection of a flash to a "zoo event" rather than a nuclear explosion. This official obfuscation, while politically convenient, reinforced the policy of deliberate ignorance and created an "embarrassment" for the U.S. when confronted by countries like [[Pakistan]] about the apparent double standard. Nuclear cooperation between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]], which had grown after the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], intensified. [[Israel]] provided nuclear expertise in exchange for South African uranium ore and strategic minerals. Hersh wrote that this collaboration led to a joint nuclear test on September 22, 1979, detected by a [[VELA satellite]] whose field of view covered the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the southern tip of Africa. Facing political pressure and seeking to protect its nonproliferation policy, the Carter administration downplayed the event. A panel of outside scientists chaired by [[Jack P. Ruina|Jack Ruina]] judged in May 1980 that the signal was "probably not from a nuclear explosion" and "more likely" one of the "zoo events," possibly a meteoroid impact on the satellite. This official obfuscation, while politically convenient, reinforced the policy of deliberate ignorance and created an "embarrassment" for the U.S. when confronted by countries like [[Pakistan]] about the apparent double standard.
## A Secret Agreement ## A Secret Agreement
@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ The strategic value of this satellite access became clear with the [[Osirak bomb
## An Israeli Test ## An Israeli Test
The flash detected by the [[VELA satellite]] on September 22, 1979, over the South Indian Ocean was a joint nuclear test by [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]]. According to Israeli sources cited by Hersh, this was the third such test, involving a low-yield nuclear artillery shell. The test was timed to coincide with a storm to avoid satellite detection, but a break in the weather allowed VELA to capture the characteristic double flash of a nuclear explosion and relay the data to U.S. intelligence. Hersh wrote that the flash detected by the [[VELA satellite]] on September 22, 1979 was a joint nuclear test by [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]]. [[Leonard Weiss]] has argued that it was an Israeli test with logistical cooperation from South Africa. According to Israeli sources cited by Hersh, this was the third such test, involving a low-yield nuclear artillery shell. The test was timed to coincide with a storm to avoid satellite detection, but a break in the weather allowed VELA to record the characteristic double flash of a nuclear explosion, which [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] technicians read out at Patrick Air Force Base.
The discovery created a political dilemma for the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. Public confirmation would have undermined Carter's nonproliferation agenda and caused significant political fallout. An external investigative body, the Ruina panel, was assembled. Its official conclusion was that the event was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting alternative causes like a "zoo event" or a meteoroid. This conclusion was disputed by nuclear weapons scientists at Los Alamos, whose internal assessments confirmed the event was nuclear. The incident exposed how political priorities can lead governments to manipulate information, even as the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s own internal reports continued to affirm that a test had occurred. The discovery created a political dilemma for the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. Public confirmation would have undermined Carter's nonproliferation agenda and caused significant political fallout. An external investigative body, the Ruina panel, was assembled. Its official conclusion was that the event was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting alternative causes like a "zoo event" or a meteoroid. This conclusion was disputed by nuclear weapons scientists at Los Alamos, one of whom, [[Henry G. Horak]], wrote in May 1980 that there was "strong evidence that a nuclear explosion actually produced Vela Alert 747." The incident exposed how political priorities can lead governments to manipulate information, even as the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s own internal reports continued to affirm that a test had occurred.
## Israel's Nuclear Spy ## Israel's Nuclear Spy
@ -154,4 +154,8 @@ By the mid-1980s, technicians at [[Dimona]] had reportedly manufactured hundreds
### Citations ### Citations
Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House, 1991. Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House, 1991.
Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006 (narrative; Document 7, Horak, LA-8364-MS; Document 9, Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event," May 23, 1980). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
Weiss, Leonard, "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/

9
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Cecile Beernaert.md
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@ -8,21 +8,22 @@ tags:
summary: "Cecile Beernaert, grandmother of witness Regina Louf (X1), operated a brothel at a hotel-villa in Knokke-Heist, Belgium, during World War II, catering to Nazi officers stationed in the area." summary: "Cecile Beernaert, grandmother of witness Regina Louf (X1), operated a brothel at a hotel-villa in Knokke-Heist, Belgium, during World War II, catering to Nazi officers stationed in the area."
--- ---
Cecile Beernaert, grandmother of witness [[Regina Louf]] (X1), operated a brothel at a hotel-villa in Knokke-Heist, Belgium, during World War II, catering to Nazi officers stationed in the area. Widowed after the war, Beernaert continued running establishments in the region, including a house at Golfpad 4, 8300 Knokke, tucked behind Elizabetlaan 83, on the northwestern boundary of the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]]. Louf claimed Beernaert prostituted her from age two at these locations, using the properties for sexual exploitation of young girls provided to clients including politicians and businessmen. Beernaert, known as Madame Cecile, managed the girls with threats of violence, including beatings with a metal ruler and gun pointed at temples for non-compliance. The brothel operated from the 1970s, with Louf describing two rooms: one for mutual acts between children, the other for quick encounters where men undressed minimally. Beernaert filmed some sessions and used a basement studio for pornography production, distributing materials through networks linked to [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]. Louf's testimony in the [[X-Dossier]] identified the site as a venue for elite abusers, with clients arriving from the golf club.[^1] Cecile Beernaert, grandmother of witness [[Regina Louf]] (X1), operated a brothel at a hotel-villa in Knokke-Heist, Belgium, during World War II, catering to Nazi officers stationed in the area. Widowed after the war, Beernaert continued running establishments in the region, including a house in Knokke on the northwestern boundary of the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]]. Louf claimed Beernaert prostituted her from age two at these locations, using the properties for sexual exploitation of young girls provided to clients including politicians and businessmen. Beernaert, known as Madame Cecile, managed the girls with threats of violence, including beatings with a metal ruler and gun pointed at temples for non-compliance. The brothel operated from the 1970s, with Louf describing two rooms: one for mutual acts between children, the other for quick encounters where men undressed minimally. Beernaert filmed some sessions and used a basement studio for pornography production, distributing materials through networks linked to [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]. Louf's testimony in the [[X-Dossier]] identified the site as a venue for elite abusers, with clients arriving from the golf club.[^1]
Beernaert's operations involved grooming Louf and other children, including friend [[Chantal Storme]], forcing them into sexual acts with each other and clients. Louf stated Beernaert consoled them post-abuse but enforced participation with physical punishment. The house at Golfpad 4 served as a primary location, with Beernaert controlling access and ensuring silence. Louf recalled being branded and forced into acts with dogs during this period. Beernaert's husband, a former police commissioner in Knokke-Heist, provided cover, allowing the brothel to function near the Royal Zoute Golf Club, patronized by nobles and elites including the [[Count Leopold Lippens]] family, who owned the club through Count Maurice Auguste Lippens. Beernaert's activities extended to the 1980s, where Louf was sold to pimp [[Tony Van den Boggaert]] around age 12, transitioning her to Nihoul's parties.[^1] Beernaert's operations involved grooming Louf and other children, including a friend of Louf, forcing them into sexual acts with each other and clients. Louf stated Beernaert consoled them post-abuse but enforced participation with physical punishment. The house served as a primary location, with Beernaert controlling access and ensuring silence. Louf recalled being branded and forced into acts with dogs during this period. Beernaert's husband, a former police commissioner in Knokke-Heist, provided cover, allowing the brothel to function near the Royal Zoute Golf Club, patronized by nobles and elites including the [[Count Leopold Lippens]] family, who owned the club through Count Maurice Auguste Lippens. Beernaert's activities extended to the 1980s. The writer S. Dovey wrote that Louf said that around the age of twelve she was handed to a pimp, [[Tony Van den Boggaert|Tony Van den Bogaert]], who took her to Nihoul's parties.[^1] *The Observer* reported in 2002 that Louf's parents had told police that a family friend of that name, in his forties, had a key to their home and unlimited access to their twelve-year-old daughter, and that he had himself admitted his relationship with Louf to police.[^2]
Beernaert's establishment catered to high-profile clients, with Louf identifying [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and Lippens as visitors. The brothel's proximity to the golf club facilitated access for these figures. Louf described rooms equipped for abuse, with Beernaert directing girls to specific areas for oral sex, anal penetration, and other acts, often under duress. She stated Beernaert participated in consoling after sessions but initiated threats if clients were refused. The basement studio contained cameras for recording, linking to Nihoul's blackmail operations where videos captured elite participants. Beernaert's role as a madam involved selecting and preparing girls, ensuring they met client demands at the Knokke location and related venues in the area.[^1] Beernaert's establishment catered to high-profile clients, with Louf identifying [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and Lippens as visitors. The brothel's proximity to the golf club facilitated access for these figures. Louf described rooms equipped for abuse, with Beernaert directing girls to specific areas for oral sex, anal penetration, and other acts, often under duress. She stated Beernaert participated in consoling after sessions but initiated threats if clients were refused. The basement studio contained cameras for recording, linking to Nihoul's blackmail operations where videos captured elite participants. Beernaert's role as a madam involved selecting and preparing girls, ensuring they met client demands at the Knokke location and related venues in the area.[^1]
### Role in Exploitation ### Role in Exploitation
Beernaert raised Louf for prostitution, starting with acts at age two, forcing her into oral and anal sex with men, filmed for sale. Louf recalled mutual sexual acts with other children in one room, while the "quick pleasures" room hosted individual encounters. Beernaert enforced compliance by hitting fingers with an iron ruler and threatening with a revolver. She hosted clients at the villa, using the property's isolation near the golf club for discretion. Louf described Beernaert's dual nature, consoling after abuses while enforcing participation. The brothel operated with her husband's knowledge, leveraging his police position in Knokke-Heist. Louf's testimony detailed branding and dog involvement, with the basement used for filming violent content. Beernaert's establishment supplied girls to Nihoul's circuit, with Louf leased to parties at chateaus in the Ardennes and Brussels mansions.[^1] Beernaert raised Louf for prostitution, starting with acts at age two, forcing her into oral and anal sex with men, filmed for sale. Louf recalled mutual sexual acts with other children in one room, while the "quick pleasures" room hosted individual encounters. Beernaert enforced compliance by hitting fingers with an iron ruler and threatening with a revolver. She hosted clients at the villa, using the property's isolation near the golf club for discretion. Louf described Beernaert's dual nature, consoling after abuses while enforcing participation. The brothel operated with her husband's knowledge, leveraging his police position in Knokke-Heist. Louf's testimony detailed branding and dog involvement, with the basement used for filming violent content. Beernaert's establishment supplied girls to Nihoul's circuit, with Louf leased to parties at chateaus in the Ardennes and Brussels mansions.[^1]
Louf claimed Beernaert's WW2-era brothel catered to Nazi officers, continuing post-war with political elites. The Golfpad 4 house featured a basement studio with cleaning products to remove blood spots, used for snuff films per X-Dossier notes. Beernaert's operation included a contact with her grandmother, tying into family involvement. Chantal Storme confirmed in 1997 testimony being taken to the house with Louf, forced into acts, beaten with a ruler, and threatened with a gun. Storme described Beernaert watching to ensure obedience during client encounters. The brothel's location near the golf club provided access for attendees like Vanden Boeynants, with Louf identifying the property in 1996 interviews.[^1] Louf claimed Beernaert's WW2-era brothel catered to Nazi officers, continuing post-war with political elites. The house featured a basement studio with cleaning products to remove blood spots, used for snuff films per X-Dossier notes. Beernaert's operation included a contact with her grandmother, tying into family involvement. A friend of Louf confirmed in 1997 testimony being taken to the house with Louf, forced into acts, beaten with a ruler, and threatened with a gun. The friend described Beernaert watching to ensure obedience during client encounters. The brothel's location near the golf club provided access for attendees like Vanden Boeynants, with Louf identifying the property in 1996 interviews.[^1]
### Connections ### Connections
Beernaert connected to the network through her husband's police role and clients from the golf club, including Lippens family members. Louf's accounts placed her brothel at the center of early exploitation, supplying to Nihoul's parties where Louf met [[Michelle Martin]]. The X-Dossier verified the address and layout, with investigators noting the basement's smell of Detol cleaner. Beernaert died in 1997 before testifying, amid the probe's progression under Connerotte and [[Michel Bourlet]]. Her establishment linked to [[CRIES]] and [[UNICEF]] operations through shared networks, with Dumont representing related figures. No direct charges against Beernaert emerged due to her death, but her role was central to X-witness claims of elite access.[^1] Beernaert connected to the network through her husband's police role and clients from the golf club, including Lippens family members. Louf's accounts placed her brothel at the center of early exploitation, supplying to Nihoul's parties where Louf met [[Michelle Martin]]. The X-Dossier verified the address and layout, with investigators noting the basement's smell of Detol cleaner. Beernaert died in 1997 before testifying, amid the probe's progression under Connerotte and [[Michel Bourlet]]. Her establishment linked to [[CRIES]] and [[UNICEF]] operations through shared networks, with Dumont representing related figures. No direct charges against Beernaert emerged due to her death, but her role was central to X-witness claims of elite access.[^1]
Beernaert's death left her properties unraided initially, though the X-Dossier detailed her brothel's operations. Louf's testimony implicated her in violence against children, with Storme confirming mutual acts and threats. The brothel's proximity to Royal Zoute, owned by Count Maurice Lippens, tied it to elite circles. Beernaert's legacy in the investigation stemmed from Louf's descriptions, verified by property records and witness corroboration. Her involvement ended with her 1997 death, leaving the Knokke site as a key location in X-Dossier maps.[^1] Beernaert's death left her properties unraided initially, though the X-Dossier detailed her brothel's operations. Louf's testimony implicated her in violence against children, with the friend confirming mutual acts and threats. The brothel's proximity to Royal Zoute, owned by Count Maurice Lippens, tied it to elite circles. Beernaert's legacy in the investigation stemmed from Louf's descriptions, verified by property records and witness corroboration. Her involvement ended with her 1997 death, leaving the Knokke site as a key location in X-Dossier maps.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: Frenkiel, Olenka. "Belgium's silent heart of darkness." *The Observer,* May 5, 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/05/dutroux.featuresreview

12
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ed Dames.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-09-21 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Ed Dames title: Ed Dames
aliases: aliases:
- Ed Dames - Ed Dames
@ -26,13 +26,15 @@ Ed Dames was a [[U.S. Army]] Major who served as training and operations officer
Dames joined the remote viewing unit in the early 1980s and was trained in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] by [[Ingo Swann]]. As training and operations officer, he was responsible for maintaining the unit's methodological standards and coordinating the deployment of viewers for operational tasking from the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and other government clients. Dames joined the remote viewing unit in the early 1980s and was trained in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] by [[Ingo Swann]]. As training and operations officer, he was responsible for maintaining the unit's methodological standards and coordinating the deployment of viewers for operational tasking from the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and other government clients.
His personality was described by contemporaries as forceful and controlling, with an intensity that generated friction within the small unit. Jim Schnabel's account of the program characterizes Dames as someone who took the unit's work extremely seriously and who bridged the analytical and the operational within the structure while maintaining a strong personal commitment to the reality of remote viewing phenomena.[^1] His personality was described by contemporaries as forceful and controlling, with an intensity that generated friction within the small unit. [[Jim Schnabel]]'s account of the program characterizes Dames as someone who took the unit's work extremely seriously and who bridged the analytical and the operational within the structure while maintaining a strong personal commitment to the reality of remote viewing phenomena.[^1]
The [[Center Lane]] project manager's record of a meeting with General [[Albert Stubblebine]] on November 30, 1983, reads: "We identified CPT Edward Dames as a perspective CENTER LANE member. He agreed to a future assignment to the project and to participate in the training. Major Laing had concurred in the training and CPT Dames involvement in CENTER LANE. Major General Stubblebine commented that Dames was a good choice."[^2] The [[Center Lane]] project manager's record of a meeting with General [[Albert Stubblebine]] on November 30, 1983, reads: "We identified CPT Edward Dames as a perspective CENTER LANE member. He agreed to a future assignment to the project and to participate in the training. Major Laing had concurred in the training and CPT Dames involvement in CENTER LANE. Major General Stubblebine commented that Dames was a good choice."[^2]
The Center Lane access roster of April 10, 1984 lists Edward Dames of INSCOM with a level 3 access dated August 25, 1983.[^3]
### PSI Tech and Public Career ### PSI Tech and Public Career
After leaving the Army, Dames founded PSI Tech, a commercial remote viewing company, in 1989 - before STAR GATE's 1995 declassification. PSI Tech offered training and contracted remote viewing services to corporate and private clients, capitalizing on former government program personnel credentials at a time when the program's existence was not yet officially acknowledged. After leaving the Army, Dames founded PSI Tech, a commercial remote viewing company, in 1989 - before STAR GATE's 1995 declassification. PSI Tech offered training and contracted remote viewing services to corporate and private clients, capitalizing on former government program personnel credentials at a time when the program's existence was not yet officially acknowledged. Schnabel reported in 1995 that Dames "left the unit in 1989, and formed a company, Psi Tech, to make commercial use of his remote-viewing skills," and that the company offered "a private remote-viewing service, as well as training courses for people who want to become remote-viewers themselves."[^4]
When STAR GATE was declassified in 1995, Dames became one of the first former unit personnel to appear publicly on television, including a 1995 appearance on the *Nightline* program that brought the remote viewing story to a mainstream audience. His media presence subsequently expanded through radio appearances, particularly on Art Bell's *Coast to Coast AM* program, where he made a series of predictions about catastrophic events including mass solar coronal mass ejections that he claimed would kill most of humanity. When STAR GATE was declassified in 1995, Dames became one of the first former unit personnel to appear publicly on television, including a 1995 appearance on the *Nightline* program that brought the remote viewing story to a mainstream audience. His media presence subsequently expanded through radio appearances, particularly on Art Bell's *Coast to Coast AM* program, where he made a series of predictions about catastrophic events including mass solar coronal mass ejections that he claimed would kill most of humanity.
@ -41,4 +43,6 @@ The contrast between Dames's specific, confident, and typically non-materializin
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^2]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9).
[^3]: "Active CENTER LANE Access Roster," April 10, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200330003-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200330003-1.pdf.
[^4]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *Independent on Sunday*, August 27, 1995, The Sunday Review, pp. 10-13, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5.pdf.

14
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eileen Garrett.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ relations:
role: "administrative secretary to the founder of the Parapsychology Foundation" role: "administrative secretary to the founder of the Parapsychology Foundation"
start: 1953 start: 1953
end: 1965 end: 1965
fn: 2 fn: 4
--- ---
@ -24,11 +24,15 @@ Eileen Garrett was an Irish medium who was well-known in New York City parapsych
Garrett's psychic abilities were tested in a [[Faraday cage]] using Zener cards. According to Puharich, her ESP scores were significantly higher inside the cage, which suggested that electronic shielding had a positive impact on psychic functioning.[^1] Garrett's psychic abilities were tested in a [[Faraday cage]] using Zener cards. According to Puharich, her ESP scores were significantly higher inside the cage, which suggested that electronic shielding had a positive impact on psychic functioning.[^1]
[[Martin Ebon]] was administrative secretary of the [[Parapsychology Foundation]], which Garrett founded, from 1953 to 1965 according to the Skeptical Inquirer's biography of him; another biography dates the post from 1954.[^2] Ebon's masthead roles at the magazine Tomorrow are documented: volume 4 (1956) lists Garrett as editor-publisher, Ebon as managing editor, Lenore Davison as assistant to the publisher and Lester Buckland as circulation and business manager, Garrett Publications, 500 Fifth Avenue; volume 9 (1961) lists Phoebe Moss as associate editor and Gorham Munson as consulting editor, with Ebon identified as managing editor of Tomorrow and administrative secretary of the Parapsychology Foundation.[^3] Ebon is listed among participants (U.S.A.) at the Foundation's First International Conference of Parapsychological Studies, Utrecht, July 1953, with Miss I. Jephson, Dr. Henry Margenau and Dr. Louis Mars.[^3] The New School Archives hold an "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" file regarding a scholarship to take a New School course in parapsychology.[^4] Puharich testified in 1968 that Garrett, inside the treated cage, produced results he gave as a probability against chance of 5.5 times ten to the minus seventh. A control subject placed outside the cage scored at chance expectation (probability .64) in the same series, and in a run with the cage uncharged her own score was at the .28 level.[^2] Puharich also testified that Garrett was one of nine principal subjects he used at the Round Table Foundation.[^3]
[[Martin Ebon]] was administrative secretary of the [[Parapsychology Foundation]], which Garrett founded, from 1953 to 1965 according to the Skeptical Inquirer's biography of him; another biography dates the post from 1954.[^4] Ebon's masthead roles at the magazine Tomorrow are documented: volume 4 (1956) lists Garrett as editor-publisher, Ebon as managing editor, Lenore Davison as assistant to the publisher and Lester Buckland as circulation and business manager, Garrett Publications, 500 Fifth Avenue; volume 9 (1961) lists Phoebe Moss as associate editor and Gorham Munson as consulting editor, with Ebon identified as managing editor of Tomorrow and administrative secretary of the Parapsychology Foundation.[^5] Ebon is listed among participants (U.S.A.) at the Foundation's First International Conference of Parapsychological Studies, Utrecht, July 1953, with Miss I. Jephson, Dr. Henry Margenau and Dr. Louis Mars.[^5] The New School Archives hold an "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" file regarding a scholarship to take a New School course in parapsychology.[^6]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography (administrative secretary of the Parapsychology Foundation, 1953 to 1965). https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/ [^2]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), testimony of Henry K. Puharich on cross-examination, Appx. 73a-74a. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^3]: Tomorrow, vol. 4 (1956), p. 122, https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ ; vol. 9 (1961), https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ [^3]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appx. 66a-67a. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43, "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3 [^4]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography (administrative secretary of the Parapsychology Foundation, 1953 to 1965). https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/
[^5]: Tomorrow, vol. 4 (1956), p. 122, https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ ; vol. 9 (1961), https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ
[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43, "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3

20
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frederick Atwater.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-09-21 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Frederick Atwater title: Frederick Atwater
aliases: aliases:
- Frederick Atwater - Frederick Atwater
@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ Atwater joined the U.S. Army and completed officer candidate school and military
Atwater discovered files left by a predecessor suggesting that remote viewing might constitute a security vulnerability - if Soviet remote viewers could perceive U.S. classified installations, the Army needed to understand the threat. He proposed to Colonel [[Robert Keenan]], head of SED, that a small team of Army intelligence personnel be screened and assembled to test remote viewing from the inside. The proposal was approved by Major General [[Edmund Thompson]], the Army's assistant chief of staff for intelligence. Atwater discovered files left by a predecessor suggesting that remote viewing might constitute a security vulnerability - if Soviet remote viewers could perceive U.S. classified installations, the Army needed to understand the threat. He proposed to Colonel [[Robert Keenan]], head of SED, that a small team of Army intelligence personnel be screened and assembled to test remote viewing from the inside. The proposal was approved by Major General [[Edmund Thompson]], the Army's assistant chief of staff for intelligence.
Atwater and commanding officer Major [[Murray Watt]] visited SRI to learn how to screen candidates for remote viewing ability. They identified artistic talent, visual-spatial intelligence, and creativity as associated markers and recruited six initial Army personnel: [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Mel Riley]], Ken Bell, Nancy Stern, Fernand Gauvin, and Hartleigh Trent. The program launched under the code name Gondola Wish as an experimental part-time unit. Atwater and commanding officer Major [[Murray Watt]] visited SRI to learn how to screen candidates for remote viewing ability. They identified artistic talent, visual-spatial intelligence, and creativity as associated markers and recruited six initial Army personnel: [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Mel Riley]], Ken Bell, Nancy Stern, Fernand Gauvin, and Hartleigh Trent. The six were selected under the Army's [[Grill Flame]] program, an experimental part-time unit, in late 1978 and early 1979; the chronology states "Of the 251 personnel considered for GRILL FLAME, 117 were interviewed and six individuals were actually selected for training," and records the six INSCOM personnel beginning training at SRI in April 1979.[^1] The code name [[Gondola Wish]] belonged to an earlier plan of the 902d Military Intelligence Group to train three personnel at the Monroe Institute.[^2]
As a second lieutenant in the 902d Military Intelligence Group's CI Studies Section, Atwater signed memoranda of May 18 and July 31, 1978 as project officer of the group's Gondola Wish plan to train personnel at the Monroe Institute, which the Army staff cancelled on September 25, 1978.[^2][^3] On February 21, 1979 he was named as Watt's alternate on the Grill Flame committee roster.[^4]
### Operations Officer ### Operations Officer
@ -50,12 +52,16 @@ He published a memoir, *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul: Living with Guida
### The Documents ### The Documents
Frederick H. Atwater, known as Skip, was a lieutenant in the Special Security Detachment of the 902d Military Intelligence Group at Fort Meade when INSCOM began its remote-viewing project in October 1978. The project manager, Major Murray Watt, reported in February 1979 that "the initial concern of the Project Manager (PM) was to develop a full understanding of parapsychology and the various aspects of the phenomena. Towards this end, the PM has been greatly assisted by Lieutenant Frederick H. Atwater. LT Atwater, although assigned to the Special Security Detachment, 902d MI Group, was attached to the GRILL FLAME project because of previous research into this area during work on a separate project." Watt and Atwater "were busy preparing a method that would help them select the INSCOM personnel who would volunteer for participation," considering 251 and interviewing 117, and on January 12, 1979, the two visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], which was running its own tests of the SRI protocol.[^1] Frederick H. Atwater, known as Skip, was a lieutenant in the Special Security Detachment of the 902d Military Intelligence Group at Fort Meade when INSCOM began its remote-viewing project in October 1978. The project manager, Major Murray Watt, reported in February 1979 that "the initial concern of the Project Manager (PM) was to develop a full understanding of parapsychology and the various aspects of the phenomena. Towards this end, the PM has been greatly assisted by Lieutenant Frederick H. Atwater. LT Atwater, although assigned to the Special Security Detachment, 902d MI Group, was attached to the GRILL FLAME project because of previous research into this area during work on a separate project." Watt and Atwater "were busy preparing a method that would help them select the INSCOM personnel who would volunteer for participation," considering 251 and interviewing 117, and on January 12, 1979, the two visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], which was running its own tests of the SRI protocol.[^5]
He remained the unit's operations officer through Grill Flame and [[Center Lane]]. INSCOM's chronology records, under a date read as July 7 or August 1983, "CPT Frederick Atwater assumes duties as Acting Project Manager," between Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim's departure and Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby's arrival on August 15. Published accounts by participants credit him with recruiting the first six viewers, among them Joe McMoneagle and Mel Riley, and with the unit's training in [[Robert Monroe]]'s Hemi-Sync method, which the Center Lane briefing dates to the end of 1980. After retiring from the Army in 1988 he became research director of the Monroe Institute's laboratory and, in 2006, its president, and was a founder and president of the International Remote Viewing Association.[^1][^2][^3] He remained the unit's operations officer through Grill Flame and [[Center Lane]]. INSCOM's chronology records, under July 7, 1983, "CPT Frederick Atwater assumes duties as Acting Project Manager," and under August 15, 1983, that Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby assumed duties as project manager.[^1] Published accounts by participants credit him with recruiting the first six viewers, among them Joe McMoneagle and Mel Riley, and with the unit's training in [[Robert Monroe]]'s Hemi-Sync method, which the Center Lane briefing dates to the end of 1980. After retiring from the Army in 1988 he became research director of the Monroe Institute's laboratory and, in 2006, its president, and was a founder and president of the International Remote Viewing Association.[^5][^6][^7]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^1]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8 and the attachment to CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.pdf.
[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^2]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum for Chief, OPSEC Support Division, "GONDOLA WISH (U)," May 18, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, 2LT, MI, CI Studies Section, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7.pdf.
[^3]: Monroe Institute and International Remote Viewing Association biographical notices, and Atwater, F. Holmes. *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul.* Hampton Roads, 2001; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002. [^3]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, "Attendance at Scientific Seminar in Support of GONDOLA WISH (U)," July 31, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, Project Officer, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0.pdf.
[^4]: Memorandum for record, "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," with the representatives roster as enclosure 1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.pdf.
[^5]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^6]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^7]: Monroe Institute and International Remote Viewing Association biographical notices, and Atwater, F. Holmes. *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul.* Hampton Roads, 2001; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002.

16
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Harold M. Agnew.md
View file

@ -5,14 +5,24 @@ tags:
- Nuclear - Nuclear
- Physicist - Physicist
- Israel - Israel
summary: "American physicist and Los Alamos director (1970-1979) who served on the Nuclear Intelligence Panel and criticized suppression of the VELA Satellite findings." summary: "American physicist and Los Alamos director (1970-1979) who reviewed the Vela data in October 1979 and, in Hersh's account, served on the Nuclear Intelligence Panel."
born: 1921-03-28 born: 1921-03-28
died: 2013-09-29 died: 2013-09-29
location: "Denver, Colorado" location: "Denver, Colorado"
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "member of the outside panel review of the Vela data"
start: 1979-10-10
end: 1979-10-10
fn: 1
--- ---
Harold M. Agnew was an American physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos]] laboratory from 1970 to 1979. He was a member of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP), a highly classified nuclear intelligence group in the U.S. government. Agnew and other NIP members were dismayed by the extent of [[White House]] interference in the investigation of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting, which they concluded was a low-yield nuclear weapon detonation. Agnew famously stated, "If it looks like a duck, it's got to be a duck," in reference to the event, but noted that this was "not an answer [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] liked."[^1] Harold M. Agnew was an American physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos]] laboratory from 1970 to 1979. On October 10, 1979, Ross E. Cowey of the State Department's Office of Intelligence and Research summarized the judgments of three scientists, working under the auspices of an outside panel convened to consider the event: Agnew, [[Richard Garwin]] and [[Stephen Lukasik]] (William Burr and Avner Cohen describe the review as CIA-sponsored). They concluded that the signals "were consistent with detection of a nuclear explosion in the atmosphere," and noted that the 1.5 to 2 kiloton yield was probably lower than the design yield. On October 18 Garwin wrote to Agnew and Lukasik that he would "bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis."[^1]
[[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that Agnew was a member of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP), a highly classified nuclear intelligence group in the U.S. government, and that Agnew and other NIP members were dismayed by the extent of [[White House]] interference in the investigation of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting, which they concluded was a low-yield nuclear weapon detonation. Hersh quoted Agnew as stating, "If it looks like a duck, it's got to be a duck," in reference to the event, but noting that this was "not an answer [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] liked."[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Cowey, Ross E., memorandum for the files, October 10, 1979, Secret. Document 10 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.

160
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md
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@ -1,19 +1,167 @@
--- ---
aliases: aliases:
- Jack Anderson - Jack Anderson
category: "Authors & Journalists" category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
- Military - Journalist
summary: "Jack Anderson (1922–2005) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American investigative journalist and syndicated columnist for *The Washington Post*." - SyndicatedColumnist
- InvestigativeJournalism
- WashingtonMerryGoRound
- Watergate
- PsiResearch
- GrillFlame
- ITT
- Iran-Contra
summary: "Jack Anderson (1922–2005) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American investigative journalist and syndicated columnist who inherited the Washington Merry-Go-Round column from Drew Pearson in 1969."
born: 1922-10-19 born: 1922-10-19
died: 2005-12-17 died: 2005-12-17
location: "Long Beach, California" location: "Long Beach, California"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Drew Pearson]]"
role: "legman on the Washington Merry-Go-Round column, later co-columnist and successor"
start: 1947
end: 1969
fn: 1
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Douglas Cohn]]"
role: "writing partner on the column"
start: 1999
end: 2001
fn: 1
- type: investigated
with: "[[CIA Office of Security]]"
reverse: true
role: "CELOTEX II surveillance of Anderson and his assistants from an observation post in the Statler Hilton"
start: 1972-02-15
end: 1972-04-12
fn: 11
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
role: "sought to review Anderson's papers for classified material; a letter of November 30, 2006 from the Acting Associate Attorney General stated the FBI was not seeking to reclaim any documents"
start: 2006
end: 2006-11-30
fn: 28
--- ---
Jack Anderson (1922–2005) was a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning American investigative journalist and syndicated columnist for *[[The Washington Post]]*. He was known for his muckraking style and his ability to uncover classified government information[^1]. Jack Anderson (1922–2005) was an American investigative journalist and syndicated columnist. He went to work in 1947 as a legman for [[Drew Pearson]] and inherited the Washington Merry-Go-Round column when Pearson died in 1969.[^1][^2]
Anderson brought Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Alexander]]'s article, "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock," to national attention by writing about it in his column under the heading "Voodoo Warriors of the Pentagon." In his column, Anderson surmised that the generals at the [[Pentagon]] were "dabbling in the dark arts," using Ouija boards and the evil eye, and studying programs "a Haitian witch doctor might try." The wire services picked up the story, and it went national, causing a stir within the military establishment[^1]. ### Early career
Anderson was born in [[Long Beach, California]], on October 19, 1922.[^3] He was raised in the Salt Lake City area. At twelve he edited the Boy Scout page of the [[Deseret News]] and soon took a job with the [[Murray Eagle]] in Murray, Utah, paying $7 a week. After high school he joined the staff of the [[Salt Lake Tribune]], and on December 7, 1941 he became a Mormon missionary in the South.[^1] Two years later he enrolled in a [[Merchant Marine]] officer-training school. He then persuaded the Deseret News to accredit him as a foreign correspondent in China. He reached a base run by the [[Office of Strategic Services]] and was sent to contact a band of Chinese Nationalist guerrillas.[^1] He was inducted into the Army in 1945 and served with the [[United States Army Quartermaster Corps]] until 1947, working on service newspapers and [[Armed Forces Radio]].[^1]
### Pearson and the column
Anderson applied to work for Drew Pearson, who had been exposing government corruption for more than a decade, and was hired immediately in 1947.[^1] For years his work ran under Pearson's name. In 1957 he threatened to quit, and Pearson promised him more bylines and pledged to leave him the column. Anderson received a shared byline in 1965. Pearson died in 1969 and left the column to him. Anderson split its proceeds with Pearson's widow, and the obituary places his pay at about $15,000 in 1969.[^1]
On July 7, 1958 the Associated Press reported from Washington that a microphone had been found in a hotel room occupied by a member of the staff of the Boston textile manufacturer [[Bernard Goldfine]], whose gifts to Eisenhower's chief of staff [[Sherman Adams]] were then before a House subcommittee. The wire described Anderson, "a legman for columnist Drew Pearson," as the man found in the adjoining room with Baron Shacklette, an investigator for the subcommittee.[^4]
On March 22, 1968 the FBI sent [[William C. Sullivan]] a memorandum on the "Espionage - X" implications of Anderson's [[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] column of March 20, 1968, which reported a planned U.S. request that [[Chiang Kai-shek]] withdraw troops from Quemoy and Matsu. The memorandum reported "extreme concern" among Defense Department officials and the Chinese Nationalist Embassy, recorded the Defense judgment that the column was "generally accurate" and drew "almost verbatim" on two Secret documents, and stated that some Defense officials believed the documents had been leaked by an officer of the military assistance group in Taiwan.[^5] The FBI's public records repository holds eleven parts of Anderson material, described as old and newly released documents about Anderson, his writings on the FBI, and his use of leaked material of national security concern.[^6]
At its height the column ran in about 1,000 newspapers, which the obituary puts at 45 million daily readers.[^1] In 1967 the Pulitzer nominating jury recommended his columns on the misuse of campaign donations by Senator [[Thomas Dodd]], and the Pulitzer advisory board rejected that choice.[^1] The obituary records that Anderson admitted giving covert aid to [[Joseph McCarthy]] early in McCarthy's anti-Communist campaign, and that he had wrongly charged [[Donald Rumsfeld]] with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]].[^1]
### Retirement and other work
Anderson unofficially retired in 2001, when [[Douglas Cohn]], his writing partner since 1999, and [[Eleanor Clift]] took over the column. The column ended on July 30, 2004, when [[United Feature Syndicate]] announced its end.[^1] He had been diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease]] in 1986.[^2]
Anderson also broadcast a syndicated radio show, appeared for years on ABC's [[Good Morning America]], hosted a television program called Truth in which public figures were tested on a lie detector, and served as Washington bureau chief of [[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]. He wrote more than a dozen books and several subscription newsletters.[^1]
### Pulitzer Prize and ITT
In 1972 Anderson won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for National Reporting, for his reporting of American policy decision-making during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971; the award listed him as a syndicated columnist.[^7] In 1983 he told the Washington Post: "I have to do daily what Woodward and Bernstein did once."[^1]
The obituary links Anderson's reporting to the ITT-Dita Beard affair, in which the settlement of an antitrust suit against [[ITT Corporation]] was tied to a $400,000 pledge to underwrite the 1972 Republican convention.[^1] The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities recorded in its final report that Anderson reported on February 29, 1972 the existence of the Dita Beard memorandum, alleging that a $400,000 contribution to the Nixon campaign was tied to a favorable Justice Department ruling on ITT's antitrust problems. The report states that the White House response included an investigation in which [[Howard Hunt]] and personnel from some government agencies were used to investigate individuals related to the publication of the memo.[^8]
### Nixon White House
President [[Richard Nixon]] tried to smear Anderson as a homosexual, and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] was ordered to spy on him. The obituary states that, according to the Watergate tapes, a Nixon aide ordered two cohorts to try to kill the journalist by poisoning.[^1]
At the [[Senate Watergate Committee]] hearing of May 24, 1973, [[Alfred Baldwin]] identified a group of papers taken from the effects of [[James McCord]] as relating to Jack Anderson, headed "Confidential, subject: Jack Anderson" and signed by McCord. The committee received them in camera as exhibits 15A to 15D and did not publish them.[^9] On June 27, 1973 [[John Dean]] introduced a memorandum from [[Charles Colson]] to Dean, which Dean dated November 17, 1972, concerning information Colson had received from an informer about Anderson. In the memorandum Colson wrote that the informer reported Anderson found in a room with wiretap equipment and a private investigator in connection with the Dodd investigation, and that Anderson and Pearson were paid $100,000 in 1958 by [[Fulgencio Batista]] to write favorable articles. Colson wrote: "You know my personal feelings about Jack Anderson. After his incredibly sloppy and malicious reporting on Eagleton, his credibility has diminished. It now appears as if we have the opportunity to destroy it. Do you agree that we should pursue this actively?"[^10]
A compilation of CIA domestic operations prepared by the [[CIA Office of Security]] and submitted to the Director in May 1973, known as the [[CIA Family Jewels]], records a surveillance codenamed CELOTEX II. At the direction of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Office of Security conducted surveillance of Anderson and at various times his "legmen," Britt Hume, Leslie Whitten and Joseph Spear, from February 15 to April 12, 1972. An observation post was maintained in the [[Statler Hilton]] hotel directly opposite Anderson's office, to attempt to determine Anderson's sources for highly classified Agency information appearing in his syndicated columns.[^11] The preceding item, CELOTEX I, covered Michael Getler of the Washington Post in 1971 and January 1972.[^11]
The same compilation includes a memorandum of September 9, 1972 from [[Richard Helms]] to [[Henry Kissinger]]. It states that after noting that Anderson had a continuing source for classified documents on narcotics, the Agency arranged a trap so that the recipients of CIA Intelligence Memoranda on narcotics could be identified. The memorandum identifies a leak to the press as having come from the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]].[^12]
A separate CIA memorandum in the compilation, signed by [[Ted Shackley]] of the Western Hemisphere Division, concerns a column by Anderson that linked Howard Hunt to break-ins at Chilean diplomatic installations in Washington and New York. The memorandum states that the Agency knew of no foundation for that allegation, that any connection between ITT and the break-ins was conjectural, and that the column itself said as much.[^13]
[[Mark Feldstein]], a journalism professor at [[George Washington University]], wrote in a March 25, 2022 article for the Washington Post, reprinted by [[Stars and Stripes]], that in March 1972 Colson told Hunt that Anderson "had become a great thorn in the side of the president" and that the White House had to "stop Anderson at all costs," words Feldstein attributed to Hunt's later Senate testimony. Feldstein wrote that Colson proposed an untraceable poison or a high dose of a hallucinogen like LSD, that "a Senate committee investigated and confirmed the plot to poison Anderson," and that Nixon's role in the plot has never been definitively established.[^14]
In *Poisoning the Press* (2010), Feldstein reported on tapes from the National Archives. According to the account [[NBC News]] published from the book, [[H. R. Haldeman]] asked at a March 18, 1972 meeting, "Don't we have some spurious stuff that we can give to Jack Anderson," and Feldstein describes a lunch in March at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]] with a recently retired CIA poison specialist, at which Hunt and [[G. Gordon Liddy]] discussed planting a poison in Anderson's medicine cabinet or putting massive doses of LSD on his steering wheel. Hunt told Feldstein in an interview before his death that Colson had ordered Hunt and Liddy to "locate Anderson's home and examine it from the outside for vulnerabilities." NBC reported that a spokeswoman for Colson said he "believes everyone has debunked this story a long time ago and he has nothing to add to it."[^15]
The New York Times reported on April 14, 1980, summarizing excerpts from Liddy's book *Will*, that Liddy wrote the plan arose over lunch in Washington with Hunt and a CIA operative, was suggested because an Anderson column had supposedly compromised an American agent abroad, and preceded the Watergate burglary. According to the excerpts, a plan to kill Anderson with LSD was dismissed as impractical, and Liddy then volunteered to kill him on a Washington street but was advised by Hunt to forget it.[^16]
### Psychic research columns
Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Alexander]] published "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock" in the December 1980 issue of [[Military Review]], an official Army publication. Anderson's response came almost immediately. On January 9, 1981 his column "Pentagon Invades Buck Rogers' Turf" in the Washington Post used the terms "futuristic fantasies," "hogwash" and "voodoo warfare."[^17]
His column of February 5, 1981, "Yes, Psychic Warfare Is Part of the Game," began "The brass hats are, indeed, dabbling in the dark arts," and used the phrase "Ouija board warriors," and referred to the "evil eye" and to the "comic-strip" treatment of the subject.[^18]
On March 30, 1981 the Post ran "CIA Toys with Extrasensory Weapons." The column stated: "I've already reported on the Pentagon's $6-million-a-year research to develop ESP weapons," and its list of supporting research areas included remote monitors and stimulators, which the column described as work "like a Haitian witch doctor might try."[^19]
Annie Jacobsen gives the column heading "Voodoo Warriors of the Pentagon" and writes that Anderson surmised the generals at the [[Pentagon]] were "dabbling in the dark arts" and that the wire services picked up the story, which went national and caused a stir within the military establishment.[^20]
By 1984 the tone had changed. On April 24, 1984 the Post ran "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," which opened: "I have reported previously on secret projects to adapt psychic phenomena to military purposes."[^21] An Air War College paper on psychic research observed that by 1984 Anderson had changed his tune.[^17]
The Army's Grill Flame nickname for its psychic research appeared in Anderson's work in 1984. A memorandum of May 17, 1984, titled "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," recorded that Representative [[Charlie Rose]] had called [[Ingo Swann]] on May 16, 1984 and related that [[Dale Van Atta]], an associate of Anderson, had said that he and Anderson had recently been under the influence of McRae but that this was no longer the case, and that a series of favorable articles would follow.[^22] A memorandum on a presentation to [[Harry Soyster|Brigadier General Soyster]] on December 12, 1985 stated that the year before Anderson had published the project nickname Grill Flame and associated psi research with the U.S. Army.[^23]
### Castro plot and Iran-Contra
A CIA memorandum in the Family Jewels compilation on the plot against [[Fidel Castro]] states that [[Johnny Roselli]] threatened to expose his part in the operation. The Agency decided to ignore the threats and take a calculated risk. The memorandum then states that "Roselli or someone on his behalf" furnished Anderson details of the operation, and it attaches two Anderson columns dealing with Roselli.[^24] The compilation's list of Inspector General reports describes the Castro allegations as a story that "first appeared in Drew Pearson's column and has since appeared in Jack Anderson's column," and states that "While the columns contained many factual errors, the allegations are basically true."[^25]
The obituary credits Anderson with revelations in the [[Iran-Contra affair]] and with the 1987 Sigma Delta Chi Service to Journalism award for his work on that story.[^1]
### Glomar Explorer
On March 18, 1975 Anderson mentioned the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]], the CIA salvage vessel, on his national radio show and declared his intention to reveal more details about the operation. The next day the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post and the New York Times published front-page stories on the vessel.[^26] The National Security Archive's briefing book on the project refers to the exposés on the vessel by Anderson and by [[Seymour Hersh]].[^27]
### FBI files and papers
After Anderson's death, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] told his family that the Bureau wanted to review his files and to remove any documents it judged classified before they were opened to the public; the request became public in April 2006. The [[Federation of American Scientists]] reported the request.[^28] On April 20, 2006 an FBI assistant director, John Miller, told NPR the bureau wanted access before the archive was made public. NPR reported that FBI agents had told the family that the papers included a document that could bear on a current espionage case involving pro-Israel lobbyists, and that 188 boxes were held by George Washington University.[^29]
When the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] asked under what law the FBI was proceeding, the Bureau replied that it had abandoned its effort. The Associated Press reported that the revelation came in a letter dated November 30, 2006 from Acting Associate Attorney General James H. Clinger to Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], which stated: "At this time, the FBI is not seeking to reclaim any documents." The AP reported that Anderson's son and his biographer said agents had expressed interest in documents that would aid the government's case against two former lobbyists for the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]. The family then arranged for the papers to go to George Washington University for archiving.[^30][^31][^32]
In 2008 the FBI released its files on Anderson to the [[Associated Press]] under a Freedom of Information Act request, a collection of more than 2,000 heavily redacted documents tracing Hoover's attempts to catch the reporter. Feldstein planned to add the collection to the university's Anderson papers.[^33]
### Death
Anderson died at his home in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] on December 17, 2005, at the age of 83. He had Parkinson's disease, and his family attributed his death to complications from it. He was survived by his wife, Olivia Farley Anderson, and nine children.[^1][^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^1]: Patricia Sullivan, "Obituary: Jack Anderson was Pulitzer winning columnist," *The Washington Post*, December 18, 2005, reprinted by *The Seattle Times*, December 18, 2005. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20051218/andersonobit18/obituary--jack-anderson-was-pulitzer-winning-columnist
[^2]: "Jack Anderson, muckraking journalist, dies," NBC News (Associated Press), December 2005. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10506872
[^3]: "Jack Anderson, columnist and ex-Utahn, dies," *Deseret News* (Associated Press), December 18, 2005. https://www.deseret.com/2005/12/18/19928462/jack-anderson-columnist-and-ex-utahn-dies/
[^4]: Associated Press, Washington, "Goldfine Records Burglarized; Aides' Room Bugged," *The Daily Reflector* (Greenville, North Carolina), July 7, 1958, p. 1. https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/encore/ncgre000/00000086/00085661/00085661.pdf
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum from R. D. Cotter to W. C. Sullivan, "Jack Anderson, Article in 'Washington Post,' 3/20/68, Espionage - X," March 22, 1968, FBI Vault, Jack Anderson, Part 01 of 11. https://web.archive.org/web/2014id_/http://vault.fbi.gov/jack-anderson/jack-anderson-part-01-of-11/at_download/file
[^6]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Vault, "Jack Anderson," Parts 01 to 11 (archived page). https://web.archive.org/web/2014/http://vault.fbi.gov/jack-anderson
[^7]: The Pulitzer Prizes, 1972 winners, National Reporting: Jack Anderson, a syndicated columnist, "For his reporting of American policy decision-making during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971" (archived page). https://web.archive.org/web/2012/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1972
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report* (1974), section "ITT and Dita Beard," pp. 205-206. https://archive.org/details/senatewatergater01unit
[^9]: Testimony of Alfred C. Baldwin, May 24, 1973, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60: Watergate and Related Activities*, Hearings before the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Book 1, p. 407. https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp01unit
[^10]: Testimony of John W. Dean III, June 27, 1973, Hearings before the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Book 4, p. 1349 and Exhibit No. 46, p. 1687 (memorandum, Charles Colson to John Dean). https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp04unit
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, submission of May 16, 1973 for the "Family Jewels" compilation, sections "CELOTEX I" and "CELOTEX II," CIA Reading Room document 0001451843. https://archive.org/details/CIA-Family-Jewels
[^12]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels" compilation, memorandum from Richard Helms to Henry Kissinger, September 9, 1972, narcotics section. https://archive.org/details/CIA-Family-Jewels
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels" compilation, memorandum of Theodore G. Shackley, Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, on Anderson's column concerning ITT and Howard Hunt, 1973. https://archive.org/details/CIA-Family-Jewels
[^14]: Mark Feldstein, "50 years ago: Nixon White House plotted to assassinate journalist," *The Washington Post*, reprinted in *Stars and Stripes*, March 25, 2022. https://www.stripes.com/history/2022-03-25/50-years-ago-nixon-white-house-plotted-assassinate-journalist-5477284.html
[^15]: Michael Isikoff, "Nixon plot against newspaper columnist detailed," NBC News, September 13, 2010, reporting on Mark Feldstein, *Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson and the Rise of Washington's Scandal Culture* (2010), and on an interview with Howard Hunt provided to NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39157420
[^16]: "Assassination Plots Described by Liddy," *The New York Times*, April 14, 1980 (clipping), CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710021-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710021-5
[^17]: Jack Anderson, "Pentagon Invades Buck Rogers' Turf," *The Washington Post*, January 9, 1981, p. D16, as cited in Air War College research paper on psychic research, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^18]: Jack Anderson, "Yes, Psychic Warfare Is Part of the Game," *The Washington Post*, February 5, 1981, p. DC11, as quoted in the Air War College paper cited in note 17. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^19]: Jack Anderson, "CIA Toys with Extrasensory Weapons," *The Washington Post*, March 30, 1981, p. B13. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3
[^20]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017).
[^21]: Jack Anderson, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," *The Washington Post*, April 24, 1984, p. C13. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200050011-3
[^22]: Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), memorandum for record, "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200030001-6
[^23]: Memorandum, "BG Soyster Presentation 12 December 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030003-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030003-9
[^24]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels" compilation, memorandum on the plot against Fidel Castro, paragraphs 4 and 21. https://archive.org/details/CIA-Family-Jewels
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels" compilation, list of Inspector General reports, entry on the allegation that the Agency conspired to assassinate Fidel Castro. https://archive.org/details/CIA-Family-Jewels
[^26]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, National Security, 1973-1976, document 197, editorial note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/d197
[^27]: National Security Archive, "The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, February 12, 2010, introduction. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm
[^28]: Steven Aftergood, "FBI Seeks Access to Jack Anderson Files," Federation of American Scientists, April 19, 2006. https://fas.org/publication/fbi_seeks_access_to_jack_ander
[^29]: David Folkenflik, "FBI Defends Request for Columnist's Papers," NPR, *All Things Considered*, April 20, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5353604
[^30]: "FBI Abandons Its Effort to Obtain Jack Anderson's Files," Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, January 4, 2007. https://rcfp.org/?p=39395
[^31]: "FBI Drops Demands For Jack Anderson Papers," Associated Press, January 4, 2007. https://cbsnews.com/news/fbi-drops-demands-for-jack-anderson-papers
[^32]: Niketa Kumar, "FBI ends pursuit of GW housed Jack Anderson documents," *The GW Hatchet*, January 18, 2007. https://www.gwhatchet.com/2007/01/18/fbi-ends-pursuit-of-gw-housed-jack-anderson-documents/
[^33]: Lauren French, "Gelman Library to receive FBI files on columnist Jack Anderson," *The GW Hatchet*, October 27, 2008. https://www.gwhatchet.com/2008/10/27/gelman-library-to-receive-fbi-files-on-columnist-jack-anderson/

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James L. Dozier.md
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@ -17,15 +17,22 @@ Brigadier General James L. Dozier was a senior [[U.S. Army]] official and deputy
Dozier, a graduate of [[West Point]] and a [[Vietnam]] veteran, was reading a letter when his doorbell rang. Two young men, posing as plumbers, gained entry to his apartment. Dozier was attacked, and he and his wife, Judy, were bound and gagged. Dozier was then forced into a steamer trunk and secreted away in the back of a blue Fiat van[^1]. Dozier, a graduate of [[West Point]] and a [[Vietnam]] veteran, was reading a letter when his doorbell rang. Two young men, posing as plumbers, gained entry to his apartment. Dozier was attacked, and he and his wife, Judy, were bound and gagged. Dozier was then forced into a steamer trunk and secreted away in the back of a blue Fiat van[^1].
His abduction triggered a massive international response. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] offered a $2 million reward for information, and a Joint Special Operations Command team was dispatched to Italy. In Washington, [[Dale Graff]] and the [[Grill Flame]] remote viewers at [[Fort Meade]] were tasked with providing intelligence to locate him[^1]. His abduction triggered a massive international response. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] offered a $2 million reward for information, and a Joint Special Operations Command team was dispatched to Italy. In Washington, the Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]], under Colonel Charles F. Scanlon, the command's deputy chief of staff for operations, asked the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] on December 18, 1981 to help provide [[Grill Flame]] derived data to U.S. authorities in Europe concerning the search for Dozier, and the first Grill Flame session on the case was held that day.[^2][^3] Jacobsen wrote that [[Dale Graff]] and the Grill Flame remote viewers at [[Fort Meade]] were tasked with providing intelligence to locate him.[^1]
Remote viewers, including [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Hartleigh Trent]], and [[Ken Bell]], provided information that Dozier was still alive and in the same place. However, the information was often vague and disparate, making it difficult to pinpoint his exact location[^1]. Remote viewers, including [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Hartleigh Trent]], and [[Ken Bell]], provided information that Dozier was still alive and in the same place. However, the information was often vague and disparate, making it difficult to pinpoint his exact location[^1].
Graff himself experienced vivid dreams and impressions, believing Dozier was held "upstairs in a room above a grocery store" in Padua. This information, combined with intelligence from a U.S. signals intelligence team, led Italian police to the exact street address where Dozier was being held[^1]. Graff himself experienced vivid dreams and impressions, believing Dozier was held "upstairs in a room above a grocery store" in Padua. This information, combined with intelligence from a U.S. signals intelligence team, led Italian police to the exact street address where Dozier was being held[^1].
On Nightline in November 1995, Graff said of the Dozier case, "we had one viewer come up with the name of the city, Padua. We had another one come up with the name of the building he was in."[^4] INSCOM's 1983 briefing states that the drawing from the third session, on January 20, 1982, carried "NOTE THE NAME PADUA" and "WAS NOT FORWARDED TO ITALY," and that a drawing from the first session was used by a DIA analyst to brief the commander of the Southern European Task Force that the search should be concentrated in the Padua area two days before the rescue.[^3] A press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, stated that police confirmed a 22-year-old from Verona had revealed Dozier's place of captivity, an apartment above a grocery store in Padua.[^5]
After 42 days in captivity, Dozier was rescued on January 28, 1982, by ten men from Italy's Central Operative Security Nucleus who stormed the apartment. He was found alive and was flown home to a hero's welcome, including an invitation to the [[White House]] from [[Ronald Reagan]][^1]. After 42 days in captivity, Dozier was rescued on January 28, 1982, by ten men from Italy's Central Operative Security Nucleus who stormed the apartment. He was found alive and was flown home to a hero's welcome, including an invitation to the [[White House]] from [[Ronald Reagan]][^1].
Despite the remote viewers' involvement, Dozier later stated that he finally figured out where he was being held by listening to voices and realizing that groceries were being sold. He called psychic functioning "pure nonsense"[^1]. Despite the remote viewers' involvement, Dozier later stated that he finally figured out where he was being held by listening to voices and realizing that groceries were being sold. He called psychic functioning "pure nonsense"[^1].
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency staff summary bearing the name of Jack Vorona, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8.pdf. The passage reads "was requested by COL C.F. Scanlon, the Deputy Chief of Staff: Operations, Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, INSCOM to assist in providing GRILL FLAME derived data to U.S. authorities in Europe concerning the search for BG Dozier." Other INSCOM documents in the collection (for example CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440042-7) identify COL Scanlon as DCSOPS, INSCOM, and two memoranda carry the signature block of Charles F. Scanlon (CIA-RDP96-00788R000100240002-4, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250029-4).
[^3]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command briefing on the Dozier search, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3.pdf. The briefing reads "GENERAL DOZIER WAS KIDNAPPED THE EVENING OF 17 DECEMBER 1981. ON 18 DECEMBER, WE CONDUCTED OUR FIRST SESSION."
[^4]: "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News Nightline, November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7.
[^5]: Press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, on General Dozier's press conference (publication not identified on the clipping), CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7.pdf.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jean-Louis Delamotte.md
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@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ tags:
summary: "Jean-Louis Delamotte, a Belgian businessman, served as the manager of Achats Services Commerces (ASCO), a company owned by Michel Nihoul and involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s." summary: "Jean-Louis Delamotte, a Belgian businessman, served as the manager of Achats Services Commerces (ASCO), a company owned by Michel Nihoul and involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s."
--- ---
Jean-Louis Delamotte, a Belgian businessman, served as the manager of [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO), a company owned by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s. ASCO provided white Mercedes vans used by Nihoul and [[Marc Dutroux]] for photographing schoolgirls and transporting victims in the child trafficking network. Delamotte's management role included overseeing ASCO's operations in Charleroi, where the company was registered, and facilitating the use of vehicles for abductions. Police investigations post-Dutroux's August 1996 arrest linked ASCO vans to the kidnappings of [[Laetitia Delhez]] and [[Sabine Dardenne]], with partial license plates matching those used in the crimes. Delamotte was arrested in connection with ASCO's fraudulent activities, which included money laundering and business dealings tied to Nihoul's fraud convictions. During interrogations, Delamotte provided information on Nihoul's operations, confirming the company's role in providing vehicles for the network.[^1] Jean-Louis Delamotte, a Belgian businessman, served as the manager of [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO), a company owned by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s. ASCO provided white Mercedes vans used by Nihoul and [[Marc Dutroux]] for photographing schoolgirls and transporting victims in the child trafficking network. Delamotte's management role included overseeing ASCO's operations in Charleroi, where the company was registered, and facilitating the use of vehicles for abductions. Police investigations post-Dutroux's August 1996 arrest linked ASCO vans to the kidnappings of two girls aged 14 and 12, with partial license plates matching those used in the crimes. Delamotte was arrested in connection with ASCO's fraudulent activities, which included money laundering and business dealings tied to Nihoul's fraud convictions. During interrogations, Delamotte provided information on Nihoul's operations, confirming the company's role in providing vehicles for the network.[^1]
Delamotte's involvement came under scrutiny during the Dutroux affair, with ASCO's vans identified as key in the abduction logistics. The company, a front for Nihoul's schemes, supplied the white van used in Laetitia Delhez's August 9 abduction, with the witness's plate PBX 688 matching ASCO registrations. Delamotte's management included leasing or providing these vehicles to Dutroux, who used them for surveillance and kidnappings, including circling areas near schools to select victims. ASCO's fraud involved inflated invoices and money laundering, with Delamotte handling administrative aspects. He was detained in August 1996 alongside Nihoul, with police seizing documents showing financial flows to Dutroux's accounts. Delamotte's testimony detailed Nihoul's instructions for vehicle use in operations, linking to payments for child supplies.[^1] Delamotte's involvement came under scrutiny during the Dutroux affair, with ASCO's vans identified as key in the abduction logistics. The company, a front for Nihoul's schemes, supplied the white van used in the August 9 abduction of a 14-year-old girl at Bertrix, with the witness's plate PBX 688 matching ASCO registrations. Delamotte's management included leasing or providing these vehicles to Dutroux, who used them for surveillance and kidnappings, including circling areas near schools to select victims. ASCO's fraud involved inflated invoices and money laundering, with Delamotte handling administrative aspects. He was detained in August 1996 alongside Nihoul, with police seizing documents showing financial flows to Dutroux's accounts. Delamotte's testimony detailed Nihoul's instructions for vehicle use in operations, linking to payments for child supplies.[^1]
Delamotte's role extended to Nihoul's broader fraud network, with ASCO serving as a cover for illicit activities. The company was raided as part of the investigation, uncovering records of vehicle assignments to Dutroux. Delamotte's arrest highlighted ASCO's centrality, with the vans used for both photography and transport in the abductions of Sabine Dardenne and Laetitia Delhez. His statements to investigators confirmed Nihoul's coordination, with over twenty calls between Nihoul and Dutroux around the time of the crimes tracing to joint accounts. Delamotte's management position made him a key figure in linking the business to the trafficking logistics.[^1] Delamotte's role extended to Nihoul's broader fraud network, with ASCO serving as a cover for illicit activities. The company was raided as part of the investigation, uncovering records of vehicle assignments to Dutroux. Delamotte's arrest highlighted ASCO's centrality, with the vans used for both photography and transport in the abductions of two girls aged 12 and 14. His statements to investigators confirmed Nihoul's coordination, with over twenty calls between Nihoul and Dutroux around the time of the crimes tracing to joint accounts. Delamotte's management position made him a key figure in linking the business to the trafficking logistics.[^1]
### ASCO Management ### ASCO Management
Delamotte managed ASCO's day-to-day operations, including vehicle fleet for company use. The white vans, registered under ASCO, were loaned to Dutroux for tasks including victim scouting. Police traced the van from Laetitia's abduction to ASCO, leading to Delamotte's interrogation. ASCO's fraud involved fake transactions, with Delamotte handling paperwork that masked payments for other purposes. The company's location in Charleroi placed it near Dutroux's residence, facilitating the arrangement. Delamotte's testimony revealed Nihoul's direct involvement in directing vehicle use for non-business activities.[^1] Delamotte managed ASCO's day-to-day operations, including vehicle fleet for company use. The white vans, registered under ASCO, were loaned to Dutroux for tasks including victim scouting. Police traced the van from the August 9 abduction to ASCO, leading to Delamotte's interrogation. ASCO's fraud involved fake transactions, with Delamotte handling paperwork that masked payments for other purposes. The company's location in Charleroi placed it near Dutroux's residence, facilitating the arrangement. Delamotte's testimony revealed Nihoul's direct involvement in directing vehicle use for non-business activities.[^1]
Under Delamotte's oversight, ASCO provided vans used in the May 26 abduction of Sabine and August 9 seizure of Laetitia, with [[Michel Lelievre]] assisting in both. The vehicles were ordinary for business but adapted for kidnappings with tinted windows and sedatives. Delamotte confirmed in statements the vans' availability to Dutroux, who returned them after use. The investigation uncovered ASCO's role in money laundering, with funds from sales of girls and pornography tapes flowing through the company. Delamotte's arrest in 1996 led to charges for fraud, with his cooperation providing insights into Nihoul's network.[^1] Under Delamotte's oversight, ASCO provided vans used in the May 26 abduction of a 12-year-old girl and the August 9 seizure of a 14-year-old girl, with [[Michel Lelievre]] assisting in both. The vehicles were ordinary for business but adapted for kidnappings with tinted windows and sedatives. Delamotte confirmed in statements the vans' availability to Dutroux, who returned them after use. The investigation uncovered ASCO's role in money laundering, with funds from sales of girls and pornography tapes flowing through the company. Delamotte's arrest in 1996 led to charges for fraud, with his cooperation providing insights into Nihoul's network.[^1]
### Legal Outcome ### Legal Outcome
Delamotte was arrested in August 1996 as part of the Dutroux affair probe, charged with fraud and money laundering related to ASCO's operations. His testimony contributed to Nihoul's conviction for criminal association, though Nihoul was acquitted of kidnapping. Delamotte received a sentence for fraud in connection with the case, serving time for his management role in the company's illicit dealings. The 2004 trial highlighted ASCO's vehicles as evidence, with Delamotte not testifying directly but his statements used to show the network's business cover. Post-trial, Delamotte maintained a low profile, with no further legal actions documented.[^1] Delamotte was arrested in August 1996 as part of the Dutroux affair probe, charged with fraud and money laundering related to ASCO's operations. His testimony contributed to Nihoul's conviction for criminal association, though Nihoul was acquitted of kidnapping. Delamotte received a sentence for fraud in connection with the case, serving time for his management role in the company's illicit dealings. The 2004 trial highlighted ASCO's vehicles as evidence, with Delamotte not testifying directly but his statements used to show the network's business cover. Post-trial, Delamotte maintained a low profile, with no further legal actions documented.[^1]

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jean-Marc Connerotte.md
View file

@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ tags:
- Person - Person
- Belgium - Belgium
- Dutroux - Dutroux
summary: "Neufchâteau investigating judge who freed Sabine Dardenne and Laetitia Delhez in August 1996, opened the hotline that led to witness X1, and was removed from the Dutroux file in October 1996." summary: "Neufchâteau investigating judge who freed two kidnapped girls in August 1996, opened the hotline that led to witness X1, and was removed from the Dutroux file in October 1996."
born: 1948 born: 1948
location: "Neufchâteau, Belgium" location: "Neufchâteau, Belgium"
relations: relations:
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-10-09 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Jean-Marc Connerotte was the investigating judge at Neufchâteau in the file on the abduction of [[Laetitia Delhez]], taken at Bertrix on August 9, 1996. [[Marc Dutroux]], his wife [[Michelle Martin]] and [[Michel Lelievre]] were arrested on August 12; on August 15 Dutroux confessed, and on his directions Laetitia and [[Sabine Dardenne]] were found alive in the cellar of his house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. The bodies of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17.[^1] The parliamentary commission noted that Connerotte and the Neufchâteau prosecutor, [[Michel Bourlet]], preferred to work directly with the investigators rather than through the command of the investigation unit, in contrast to the more formal practice of his successor.[^2] Jean-Marc Connerotte was the investigating judge at Neufchâteau in the file on the abduction of a 14-year-old girl, taken at Bertrix on August 9, 1996. [[Marc Dutroux]], his wife [[Michelle Martin]] and [[Michel Lelievre]] were arrested on August 12; on August 15 Dutroux confessed, and on his directions the girl and a 12-year-old girl abducted in May 1996 were found alive in the cellar of his house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. The bodies of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17.[^1] The parliamentary commission noted that Connerotte and the Neufchâteau prosecutor, [[Michel Bourlet]], preferred to work directly with the investigators rather than through the command of the investigation unit, in contrast to the more formal practice of his successor.[^2]
### The Hotline and X1 ### The Hotline and X1
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ On October 14, 1996 the Court of Cassation removed Connerotte from files 86/96 (
### The X-Witnesses ### The X-Witnesses
After a public appeal by Connerotte in September 1996, eight witnesses gave testimony alleging abuse by members of the elite, compiled as the [[X-Dossier]] under Bourlet. According to S. Dovey, the testimony described orgies and murders at villas in [[Knokke-Heist]] near the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]], at the brothel of X1's grandmother [[Cecile Beernaert]] at Elizabetlaan 83 frequented by [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], and at estates of [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], [[Count Leopold Lippens]] and [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]]. The team matched X1's account of Van Hees's murder to unpublished details, and her account of a friend, "Clo," to the 1983 death of [[Carine Dellaert]], identified through a yearbook, whose autopsy found laminaria sticks and gauze. X2 named de Bonvoisin, [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Lippens at sadomasochistic events near Chimay; X3 described abuse at royal castles between 1950 and 1962; X4 identified pornographic films featuring X1's friends. X2 also described orgies at the Mirano club attended by Princes Philippe and Laurent. The dossier mapped politicians of the Christian Social Party backed by the [[Societe Generale de Banque]], and described Dumont as representing [[CRIES]], which used [[UNICEF]] in the production of pornography through [[Joseph Douce]] and [[Michel Caignet]]'s [[Gaie France]]; X1 described hunts and snuff films at [[ASCO Industries NV]], owned by [[Roger Boas]]. A 2005 summary of the file, later leaked through WikiLeaks, described 300 tapes, some featuring members of the elite. The accused were linked to [[Operation Gladio]] networks, and one of them, [[Melchior Wathelet]], sat on the European Court of Justice. The investigation followed [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]'s parties, more than twenty calls between Nihoul and Dutroux around Laetitia's abduction, vans of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]], and some 300 violent pornographic tapes seized from Nihoul's home. It examined the 1991 disappearance of [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and the X-Kiss studio, linked through [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] to Zandvoort, and a list compiled by Serge Heylens that included [[Beat Meier]], [[Edward Brongersma]] and [[Philippe Carpentier]] of CRIES; after a note signed "Anubis" was found in [[Bernard Weinstein]]'s cabin, the [[Abrasax Institute]] was raided and found to include police members. More than twenty witnesses died in the period, among them [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]] in 1998, after identifying Dutroux-linked material on [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte was cleared of bias in 1999; in 2004 he testified that contracts had been taken out on the lives of magistrates, who needed bulletproof vehicles. The dossier was leaked and published in 1999 as *De X-dossiers.*[^10] After a public appeal by Connerotte in September 1996, eight witnesses gave testimony alleging abuse by members of the elite, compiled as the [[X-Dossier]] under Bourlet. According to S. Dovey, the testimony described orgies and murders at villas in [[Knokke-Heist]] near the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]], at the brothel of X1's grandmother [[Cecile Beernaert]] in Knokke frequented by [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], and at estates of [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], [[Count Leopold Lippens]] and [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]]. The team matched X1's account of Van Hees's murder to unpublished details, and her account of a friend, "Clo," to the 1983 death of [[Carine Dellaert]], identified through a yearbook, whose autopsy found laminaria sticks and gauze. X2 named de Bonvoisin, [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Lippens at sadomasochistic events near Chimay; X3 described abuse at royal castles between 1950 and 1962; X4 identified pornographic films featuring X1's friends. X2 also described orgies at the Mirano club attended by Princes Philippe and Laurent. The dossier mapped politicians of the Christian Social Party backed by the [[Societe Generale de Banque]], and described Dumont as representing [[CRIES]], which used [[UNICEF]] in the production of pornography through [[Joseph Douce]] and [[Michel Caignet]]'s [[Gaie France]]; X1 described hunts and snuff films at [[ASCO Industries NV]], owned by [[Roger Boas]]. A 2005 summary of the file, later leaked through WikiLeaks, described 300 tapes, some featuring members of the elite. The accused were linked to [[Operation Gladio]] networks, and one of them, [[Melchior Wathelet]], sat on the European Court of Justice. The investigation followed [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]'s parties, more than twenty calls between Nihoul and Dutroux around the August 9 abduction, vans of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]], and some 300 violent pornographic tapes seized from Nihoul's home. It examined the 1991 disappearance of [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and the X-Kiss studio, linked through [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] to Zandvoort, and a list compiled by Serge Heylens that included [[Beat Meier]], [[Edward Brongersma]] and [[Philippe Carpentier]] of CRIES; after a note signed "Anubis" was found in [[Bernard Weinstein]]'s cabin, the [[Abrasax Institute]] was raided and found to include police members. More than twenty witnesses died in the period, among them [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]] in 1998, after identifying Dutroux-linked material on [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte was cleared of bias in 1999; in 2004 he testified that contracts had been taken out on the lives of magistrates, who needed bulletproof vehicles. The dossier was leaked and published in 1999 as *De X-dossiers.*[^10]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes

37
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jimmy Carter.md
View file

@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ summary: "39th U.S. President who led nuclear nonproliferation efforts against S
born: 1924-10-01 born: 1924-10-01
died: 2024-12-29 died: 2024-12-29
location: "Plains, Georgia" location: "Plains, Georgia"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "president during the detection and the White House response to the review"
start: 1979-09-22
end: 1980-02-27
fn: 4
--- ---
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. was the 39th President of the [[United States]], serving from 1977 to 1981. His presidency was marked by significant challenges in foreign policy, nuclear nonproliferation efforts, and involvement with unconventional intelligence programs. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. was the 39th President of the [[United States]], serving from 1977 to 1981. His presidency was marked by significant challenges in foreign policy, nuclear nonproliferation efforts, and involvement with unconventional intelligence programs.
@ -25,34 +32,40 @@ In March 1979, President Carter made the decision to provide [[Israel]] with acc
### VELA Satellite Incident ### VELA Satellite Incident
On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light over the South Indian Ocean, probable evidence of a nuclear explosion. This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, created a horrible dilemma for President Carter, just months before the 1980 presidential campaign. Carter, who had emphasized nonproliferation, faced criticism for hypocrisy if he did not act, but political repercussions if he sought sanctions against Israel and South Africa.[^1] On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light over the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Forty-one earlier double-flash detections by Vela satellites had each been confirmed as nuclear detonations, but the presidential science panel that reviewed the September 22 signal concluded in May 1980 that it was probably not from a nuclear explosion.[^3] This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, created a horrible dilemma for President Carter, just months before the 1980 presidential campaign. Carter, who had emphasized nonproliferation, faced criticism for hypocrisy if he did not act, but political repercussions if he sought sanctions against Israel and South Africa.[^1]
Carter's diary entry for September 22, 1979 reads, in part, "There was indication of a nuclear explosion in the region of South Africa," followed by the alternatives "either South Africa, Israel using a ship at sea, or nothing."[^4] The September 23, 1979 mini-Special Coordination Committee summary of conclusions stated that a nuclear explosion of one to three kilotons "probably occurred early Saturday morning in the south Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean, southern Africa, or Antarctica." Carter wrote at the bottom of the page: "Do not let any allegation leak to public until we are sure of facts."[^5] On February 27, 1980 he wrote: "We have a growing belief among our scientists that the Israelis did indeed conduct a nuclear test explosion in the ocean near the southern end of South Africa."[^6]
### Psychic Research Programs ### Psychic Research Programs
His presidency coincided with the early years of the [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]] program, the U.S. government's secret psychic research effort. President Carter was reportedly aware of the Grill Flame program, with Congressman [[Charlie Rose]] even discussing it with him. However, his administration's stance on the program was complex. While some officials, like [[William Perry]], sought to cut its funding, the program managed to continue.[^3] His presidency coincided with the early years of the [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]] program, the U.S. government's secret psychic research effort. President Carter was reportedly aware of the Grill Flame program, with Congressman [[Charlie Rose]] even discussing it with him. However, his administration's stance on the program was complex. While some officials, like [[William Perry]], sought to cut its funding, the program managed to continue.[^7]
### Iran Hostage Crisis ### Iran Hostage Crisis
The [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] (1979-1981) was a major challenge during his presidency. Remote viewers were extensively tasked by the [[Department of Defense|Pentagon]] and CIA to gather intelligence on the hostages' whereabouts and conditions, though the administration's handling of the crisis, including the failed rescue attempt, ultimately led to the hostages' release on the day Carter's presidency ended.[^3] The [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] (1979-1981) was a major challenge during his presidency. Remote viewers were extensively tasked by the [[Department of Defense|Pentagon]] and CIA to gather intelligence on the hostages' whereabouts and conditions, though the administration's handling of the crisis, including the failed rescue attempt, ultimately led to the hostages' release on the day Carter's presidency ended.[^7]
### Latin American Policy ### Latin American Policy
During his presidency, Carter's human rights foreign policy in [[Latin America]] reportedly distanced the CIA under [[Stansfield Turner]] from any death-squad interdiction. His administration was also reportedly reluctant to pursue certain figures involved in the drug trade, such as General Torrijos of [[Panama]], due to ongoing negotiations for the [[Panama Canal]] treaty.[^4] During his presidency, Carter's human rights foreign policy in [[Latin America]] reportedly distanced the CIA under [[Stansfield Turner]] from any death-squad interdiction. His administration was also reportedly reluctant to pursue certain figures involved in the drug trade, such as General Torrijos of [[Panama]], due to ongoing negotiations for the [[Panama Canal]] treaty.[^8]
### Connections to BCCI ### Connections to BCCI
Jimmy Carter accepted millions from [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] and [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] for charitable organizations.[^5] In August 1982, [[Bert Lance]] introduced Abedi to Carter.[^6] Abedi's [[National Bank of Georgia]] was the largest single lender to the Carter family's peanut farm in Plains, Georgia.[^7] Jimmy Carter accepted millions from [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] and [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] for charitable organizations.[^9] In August 1982, [[Bert Lance]] introduced Abedi to Carter.[^10] Abedi's [[National Bank of Georgia]] was the largest single lender to the Carter family's peanut farm in Plains, Georgia.[^11]
In the early 1980s, Abedi donated $500,000 to help establish the [[Carter Center]] at Emory University in [[Atlanta]] and contributed millions to Carter's Global 2000 Foundation, founded in 1985 for Third World healthcare.[^7] BCCI provided $8.1 million to Carter during the 1980s, and Abedi arranged an additional $2.5 million from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] through the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]].[^7] Carter also utilized BCCI's jet for his travels and Global 2000 Foundation used office space at BCCI's London headquarters.[^7] In the early 1980s, Abedi donated $500,000 to help establish the [[Carter Center]] at Emory University in [[Atlanta]] and contributed millions to Carter's Global 2000 Foundation, founded in 1985 for Third World healthcare.[^11] BCCI provided $8.1 million to Carter during the 1980s, and Abedi arranged an additional $2.5 million from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] through the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]].[^11] Carter also utilized BCCI's jet for his travels and Global 2000 Foundation used office space at BCCI's London headquarters.[^11]
Carter and his second wife, Rosalynn, became friends with Abedi and his wife, Rabia, and spent holidays together in Switzerland. Carter introduced Abedi to acquaintances like [[James Callaghan]].[^7] Abedi's joint appearances with Carter in various countries, including [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Soviet Union]], served as key targets for BCCI's business development.[^7] Carter continued to accept at least $1.5 million from BCCI even after the bank was indicted and convicted in Florida.[^7] Carter and his second wife, Rosalynn, became friends with Abedi and his wife, Rabia, and spent holidays together in Switzerland. Carter introduced Abedi to acquaintances like [[James Callaghan]].[^11] Abedi's joint appearances with Carter in various countries, including [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Soviet Union]], served as key targets for BCCI's business development.[^11] Carter continued to accept at least $1.5 million from BCCI even after the bank was indicted and convicted in Florida.[^11]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, Chapter 20. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, Chapter 20.
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, Chapter 1. [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, Chapter 1.
[^3]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^3]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative and note 1; Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event," May 23, 1980, p. 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^4]: Carter, Jimmy, White House Diary, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010, p. 357, as quoted in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016, note 1. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9. [^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 362, September 23, 1979. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d362
[^6]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12. [^6]: Carter, White House Diary, p. 405, as cited in Burr and Cohen, note 3. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^7]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 228-229. [^7]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
[^10]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 228-229.

56
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John B. Alexander.md
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-02 updated: 2026-10-09
title: John B. Alexander title: John B. Alexander
aliases: aliases:
- John B. Alexander - John B. Alexander
@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ relations:
with: "[[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]]" with: "[[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]]"
start: 1985 start: 1985
role: "convener of the invitation-only group, by his own account in 2011" role: "convener of the invitation-only group, by his own account in 2011"
fn: 5 fn: 7
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[U.S. Army Materiel Command]]" with: "[[U.S. Army Materiel Command]]"
start: 1984 start: 1984
role: "by his account assigned to the office managing the Army technology base, then in 1984 to the New Thrust project; listed as AMC/USA on Oke Shannon's 1985 attendee list" role: "by his account assigned to the office managing the Army technology base, then in 1984 to the New Thrust project; listed as AMC/USA on Oke Shannon's 1985 attendee list"
fn: 5 fn: 7
- type: member_of - type: member_of
with: "[[The Aviary]]" with: "[[The Aviary]]"
role: "membership as alleged: listed as Penguin in a roster published by Richard J. Boylan" role: "membership as alleged: listed as Penguin in a roster published by Richard J. Boylan"
fn: 10 fn: 12
--- ---
Lieutenant Colonel John B. Alexander is a former [[Green Beret]] and [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]] commander in [[Vietnam|Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]], earning the moniker Assassin Six. He holds a PhD in thanatology, the study of death. Alexander became a prominent figure in the [[U.S. Army]]'s exploration of anomalous mental phenomena and human potential[^1]. Lieutenant Colonel John B. Alexander is a former [[Green Beret]] and [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]] commander in [[Vietnam|Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]], earning the moniker Assassin Six. He holds a PhD in thanatology, the study of death. Alexander became a prominent figure in the [[U.S. Army]]'s exploration of anomalous mental phenomena and human potential[^1].
In December 1980, Alexander authored an article titled "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock," published in *[[Military Review]]*, an official U.S. Army publication. This article was the first time [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] were discussed in an official Army publication, asserting that "there are weapons systems that operate on the power of the mind whose lethal capacity has already been demonstrated"[^1]. The article, based on personal experience and open-source information, gained national attention after *[[Washington Post]]* columnist [[Jack Anderson]] wrote about it under the heading "Voodoo Warriors of the [[Pentagon]]"[^1]. In December 1980, Alexander authored an article titled "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock," published in *[[Military Review]]*, an official U.S. Army publication. This article was the first time [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] were discussed in an official Army publication, asserting that "there are weapons systems that operate on the power of the mind whose lethal capacity has already been demonstrated"[^1]. The article, based on personal experience and open-source information, gained national attention after *[[Washington Post]]* columnist [[Jack Anderson]] began writing about it on January 9, 1981, in a column titled "Pentagon Invades Buck Rogers' Turf."[^2] Annie Jacobsen gives the heading "Voodoo Warriors of the [[Pentagon]]" for one of Anderson's columns on the subject.[^3]
Alexander's esoteric interests caught the attention of [[First Earth Battalion|Task Force Delta]], a high-level Army organization. In 1981, [[Richard G. Stilwell]], the deputy undersecretary of defense, arranged for Alexander's transfer to [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] under Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]]. Here, Alexander was put in charge of the Advanced Human Technology Office, interacting with Stubblebine's High Performance Task Force[^1]. Alexander's esoteric interests caught the attention of [[First Earth Battalion|Task Force Delta]], a high-level Army organization. In 1981, [[Richard G. Stilwell]], the deputy undersecretary of defense, arranged for Alexander's transfer to [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] under Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]]. Here, Alexander was put in charge of the Advanced Human Technology Office, interacting with Stubblebine's High Performance Task Force[^1].
@ -55,48 +55,50 @@ After retiring from the military, Alexander joined [[Psi Tech|Psi]]'s corporate
### The Documents ### The Documents
John B. Alexander, a lieutenant colonel of the Army who had served with the Special Forces in Thailand and Vietnam, published "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock'" in *Military Review* in December 1980. Its author note placed him on the staff of the Army's inspector general in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] after heading the human resources division of the organizational effectiveness office at [[Fort McPherson]].[^2] John B. Alexander, a lieutenant colonel of the Army who had served with the Special Forces in Thailand and Vietnam, published "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock'" in *Military Review* in December 1980. Its author note placed him on the staff of the Army's inspector general in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] after heading the human resources division of the organizational effectiveness office at [[Fort McPherson]].[^4]
### The New Mental Battlefield ### The New Mental Battlefield
The article's note gave him as "with the Inspector General Agency, Department of the Army, Washington, DC," with a B.A. from the [[University of Nebraska]], an M.A. from [[Pepperdine University]], a Ph.D. from [[Walden University]], and a 1980 diploma from the [[Command and General Staff College]]. It opened: "Psychotronics may be described as the interaction of mind and matter. While the concepts may stretch the imagination of many readers, research in this area has been underway for years, and the possibility for employment as weaponry has been explored. To be more specific, there are weapons systems that operate on the power of the mind and whose lethal capacity has already been demonstrated." Citing the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] reports of 1972 and 1975 by [[John LaMothe]] and [[Louis Maire]], [[Thomas Bearden]]'s "Soviet [[Psychotronic Weapons]]" in *[[Specula]]* (1976), [[Henry Gris]] and [[William Dick]]'s *The New Soviet Psychic Discoveries,* and [[Sheila Ostrander|Ostrander]] and [[Lynn Schroeder|Schroeder]], it stated that "it is generally believed that the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] and their allies are well in the lead"; that "the ability to heal or cause disease can be transmitted over distance, thus inducing illness or death for no apparent cause. While this has been demonstrated on lower organisms, flies and frogs, the present capacity for human death is still debated"; that "telepathic behavior modification, which includes the ability to induce hypnotic states up to distances in excess of 1,000 kilometers, has been reported"; that the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] work of Targ and [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]] "tends to support claims that relatively accurate information can be obtained"; that "the intelligence-gathering capability available through remote viewing or OOBE travel is obvious"; that the Soviets "have applied those techniques against the US Embassy in [[Moscow]]" with "extremely-low-frequency (ELF) emissions" of "psychoactive characteristics"; and that "the use of telepathic hypnosis also holds great potential. This capability could allow agents to be deeply planted with no conscious knowledge of their programming. In movie terms, the Manchurian candidate lives and does not even require a phone call." It concluded: "It has been suggested that whoever makes the first major breakthrough in this field will have a quantum lead over his opponent, an advantage similar to sole possession of nuclear weapons." "Clearly, psychotronic weapons already exist; only their capabilities are in doubt."[^3] The article's note gave him as "with the Inspector General Agency, Department of the Army, Washington, DC," with a B.A. from the [[University of Nebraska]], an M.A. from [[Pepperdine University]], a Ph.D. from [[Walden University]], and a 1980 diploma from the [[Command and General Staff College]]. It opened: "Psychotronics may be described as the interaction of mind and matter. While the concepts may stretch the imagination of many readers, research in this area has been underway for years, and the possibility for employment as weaponry has been explored. To be more specific, there are weapons systems that operate on the power of the mind and whose lethal capacity has already been demonstrated." Citing the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] reports of 1972 and 1975 by [[John LaMothe]] and [[Louis Maire]], [[Thomas Bearden]]'s "Soviet [[Psychotronic Weapons]]" in *[[Specula]]* (1976), [[Henry Gris]] and [[William Dick]]'s *The New Soviet Psychic Discoveries,* and [[Sheila Ostrander|Ostrander]] and [[Lynn Schroeder|Schroeder]], it stated that "it is generally believed that the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] and their allies are well in the lead"; that "the ability to heal or cause disease can be transmitted over distance, thus inducing illness or death for no apparent cause. While this has been demonstrated on lower organisms, flies and frogs, the present capacity for human death is still debated"; that "telepathic behavior modification, which includes the ability to induce hypnotic states up to distances in excess of 1,000 kilometers, has been reported"; that the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] work of Targ and [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]] "tends to support claims that relatively accurate information can be obtained"; that "the intelligence-gathering capability available through remote viewing or OOBE travel is obvious"; that the Soviets "have applied those techniques against the US Embassy in [[Moscow]]" with "extremely-low-frequency (ELF) emissions" of "psychoactive characteristics"; and that "the use of telepathic hypnosis also holds great potential. This capability could allow agents to be deeply planted with no conscious knowledge of their programming. In movie terms, the Manchurian candidate lives and does not even require a phone call." It concluded: "It has been suggested that whoever makes the first major breakthrough in this field will have a quantum lead over his opponent, an advantage similar to sole possession of nuclear weapons." "Clearly, psychotronic weapons already exist; only their capabilities are in doubt."[^5]
### INSCOM ### INSCOM
He served under Major General Albert Stubblebine at INSCOM during the [[Center Lane]] years. The project manager's record of a meeting with Stubblebine on November 30, 1983, notes "an update on the RAPT training" and that the general "confirmed his decision to hold a 'bonding' ceremony and that it would be lead by LTC Alexander." At a meeting on January 6, 1984, the "recent LTC Alexander problem concerning the debriefing of Russell Targ" was raised: "The CG stated that he was unaware that there was a problem as he had not instructed LTC Alexander to debrief [[Russell Targ|Targ]] because Alexander was not a trained intelligence officer. The CG stated that he would get with Alexander and resolve the issue."[^4] He served under Major General Albert Stubblebine at INSCOM during the [[Center Lane]] years. The project manager's record of a meeting with Stubblebine on November 30, 1983, notes "an update on the RAPT training" and that the general "confirmed his decision to hold a 'bonding' ceremony and that it would be lead by LTC Alexander." At a meeting on January 6, 1984, the "recent LTC Alexander problem concerning the debriefing of Russell Targ" was raised: "The CG stated that he was unaware that there was a problem as he had not instructed LTC Alexander to debrief [[Russell Targ|Targ]] because Alexander was not a trained intelligence officer. The CG stated that he would get with Alexander and resolve the issue."[^6]
### Advanced Theoretical Physics Group, 1985 ### Advanced Theoretical Physics Group, 1985
After INSCOM, Alexander wrote in 2011, he was assigned to the [[U.S. Army Materiel Command|Army Materiel Command]], as "the only military officer working in an office comprised of senior civilians that managed the Army's technology base," where in 1984 he was "abruptly given an assignment to take over a huge, but failing project called New Thrust" and met [[Ron Blackburn]], a retired Air Force lieutenant colonel then at the [[Lockheed Aircraft Company]] [[Skunk Works]] in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]]. With Blackburn he drew up an invitation list for a group that he named the [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group|Advanced Theoretical Physics project]], meeting in the secure facility of the contractor [[BDM Corporation|BDM]], where his former commander Stubblebine was a vice president. He wrote that he used the name "advanced theoretical physics" to "legally avoid answering any UFO [[Freedom of Information Act|FOIA]] requests," and that "as the person responsible for conducting the sessions, I never wrote any reports before or after meetings."[^5] A [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] visit request of May 8, 1985 names the BDM McLean facility and the purpose, as typed, "Advance Theoretical Physics Conference (20-25 May 1985)," and a page of notes by Houck of May 21, 1985 states the group's objective as "Does the evidence support an R+D project?" [[Oke Shannon]] of [[Los Alamos]] listed Alexander as "AMC/USA" among the attendees of a later meeting.[^6] The attendee list appears on the page for the group. After INSCOM, Alexander wrote in 2011, he was assigned to the [[U.S. Army Materiel Command|Army Materiel Command]], as "the only military officer working in an office comprised of senior civilians that managed the Army's technology base," where in 1984 he was "abruptly given an assignment to take over a huge, but failing project called New Thrust" and met [[Ron Blackburn]], a retired Air Force lieutenant colonel then at the [[Lockheed Aircraft Company]] [[Skunk Works]] in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]]. With Blackburn he drew up an invitation list for a group that he named the [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group|Advanced Theoretical Physics project]], meeting in the secure facility of the contractor [[BDM Corporation|BDM]], where his former commander Stubblebine was a vice president. He wrote that he used the name "advanced theoretical physics" to "legally avoid answering any UFO [[Freedom of Information Act|FOIA]] requests," and that "as the person responsible for conducting the sessions, I never wrote any reports before or after meetings."[^7] A [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] visit request of May 8, 1985 names the BDM McLean facility and the purpose, as typed, "Advance Theoretical Physics Conference (20-25 May 1985)," and a page of notes by Houck of May 21, 1985 states the group's objective as "Does the evidence support an R+D project?" [[Oke Shannon]] of [[Los Alamos]] listed Alexander as "AMC/USA" among the attendees of a later meeting.[^8] The attendee list appears on the page for the group.
[[Jacques Vallee]] recorded in 1989 that Hal Puthoff "confirmed John Alexander had gone very high to get [ATP] funded"; Puthoff said that Alexander "briefed the head of [[NORAD|Norad]], the head of the [[United States Space Command|Space Command]], the top guy at [[Strategic Defense Initiative|SDI]]," and that Alexander "was in charge of Directed Energy Weapon work for the Army, over a billion-dollar budget" when he was reassigned to Los Alamos and "lost his power base." Vallee wrote that he was "unconvinced." Vallee's journal for May 11, 1986 records his refusal "to become part of the outer skin of some shadowy organization whose chief's I don't trust."[^7] [[Jacques Vallee]] recorded in 1989 that Hal Puthoff "confirmed John Alexander had gone very high to get [ATP] funded"; Puthoff said that Alexander "briefed the head of [[NORAD|Norad]], the head of the [[United States Space Command|Space Command]], the top guy at [[Strategic Defense Initiative|SDI]]," and that Alexander "was in charge of Directed Energy Weapon work for the Army, over a billion-dollar budget" when he was reassigned to Los Alamos and "lost his power base." Vallee wrote that he was "unconvinced." Vallee's journal for May 11, 1986 records his refusal "to become part of the outer skin of some shadowy organization whose chief's I don't trust."[^9]
A press release and survey packet forwarded to the [[White House]] science adviser [[John Gibbons|John H. Gibbons]] by [[C. B. Scott Jones]] of the [[Human Potential Foundation]] on June 13, 1994 reports "The Alexander UFO Religious Crisis Survey," conducted by [[Victoria Alexander]] of [[Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], and funded by the [[Bigelow Foundation]] of [[Las Vegas]] (see [[Robert Bigelow]]); a mailing to 1,000 clergy drew a response above 23 percent, with 77 percent disagreeing that proof of extraterrestrial life would cause a religious crisis. It includes a two-page "Commentary by John B. Alexander, Ph.D." that begins "The results of this survey are very important" and says the data are "counter to the widely held belief frequently posited by many in the UFO community predicting doom and destruction in the wake of verifiable contact," while listing caveats (the respondents were clergy, "approximately 77% did not" return the survey, n=230). Its acknowledgments thank "my fabulous husband, John B. Alexander."[^8] A press release and survey packet forwarded to the [[White House]] science adviser [[John Gibbons|John H. Gibbons]] by [[C. B. Scott Jones]] of the [[Human Potential Foundation]] on June 13, 1994 reports "The Alexander UFO Religious Crisis Survey," conducted by [[Victoria Alexander]] of [[Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], and funded by the [[Bigelow Foundation]] of [[Las Vegas]] (see [[Robert Bigelow]]); a mailing to 1,000 clergy drew a response above 23 percent, with 77 percent disagreeing that proof of extraterrestrial life would cause a religious crisis. It includes a two-page "Commentary by John B. Alexander, Ph.D." that begins "The results of this survey are very important" and says the data are "counter to the widely held belief frequently posited by many in the UFO community predicting doom and destruction in the wake of verifiable contact," while listing caveats (the respondents were clergy, "approximately 77% did not" return the survey, n=230). Its acknowledgments thank "my fabulous husband, John B. Alexander."[^10]
### Afterward ### Afterward
He retired as a colonel in 1988, his last post the advanced systems concepts office of the Army Laboratory Command, and went to Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he worked on non-lethal weapons with [[Janet Morris]] of the [[U.S. Global Strategy Council]], the body chaired by [[Ray Cline]]. His books include *The Warrior's Edge* (1990, with [[Richard Groller]] and Janet Morris), *Future War* (1999), and *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011).[^9] He retired as a colonel in 1988, his last post the advanced systems concepts office of the Army Laboratory Command, and went to Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he worked on non-lethal weapons with [[Janet Morris]] of the [[U.S. Global Strategy Council]], the body chaired by [[Ray Cline]]. His books include *The Warrior's Edge* (1990, with [[Richard Groller]] and Janet Morris), *Future War* (1999), and *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011).[^11]
[[Richard J. Boylan]] listed Alexander as Penguin in a roster of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]], describing him as an Army Intelligence and Security Command lieutenant colonel and director of the non-lethal weapons department at Los Alamos.[^10] [[Melinda Leslie]] told the authors of the [[Loose Threads Report]] that Colonel [[Charles Halt]] said in 2009 that Alexander "aggressively called" him soon after the December 1980 events near [[RAF Woodbridge]] and seemed to know "every detail," which made Halt "very concerned about John Alexander's role in ufology"; the Loose Threads authors write that Alexander has called [[Howard Blum]]'s account of a Pentagon UFO working group "pure poppycock."[^11] In the 2011 book, as quoted there, Alexander wrote of the premise of the group: "While many researchers, and even the general public, indicate they believe the U.S. Government is withholding critical information about UFOs; that is not a position in which I concur."[^5] [[Richard J. Boylan]] listed Alexander as Penguin in a roster of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]], describing him as an Army Intelligence and Security Command lieutenant colonel and director of the non-lethal weapons department at Los Alamos.[^12] [[Melinda Leslie]] told the authors of the [[Loose Threads Report]] that Colonel [[Charles Halt]] said in 2009 that Alexander "aggressively called" him soon after the December 1980 events near [[RAF Woodbridge]] and seemed to know "every detail," which made Halt "very concerned about John Alexander's role in ufology"; the Loose Threads authors write that Alexander has called [[Howard Blum]]'s account of a Pentagon UFO working group "pure poppycock."[^13] In the 2011 book, as quoted there, Alexander wrote of the premise of the group: "While many researchers, and even the general public, indicate they believe the U.S. Government is withholding critical information about UFOs; that is not a position in which I concur."[^7]
### In the Press, 1993 and 1997 ### In the Press, 1993 and 1997
*The [[Santa Fe New Mexican]]* of March 1, 1993 printed a story identifying Alexander as a Los Alamos National Laboratory researcher and describing non-lethal weapons as he presented them: infrasound generators that "could be tuned to incapacitate humans," anti-traction lubricants delivered by aircraft, a computer virus to disrupt enemy computers, and weapons to destroy the optical systems of tanks. The story quoted him that such weapons go after command, control and logistics ("If you can take that away, they can't fight"), that he considers them "humane" because they are designed to damage hardware rather than people, and, answering critics who said they could be lethal, that "nothing is 100 percent safe."[^12] *The [[Santa Fe New Mexican]]* of March 1, 1993 printed a story identifying Alexander as a Los Alamos National Laboratory researcher and describing non-lethal weapons as he presented them: infrasound generators that "could be tuned to incapacitate humans," anti-traction lubricants delivered by aircraft, a computer virus to disrupt enemy computers, and weapons to destroy the optical systems of tanks. The story quoted him that such weapons go after command, control and logistics ("If you can take that away, they can't fight"), that he considers them "humane" because they are designed to damage hardware rather than people, and, answering critics who said they could be lethal, that "nothing is 100 percent safe."[^14]
The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]], in a story reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* of April 29, 1997, identified Alexander as the director for scientific liaison of the Las Vegas-based [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] and as a former director of nonlethal weapons testing at Los Alamos. Alexander was quoted on the institute's observation post on the ranch of [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman near [[Randlett, Utah]], which Robert Bigelow had bought in September 1996: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind," and "It's like a watched pot." He said any findings would be posted on the institute's web page.[^13] The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]], in a story reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* of April 29, 1997, identified Alexander as the director for scientific liaison of the Las Vegas-based [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] and as a former director of nonlethal weapons testing at Los Alamos. Alexander was quoted on the institute's observation post on the ranch of [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman near [[Randlett, Utah]], which Robert Bigelow had bought in September 1996: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind," and "It's like a watched pot." He said any findings would be posted on the institute's web page.[^15]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: *Military Review,* vol. 60, 1980, annual index, archive.org item sim_military-review_1980_60_index. [^2]: Jack Anderson, "Pentagon Invades Buck Rogers' Turf," *The Washington Post*, January 9, 1981, p. D16, as cited in Air War College research paper on psychic research, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3.pdf
[^3]: Alexander, John B. "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock,'" *Military Review,* vol. 60, no. 12, December 1980, pp. 47-54, read in a Wayback Machine copy of the Army University Press PDF. [^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017).
[^4]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^4]: *Military Review,* vol. 60, 1980, annual index, archive.org item sim_military-review_1980_60_index.
[^5]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities,* 2011, as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 17-22, 28-29, 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Alexander, John B. "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock,'" *Military Review,* vol. 60, no. 12, December 1980, pp. 47-54, read in a Wayback Machine copy of the Army University Press PDF.
[^6]: DOE F 5631.20, May 8, 1985; Houck note of May 21, 1985; Shannon "Attendees" page, as reproduced in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15, 166, 188 (page images read directly). [^6]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2).
[^7]: Vallee, Jacques. *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 26-27, and in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. [^7]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities,* 2011, as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 17-22, 28-29, 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
[^8]: Jones, C. B. Scott, letter to John H. Gibbons, June 13, 1994, with press release and "The Alexander UFO Religious Crisis Survey," OSTP document 9401410, Clinton Presidential Library, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 17, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/ (file "1994 06 13_C. B. Scott Jones to John Gibbons"). [^8]: DOE F 5631.20, May 8, 1985; Houck note of May 21, 1985; Shannon "Attendees" page, as reproduced in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15, 166, 188 (page images read directly).
[^9]: Career details from Alexander's own books and publishers' biographical notes, not verified against service records. [^9]: Vallee, Jacques. *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 26-27, and in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/.
[^10]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source. [^10]: Jones, C. B. Scott, letter to John H. Gibbons, June 13, 1994, with press release and "The Alexander UFO Religious Crisis Survey," OSTP document 9401410, Clinton Presidential Library, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 17, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/ (file "1994 06 13_C. B. Scott Jones to John Gibbons").
[^11]: Loose Threads Report, p. 32, quoting Leslie and Halt; Alexander's characterization of Blum's book also as quoted there. Second-hand; sole source for the passages so cited. [^11]: Career details from Alexander's own books and publishers' biographical notes.
[^12]: Staff story on John B. Alexander and non-lethal weapons (headline and byline partly illegible in the viewer), *The Santa Fe New Mexican*, March 1, 1993, p. 1, continued p. 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583579533/ and https://www.newspapers.com/image/583579542/. [^12]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.
[^13]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/. [^13]: Loose Threads Report, p. 32, quoting Leslie and Halt; Alexander's characterization of Blum's book also as quoted there. Second-hand.
[^14]: Staff story on John B. Alexander and non-lethal weapons, *The Santa Fe New Mexican*, March 1, 1993, p. 1, continued p. 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583579533/ and https://www.newspapers.com/image/583579542/.
[^15]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.

5
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John Gay.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ tags:
- Person - Person
- OrganizedCrime - OrganizedCrime
summary: "Bristol associate of Alan Williams and Lee Tucker, jailed in 2000 at Swindon Crown Court for twelve years on thirteen counts of buggery and indecent assault of boys and supplying drugs; he died in prison." summary: "Bristol associate of Alan Williams and Lee Tucker, jailed in 2000 at Swindon Crown Court for twelve years on thirteen counts of buggery and indecent assault of boys and supplying drugs; he died in prison."
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
John Gay served as a principal child pornographer in the [[TAG Films]] operation throughout the 1980s and 1990s, working in tandem with [[Alan Williams]] and [[Lee Tucker]] to generate and circulate explicit content involving underage boys transported from the [[United Kingdom]] to sex districts in [[Amsterdam]]. John Gay served as a principal child pornographer in the [[TAG Films]] operation throughout the 1980s and 1990s, working in tandem with [[Alan Williams]] and [[Lee Tucker]] to generate and circulate explicit content involving underage boys transported from the [[United Kingdom]] to sex districts in [[Amsterdam]].
@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ The severe materials created under Gay's direction led to the assumed killings o
Gay, known to boys in Bristol as "Army John," was a close friend of Alan Williams and, according to the Avon and Somerset detectives, had posed as a police officer and an AIDS researcher to approach boys. In 1993 he, Tony Stevens and Lee Tucker were arrested and jailed in Portugal after being caught paying local children to make pornographic videos in their camper van. After some twenty years of abuse without a British conviction, he was tried with Lee Tucker at Swindon Crown Court in September 2000 and jailed for twelve years on thirteen counts of buggery and indecent assault of boys and supplying them with drugs; the Crown Prosecution Service then decided not to try him for raping the adolescent Tony Stevens. He died in prison.[^2][^3] Gay, known to boys in Bristol as "Army John," was a close friend of Alan Williams and, according to the Avon and Somerset detectives, had posed as a police officer and an AIDS researcher to approach boys. In 1993 he, Tony Stevens and Lee Tucker were arrested and jailed in Portugal after being caught paying local children to make pornographic videos in their camper van. After some twenty years of abuse without a British conviction, he was tried with Lee Tucker at Swindon Crown Court in September 2000 and jailed for twelve years on thirteen counts of buggery and indecent assault of boys and supplying them with drugs; the Crown Prosecution Service then decided not to try him for raping the adolescent Tony Stevens. He died in prison.[^2][^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^2]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 1: how police finally caught up with a network of child abusers." *The Guardian,* November 25, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/25/paedophilia-is-easy-how-police-finally-caught-up-with-a-network-of-child-abusers/ [^2]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 1: how police finally caught up with a network of child abusers." *The Guardian,* November 25, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/25/paedophilia-is-easy-how-police-finally-caught-up-with-a-network-of-child-abusers/
[^3]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart." *The Guardian,* November 27, 2000, with the author's later update. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/ [^3]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart." *The Guardian,* November 27, 2000, with the author's later update. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/

43
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Joris Demmink.md
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@ -18,41 +18,41 @@ Joris Demmink was a senior Dutch justice official who served as Secretary Genera
Demmink began his career in the Dutch justice system in the 1970s, steadily advancing through the ranks to positions of increasing responsibility. By the 1990s, he had become a senior official within the Ministry of Justice, wielding significant influence over legal policy and prosecution decisions.[^2] Demmink began his career in the Dutch justice system in the 1970s, steadily advancing through the ranks to positions of increasing responsibility. By the 1990s, he had become a senior official within the Ministry of Justice, wielding significant influence over legal policy and prosecution decisions.[^2]
By 1997, when the [[Rolodex Investigation]] into the Bell Boys callboy service began, Demmink was already a powerful figure within the Dutch justice system. His position gave him considerable influence over which cases were pursued, how investigations were conducted, and which officials were protected from prosecution.[^2] By 1997, when the Rolodex Investigation into the Bell Boys callboy service began, Demmink was already a powerful figure within the Dutch justice system. His position gave him considerable influence over which cases were pursued, how investigations were conducted, and which officials were protected from prosecution.[^2]
### Rolodex Investigation Involvement ### Rolodex Investigation Involvement
Demmink's name first emerged in a significant context during the 1997-1998 [[Rolodex Investigation]] into the Bell Boys callboy service operated by [[Karel Maasdam]]. The investigation, which exposed a child trafficking operation catering to Dutch justice officials, named Demmink as a client of the service. At the time, he was a senior ministry official.[^3] Demmink's name first emerged in a significant context during the 1997-1998 Rolodex Investigation into the Bell Boys callboy service operated by [[Karel Maasdam]]. The Dutch government's summary of the investigation states that the former secretary-general of the ministry did not appear in the Rolodex file in any way, and a ministerial letter of March 27, 2014 repeats this.[^3][^4] Former detective [[Leendert de Koter]] testified on March 5, 2014 before an examining magistrate in Utrecht that the [[Rijksrecherche]] had supplied Demmink's name, with those of three chief prosecutors, and that the probe produced no further indications against Demmink.[^5][^6] At the time, Demmink was a senior ministry official.[^7]
A boy prostitute who worked at Maasdam's Festival Bar later testified during a 2012 Helsinki Commission hearing that he had been introduced to Demmink by Professor Van Roon and instructed to have sex with Demmink inside his government car. The witness described refusing anal sex but performing oral sex with Demmink, who then wanted to take him to his home in Den Haag.[^4] A boy prostitute who worked at Maasdam's Festival Bar later described at a U.S. Helsinki Commission briefing on October 5, 2012 how he had been introduced to Demmink by a university professor and instructed to have sex with Demmink inside his government car. The witness described refusing anal sex but performing oral sex with Demmink, who then wanted to take him to his home in Den Haag.[^8]
### Government Vehicle Abuse Allegations ### Government Vehicle Abuse Allegations
Further evidence emerged from complaints filed by drivers assigned to Demmink's government car. One driver, Rob Mostert, complained that Demmink had sex with boys in the backseat of his government car in his presence. Mostert died shortly after lodging his complaint, which was never followed up on. Similar complaints were made by other drivers.[^5] Further evidence emerged from complaints filed by drivers assigned to Demmink's government car. One driver complained that Demmink had sex with boys in the backseat of his government car in his presence. The driver died shortly after lodging the complaint, which was never followed up on. Similar complaints were made by other drivers.[^9]
Justice officer Tjeerd Postma later confirmed that he had warned the BVD (Dedishness Dienst, the Dutch security service) about complaints from drivers regarding Demmink's activities. Postma stated that drivers had reported nightly visits to clubs and a business trip to Brussels where Demmink had sex with a young boy in the back seat of the official car while the driver witnessed everything through the rearview mirror.[^5] Justice officer Tjeerd Postma later confirmed that he had warned the BVD (Dedishness Dienst, the Dutch security service) about complaints from drivers regarding Demmink's activities. Postma stated that drivers had reported nightly visits to clubs and a business trip to Brussels where Demmink had sex with a young boy in the back seat of the official car while the driver witnessed everything through the rearview mirror.[^9]
### Turkish Allegations and International Investigation ### Turkish Allegations and International Investigation
In 2012, Demmink's resignation coincided with the launch of a U.S. Helsinki Commission inquiry into his connection to child sex trafficking. The inquiry focused on allegations that Demmink had raped two Turkish boys aged 12-15 during visits to Istanbul in the mid-1990s. Demmink denied these claims, stating he was not in Turkey at the time.[^6] In 2012, Demmink's resignation coincided with the launch of a U.S. Helsinki Commission inquiry into his connection to child sex trafficking. The inquiry focused on allegations that Demmink had raped two Turkish boys aged 12-15 during visits to Istanbul in the mid-1990s. Demmink denied these claims, stating he was not in Turkey at the time.[^10]
### Connections to Other Investigations ### Connections to Other Investigations
Demmink's name surfaced in multiple investigations beyond the [[Rolodex Investigation]]. Information provided by an alleged bookkeeper of [[Karel Maasdam]] named [[Richard Carl-Samson]] indicated that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently pimped boys to Demmink and Henry Hans Holthuis.[^7] Demmink's name surfaced in multiple investigations beyond the Rolodex Investigation. S. Dovey wrote that a man Dovey describes as Karel Maasdam's bookkeeper told the Dutch current-affairs programme EenVandaag that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently supplied boys to Demmink and [[Henry Hans Holthuis]].[^11]
### Protection and Official Cover-up ### Protection and Official Cover-up
Evidence suggests that Demmink enjoyed significant protection within the Dutch government. The 1998 shutdown of the [[Rolodex Investigation]] shortly after he was implicated, the ignoring of driver complaints, and the lack of prosecution despite substantial evidence all suggest that forces within the government were actively protecting him from consequences for his actions.[^8] De Koter testified on March 5, 2014 that a request for an observation team on Demmink and the prosecutors was refused and that searches at the home of the university professor on whom the probe concentrated found the computer, video recorder and videotapes gone.[^5][^6] The government summary records that the underlying probe was halted for tactical reasons in 1997 and reopened in May 1998, and the start of the Rolodex probe is given as 1997 by De Koter and as August 1998 in the ministerial letter.[^3][^4] Jaap Hoek, a former head of the Amsterdam youth and vice police heard the same day, said he did not remember Demmink's name appearing in the investigation.[^6] No criminal charges were filed against Demmink in the Netherlands.[^12]
### Media Exposure and Public Scrutiny ### Media Exposure and Public Scrutiny
Demmink's case received increased media attention, particularly after 2012 when the Helsinki Commission hearings and Turkish allegations brought international scrutiny. Dutch media outlets began reporting on the long history of allegations against him and the apparent protection he had enjoyed within the government.[^9] Demmink's case received increased media attention, particularly after 2012 when the Helsinki Commission hearings and Turkish allegations brought international scrutiny. Dutch media outlets began reporting on the long history of allegations against him and the apparent protection he had enjoyed within the government.[^13]
### Death of Els Borst and Political Connections ### Death of Els Borst and Political Connections
In February 2014, Els Borst, the former Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1998-2002) and former Minister for Health, was found murdered in her garage, stabbed 41 times in what was initially reported as a possible suicide. Borst had been Demmink's minister when he served in the justice system and died just weeks after a Dutch court in Arnhem ruled to launch an investigation into historic allegations of child abuse against Demmink.[^10] In February 2014, Els Borst, the former Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1998-2002) and former Minister for Health, was found murdered in her garage, stabbed 41 times in what was initially reported as a possible suicide. Borst had been Demmink's minister when he served in the justice system and died just weeks after a Dutch court in Arnhem ruled to launch an investigation into historic allegations of child abuse against Demmink.[^14]
Dutch author Tomas Ross, who knew Demmink personally, suggested that Borst was murdered over what she had learned during her tenure at the Ministry of Health in the 1990s, particularly reports of rampant child abuse by Dutch politicians and other prominent figures that had flowed up to her office from social workers at government care facilities.[^10] Dutch author Tomas Ross, who knew Demmink personally, suggested that Borst was murdered over what she had learned during her tenure at the Ministry of Health in the 1990s, particularly reports of rampant child abuse by Dutch politicians and other prominent figures that had flowed up to her office from social workers at government care facilities.[^14]
### Resignation ### Resignation
@ -62,12 +62,15 @@ Demmink resigned from his position as Secretary General in 2012 amid growing scr
[^1]: Joris Demmink career timeline and official positions; Dutch government records and media reports [^1]: Joris Demmink career timeline and official positions; Dutch government records and media reports
[^2]: Demmink's early career in Dutch justice system; Rise to senior positions within Ministry of Justice, 1970s-1990s [^2]: Demmink's early career in Dutch justice system; Rise to senior positions within Ministry of Justice, 1970s-1990s
[^3]: Rolodex Investigation files and Demmink's implication; Dutch police reports, 1997-1998 [^3]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh
[^4]: Helsinki Commission witness testimony, October 4, 2012; Bell Boys service victim statements regarding Demmink [^4]: Tweede Kamer, Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116, letter of March 27, 2014. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20140327/brief_regering/document3/f=/vjifeja4nlzk.pdf
[^5]: Government vehicle abuse complaints and driver testimony; Justice officer Tjeerd Postma statements to BVD [^5]: NOS, "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^6]: Turkish allegations and U.S. Helsinki Commission inquiry; Demmink's resignation statement, 2012 [^6]: "Oud-hoofdofficier justitie Jan Wolter Wabeke uit Best genoemd in zedenzaak Joris Demmink," Omroep Brabant, March 5, 2014. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/1720283/oud-hoofdofficier-justitie-jan-wolter-wabeke-uit-best-genoemd-in-zedenzaak-joris-demmink
[^7]: Richard Carl-Samson information on Demmink's connections; International trafficking network links [^7]: Rolodex Investigation files and Demmink's implication; Dutch police reports, 1997-1998
[^8]: Evidence of official protection and cover-up; Multiple investigation shutdowns after Demmink's implication [^8]: U.S. Helsinki Commission briefing, "Listening To Victims of Child Sex Trafficking," October 5, 2012; Bell Boys service victim statements regarding Demmink
[^9]: Media coverage of Demmink case, 2012-2014; Dutch press reports on government corruption [^9]: Government vehicle abuse complaints and driver testimony; Justice officer Tjeerd Postma statements to BVD
[^10]: Els Borst murder investigation and timing; Dutch court ruling on Demmink investigation, January 2014 [^10]: Turkish allegations and U.S. Helsinki Commission inquiry; Demmink's resignation statement, 2012
[^11]: Intelligence community speculation and Demmink connections; Analysis of protection levels and international scope [^11]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^12]: Evidence of official protection and cover-up; Multiple investigation shutdowns after Demmink's implication
[^13]: Media coverage of Demmink case, 2012-2014; Dutch press reports on government corruption
[^14]: Els Borst murder investigation and timing; Dutch court ruling on Demmink investigation, January 2014

34
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Laetitia Delhez.md
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@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
---
category: "Victims & Witnesses"
tags:
- BelgiumScandals
- Person
- Belgium
- Dutroux
summary: "Fourteen-year-old abducted at Bertrix on August 9, 1996, whose abduction led, through a witness's memory of three digits of a license plate, to the arrest of Marc Dutroux on August 12."
location: "Bertrix, Belgium"
relations:
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Marc Dutroux]]"
role: "abducted August 9, 1996; freed August 15, 1996"
start: 1996-08-09
end: 1996-08-15
fn: 2
created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Laetitia Delhez, aged fourteen, was abducted at Bertrix, in the province of Luxembourg, on Friday, August 9, 1996. On Monday, August 12, a witness at Bertrix gave investigators three digits of a license plate; a door-to-door inquiry began at two in the afternoon, and at about five [[Marc Dutroux]], his wife [[Michelle Martin]] and [[Michel Lelievre]] were arrested at Charleroi. On August 13 police and gendarmes searched Dutroux's house at 128 rue de Philippeville in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]] with tracker dogs and found nothing. On Thursday, August 15, Dutroux confessed, and on his directions Laetitia and [[Sabine Dardenne]] were found alive in the house.[^2] The commission of inquiry observed that "Laetitia was found through the memorization of a license plate number."[^2]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of her abduction, sequestration and rape, Lelièvre of her abduction and sequestration, and Martin of her sequestration. It found that [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] had no involvement in the abduction and sequestration of Laetitia, rejecting the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution, the Marchal family and Laetitia's own lawyers.[^3][^4]
### The Abduction and the Captivity
The writer S. Dovey wrote that she was taken while waiting at a bus stop after visiting a local festival, by Dutroux with Lelièvre's help, and subdued with chloroform in a white van; that the witness saw the van circle twice and noted the plate as PBX 688, a vehicle linked to Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]]; that she and Sabine had been conditioned with drugs and hypnosis to regard Dutroux as a protector and kissed him when they came out of the cellar; that the cellar had been built in 1993 with the help of [[Claude Thirault]]; that more than twenty calls passed between Dutroux and Nihoul around her abduction; and that at the trial she testified to the roles of Martin and Lelièvre, while Lelièvre spoke of orders from Nihoul and of Dutroux's boasts of obtaining girls in [[Slovakia]].[^1] The cellar was the one in which [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] had been held.
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its full plate number conflicts with the commission's statement that the witness gave three digits, and its date for Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) is contradicted by the commission's chronology. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, p. 112 and the chronology of August 1996, pp. 264-266; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011

7
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Goure.md
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@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ tags:
- PsychologicalWarfare - PsychologicalWarfare
- Counterinsurgency - Counterinsurgency
- ColdWar - ColdWar
summary: "Rand Corporation social scientist who led Phase II of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study from 1965, redirected its findings to support an air power thesis through systematic selection and suppression of contrary data, forged colleagues' signatures on a policy memorandum, and supplied the optimistic briefings on VC morale that Walt Rostow and Robert McNamara consumed while the war escalated." summary: "Rand Corporation social scientist who led Phase II of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study from 1965, whose optimistic morale briefings reached Walt Rostow and Robert McNamara while the war escalated."
born: 1922 born: 1922
died: 2007-03-28 died: 2007-03-28
location: Santa Monica, California location: Santa Monica, California
created: 2026-06-04 created: 2026-06-04
updated: 2026-06-04 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Leon Gouré was born in [[Moscow]] in 1922 and became a [[Rand Corporation]] analyst in 1951, where he worked primarily on Soviet civil defense and military capability assessments before being assigned to lead the second phase of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study in early 1965. His conduct of that study generated the most documented internal scandal in Rand's history during the Vietnam era, producing formal complaints from three of his own analysts, accusations of data manipulation and unauthorized use of colleagues' names, and a subsequent commissioned institutional history that validated nearly all of the complaints.[^1] Leon Gouré was born in [[Moscow]] in 1922 and became a [[Rand Corporation]] analyst in 1951, where he worked primarily on Soviet civil defense and military capability assessments before being assigned to lead the second phase of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study in early 1965. His conduct of that study generated the most documented internal scandal in Rand's history during the Vietnam era, producing formal complaints from three of his own analysts, accusations of data manipulation and unauthorized use of colleagues' names, and a subsequent commissioned institutional history that validated nearly all of the complaints.[^1]
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Leon Gouré was born in [[Moscow]] in 1922 and became a [[Rand Corporation]] ana
When Gouré took over the VC Motivation and Morale Study from [[John Donnell]], [[Joseph Zasloff]], and [[Guy Pauker]] in early 1965, he redirected its emphasis from a broad assessment of VC organization and motivation toward the specific question of which weapons and tactics were most degrading enemy morale. The practical effect was to position the study as providing analytical support for air power operations rather than independent assessment. His published reports, including *Some Impressions of Viet Cong Vulnerabilities* (RM-4699-1-ISA/ARPA, August 1965) and *Some Findings of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study: June-December 1965* (RM-4911-2-ISA/ARPA, 1966), concluded that VC morale was declining under air pressure, that draftee quality was deteriorating, and that sustained bombing would produce surrender.[^1] When Gouré took over the VC Motivation and Morale Study from [[John Donnell]], [[Joseph Zasloff]], and [[Guy Pauker]] in early 1965, he redirected its emphasis from a broad assessment of VC organization and motivation toward the specific question of which weapons and tactics were most degrading enemy morale. The practical effect was to position the study as providing analytical support for air power operations rather than independent assessment. His published reports, including *Some Impressions of Viet Cong Vulnerabilities* (RM-4699-1-ISA/ARPA, August 1965) and *Some Findings of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study: June-December 1965* (RM-4911-2-ISA/ARPA, 1966), concluded that VC morale was declining under air pressure, that draftee quality was deteriorating, and that sustained bombing would produce surrender.[^1]
These conclusions were adopted by senior policymakers. National Security Advisor Walt Rostow, who used Gouré's work in preparing optimistic briefings for President Johnson, and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were the primary consumers. Gouré briefed General Westmoreland, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the NSC. Westmoreland later assessed even Gouré's optimism as excessive.[^1] These conclusions were adopted by senior policymakers. [[Walt Rostow]], chairman of the State Department Policy Planning Council until he became the President's special assistant for national security affairs in April 1966, used Gouré's work in preparing optimistic briefings for President Johnson. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] was the other primary consumer.[^2] Gouré briefed General Westmoreland, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the NSC. Westmoreland later assessed even Gouré's optimism as excessive.[^1]
### Suppression and Misconduct ### Suppression and Misconduct
@ -43,3 +43,4 @@ Rand's commissioned institutional history, *RAND in Southeast Asia* (Rand CP-564
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Mai Elliott, *RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era*. RAND CP-564, 2010; Anthony Russo, "Looking Backward: RAND and Vietnam," *Ramparts*, October 1972; Washington Post obituary, April 5, 2007. [^1]: Mai Elliott, *RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era*. RAND CP-564, 2010; Anthony Russo, "Looking Backward: RAND and Vietnam," *Ramparts*, October 1972; Washington Post obituary, April 5, 2007.
[^2]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume II, Vietnam, January-June 1965*, document 121, memorandum from Rostow as "Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," February 15, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d121 ; *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume IV, Vietnam, 1966*, document 115, memorandum from "the President's Special Assistant (Rostow)," April 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d115

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lothar Glandorf.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Lothar Glandorf was a German child trafficker operating boy brothels in Rotterda
Glandorf smuggled boys from Eastern Europe into Rotterdam brothels, where he pimped them to VIP clients and child pornographers, including renting a boy to sadistic pedophile [[Martin Smollners]] for a torture porn film involving electrocution of the boy's testicles. His Rotterdam operation faced investigation in 1994 following the 1993 disappearance of 12-year-old [[Manuel Schadwald]] from Berlin's [[Pinocchio Bar]], a venue linked to Glandorf, with witnesses confirming Schadwald was trafficked to Rotterdam for prostitution. Dutch authorities wiretapped Glandorf's phone during the HIK investigation, revealing his advice to a senior Dutch official named Joris on smuggling boys across borders and providing new boys for sex despite health risks like STDs; Glandorf was convicted in November 1995 for child trafficking and prostitution, with the case gaining renewed scrutiny in 1998 after the HIK report's leak exposed omitted surveillance of Schadwald and government ties. Glandorf sold boys to British child pornographers in Amsterdam, including claims by [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] that Schadwald was sold to [[Warwick Spinks]] after transport from Berlin.[^1] Glandorf smuggled boys from Eastern Europe into Rotterdam brothels, where he pimped them to VIP clients and child pornographers, including renting a boy to sadistic pedophile [[Martin Smollners]] for a torture porn film involving electrocution of the boy's testicles. His Rotterdam operation faced investigation in 1994 following the 1993 disappearance of 12-year-old [[Manuel Schadwald]] from Berlin's [[Pinocchio Bar]], a venue linked to Glandorf, with witnesses confirming Schadwald was trafficked to Rotterdam for prostitution. Dutch authorities wiretapped Glandorf's phone during the HIK investigation, revealing his advice to a senior Dutch official named Joris on smuggling boys across borders and providing new boys for sex despite health risks like STDs; Glandorf was convicted in November 1995 for child trafficking and prostitution, with the case gaining renewed scrutiny in 1998 after the HIK report's leak exposed omitted surveillance of Schadwald and government ties. Glandorf sold boys to British child pornographers in Amsterdam, including claims by [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] that Schadwald was sold to [[Warwick Spinks]] after transport from Berlin.[^1]
### Connections ### Connections
S. Dovey wrote that Glandorf maintained business ties with Warwick Spinks, selling boys to his Amsterdam operations. Robbie Van Der Plancken claimed, in an unbroadcast section of a Dutch television interview, that Manuel Schadwald had been sold to Spinks in Amsterdam some time after Glandorf took him from Berlin, and [[Nick Davies]] reported the claim.[^2] The [[Algemeen Dagblad]] reported on May 2, 1998 that a missing schoolboy had been seen in the boys' brothel of Lothar G. and Henk S. in Rotterdam, and was suspected of having reached it through the German Ludwig A. (44) and the Briton Warwick S.; the records found do not establish whether Warwick S. is Spinks.[^3] Dovey wrote that Glandorf was investigated alongside associates like [[Karel Maasdam]] of the [[Bell Boys]] escort service, which catered to Dutch justice officials including [[Joris Demmink]]. Through the broader [[Marc Dutroux]] network, Glandorf linked to Marc Dutroux and [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] via shared trafficking routes and porn distribution, with Robbie van der Plancken claiming involvement in Schadwald's transport and sale, tying into Dutroux dossier evidence of Amsterdam connections. Glandorf's VIP clientele included political figures like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and [[Tony Van den Boggaert]], with wiretaps implicating officials in boy smuggling; his operations aligned with [[Operation Gladio]] networks through elite pedophile rings involving blackmail and international child trade.[^1] S. Dovey wrote that Glandorf maintained business ties with Warwick Spinks, selling boys to his Amsterdam operations. Robbie Van Der Plancken claimed, in an unbroadcast section of a Dutch television interview, that Manuel Schadwald had been sold to Spinks in Amsterdam some time after Glandorf took him from Berlin, and [[Nick Davies]] reported the claim.[^2] The [[Algemeen Dagblad]] reported on May 2, 1998 that a missing schoolboy had been seen in the boys' brothel of Lothar G. and Henk S. in Rotterdam, and was suspected of having reached it through the German Ludwig A. (44) and the Briton Warwick S.; the records found do not establish whether Warwick S. is Spinks.[^3] Davies wrote in 1998 that [[Karel Maasdam]], known as "Alex Privee," owner of the [[Bell Boys]] escort agency, was a "close friend" of Glandorf.[^2] Dovey wrote that Glandorf was investigated alongside associates like Maasdam of the Bell Boys escort service, which catered to Dutch justice officials including [[Joris Demmink]]. Through the broader [[Marc Dutroux]] network, Glandorf linked to Marc Dutroux and [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] via shared trafficking routes and porn distribution, with Robbie van der Plancken claiming involvement in Schadwald's transport and sale, tying into Dutroux dossier evidence of Amsterdam connections. Dovey wrote that Glandorf's VIP clientele included political figures like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], with wiretaps implicating officials in boy smuggling, and that his operations aligned with [[Operation Gladio]] networks through elite pedophile rings involving blackmail and international child trade.[^1]
### The Rotterdam Investigation ### The Rotterdam Investigation

36
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marc Dutroux.md
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ He produced rape videos sold to wealthy buyers, using hidden cameras in his base
Dutroux's properties yielded videos of him raping minors and constructing his basement cells, with police seizing hypnosis equipment and chloroform linked to conditioning victims. His early release in 1992 by Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]], later implicated in the X-Dossier, fueled suspicions of protection. Dutroux's network overlapped with the [[Spartacus International]] child sex tourism operation via [[John Stamford]], whose death in 1995 Dutroux's properties yielded videos of him raping minors and constructing his basement cells, with police seizing hypnosis equipment and chloroform linked to conditioning victims. His early release in 1992 by Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]], later implicated in the X-Dossier, fueled suspicions of protection. Dutroux's network overlapped with the [[Spartacus International]] child sex tourism operation via [[John Stamford]], whose death in 1995
halted related trials. halted related trials.
Witnesses like [[Regina Louf|Regina Louf]] detailed Dutroux attending Nihoul's blackmail parties in the 1980s, supplying drugs and girls. Dutroux frequented Amsterdam's [[G-Force nightclub]] nightclub and [[Roxanne Films]] studio, owned by [[Didier Pellerin]], where Nihoul's partner [[Marleen De Cokere]] worked. Phone records showed over 20 calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around [[Laetitia Delhez]]'s 1996 abduction. Witnesses like [[Regina Louf|Regina Louf]] detailed Dutroux attending Nihoul's blackmail parties in the 1980s, supplying drugs and girls. Dutroux frequented Amsterdam's [[G-Force nightclub]] nightclub and [[Roxanne Films]] studio, owned by [[Didier Pellerin]], where Nihoul's partner [[Marleen De Cokere]] worked. Phone records showed over 20 calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around the August 1996 abduction of a 14-year-old girl at Bertrix.
Dutroux's wife [[Michelle Martin]] and accomplice [[Michel Lelievre]] confirmed he acted on Nihoul's orders, kidnapping girls for delivery to clients. X-witnesses, including X1, accused Dutroux of participating in the 1984 murder of [[Christine Van Hees]] at a mushroom farm, matching crime scene details unavailable publicly. X1 also linked him to [[Carine Dellaert]]'s 1983 death, describing her childbirth and subsequent murder. Dutroux's wife [[Michelle Martin]] and accomplice [[Michel Lelievre]] confirmed he acted on Nihoul's orders, kidnapping girls for delivery to clients. X-witnesses, including X1, accused Dutroux of participating in the 1984 murder of [[Christine Van Hees]] at a mushroom farm, matching crime scene details unavailable publicly. X1 also linked him to [[Carine Dellaert]]'s 1983 death, describing her childbirth and subsequent murder.
@ -27,19 +27,19 @@ Dutroux's ties extended to German trafficker [[Lothar Glandorf]] and [[Robbie Va
Dutroux's 2004 trial resulted in life imprisonment for murders of [[Julie Lejeune]], [[Melissa Russo]], An Marchal, and Eefje Lambrecks, but Nihoul was acquitted of the charges tied to the abductions, sentenced to five years for drug trafficking and criminal association, and paroled on April 28, 2006.[^3] Over 20 suspicious deaths, including prosecutor [[Hubert Massa]] and witness [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]], plagued the investigation. The [[Apollo Disks]] from [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s network contained materials linking back to Dutroux's circle, with Pardaens-Bernaer identifying a Dutroux-linked perpetrator in a snuff film before her 1998 death. Dutroux's 2004 trial resulted in life imprisonment for murders of [[Julie Lejeune]], [[Melissa Russo]], An Marchal, and Eefje Lambrecks, but Nihoul was acquitted of the charges tied to the abductions, sentenced to five years for drug trafficking and criminal association, and paroled on April 28, 2006.[^3] Over 20 suspicious deaths, including prosecutor [[Hubert Massa]] and witness [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]], plagued the investigation. The [[Apollo Disks]] from [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s network contained materials linking back to Dutroux's circle, with Pardaens-Bernaer identifying a Dutroux-linked perpetrator in a snuff film before her 1998 death.
Dutroux's operations aligned with [[Operation Gladio]] networks, involving blackmail of elites like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and [[Paul Martens]].[[Sabine Dardenne]] and Laetitia Delhez were rescued from his dungeon in August 1996, and Dutroux received a life sentence at his 2004 trial.[^4] Dutroux's operations aligned with [[Operation Gladio]] networks, involving blackmail of elites like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and [[Paul Martens]].Two girls, aged 12 and 14, were rescued from his cellar in August 1996, and Dutroux received a life sentence at his 2004 trial.[^4]
### Kidnappings and Trafficking Operations ### Kidnappings and Trafficking Operations
Dutroux kidnapped six girls between 1995 and 1996, holding them in a basement dungeon at his Marcinelle home. Julie Lejeune and Melissa Russo, aged 8, vanished July 22 1995; An Marchal, 17, and Eefje Lambrecks, 19, disappeared August 22 1995; Sabine Dardenne, 12, abducted May 26 1996; Laetitia Delhez, 14, taken August 9 1996. Dutroux kidnapped six girls between 1995 and 1996, holding them in a basement dungeon at his Marcinelle home. Julie Lejeune and Melissa Russo, aged 8, vanished July 22 1995; An Marchal, 17, and Eefje Lambrecks, 19, disappeared August 22 1995; a 12-year-old girl abducted in May 1996 on her way to school; a 14-year-old girl taken at Bertrix on August 9 1996.
Bodies of Julie and Melissa were found September 16 1996 under concrete at a [[Sars-la-Buissière, Belgium]] property, mutilated with video equipment suggesting production. An and Eefje were buried at another Dutroux property, murdered after two weeks of captivity. Sabine and Laetitia were rescued August 15 1996 from the Marcinelle dungeon. Bodies of Julie and Melissa were found September 16 1996 under concrete at a [[Sars-la-Buissière, Belgium]] property, mutilated with video equipment suggesting production. An and Eefje were buried at another Dutroux property, murdered after two weeks of captivity. The two surviving girls were rescued August 15 1996 from the Marcinelle dungeon.
Dutroux's wife Michelle Martin fed the girls while he was jailed for auto theft. Surveillance on August 10 1995 missed the dungeon during initial searches. Dutroux used chloroform and hypnosis equipment seized from his home. Dutroux's wife Michelle Martin fed the girls while he was jailed for auto theft. Surveillance on August 10 1995 missed the dungeon during initial searches. Dutroux used chloroform and hypnosis equipment seized from his home.
He transported victims in a white Mercedes from ASCO, linked to Nihoul. Dutroux admitted selling kidnapped girls to Nihoul's clients, with Michel Lelievre confirming conditioning for submission. X1 testified Dutroux attended Nihoul's parties He transported victims in a white Mercedes from ASCO, linked to Nihoul. Dutroux admitted selling kidnapped girls to Nihoul's clients, with Michel Lelievre confirming conditioning for submission. X1 testified Dutroux attended Nihoul's parties
as a supplier. as a supplier.
Phone records showed 20 calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around Laetitia's abduction. Dutroux's accounts showed large sums, some tied to kidnappings. Witnesses placed Dutroux at Amsterdam's G-Force and Roxanne Films with Robbie Van Der Plancken. Phone records showed 20 calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around the August 9 1996 abduction. Dutroux's accounts showed large sums, some tied to kidnappings. Witnesses placed Dutroux at Amsterdam's G-Force and Roxanne Films with Robbie Van Der Plancken.
[[Robert Jan Warmerdam]] claimed Dutroux frequented these for child procurement. Dutroux linked to Zandvoort network via Ulrich's Apollo Disks, containing snuff films with Dutroux associates. X1 described Dutroux torturing Christine Van Hees in 1984, matching ligature and burn details. [[Robert Jan Warmerdam]] claimed Dutroux frequented these for child procurement. Dutroux linked to Zandvoort network via Ulrich's Apollo Disks, containing snuff films with Dutroux associates. X1 described Dutroux torturing Christine Van Hees in 1984, matching ligature and burn details.
@ -63,17 +63,27 @@ X1 detailed hunts at Lippens' estates and snuff films at ASCO Industries factory
[[Beat Meier]], Spartacus associate, smuggled boys with Roger Lawrence for films. Ties to Belgian royal family via X3's claims of abuse at castles. Over 20 witness deaths, including prosecutor Massa and Gina Pardaens-Bernaer, who identified Dutroux-linked snuff on Apollo Disks before her 1998 death.[^4] [[Beat Meier]], Spartacus associate, smuggled boys with Roger Lawrence for films. Ties to Belgian royal family via X3's claims of abuse at castles. Over 20 witness deaths, including prosecutor Massa and Gina Pardaens-Bernaer, who identified Dutroux-linked snuff on Apollo Disks before her 1998 death.[^4]
### The August 1996 Arrests and the Rescue
The parliamentary commission of inquiry found that the investigation cell set up at Tournai for the disappearance of a 12-year-old girl, abducted on May 27, 1996 on her way to school, was staffed by the gendarmerie. Information on Dutroux held by the missing-persons unit reached the cell only after a fax of June 20, 1996 from the General Police Support Service (SGAP); the unit told a coordination meeting on June 26 that Dutroux was the subject of an investigation, including surveillance, by the Charleroi criminal investigation brigade that had so far been negative. Assuming that Charleroi was following Dutroux closely, the investigating judge and the cell did not contact the Charleroi gendarmerie and did not learn that the surveillance had long since ended. The commission found the investigation "essentially passive" and limited to its own district.[^6]
A 14-year-old girl was abducted at Bertrix, in the province of Luxembourg, on Friday, August 9. On Monday, August 12, a witness gave investigators three digits of a license plate; a door-to-door inquiry began at two in the afternoon, and at about five Dutroux, Michelle Martin and Michel Lelievre were arrested at Charleroi. Police and gendarmes searched Dutroux's house in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]] on August 13 with tracker dogs and found nothing. On Thursday, August 15, Dutroux confessed, and on his directions both girls were found alive in the concealed cell in the cellar. The commission observed that the 14-year-old "was found through the memorization of a license plate number."[^7]
The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lelievre blocked the 12-year-old's path on her bicycle near a factory while Dutroux seized her and forced her into a van with chloroform; that the 14-year-old was taken at a bus stop after visiting a local festival; that the witness saw the van circle twice and noted the plate as PBX 688, a vehicle linked to Nihoul's company ASCO; that the cell had been built in 1993 with the labor of [[Claude Thirault]] and hidden behind shelving; that Dutroux conditioned both girls with drugs and hypnosis into dependence on him, told one of them she was being held for ransom, and was embraced by both when they were found; and that at the trial they testified to the manipulation they had undergone and to the roles of Martin and Lelievre, while Lelievre spoke of orders from Nihoul and of Dutroux's boasts of obtaining girls in [[Slovakia]]. Dovey gives May 26 for the first abduction, the full plate number and August 13 for the arrests; the commission's chronology records May 27, three digits of the plate and August 12.[^4]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of the abduction, sequestration and rape of both girls and Lelievre of their abduction and sequestration; Martin was convicted of their sequestration. Nihoul was acquitted of the charges relating to the abductions, the jury finding that he had no involvement in the abduction and sequestration of the 14-year-old and rejecting the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution, the Marchal family and the girl's own lawyers.[^8][^9]
### The 1989 Conviction and Early Release ### The 1989 Conviction and Early Release
Dutroux's 1996 arrest was not his first: on April 26, 1989 he was convicted of abducting and raping five girls and women and sentenced to 13.5 years, but Justice Minister Wathelet paroled him on April 8, 1992 after roughly three years, over the objections of both the public prosecutor and a prison psychiatrist who had assessed him as a high-risk offender. He resumed offending soon after release, and the decision became a central controversy in the later parliamentary inquiries.[^6] Dutroux's 1996 arrest was not his first: on April 26, 1989 he was convicted of abducting and raping five girls and women and sentenced to 13.5 years, but Justice Minister Wathelet paroled him on April 8, 1992 after roughly three years, over the objections of both the public prosecutor and a prison psychiatrist who had assessed him as a high-risk offender. He resumed offending soon after release, and the decision became a central controversy in the later parliamentary inquiries.[^10]
### Witness X1 Corroboration and the De Baets Team ### Witness X1 Corroboration and the De Baets Team
The investigative team under the gendarme [[Patrick De Baets]] conducted extensive interviews with Regina Louf (Witness X1) and corroborated significant portions of her testimony through independent means before being removed from the case after pursuing leads toward prominent individuals; Judge Jacques Langlois ordered a rereading of all the related files in the summer of 1997, and on April 23, 1998, the prosecutors-general closed them, a course which De Baets and his colleagues maintained was a political decision.[^6][^7] The investigative team under the gendarme [[Patrick De Baets]] conducted extensive interviews with Regina Louf (Witness X1) and corroborated significant portions of her testimony through independent means before being removed from the case after pursuing leads toward prominent individuals; Judge Jacques Langlois ordered a rereading of all the related files in the summer of 1997, and on April 23, 1998, the prosecutors-general closed them, a course which De Baets and his colleagues maintained was a political decision.[^10][^11]
### Gunderson, Gosch, and U.S. Parallels ### Gunderson, Gosch, and U.S. Parallels
Researchers including [[Ted Gunderson]], a former head of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[Los Angeles]] field office, drew parallels between the Belgian network and organized-abuse rings in the United States, including the [[McMartin Preschool]] case and the [[The Finders|Finders]] case; [[Noreen Gosch]], mother of kidnapped Iowa paperboy [[Johnny Gosch]], publicly stated her belief that her son had been abducted into an organized network with connections to both American and European intelligence services.[^8] Researchers including [[Ted Gunderson]], a former head of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[Los Angeles]] field office, drew parallels between the Belgian network and organized-abuse rings in the United States, including the [[McMartin Preschool]] case and the [[The Finders|Finders]] case; [[Noreen Gosch]], mother of kidnapped Iowa paperboy [[Johnny Gosch]], publicly stated her belief that her son had been abducted into an organized network with connections to both American and European intelligence services.[^12]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -82,6 +92,10 @@ Researchers including [[Ted Gunderson]], a former head of the [[Federal Bureau o
[^3]: "Michel Nihoul est décédé." La Libre Belgique, October 23, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/michel-nihoul-est-decede-5db04ec39978e218e36b29be Sentence: "'Most hated' Belgian in jail for life." Al Jazeera, June 22, 2004. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/6/22/most-hated-belgian-in-jail-for-life [^3]: "Michel Nihoul est décédé." La Libre Belgique, October 23, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/michel-nihoul-est-decede-5db04ec39978e218e36b29be Sentence: "'Most hated' Belgian in jail for life." Al Jazeera, June 22, 2004. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/6/22/most-hated-belgian-in-jail-for-life
[^4]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar. [^4]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^5]: Bulté, Annemie, Douglas De Coninck and Marie-Jeanne Van Heeswyck. De X-dossiers: wat België niet mocht weten over de zaak-Dutroux. Antwerp: Houtekiet, 1999, 543 pp., ISBN 90-5240-536-0 (catalogue record from the Library of Congress, LCCN 2002406745, as listed in Open Library). https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9789052405360 [^5]: Bulté, Annemie, Douglas De Coninck and Marie-Jeanne Van Heeswyck. De X-dossiers: wat België niet mocht weten over de zaak-Dutroux. Antwerp: Houtekiet, 1999, 543 pp., ISBN 90-5240-536-0 (catalogue record from the Library of Congress, LCCN 2002406745, as listed in Open Library). https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9789052405360
[^6]: "Paedophile Marc Dutroux and the Murders That United a Divided Belgium," *Euronews*, October 27, 2019; *Dutroux* trial verdict, Arlon Assize Court, June 17, 2004; U.S. Office of Justice Programs, "Exhausting Whiteness: The 1996-98 Belgian Parliamentary Inquiry," 2004. [^6]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 86-88; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^7]: Sénat de Belgique. Proposition déposée par M. Frans Lozie, Doc. 2-563/1, October 9, 2000, développements. [^7]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, p. 112 and the chronology of August 1996, pp. 264-266; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^8]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996; Ted Gunderson investigative reports. [^8]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^9]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^10]: "Paedophile Marc Dutroux and the Murders That United a Divided Belgium," *Euronews*, October 27, 2019; *Dutroux* trial verdict, Arlon Assize Court, June 17, 2004; U.S. Office of Justice Programs, "Exhausting Whiteness: The 1996-98 Belgian Parliamentary Inquiry," 2004.
[^11]: Sénat de Belgique. Proposition déposée par M. Frans Lozie, Doc. 2-563/1, October 9, 2000, développements.
[^12]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996; Ted Gunderson investigative reports.

29
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marleen De Cokere.md
View file

@ -8,32 +8,33 @@ tags:
- Belgium - Belgium
- Dutroux - Dutroux
summary: "Brussels companion of Jean-Michel Nihoul, arrested on September 24, 1996, as the twelfth suspect in the Dutroux investigation and described by police as part of its 'inner ring.'" summary: "Brussels companion of Jean-Michel Nihoul, arrested on September 24, 1996, as the twelfth suspect in the Dutroux investigation and described by police as part of its 'inner ring.'"
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Marleen De Cockere, of Brussels, 40, was arrested on September 24, 1996, as the twelfth suspect in the investigation of [[Marc Dutroux]]. Police described her as the companion of [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and said she was among those suspected of forming the "inner ring" of people involved in the abduction and sequestration of young girls and in child pornography, drugs, car theft and police corruption.[^2] She was not among the four defendants tried at Arlon in 2004.[^3] Marleen De Cockere, of Brussels, 40, was arrested on September 24, 1996, as the twelfth suspect in the investigation of [[Marc Dutroux]]. Police described her as the companion of [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and said she was among those suspected of forming the "inner ring" of people involved in the abduction and sequestration of young girls and in child pornography, drugs, car theft and police corruption.[^1] She was not among the four defendants tried at Arlon in 2004.[^2]
Marleen De Cokere, girlfriend of Jean-Michel Nihoul, lived with Nihoul in Brussels during the 1980s and 1990s, sharing a residence and business interests. De Cokere worked at the [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam, a venue linked to the red light district where [[Regina Louf]] (X1) claimed she was trafficked as a child prostitute. Louf testified that De Cokere was present at Nihoul's parties, where Louf was supplied for sexual acts. The X-Dossier, compiled by Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] and Prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]], included Louf's accounts of De Cokere's involvement in the network's operations, with De Cokere driving Louf to events. De Cokere was not charged in the main Dutroux trial but was questioned during Nihoul's fraud investigations. She denied all allegations of involvement in abuse or trafficking.[^1] Marleen De Cokere, girlfriend of Jean-Michel Nihoul, lived with Nihoul in Brussels during the 1980s and 1990s, sharing a residence and business interests. De Cokere worked at the [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam, a venue linked to the red light district where [[Regina Louf]] (X1) claimed she was trafficked as a child prostitute. Louf testified that De Cokere was present at Nihoul's parties, where Louf was supplied for sexual acts. The X-Dossier, compiled by Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] and Prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]], included Louf's accounts of De Cokere's involvement in the network's operations, with De Cokere driving Louf to events. De Cokere was not charged in the main Dutroux trial but was questioned during Nihoul's fraud investigations. She denied all allegations of involvement in abuse or trafficking.[^3]
De Cokere's relationship with Nihoul placed her at the center of his activities, including parties at the Faulx-les-Tombes chateau and Avenue Louise mansion, where hidden cameras captured blackmail material. Louf described De Cokere as part of the group that used her for services, with Nihoul organizing events for elite clients. De Cokere's role at G-Force nightclub tied to Amsterdam's prostitution scene, where Louf claimed she was sent. The X-Dossier noted De Cokere's presence in photos identified by Louf as attendees at these gatherings. De Cokere's business ties included handling administrative tasks for Nihoul's companies like [[ASCO]], providing vehicles for abductions. Her involvement remained testimonial, with no direct evidence leading to charges.[^1] De Cokere's relationship with Nihoul placed her at the center of his activities, including parties at the Faulx-les-Tombes chateau and Avenue Louise mansion, where hidden cameras captured blackmail material. Louf described De Cokere as part of the group that used her for services, with Nihoul organizing events for elite clients. De Cokere's role at G-Force nightclub tied to Amsterdam's prostitution scene, where Louf claimed she was sent. The X-Dossier noted De Cokere's presence in photos identified by Louf as attendees at these gatherings. De Cokere's business ties included handling administrative tasks for Nihoul's companies like [[ASCO]], providing vehicles for abductions. Her involvement remained testimonial, with no direct evidence leading to charges.[^3]
De Cokere's connections extended to Nihoul's circle, including lawyer [[Annie Bouty]], with the couple's shared finances linked to payments from child sales. The X-Dossier detailed her role in facilitating Louf's transport to parties, where Louf was abused. De Cokere denied these claims, attributing them to fabrication. Her relationship with Nihoul continued post-arrest, with no legal repercussions for her in the Dutroux affair.[^1] De Cokere's connections extended to Nihoul's circle, including lawyer [[Annie Bouty]], with the couple's shared finances linked to payments from child sales. The X-Dossier detailed her role in facilitating Louf's transport to parties, where Louf was abused. De Cokere denied these claims, attributing them to fabrication. Her relationship with Nihoul continued post-arrest, with no legal repercussions for her in the Dutroux affair.[^3]
### Role in Network ### Role in Network
De Cokere accompanied Nihoul to events where Louf was present, driving her to locations like the chateau for orgies. Louf claimed De Cokere participated in the exploitation, using her for sexual acts at parties. The X-Dossier included De Cokere's name in contexts of blackmail videos filmed by [[Michelle Martin]]. De Cokere's work at G-Force involved managing nightclub operations, tying to Amsterdam's scene where Louf alleged trafficking. Investigations under Connerotte examined her role, but no charges resulted.[^1] De Cokere accompanied Nihoul to events where Louf was present, driving her to locations like the chateau for orgies. Louf claimed De Cokere participated in the exploitation, using her for sexual acts at parties. The X-Dossier included De Cokere's name in contexts of blackmail videos filmed by [[Michelle Martin]]. De Cokere's work at G-Force involved managing nightclub operations, tying to Amsterdam's scene where Louf alleged trafficking. Investigations under Connerotte examined her role, but no charges resulted.[^3]
De Cokere's administrative work for ASCO included vehicle logs, with the white van used in [[Laetitia Delhez]]'s abduction traced to the company. She confirmed Nihoul's orders to Dutroux for girl supplies in partial cooperation, but denied personal involvement. The X-Dossier linked her to the network through Nihoul's parties, with Louf describing her at events with elites like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]]. De Cokere's denial persisted, with her maintaining a low profile after the affair.[^1] De Cokere's administrative work for ASCO included vehicle logs, with the white van used in the August 1996 abduction of a 14-year-old girl traced to the company. She confirmed Nihoul's orders to Dutroux for girl supplies in partial cooperation, but denied personal involvement. The X-Dossier linked her to the network through Nihoul's parties, with Louf describing her at events with elites like [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]]. De Cokere's denial persisted, with her maintaining a low profile after the affair.[^3]
### Connections ### Connections
De Cokere connected to Nihoul as his girlfriend, sharing residence and finances linked to fraud and trafficking. Her role at G-Force tied to Louf's claims of Amsterdam prostitution. The X-Dossier noted her driving Louf to parties, linking to ASCO's vehicle use. Connections to Bouty and Martin came through Nihoul's circle. De Cokere's involvement in the network remained uncharged, with no direct evidence beyond Louf's testimony.[^1] De Cokere connected to Nihoul as his girlfriend, sharing residence and finances linked to fraud and trafficking. Her role at G-Force tied to Louf's claims of Amsterdam prostitution. The X-Dossier noted her driving Louf to parties, linking to ASCO's vehicle use. Connections to Bouty and Martin came through Nihoul's circle. De Cokere's involvement in the network remained uncharged, with no direct evidence beyond Louf's testimony.[^3]
De Cokere's ties included shared business with Nihoul, with ASCO providing cover for payments. The investigation under Bourlet examined her role in logistics, but lack of evidence limited outcomes. De Cokere denied allegations, with no prosecution following the 2004 trial where Nihoul was convicted for association.[^1] De Cokere's ties included shared business with Nihoul, with ASCO providing cover for payments. The investigation under Bourlet examined her role in logistics, but lack of evidence limited outcomes. De Cokere denied allegations, with no prosecution following the 2004 trial where Nihoul was convicted for association.[^3]
De Cokere's relationship with Nihoul involved shared interests in the nightclub scene, with G-Force as a hub for network activities. Louf's accounts in the X-Dossier detailed her presence at abuse events, corroborated by location and timing. De Cokere's role was peripheral, focused on Nihoul's operations.[^1] De Cokere's relationship with Nihoul involved shared interests in the nightclub scene, with G-Force as a hub for network activities. Louf's accounts in the X-Dossier detailed her presence at abuse events, corroborated by location and timing. De Cokere's role was peripheral, focused on Nihoul's operations.[^3]
### Legal Outcome ### Legal Outcome
De Cokere faced no charges in the Dutroux affair, with no direct role in abductions. Her connection through Nihoul led to questioning, but no prosecution. The X-Dossier's allegations were not pursued, with De Cokere denying involvement. Post-trial, she remained out of the spotlight, with no legal repercussions documented.[^1] De Cokere faced no charges in the Dutroux affair, with no direct role in abductions. Her connection through Nihoul led to questioning, but no prosecution. The X-Dossier's allegations were not pursued, with De Cokere denying involvement. Post-trial, she remained out of the spotlight, with no legal repercussions documented.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited; it spells her name De Cokere.
[^2]: "Belgian pedophile case." United Press International, September 24, 1996. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/09/24/Belgian-pedophile-case/1297843537600/ [^1]: "Belgian pedophile case." United Press International, September 24, 1996. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/09/24/Belgian-pedophile-case/1297843537600/
[^3]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011 [^2]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells her name De Cokere.

32
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md
View file

@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ relations:
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]" with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
start: 1966 start: 1966
role: "President" role: "President"
fn: 34 fn: 36
- type: relative_of - type: relative_of
with: "[[William P. Bundy]]" with: "[[William P. Bundy]]"
role: "brother" role: "brother"
fn: 35 fn: 37
created: 2026-10-07 created: 2026-10-07
updated: 2026-10-07 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
McGeorge Bundy served as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs under [[John F. Kennedy]] and remained in that post under [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], chaired the interagency committee that reviewed [[CIA]] covert operations, and in 1966 became president of the [[Ford Foundation]].[^1][^2] McGeorge Bundy served as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs under [[John F. Kennedy]] and remained in that post under [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], chaired the interagency committee that reviewed [[CIA]] covert operations, and in 1966 became president of the [[Ford Foundation]].[^1][^2]
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Bundy majored in mathematics at [[Yale University]] and returned to [[Harvard Un
### Harvard ### Harvard
Bundy began teaching government and world affairs at Harvard in 1949 and was named Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in August 1953, at age 34.[^6][^3] [[Kai Bird]], Bundy's biographer, wrote that Harvard negotiated with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] a policy under which the university would terminate the contracts of untenured scholars who refused to name names, would share information, sometimes from its confidential personnel files, with the FBI, and would use confidential FBI information to screen its employees.[^6] Bundy began teaching government and world affairs at Harvard in 1949 and was named Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in August 1953, at age 34.[^3][^6] [[Kai Bird]], Bundy's biographer, wrote that Harvard negotiated with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] a policy under which the university would terminate the contracts of untenured scholars who refused to name names, would share information, sometimes from its confidential personnel files, with the FBI, and would use confidential FBI information to screen its employees.[^6]
[[Sigmund Diamond]] stated in 1977 that in 1954, about three weeks after Bundy considered him for the post of Counsellor for Foreign Students and Dean of Special Students, the FBI asked him about his prior Communist Party membership and his associates, and that days later Bundy told him the appointment would be withdrawn if he refused to name names. Bundy responded that he was justified in withdrawing the recommendation because the post was administrative, and that only academic appointments "carried all the immunities of academic freedom."[^7] [[Robert Bellah]] wrote that in 1954 Bundy told him an "officer of the university" had informed Bundy of his political past, that he owed "complete candor," and that his fellowship would be cancelled if he failed to cooperate; the FBI then questioned Bellah, and he later declined a Harvard instructorship conditioned on his answering committees such as the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]].[^7] [[Leon Kamin]], subpoenaed by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee under William Jenner and by [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s subcommittee, said Bundy urged him to name names and let him know that Bundy was in close contact with the FBI.[^7] [[Sigmund Diamond]] stated in 1977 that in 1954, about three weeks after Bundy considered him for the post of Counsellor for Foreign Students and Dean of Special Students, the FBI asked him about his prior Communist Party membership and his associates, and that days later Bundy told him the appointment would be withdrawn if he refused to name names. Bundy responded that he was justified in withdrawing the recommendation because the post was administrative, and that only academic appointments "carried all the immunities of academic freedom."[^7] [[Robert Bellah]] wrote that in 1954 Bundy told him an "officer of the university" had informed Bundy of his political past, that he owed "complete candor," and that his fellowship would be cancelled if he failed to cooperate; the FBI then questioned Bellah, and he later declined a Harvard instructorship conditioned on his answering committees such as the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]].[^7] [[Leon Kamin]], subpoenaed by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee under William Jenner and by [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s subcommittee, said Bundy urged him to name names and let him know that Bundy was in close contact with the FBI.[^7]
@ -135,13 +135,15 @@ In 1965, after the Long Subcommittee hearings on mail covers raised concern at t
### Ford Foundation ### Ford Foundation
[[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees, and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^34] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^35] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1.[^36] [[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. A report by Garnett D. Horner in the Washington Star of December 8, 1965 gave the presidency's salary as 75,000 dollars a year, against his White House salary of 28,500 dollars.[^34] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Julius A. Stratton|Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees,[^35] and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^36] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^37] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1.[^38]
In October 1966 the FBI learned that [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had met with Bundy, "then Director of the Ford Foundation," and had received a tentative offer of a grant for the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. The FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division decided that if the foundation's officials were briefed on King's advisers "this might preclude any assistance being granted," and Hoover approved a plan to have a former FBI agent, then a vice-president of the [[Ford Motor Company]], approach Bundy. In a memorandum of October 26, 1966, [[Cartha DeLoach]] reported that Bundy had refused to talk with the former agent about King, saying he would only talk with a person having first-hand knowledge; Hoover wrote on the memorandum, "Yes. We would get no where with Bundy."[^37] In October 1966 the FBI learned that [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had met with Bundy, "then Director of the Ford Foundation," and had received a tentative offer of a grant for the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. The FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division decided that if the foundation's officials were briefed on King's advisers "this might preclude any assistance being granted," and Hoover approved a plan to have a former FBI agent, then a vice-president of the [[Ford Motor Company]], approach Bundy. In a memorandum of October 26, 1966, [[Cartha DeLoach]] reported that Bundy had refused to talk with the former agent about King, saying he would only talk with a person having first-hand knowledge; Hoover wrote on the memorandum, "Yes. We would get no where with Bundy."[^39]
On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Julius A. Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," he wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^40] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a grant of 1.5 million dollars in further support of the Congress, with a new board of trustees headed by [[Raymond Aron]].[^41]
### William P. Bundy ### William P. Bundy
William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in November 1965.[^38] He joined the Central Intelligence Agency's Office of National Estimates in 1951 as chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff, and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1964 to 1972.[^39] William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in November 1965.[^42] He joined the Central Intelligence Agency's Office of National Estimates in 1951 as chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff, and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1964 to 1972.[^43]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -178,9 +180,13 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^31]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, *Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans*, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 465 (Hoover to Bundy, July 25, 1961, enclosing Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference report), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf [^31]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, *Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans*, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 465 (Hoover to Bundy, July 25, 1961, enclosing Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference report), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf
[^32]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 483 (April 1965 request and Hoover's account), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf [^32]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 483 (April 1965 request and Hoover's account), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf
[^33]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), chapter on CIA mail opening, section "1965 Proposal to Inform President Johnson" (citing Karamessines testimony of October 8, 1975 and a staff summary of a Bundy interview of April 19, 1976), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf [^33]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), chapter on CIA mail opening, section "1965 Proposal to Inform President Johnson" (citing Karamessines testimony of October 8, 1975 and a staff summary of a Bundy interview of April 19, 1976), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf
[^34]: Memorandum from Bundy to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 159, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159 [^34]: Garnett D. Horner, Star staff writer, Washington Star, December 8, 1965, on Johnson's acceptance of Bundy's resignation effective February 28, 1966 and Bundy's move to the Ford Foundation presidency at $75,000 a year, against his $28,500 White House salary (CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000100560005-8). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100560005-8
[^35]: Memorandum of telephone conversation between President Johnson and Under Secretary of State Mann, November 13, 1965, 12:15 p.m., *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 157, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d157 [^35]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," opening review (McCloy retiring December 31, 1965; Julius A. Stratton, president of MIT and a trustee since 1955, elected chairman) https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf; Langenkamp, note 67 (Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966); FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 159 (December 4, 1965, "his successor, Jay Stratton"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159
[^36]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *The Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts/ [^36]: Memorandum from Bundy to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 159, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159
[^37]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 178 (October 1966 FBI plan concerning a Ford Foundation grant to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; DeLoach memorandum of October 26, 1966), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf [^37]: Memorandum of telephone conversation between President Johnson and Under Secretary of State Mann, November 13, 1965, 12:15 p.m., *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 157, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d157
[^38]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373 [^38]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *The Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts/
[^39]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189 [^39]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 178 (October 1966 FBI plan concerning a Ford Foundation grant to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; DeLoach memorandum of October 26, 1966), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf
[^40]: Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^41]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
[^42]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373
[^43]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michel Bourlet.md
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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-10-09 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Michel Bourlet was the procureur du Roi (King's prosecutor) at Neufchâteau during the investigation of [[Marc Dutroux]] opened after the abduction of [[Laetitia Delhez]] in August 1996, and worked the file alongside the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]]. The parliamentary commission noted that Bourlet and Connerotte had preferred, in the past and at the time, to work directly with the investigators rather than through the command of the investigation unit.[^1] Michel Bourlet was the procureur du Roi (King's prosecutor) at Neufchâteau during the investigation of [[Marc Dutroux]] opened after the abduction of a 14-year-old girl in August 1996, and worked the file alongside the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]]. The parliamentary commission noted that Bourlet and Connerotte had preferred, in the past and at the time, to work directly with the investigators rather than through the command of the investigation unit.[^1]
After Connerotte's replacement by [[Jacques Langlois]] in October 1996, the families of the missing children continued to meet Bourlet, whom they trusted, rather than Langlois. On October 24, 1997, [[Anne Thily]], prosecutor-general at the court of appeal in Liège, wrote to Bourlet in a letter marked "personal and confidential" asking him to stop all contact with the press and, temporarily, with the parents of the missing children except on the parts of the files concerning them; the commission found that the families were thereby partly deprived of information on the investigation.[^1] After Connerotte's replacement by [[Jacques Langlois]] in October 1996, the families of the missing children continued to meet Bourlet, whom they trusted, rather than Langlois. On October 24, 1997, [[Anne Thily]], prosecutor-general at the court of appeal in Liège, wrote to Bourlet in a letter marked "personal and confidential" asking him to stop all contact with the press and, temporarily, with the parents of the missing children except on the parts of the files concerning them; the commission found that the families were thereby partly deprived of information on the investigation.[^1]
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ In January 1998, amid a press campaign against the witness X1, [[Regina Louf]],
### The X-Dossier ### The X-Dossier
According to S. Dovey, Bourlet led the team that examined the testimony of eight X-witnesses who came forward after Connerotte's appeal, compiled as the [[X-Dossier]]. It concerned orgies, hunts and murders at villas in [[Knokke-Heist]] near the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]], at the brothel of X1's grandmother [[Cecile Beernaert]] at Elizabetlaan 83, behind Golfpad 4, frequented by [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and the Lippens family, in the Ardennes, and at the estates of [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], [[Count Leopold Lippens]] and [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]], and snuff films at the [[ASCO Industries NV]] factory owned by [[Roger Boas]]. The team matched X1's account of "Chrissie" to the 1984 murder of [[Christine Van Hees]], which she described as committed by Dutroux, [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]], [[Bernard Weinstein]] and the lawyer [[Michel Vander Elst]], and her account of "Clo," traced through a school yearbook, to the 1983 death of [[Carine Dellaert]], found in a septic tank, whose autopsy found laminaria sticks and gauze; X1 described a childbirth and a gang rape involving Nihoul, [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Leopold Lippens. X2 named de Bonvoisin, Dumont and Lippens at sadomasochistic events near Chimay and described orgies at the Mirano club with Princes Philippe and Laurent; X3 described abuse at the castles of Prince Charles, King Baudouin and King Albert between 1950 and 1962; X4 identified X1's friends in pornographic films. The team examined the 1991 disappearance of [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and the X-Kiss studio in Antwerp, linked to Zandvoort through [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]]; a list by Serge Heylens naming [[Beat Meier]], [[Edward Brongersma]] and [[Philippe Carpentier]] of [[CRIES]]; Dumont's representation of CRIES, whose members used basements of [[UNICEF]] for filming, with links through [[Joseph Douce]] and [[Michel Caignet]]'s [[Gaie France]] to [[Spartacus International]]; hierarchies involving [[Paul Martens]] and Christian Social Party politicians backed by the [[Societe Generale de Banque]]; and the [[Abrasax Institute]], raided after a note signed "Anubis" was found in Weinstein's cabin, which included police members. Chantal Storme corroborated X1's account of the brothel. The investigation also found more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around Laetitia's abduction, financial trails to accounts in Europe, and violent pornographic tapes at Nihoul's home.[^3] According to S. Dovey, Bourlet led the team that examined the testimony of eight X-witnesses who came forward after Connerotte's appeal, compiled as the [[X-Dossier]]. It concerned orgies, hunts and murders at villas in [[Knokke-Heist]] near the [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]], at the brothel of X1's grandmother [[Cecile Beernaert]] in Knokke, frequented by [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]] and the Lippens family, in the Ardennes, and at the estates of [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], [[Count Leopold Lippens]] and [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]], and snuff films at the [[ASCO Industries NV]] factory owned by [[Roger Boas]]. The team matched X1's account of "Chrissie" to the 1984 murder of [[Christine Van Hees]], which she described as committed by Dutroux, [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]], [[Bernard Weinstein]] and the lawyer [[Michel Vander Elst]], and her account of "Clo," traced through a school yearbook, to the 1983 death of [[Carine Dellaert]], found in a septic tank, whose autopsy found laminaria sticks and gauze; X1 described a childbirth and a gang rape involving Nihoul, [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Leopold Lippens. X2 named de Bonvoisin, Dumont and Lippens at sadomasochistic events near Chimay and described orgies at the Mirano club with Princes Philippe and Laurent; X3 described abuse at the castles of Prince Charles, King Baudouin and King Albert between 1950 and 1962; X4 identified X1's friends in pornographic films. The team examined the 1991 disappearance of [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and the X-Kiss studio in Antwerp, linked to Zandvoort through [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]]; a list by Serge Heylens naming [[Beat Meier]], [[Edward Brongersma]] and [[Philippe Carpentier]] of [[CRIES]]; Dumont's representation of CRIES, whose members used basements of [[UNICEF]] for filming, with links through [[Joseph Douce]] and [[Michel Caignet]]'s [[Gaie France]] to [[Spartacus International]]; hierarchies involving [[Paul Martens]] and Christian Social Party politicians backed by the [[Societe Generale de Banque]]; and the [[Abrasax Institute]], raided after a note signed "Anubis" was found in Weinstein's cabin, which included police members. A childhood friend of X1 corroborated her account of the brothel. The investigation also found more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul around the August 9 abduction, financial trails to accounts in Europe, and violent pornographic tapes at Nihoul's home.[^3]
Dovey wrote that Bourlet's team was replaced in 1997 after accusations that it had fed details to X1, and that investigators were charged and cleared in 1999. The dossier was leaked to Flemish journalists and published in 1999 as *De X-dossiers,* and King Albert sued in 2001. A summary of 1,235 pages, prepared for the 2004 trial, described 300 violent tapes from Nihoul's home, some with members of the elite, and was leaked through WikiLeaks in 2009. More than twenty witnesses died during the investigation, among them [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]], who had identified Dutroux-linked material on [[Apollo Disks]], and Hubert Massa, by suicide in 1998. The accused were linked to [[Operation Gladio]] networks, and [[Melchior Wathelet]] sat on the European Court of Justice. The 2004 trial did not hear the X-witnesses; Bourlet criticized the acquittals and called for cases such as Dellaert's to be reopened.[^3] Dovey wrote that Bourlet's team was replaced in 1997 after accusations that it had fed details to X1, and that investigators were charged and cleared in 1999. The dossier was leaked to Flemish journalists and published in 1999 as *De X-dossiers,* and King Albert sued in 2001. A summary of 1,235 pages, prepared for the 2004 trial, described 300 violent tapes from Nihoul's home, some with members of the elite, and was leaked through WikiLeaks in 2009. More than twenty witnesses died during the investigation, among them [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]], who had identified Dutroux-linked material on [[Apollo Disks]], and Hubert Massa, by suicide in 1998. The accused were linked to [[Operation Gladio]] networks, and [[Melchior Wathelet]] sat on the European Court of Justice. The 2004 trial did not hear the X-witnesses; Bourlet criticized the acquittals and called for cases such as Dellaert's to be reopened.[^3]

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michel Forgeot.md
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@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ tags:
summary: "Michel Forgeot founded Achats Services Commerces (ASCO), a company involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s." summary: "Michel Forgeot founded Achats Services Commerces (ASCO), a company involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s."
--- ---
Michel Forgeot founded [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO), a company involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s. ASCO, under Forgeot's founding, provided white Mercedes vans used by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and [[Marc Dutroux]] for photographing schoolgirls and transporting victims in the child trafficking network. The company, registered in Charleroi, served as a front for Nihoul's schemes, with vans adapted for abductions, including the one used in [[Laetitia Delhez]]'s August 9, 1996, kidnapping, traced by partial license plate PBX 688. Forgeot's role as founder included overseeing early operations, with the company facilitating the use of vehicles for surveillance and transport. Police investigations post-Dutroux's August 1996 arrest linked ASCO vans to the kidnappings of Delhez and [[Sabine Dardenne]], leading to raids on ASCO premises uncovering financial records of payments to Dutroux. Forgeot was not directly charged in the Dutroux affair but was questioned during Nihoul's fraud probes, confirming the company's role in providing vehicles for non-business purposes.[^1] Michel Forgeot founded [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO), a company involved in fraud and vehicle supply during the 1990s. ASCO, under Forgeot's founding, provided white Mercedes vans used by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and [[Marc Dutroux]] for photographing schoolgirls and transporting victims in the child trafficking network. The company, registered in Charleroi, served as a front for Nihoul's schemes, with vans adapted for abductions, including the one used in the August 9, 1996, kidnapping of a 14-year-old girl, traced by partial license plate PBX 688. Forgeot's role as founder included overseeing early operations, with the company facilitating the use of vehicles for surveillance and transport. Police investigations post-Dutroux's August 1996 arrest linked ASCO vans to the kidnappings of two girls aged 14 and 12, leading to raids on ASCO premises uncovering financial records of payments to Dutroux. Forgeot was not directly charged in the Dutroux affair but was questioned during Nihoul's fraud probes, confirming the company's role in providing vehicles for non-business purposes.[^1]
Forgeot's founding of ASCO positioned the company as a key logistical element in the network, with white vans loaned to Dutroux for tasks including circling schools to select victims. The vehicles were ordinary for business but equipped for kidnappings with tinted windows and sedatives. Forgeot's oversight included administrative aspects that masked the fraud, including inflated invoices for money laundering. His involvement came under scrutiny during the investigation, with ASCO's bankruptcy following arrests. Forgeot's testimony or statements, if any, were not central, but the company's vehicles were pivotal evidence in linking the business to the trafficking. The investigation revealed ASCO's role in funneling funds from child sales and pornography tapes through the company, with Forgeot as the founder bearing responsibility for its establishment.[^1] Forgeot's founding of ASCO positioned the company as a key logistical element in the network, with white vans loaned to Dutroux for tasks including circling schools to select victims. The vehicles were ordinary for business but equipped for kidnappings with tinted windows and sedatives. Forgeot's oversight included administrative aspects that masked the fraud, including inflated invoices for money laundering. His involvement came under scrutiny during the investigation, with ASCO's bankruptcy following arrests. Forgeot's testimony or statements, if any, were not central, but the company's vehicles were pivotal evidence in linking the business to the trafficking. The investigation revealed ASCO's role in funneling funds from child sales and pornography tapes through the company, with Forgeot as the founder bearing responsibility for its establishment.[^1]
Forgeot's early role in ASCO included setting up the company as a cover for Nihoul's operations, with the fleet used for both legitimate purchases and illicit transport. The white van from Delhez's abduction was traced to ASCO, leading to the company's downfall. Forgeot's founding position made him a target in the probe, though his direct involvement in abductions remained unclear. The company's location in Charleroi placed it near Dutroux's residence, facilitating the arrangement. Forgeot's name surfaced in financial trails showing transfers to Dutroux's accounts for vehicle use beyond normal business.[^1] Forgeot's early role in ASCO included setting up the company as a cover for Nihoul's operations, with the fleet used for both legitimate purchases and illicit transport. The white van from the August 9 abduction was traced to ASCO, leading to the company's downfall. Forgeot's founding position made him a target in the probe, though his direct involvement in abductions remained unclear. The company's location in Charleroi placed it near Dutroux's residence, facilitating the arrangement. Forgeot's name surfaced in financial trails showing transfers to Dutroux's accounts for vehicle use beyond normal business.[^1]
### ASCO Founding and Operations ### ASCO Founding and Operations
Forgeot established ASCO in the early 1990s, with the company engaging in car sales and services that provided the white vans central to the Dutroux abductions. The vans were registered under ASCO, loaned to Dutroux for surveillance and kidnappings, including the May 26 abduction of Sabine Dardenne and the August 9 seizure of Laetitia Delhez. Police seized documents from ASCO showing vehicle assignments to Dutroux, confirming the logistical role. Forgeot's founding included setting up the fraud scheme with inflated invoices to launder money from the network. The company's operations masked payments for child supplies, with financial records revealing the extent of the laundering.[^1] Forgeot established ASCO in the early 1990s, with the company engaging in car sales and services that provided the white vans central to the Dutroux abductions. The vans were registered under ASCO, loaned to Dutroux for surveillance and kidnappings, including the May 26 abduction of a 12-year-old girl and the August 9 seizure of a 14-year-old girl. Police seized documents from ASCO showing vehicle assignments to Dutroux, confirming the logistical role. Forgeot's founding included setting up the fraud scheme with inflated invoices to launder money from the network. The company's operations masked payments for child supplies, with financial records revealing the extent of the laundering.[^1]
Under Forgeot's founding, ASCO's vans were used in operations coordinated by Nihoul, with the fleet adapted for discreet transport. The investigation under [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] examined ASCO's records, uncovering the scheme. Forgeot's role as founder highlighted the business front's importance in the network, with vehicles key in the timeline of kidnappings. His establishment of ASCO enabled the logistical support for the crimes, with the company serving as a conduit for illicit funds.[^1] Under Forgeot's founding, ASCO's vans were used in operations coordinated by Nihoul, with the fleet adapted for discreet transport. The investigation under [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] examined ASCO's records, uncovering the scheme. Forgeot's role as founder highlighted the business front's importance in the network, with vehicles key in the timeline of kidnappings. His establishment of ASCO enabled the logistical support for the crimes, with the company serving as a conduit for illicit funds.[^1]

14
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/P.W. Botha.md
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@ -15,10 +15,17 @@ tags:
- SouthAfrica - SouthAfrica
- Israel - Israel
- NuclearWeapons - NuclearWeapons
summary: "P.W. Botha (1916-2006), South African Prime Minister (1978-1984) and State President (1984-1989), forged a covert wartime alliance with Israel and, after the 1979 VELA detection, publicly hinted at nuclear weapons capability." summary: "P.W. Botha (1916-2006), South African Prime Minister (1978-1984) and State President (1984-1989), forged a covert wartime alliance with Israel and, in 1979 told his party's congress that South Africa had weapons not known about."
born: 1916-01-12 born: 1916-01-12
died: 2006-10-31 died: 2006-10-31
location: "Paul Roux, Orange Free State, South Africa" location: "Paul Roux, Orange Free State, South Africa"
relations:
- type: subject_of
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "prime minister whose September 25, 1979 statement about unknown weapons drew comment from the U.S. embassy"
start: 1979-09-25
end: 1979-10-26
fn: 4
--- ---
P.W. Botha served as Prime Minister of [[South Africa]] from 1978 to 1984 and as State President from 1984 to 1989. He had also served as Defense Minister and played a key role in developing South Africa's military and nuclear capabilities.[^1] P.W. Botha served as Prime Minister of [[South Africa]] from 1978 to 1984 and as State President from 1984 to 1989. He had also served as Defense Minister and played a key role in developing South Africa's military and nuclear capabilities.[^1]
@ -31,10 +38,13 @@ Minutes of 1975 meetings between Botha and [[Shimon Peres]], reported by the [[M
### VELA Incident (1979) ### VELA Incident (1979)
On September 25, 1979, three days after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion over the South Indian Ocean, Botha warned the Cape National Party congress that South Africa had and could produce sufficient arms to counter terrorism. He hinted that they might have military weapons that others did not know about, suggesting that South Africa and its Israeli partners had successfully conducted a secret nuclear test.[^3] On September 25, 1979, three days after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded a double flash from a region that included the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Botha warned the Cape National Party congress that South Africa had and could produce sufficient arms to counter terrorism. He hinted that they might have military weapons that others did not know about, which [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote suggested that South Africa and its Israeli partners had successfully conducted a secret nuclear test.[^3]
A telegram from the American embassy in Pretoria dated October 26, 1979 recorded Botha's statement to the Cape National Party congress on September 25 "that South Africa had weapons to fight terrorism and that if anyone thought of trying something else, they might find that South Africa had weapons that are not known about." The ambassador wrote that he had asked Foreign Affairs Secretary [[Brand Fourie]] about the statement on September 27, and that Foreign Minister [[Pik Botha]] interjected on October 26 that the prime minister was referring to conventional weapons. The ambassador replied that there had been "media speculation at the time that P.W. was possibly hinting at nuclear weapons (speculation which was not specifically scotched subsequently)." The telegram records Pik Botha as saying that he had spoken to the prime minister by telephone.[^4]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^2]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons [^2]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^4]: Telegram from the Embassy in South Africa to the Department of State, October 26, 1979, "Suspected Nuclear Event: Talk With South African Foreign Minister," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 366, paragraphs 7 and 8. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d366

52
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Bissell.md
View file

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ aliases:
- Dick Bissell - Dick Bissell
- Richard Bissell Jr. - Richard Bissell Jr.
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-05 updated: 2026-10-09
category: "Intelligence & Government" category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ relations:
start: 1958 start: 1958
end: 1962-02 end: 1962-02
role: "senior CIA representative of the CIA-Air Force photosatellite project" role: "senior CIA representative of the CIA-Air Force photosatellite project"
fn: 2 fn: 5
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[Operation PBSUCCESS]]" with: "[[Operation PBSUCCESS]]"
start: 1954 start: 1954
@ -70,27 +70,33 @@ relations:
start: 1960 start: 1960
end: 1961-04 end: 1961-04
role: "Deputy Director for Plans responsible for the CIA operation" role: "Deputy Director for Plans responsible for the CIA operation"
fn: 4 fn: 7
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[ZR RIFLE]]" with: "[[ZR RIFLE]]"
start: 1960 start: 1960
end: 1962-02 end: 1962-02
role: "DDP under whom the Executive Action capability was established" role: "DDP under whom the Executive Action capability was established"
fn: 3 fn: 2
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[Church Committee]]" with: "[[Church Committee]]"
start: 1975-06-09 start: 1975-06-09
end: 1975-09-10 end: 1975-09-10
role: "testified June 9, June 11, July 17, July 22 and September 10, 1975" role: "testified June 9, June 11, July 17, July 22 and September 10, 1975"
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
start: 1952-01
end: 1954
role: "staff member from January 1952; described as a consultant by Langenkamp"
fn: 3 fn: 3
--- ---
Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. (September 18, 1909 to February 7, 1994) was an economist who joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in January 1954 and became its Deputy Director for Plans (DDP), head of the clandestine service, on January 1, 1959. Until his resignation on February 17, 1962 he also kept personal control of the [[U-2 Spy Plane|U-2]] overflight program, the first photographic reconnaissance satellite project, and the design of the OXCART aircraft. Under him the agency organized the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs]] operation and, in 1960, made the first preparations in the [[Patrice Lumumba|Lumumba]] and [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] assassination plots later examined by the [[Church Committee]].[^1][^3] Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. (September 18, 1909 to February 7, 1994) was an economist who joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in January 1954 and became its Deputy Director for Plans (DDP), head of the clandestine service, on January 1, 1959. Until his resignation on February 17, 1962 he also kept personal control of the [[U-2 Spy Plane|U-2]] overflight program, the first photographic reconnaissance satellite project, and the design of the OXCART aircraft. Under him the agency organized the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs]] operation and, in 1960, made the first preparations in the [[Patrice Lumumba|Lumumba]] and [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] assassination plots later examined by the [[Church Committee]].[^1][^2]
### Education and early career ### Education and early career
The CIA's official history of the U-2 program describes Bissell as a graduate of Groton and [[Yale University]] who studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a year and took a doctorate at Yale in 1939. He taught economics at Yale and, from 1942, at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he became a full professor in 1948. During [[World War II]] he managed American shipping as executive officer of the Combined Shipping Adjustment Board; after the war he was deputy director of the [[Marshall Plan]] from 1948 until the end of 1951, when he joined the staff of the [[Ford Foundation]].[^1] The CIA's official history of the U-2 program describes Bissell as a graduate of Groton and [[Yale University]] who studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a year and took a doctorate at Yale in 1939. He taught economics at Yale and, from 1942, at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he became a full professor in 1948. During [[World War II]] he managed American shipping as executive officer of the Combined Shipping Adjustment Board; after the war he was deputy director of the [[Marshall Plan]] from 1948 until the end of 1951. The Eisenhower Presidential Library's finding aid for his papers states that he joined the Ford Foundation staff in January 1952 after leaving the Economic Cooperation Administration (later the Mutual Security Agency) and resigned in 1954, and Langenkamp describes him as a consultant to the [[Ford Foundation]] who left in 1954 to become special assistant to [[Allen Dulles]].[^1][^3][^4]
His first association with the agency came in late 1953 with a contract study of how the United States might respond to a rising in the Soviet bloc like the East Berlin riots of June 1953. He concluded, in his later words, that "very little could be done" by clandestine operations against the bloc, a view the CIA historians say made him a leading advocate of technical rather than human collection. He joined the agency in late January 1954 as Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, [[Allen Dulles]], for Planning and Coordination, and was soon occupied with coordination for the operation against Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] ([[Operation PBSUCCESS]]).[^1] His first association with the agency came in late 1953 with a contract study of how the United States might respond to a rising in the Soviet bloc like the East Berlin riots of June 1953. He concluded, in his later words, that "very little could be done" by clandestine operations against the bloc, a view the CIA historians say made him a leading advocate of technical rather than human collection. He joined the agency in late January 1954 as Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, Allen Dulles, for Planning and Coordination, and was soon occupied with coordination for the operation against Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] ([[Operation PBSUCCESS]]).[^1]
### The U-2 and the Development Projects Staff ### The U-2 and the Development Projects Staff
@ -98,42 +104,44 @@ On November 26, 1954 Dulles told Bissell that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]
The first flights over the Soviet Union began on Wednesday, July 4, 1956 (a June 20, 1956 mission had covered Poland and East Germany). Bissell gave the "Go" decision at the project headquarters just before midnight Washington time on July 3. When Dulles asked on July 5 whether the overflights of Moscow and Leningrad had been wise the first time, Bissell replied: "Allen, the first is the safest." The program continued, with Bissell bringing maps of proposed routes to Eisenhower in the Oval Office, until [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down near Sverdlovsk on May 1, 1960; the Paris summit that opened on May 16 ended when Eisenhower refused [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s demand for an apology.[^1] The first flights over the Soviet Union began on Wednesday, July 4, 1956 (a June 20, 1956 mission had covered Poland and East Germany). Bissell gave the "Go" decision at the project headquarters just before midnight Washington time on July 3. When Dulles asked on July 5 whether the overflights of Moscow and Leningrad had been wise the first time, Bissell replied: "Allen, the first is the safest." The program continued, with Bissell bringing maps of proposed routes to Eisenhower in the Oval Office, until [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down near Sverdlovsk on May 1, 1960; the Paris summit that opened on May 16 ended when Eisenhower refused [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s demand for an apology.[^1]
Bissell became DDP on January 1, 1959 and on February 16, 1959 turned the Development Projects Staff into a division of the Directorate of Plans, placing all agency air activities under himself; the history states he kept personal control of the U-2, the photosatellite project and OXCART. [[Edwin Land]] and [[James Killian]], his supporters among the presidential science advisers, came to fear he was too involved in covert action to give the reconnaissance programs enough time. The CIA's CORONA history names him the "recognized leader of the early CORONA program" and the senior CIA representative beside Air Force Brigadier General Osmond Ritland; Bissell recalled learning of his role "in an odd and informal way" from Land in 1958, and the first successful recovery, of mission 9009 (DISCOVERER XIV), came on August 19, 1960.[^1][^2] Bissell became DDP on January 1, 1959 and on February 16, 1959 turned the Development Projects Staff into a division of the Directorate of Plans, placing all agency air activities under himself; the history states he kept personal control of the U-2, the photosatellite project and OXCART. [[Edwin Land]] and [[James Killian]], his supporters among the presidential science advisers, came to fear he was too involved in covert action to give the reconnaissance programs enough time. The CIA's CORONA history names him the "recognized leader of the early CORONA program" and the senior CIA representative beside Air Force Brigadier General Osmond Ritland; Bissell recalled learning of his role "in an odd and informal way" from Land in 1958, and the first successful recovery, of mission 9009 (DISCOVERER XIV), came on August 19, 1960.[^1][^5]
### Congo, 1960 ### Congo, 1960
According to the Church Committee's interim report, DDP Bissell in the summer of 1960 asked the Chief of the Africa Division, [[Bronson Tweedy]], to explore the feasibility of assassinating Lumumba, and asked a CIA scientist given the pseudonym Joseph Scheider, then Special Assistant to the DDP for Scientific Matters, to prepare to assassinate or incapacitate an unspecified "African leader." Scheider testified that Bissell told him he "had direction from the highest authority" and that he understood this to mean the President. Scheider reviewed a list of materials at the Army Chemical Corps installation at [[Fort Detrick]], chose one that "was supposed to produce a disease" indigenous to the region, and in late September delivered the lethal substances to the CIA station officer in Leopoldville with instructions to assassinate Lumumba.[^3] According to the Church Committee's interim report, DDP Bissell in the summer of 1960 asked the Chief of the Africa Division, [[Bronson Tweedy]], to explore the feasibility of assassinating Lumumba, and asked a CIA scientist given the pseudonym Joseph Scheider, then Special Assistant to the DDP for Scientific Matters, to prepare to assassinate or incapacitate an unspecified "African leader." Scheider testified that Bissell told him he "had direction from the highest authority" and that he understood this to mean the President. Scheider reviewed a list of materials at the Army Chemical Corps installation at [[Fort Detrick]], chose one that "was supposed to produce a disease" indigenous to the region, and in late September delivered the lethal substances to the CIA station officer in Leopoldville with instructions to assassinate Lumumba.[^2]
On August 19, 1960 Bissell signed a cable to Leopoldville stating "You are authorized proceed with operation," and on September 19 Bissell and Tweedy sent the station a cryptic message through a restricted channel. Bissell testified that it was "entirely probable" he discussed the assassination with Tweedy and "very probable" he discussed it with Scheider, that he "most certainly" approved the cables, and that his belief in presidential authorization "has to be described as inference." He read the Special Group minutes of August 25 as meaning that "if it had to be assassination, that that was a permissible means." He told the committee the August 26 cable from Dulles was, in his belief, a circumlocution for the President's wish that Lumumba be killed.[^3] On August 19, 1960 Bissell signed a cable to Leopoldville stating "You are authorized proceed with operation," and on September 19 Bissell and Tweedy sent the station a cryptic message through a restricted channel. Bissell testified that it was "entirely probable" he discussed the assassination with Tweedy and "very probable" he discussed it with Scheider, that he "most certainly" approved the cables, and that his belief in presidential authorization "has to be described as inference." He read the Special Group minutes of August 25 as meaning that "if it had to be assassination, that that was a permissible means." He told the committee the August 26 cable from Dulles was, in his belief, a circumlocution for the President's wish that Lumumba be killed.[^2]
A July 1981 clipping in the CIA's reading room from the London *Daily Telegraph* reported that Madeleine Kalb's *The Congo Cables*, then about to be published, named the scientist who brought the poison kit to the Congo as [[Sidney Gottlieb]], "the CIA's top scientist at the time"; a separate clipping in the same collection describes Gottlieb as head of the agency's [[Technical Services Division]], which, the clipping says, ran the drug experiments of the [[MKULTRA]] program and stored toxins. The Church report's description of Scheider's post as Bissell's science adviser is the record connecting the DDP's office to that division.[^3][^6] A July 1981 clipping in the CIA's reading room from the London *Daily Telegraph* reported that Madeleine Kalb's *The Congo Cables*, then about to be published, named the scientist who brought the poison kit to the Congo as [[Sidney Gottlieb]], "the CIA's top scientist at the time"; a separate clipping in the same collection describes Gottlieb as head of the agency's [[Technical Services Division]], which, the clipping says, ran the drug experiments of the [[MKULTRA]] program and stored toxins. The Church report's description of Scheider's post as Bissell's science adviser is the record connecting the DDP's office to that division.[^2][^6]
### Castro, the Office of Security and ZR/RIFLE ### Castro, the Office of Security and ZR/RIFLE
The Church Committee found the earliest concrete evidence of the CIA's gambling-syndicate plot against Castro in a conversation between Bissell and Colonel [[Sheffield Edwards]], Director of the Office of Security, which the Inspector General placed in August 1960 and Bissell remembered as late summer or early autumn. Bissell testified that he asked Edwards to find someone to assassinate Castro and believed Edwards raised the idea of contacting members of a gambling syndicate; Edwards assigned the task to the chief of the Office of Security's Operational Support Division (the "Support Chief" of the report), who engaged [[Robert Maheu]], who recruited [[Johnny Roselli]], who in turn brought in "Sam Gold" ([[Sam Giancana]]). Edwards told Bissell contact had been made. On October 18, 1960 [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Bissell a memorandum reporting that Giancana had told friends Castro would be "done away with very shortly," in November. The Support Chief testified that Colonel [[J. C. King]] gave $50,000 in Bissell's office to be paid to a Cuban contact for the assassination and that Bissell authorized the delivery of communications equipment; Bissell did not recall the meeting and considered it unlikely, though he knew poison pills had been prepared. The Inspector General placed the money passed at $10,000.[^3] The Church Committee found the earliest concrete evidence of the CIA's gambling-syndicate plot against Castro in a conversation between Bissell and Colonel [[Sheffield Edwards]], Director of the Office of Security, which the Inspector General placed in August 1960 and Bissell remembered as late summer or early autumn. Bissell testified that he asked Edwards to find someone to assassinate Castro and believed Edwards raised the idea of contacting members of a gambling syndicate; Edwards assigned the task to the chief of the Office of Security's Operational Support Division (the "Support Chief" of the report), who engaged [[Robert Maheu]], who recruited [[Johnny Roselli]], who in turn brought in "Sam Gold" ([[Sam Giancana]]). Edwards told Bissell contact had been made. On October 18, 1960 [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Bissell a memorandum reporting that Giancana had told friends Castro would be "done away with very shortly," in November. The Support Chief testified that Colonel [[J. C. King]] gave $50,000 in Bissell's office to be paid to a Cuban contact for the assassination and that Bissell authorized the delivery of communications equipment; Bissell did not recall the meeting and considered it unlikely, though he knew poison pills had been prepared. The Inspector General placed the money passed at $10,000.[^2]
In early 1961, per Bissell's own account, [[William Harvey]] was assigned responsibility for a general capability within the CIA for disabling foreign leaders, with assassination as a last resort, called Executive Action and later covered by the cryptonym ZR/RIFLE. Bissell described it to the committee as "internal and purely preparatory" and said he was "quite certain" Dulles had full knowledge of it. Harvey's notes record that on November 16, 1961 Bissell asked him to take over the gambling-syndicate operation from Edwards and that they discussed the "application of ZR/RIFLE program to Cuba"; Bissell testified the operation was not reactivated until after he left in February 1962. Bissell and Harvey briefed [[Richard Helms]], who replaced him as DDP, and Bissell did not recall briefing [[John McCone]], who had succeeded Dulles as DCI; McCone testified he had no knowledge of the project. The committee records Bissell as DDP under McCone for three months, November 1961 to February 1962.[^3] In early 1961, per Bissell's own account, [[William Harvey]] was assigned responsibility for a general capability within the CIA for disabling foreign leaders, with assassination as a last resort, called Executive Action and later covered by the cryptonym ZR/RIFLE. Bissell described it to the committee as "internal and purely preparatory" and said he was "quite certain" Dulles had full knowledge of it. Harvey's notes record that on November 16, 1961 Bissell asked him to take over the gambling-syndicate operation from Edwards and that they discussed the "application of ZR/RIFLE program to Cuba"; Bissell testified the operation was not reactivated until after he left in February 1962. Bissell and Harvey briefed [[Richard Helms]], who replaced him as DDP, and Bissell did not recall briefing [[John McCone]], who had succeeded Dulles as DCI; McCone testified he had no knowledge of the project. The committee records Bissell as DDP under McCone for three months, November 1961 to February 1962.[^2]
### Bay of Pigs ### Bay of Pigs
The CIA's official history of the Bay of Pigs operation records Bissell's direct involvement in the Guatemalan base arrangements. [[Jake Esterline]], Chief of WH/4, the Cuban task force, told the CIA historian [[Jack B. Pfeiffer]] that he went to Guatemala in 1960 "on specific instruction from Bissell and Dulles" to draw up a status-of-forces agreement with President Ydigoras; on November 14, 1960, when Ydigoras asked to borrow part of the Brigade to put down an uprising at Puerto Barrios, Bissell told Pfeiffer in 1975 that he was called at 2:30 in the morning and sent a cable saying "Yes" on his own responsibility because he did not think the decision should be left to the station. His Assistant DDP for Action was [[Tracy Barnes]].[^4] The CIA's official history of the Bay of Pigs operation records Bissell's direct involvement in the Guatemalan base arrangements. [[Jake Esterline]], Chief of WH/4, the Cuban task force, told the CIA historian [[Jack B. Pfeiffer]] that he went to Guatemala in 1960 "on specific instruction from Bissell and Dulles" to draw up a status-of-forces agreement with President Ydigoras; on November 14, 1960, when Ydigoras asked to borrow part of the Brigade to put down an uprising at Puerto Barrios, Bissell told Pfeiffer in 1975 that he was called at 2:30 in the morning and sent a cable saying "Yes" on his own responsibility because he did not think the decision should be left to the station. His Assistant DDP for Action was [[Tracy Barnes]].[^7]
The agency's post-mortems pitted Bissell's directorate against its Inspector General. The Inspector General's survey of October 1961 was transmitted on November 20, 1961 with a 150-page report and ten recommendations; the Deputy Director, General Cabell, called it deficient in a memorandum of December 15, 1961. An unsigned memorandum to the DCI of December 1, 1961 in the same file listed three factors to which the failure should be charged: the government's lack of recognition of the operation's scale, its failure to plan for using regular U.S. forces, and its unwillingness to commit the resources needed. The DDP's analysis of January 18, 1962 blamed factors outside the agency's control and the failure of the air drops on Cuban reception crews; an agency memorandum of January 26, 1962 replied that it was "preoccupied with interdepartmental policy-making and military strategy" while the survey was concerned with the failure to build internal resistance in Cuba, and that its discussion of Miami activities was inaccurate. The Taylor Committee's conclusion, summarized in an August 15, 1961 memorandum, was that the operation's leaders "did not always present their case with sufficient force and clarity to the senior officers of the government" particularly concerning the cancellation of the D-Day strikes. In his memorandum of February 15, 1962 Dulles wrote that the Inspector General had not requested information from him or from the DDP, that the Brigade had reached the landing area on schedule and with complete surprise, and that the failure to land ammunition and supplies "was due to circumstances beyond the control of the Brigade commander."[^5] The agency's post-mortems pitted Bissell's directorate against its Inspector General. The Inspector General's survey of October 1961 was transmitted on November 20, 1961 with a 150-page report and ten recommendations; the Deputy Director, General Cabell, called it deficient in a memorandum of December 15, 1961. An unsigned memorandum to the DCI of December 1, 1961 in the same file listed three factors to which the failure should be charged: the government's lack of recognition of the operation's scale, its failure to plan for using regular U.S. forces, and its unwillingness to commit the resources needed. The DDP's analysis of January 18, 1962 blamed factors outside the agency's control and the failure of the air drops on Cuban reception crews; an agency memorandum of January 26, 1962 replied that it was "preoccupied with interdepartmental policy-making and military strategy" while the survey was concerned with the failure to build internal resistance in Cuba, and that its discussion of Miami activities was inaccurate. The Taylor Committee's conclusion, summarized in an August 15, 1961 memorandum, was that the operation's leaders "did not always present their case with sufficient force and clarity to the senior officers of the government" particularly concerning the cancellation of the D-Day strikes. In his memorandum of February 15, 1962 Dulles wrote that the Inspector General had not requested information from him or from the DDP, that the Brigade had reached the landing area on schedule and with complete surprise, and that the failure to land ammunition and supplies "was due to circumstances beyond the control of the Brigade commander."[^8]
### Departure ### Departure
The CIA's U-2 history states that the Bay of Pigs "discredited Bissell with the Kennedy administration," that Dulles resigned in November 1961, and that Killian and Land pressed for removing the overhead reconnaissance programs from the DDP into a science-oriented directorate, which Bissell resisted. He resigned on February 17, 1962 after refusing McCone's offer to become the CIA's first Deputy Director for Research, and the new directorate absorbed the Development Projects Division two days later. Helms succeeded him as DDP.[^1][^3] The CIA's U-2 history states that the Bay of Pigs "discredited Bissell with the Kennedy administration," that Dulles resigned in November 1961, and that Killian and Land pressed for removing the overhead reconnaissance programs from the DDP into a science-oriented directorate, which Bissell resisted. He resigned on February 17, 1962 after refusing McCone's offer to become the CIA's first Deputy Director for Research, and the new directorate absorbed the Development Projects Division two days later. Helms succeeded him as DDP.[^1][^2]
### Later life ### Later life
After the CIA he worked at the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] and in industry, and wrote *Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs*, with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo, which Yale University Press published in 1996 after his death on February 7, 1994.[^7] After the CIA he worked at the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] and in industry, and wrote *Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs*, with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo, which Yale University Press published in 1996 after his death on February 7, 1994.[^9]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Pedlow, Gregory W., and Donald E. Welzenbach, *The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974* (CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998), chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10 and biographical glossary, including interviews of Bissell by Welzenbach (November 8, 1984) and Pedlow. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA355539 [^1]: Pedlow, Gregory W., and Donald E. Welzenbach, *The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974* (CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998), chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10 and biographical glossary, including interviews of Bissell by Welzenbach (November 8, 1984) and Pedlow. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA355539
[^2]: Ruffner, Kevin C., ed., *CORONA: America's First Satellite Program* (CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1995), including Kenneth E. Greer, "CORONA," *Studies in Intelligence*, Spring 1973 supplement. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA499635 [^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, 94th Cong., 1st sess. (1975), sections on the Congo and on Cuba, citing Bissell's testimony of June 9, June 11, July 17, July 22 and September 10, 1975, and Scheider, October 7 and 9, 1975. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit. The report states that pseudonyms were used for some individuals.
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, 94th Cong., 1st sess. (1975), sections on the Congo and on Cuba, citing Bissell's testimony of June 9, June 11, July 17, July 22 and September 10, 1975, and Scheider, October 7 and 9, 1975. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit. The report states that pseudonyms were used for some individuals. [^3]: Eisenhower Presidential Library, Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Ford Foundation Series finding aid, series description ("Richard Bissell joined the staff of the Ford Foundation in January 1952 after leaving the Economic Cooperation Administration (later the Mutual Security Agency). After a brief tenure he resigned in 1954."). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/ford-foundation-series.pdf
[^4]: CIA History Staff, *Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation*, Volume II, "Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy" (Jack B. Pfeiffer), citing Oral History Interview, Richard M. Bissell by Jack B. Pfeiffer, October 17, 1975. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001237696 [^4]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), note 8 (Bissell as consultant to the Ford Foundation, left 1954 to become Dulles's special assistant). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^5]: CIA Reading Room: Memorandum from Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick to John McCone, "Survey of the Cuban Operation," November 20, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160016-0); memorandum of December 1, 1961 and C. P. Cabell memorandum of December 15, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160013-3); "The IG's Cuban Survey and the DD/P's Analysis of the Cuban Operation," January 26, 1962 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160009-8); "Taylor Report," August 15, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160002-5); Allen W. Dulles, "The Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation," February 15, 1962 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160008-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900160008-9 [^5]: Ruffner, Kevin C., ed., *CORONA: America's First Satellite Program* (CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1995), including Kenneth E. Greer, "CORONA," *Studies in Intelligence*, Spring 1973 supplement. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA499635
[^6]: Hugh Davies, "Eisenhower 'ordered Congo assassination,'" *The Daily Telegraph* (London), August 7, 1981, CIA-RDP90-00552R000403870002-9; "CIA Secrecy," CIA-RDP90-00965R000705910017-5 (reading room clipping). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403870002-9 [^6]: Hugh Davies, "Eisenhower 'ordered Congo assassination,'" *The Daily Telegraph* (London), August 7, 1981, CIA-RDP90-00552R000403870002-9; "CIA Secrecy," CIA-RDP90-00965R000705910017-5 (reading room clipping). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403870002-9
[^7]: Bissell, Richard M. Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo, *Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs* (Yale University Press, 1996). [^7]: CIA History Staff, *Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation*, Volume II, "Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy" (Jack B. Pfeiffer), citing Oral History Interview, Richard M. Bissell by Jack B. Pfeiffer, October 17, 1975. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001237696
[^8]: CIA Reading Room: Memorandum from Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick to John McCone, "Survey of the Cuban Operation," November 20, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160016-0); memorandum of December 1, 1961 and C. P. Cabell memorandum of December 15, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160013-3); "The IG's Cuban Survey and the DD/P's Analysis of the Cuban Operation," January 26, 1962 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160009-8); "Taylor Report," August 15, 1961 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160002-5); Allen W. Dulles, "The Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation," February 15, 1962 (CIA-RDP80B01676R001900160008-9). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900160008-9
[^9]: Bissell, Richard M. Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo, *Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs* (Yale University Press, 1996).

37
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Sabine Dardenne.md
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@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
---
category: "Victims & Witnesses"
tags:
- BelgiumScandals
- Person
- Belgium
- Dutroux
summary: "Twelve-year-old from the Tournai area abducted by Marc Dutroux on May 27, 1996, and freed from his Marcinelle cellar with Laetitia Delhez on August 15, 1996."
born: 1983-10-28
location: "Tournai, Belgium"
relations:
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Marc Dutroux]]"
role: "abducted May 27, 1996; freed August 15, 1996"
start: 1996-05-27
end: 1996-08-15
fn: 2
created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22
---
Sabine Dardenne, aged twelve, was abducted on May 27, 1996, on her way to school, and was freed on August 15, 1996.[^1][^2] The investigation cell set up for her disappearance at Tournai was staffed by the gendarmerie. Information on [[Marc Dutroux]] held by the missing-persons unit reached it only after a fax of June 20, 1996, from the General Police Support Service (SGAP); the missing-persons unit told a coordination meeting on June 26 that Dutroux was the subject of an investigation, including surveillance, by the Charleroi criminal investigation brigade that had so far been negative. Assuming that Charleroi was following Dutroux closely, the investigating judge and the cell did not contact the Charleroi gendarmerie, and did not learn that the surveillance had long since ended. The commission found the investigation "essentially passive" and limited to its own district.[^2]
After a witness at Bertrix gave three digits of a license plate following the abduction of [[Laetitia Delhez]] on August 9, Dutroux, his wife [[Michelle Martin]] and [[Michel Lelievre]] were arrested at about five in the afternoon on August 12, 1996. A search of the house on August 13 with tracker dogs found nothing; on August 15 Dutroux confessed, and on his directions Sabine and Laetitia were found alive in the concealed cell in the cellar of his house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]].[^2]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of her abduction, sequestration and rape, and Lelièvre, who did not deny it, of her abduction and sequestration; Martin was convicted of her sequestration. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] was acquitted of the charges relating to the abductions.[^3][^4]
### The Abduction and the Cellar
The cell in which she was held was the one in which [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] had been held. The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lelièvre blocked her path on her bicycle near a factory while Dutroux seized her and forced her into a van, using chloroform; that the cell had been built in 1993 with the labor of [[Claude Thirault]] and hidden behind shelving; that Dutroux conditioned her with drugs and hypnosis into dependence on him, told her she was being held for ransom, and was embraced by her when they were found; that more than twenty calls passed between Dutroux and Nihoul around the abductions; and that at the trial she testified to the manipulation she had undergone and to the roles of Martin and Lelièvre.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its dates for the abduction (May 26, 1996) and for Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) are contradicted by the commission's report; its placing of the abduction at Farciennes is not supported by the report, which records the investigation as run from Tournai. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 86-88 and the chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011

8
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Sidney Cooke.md
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@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ Sidney Cooke led a gang of murderous pedophiles known as the "Dirty Dozen" who w
### Criminal Activities and Investigations ### Criminal Activities and Investigations
Scotland Yard investigated the possibility that Sidney Cooke and his gang had produced films of the deaths of boys during orgies held at a flat in east London. This investigation was closely linked to the murder of Jason Swift. The inquiry was launched after a British man arrested in [[Amsterdam]] in 1989 claimed such a film existed, and Scotland Yard suspected nine other kids were murdered in this way. During the 1980s, Scotland Yard conducted an investigation into Sidney Cooke called "Operation Orchid." During this investigation, it was learned that one of Cooke's accomplices, Lennie Smith, had been a rent boy in the West End thought to have been linked to the [[Elm Guest House]].[^1] S. Dovey wrote that Scotland Yard investigated the possibility that Sidney Cooke and his gang had produced films of the deaths of boys during orgies held at a flat in east London. This investigation was closely linked to the murder of Jason Swift. The inquiry was launched after a British man arrested in [[Amsterdam]] in 1989 claimed such a film existed, and Scotland Yard suspected nine other kids were murdered in this way. During the 1980s, Scotland Yard conducted an investigation into Sidney Cooke called "Operation Orchid." During this investigation, it was learned that one of Cooke's accomplices, Lennie Smith, had been a rent boy in the West End thought to have been linked to the [[Elm Guest House]].[^1]
When detectives checked the original case files in 2014 to see if any further links between Cooke's gang and the Elm Guest House had been discovered, they found the files pertaining to that aspect of the investigation were missing. The Operation Orchid files weren't the only ones to go missing. It was also learned that the dossier [[Geoffrey Dickens]] handed over to [[Leon Brittan]] in 1983 had since been either lost or destroyed by the Home Office. Because [[Leon Brittan]] had been the minister in charge of overseeing domestic intelligence agencies at that time, it was soon suspected that past investigations into an alleged VIP pedophile ring had been covered-up by MI5. In 2014, detectives re-examining the case of [[Vishal Mehrotra]] learned that Cooke's gang had been looked at as suspects in the murder.[^1] When detectives checked the original case files in 2014 to see if any further links between Cooke's gang and the Elm Guest House had been discovered, they found the files pertaining to that aspect of the investigation were missing. The Operation Orchid files weren't the only ones to go missing. It was also learned that the dossier [[Geoffrey Dickens]] handed over to [[Leon Brittan]] in 1983 had since been either lost or destroyed by the Home Office. Because Leon Brittan had been the minister in charge of overseeing domestic intelligence agencies at that time, it was soon suspected that past investigations into an alleged VIP pedophile ring had been covered-up by MI5. In 2014, detectives re-examining the case of [[Vishal Mehrotra]] learned that Cooke's gang had been looked at as suspects in the murder.[^1]
### VIP Network and International Connections ### VIP Network and International Connections
According to research by Kevin Allen, there had been a private chauffeur company used by the Australian High Commission to hire stand-in drivers on occasion. This company had a number of convicted pedophiles on its payroll, including at one time Sidney Cooke, whose gang the "[[Dirty Dozen]]" would later be convicted and jailed for the torture and murder of three young boys in the 80s. Cooke and his pedophile cohort were understood to be some of the drivers who would pick up young care-home boys and rent boys in expensive cars and deliver them to organized orgies in Barnes, Pimlico and Kensington. Cooke was employed by the same chauffeur company that was investigated after the 1979 disappearance of [[Martin Allen]], the son of the personal chauffeur to the Australian High Commissioner.[^1] According to research by Kevin Allen, there had been a private chauffeur company used by the Australian High Commission to hire stand-in drivers on occasion. This company had a number of convicted pedophiles on its payroll, including at one time Sidney Cooke, whose gang the "[[Dirty Dozen]]" would later be convicted and jailed for the torture and murder of three young boys in the 80s. Cooke and his pedophile cohort were understood to be some of the drivers who would pick up young care-home boys and rent boys in expensive cars and deliver them to organized orgies in Barnes, Pimlico and Kensington. Cooke was employed by the same chauffeur company that was investigated after the 1979 disappearance of [[Martin Allen]], the son of the personal chauffeur to the Australian High Commissioner.[^1]
The investigation into Cooke's suspected snuff films later became a joint-investigation with Dutch authorities in 1992 and 1993, targeting British foreign nationals in Amsterdam. This coincided with other international child pornography investigations involving [[Francis Shelden]] and other British nationals. The international scope of Cooke's activities connects to broader child trafficking networks operating between the UK and European child sex hotspots like [[Amsterdam]], where other pedophiles such as [[Warwick Spinks]] were known to operate. [^1] Dovey wrote that the investigation into Cooke's suspected snuff films later became a joint investigation with Dutch authorities, targeting British nationals in Amsterdam. This coincided with other international child pornography investigations involving [[Francis Shelden]] and other British nationals. The international scope of Cooke's activities connects to broader child trafficking networks operating between the UK and European child sex hotspots like Amsterdam, where other pedophiles such as [[Warwick Spinks]] were known to operate. [^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.

18
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md
View file

@ -10,19 +10,31 @@ summary: "Brzezinski dismissed suggestions from Prime Minister Begin that the U.
born: 1928-03-28 born: 1928-03-28
died: 2017-05-26 died: 2017-05-26
location: "Warsaw, Poland" location: "Warsaw, Poland"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "national security adviser during the White House response to the Vela event"
start: 1979-09-22
end: 1980-12-01
fn: 4
--- ---
[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval.
### Iran Policy ### Iran Policy
Brzezinski dismissed suggestions from [[Menachem Begin|Prime Minister Begin]] that the [[United States|U.S.]] should support [[Mehdi Bazargan|Mehdi Bazargan's]] government in [[Iran]] against the growing [[Iraq|Iraqi]] threat. Instead, Brzezinski and the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration believed [[Iran]] should be allowed to disintegrate until a [[United States|U.S.]]-supported leader emerged.[^1] Brzezinski dismissed suggestions from [[Menachem Begin|Prime Minister Begin]] that the U.S. should support [[Mehdi Bazargan|Mehdi Bazargan's]] government in [[Iran]] against the growing [[Iraq|Iraqi]] threat. Instead, Brzezinski and the Carter administration believed Iran should be allowed to disintegrate until a U.S.-supported leader emerged.[^1]
### VELA Satellite Nuclear Incident ### VELA Satellite Nuclear Incident
On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light over the South Indian Ocean, probable evidence of a nuclear explosion. This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, was reported to Brzezinski and President [[Jimmy Carter]]. [[Gerald G. Oplinger]], Brzezinski's aide for global issues, recalled that Brzezinski was present at an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion. Brzezinski had little to say during this meeting.[^2] On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light from a region of about 3,000 miles in diameter that included the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the southern tip of Africa and part of Antarctica. The signal was a double flash of the kind associated with a nuclear explosion; a presidential science panel later judged it probably not nuclear.[^2] This event, suspected to be a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, was reported to Brzezinski and President Jimmy Carter. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that [[Gerald G. Oplinger]], Brzezinski's aide for global issues, recalled that Brzezinski was present at an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion, and that Brzezinski had little to say during this meeting.[^3] The summary of conclusions of the mini-Special Coordination Committee meeting held in the Situation Room on September 22, 1979 lists [[Henry Owen]] (chairman), William E. Odom, Jerry Schecter and Gerald Funk for the National Security Council. Owen "summed up the evidence as follows: Strong positive evidence. No negative evidence." The summary records that the meeting began with an intelligence briefing.[^4]
In September 1977 Brzezinski wrote to the secretary of state that, in response to Ambassador [[Samuel Lewis]]' cable from [[Tel Aviv]], the president "stated that it is obvious that past cooperation is excluded, and that we shouldn't push it any more for now." [[Gerard C. Smith]] replied on September 17, 1977 that the response was confined to the present and that "we could find it difficult to explain why we had accepted so reserved a response."[^5]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^2]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm ; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 362, September 23, 1979 ("south Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean, southern Africa, or Antarctica"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d362
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 361. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d361
[^5]: Brzezinski, Zbigniew, memorandum to the Secretary of State, "Possible Israeli-South African Nuclear Connection," September 13, 1977, Secret, and Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to Brzezinski, September 17, 1977. Documents 2 and 3 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test

74
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bernie Houghton.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
---
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- NuganHandBank
- SaudiArabia
- Sydney
aliases:
- Bernie Houghton
- Maurice Bernard Houghton
- Maurice Houghton
- Maurice Bernard "Bernie" Houghton
summary: "Bernie Houghton, an American bar owner in Sydney, was described as the mystery man behind Nugan Hand Bank's Saudi Arabian operations and denied to Australian investigators in 1981 any CIA or drug involvement."
born: 1920-07-25
died: 2000-07-22
location: "Sydney, Australia"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
role: Saudi Arabian operations, according to The Bulletin
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Bourbon and Beefsteak]]"
start: 1967
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Parkes Development]]"
role: real estate salesman
start: 1967
fn: 1
---
Bernie Houghton (Maurice Bernard Houghton, born July 25, 1920, in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], died July 22, 2000, in [[Sydney]]) was an American businessman and bar owner in Sydney whom [[The Bulletin]] described in June 1984 as "the mystery man behind Nugan Hand's Saudi Arabian operations." The Task Force interviewed him in [[Acapulco]], Mexico, in June 1981.[^1][^2]
### Early life and Sydney
Houghton's account to [[Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking|Task Force]] investigators, as reproduced by The Bulletin, gives his background. He was born in Texas in 1920, lived in various cities in the south-western United States where his father worked as an oil driller, and attended [[Southern Methodist University]] when the United States entered the Second World War. He enlisted in the [[United States Air Force]] cadet training program and was discharged in 1946. He went into business in restaurants, clubs, surplus war material and miscellaneous ventures, went to [[Vietnam]] early in the 1960s, where he worked for a construction material expediter, and came to Sydney in January 1967. He worked for [[Parkes Development]] as a real estate salesman and opened the [[Bourbon and Beefsteak]] bar in [[Kings Cross]] in November 1967.[^1]
Houghton and [[Michael Hand]], an American from New York, met socially in 1967 and lived near each other in Kings Cross. Houghton said he had heard of Hand's combat record in Vietnam as early as 1964, and that he had a "Sergeant York image" of Hand.[^1] [[Jonathan Kwitny]] wrote that Houghton arrived in Australia eight months before Hand, that he was one of the first people Hand met there, and that he "may well have introduced Hand to Nugan."[^3]
### Nugan Hand operations
In October 1978 Hand asked Houghton to go to [[Germany]] to review an investment the bank had made there. Houghton said that he told Hand that he neither spoke German nor knew the banking business, and that Hand replied that Houghton's logic and judgment were what he wanted. Houghton then went to [[Hamburg]] for ten days with expenses paid by Hand.[^1] On his return he stopped in the United States and visited [[Earl P. Yates|Admiral Yates]], who encouraged him to join the organisation. The Bulletin added that Yates, a retired Navy rear admiral, joined Nugan Hand International in 1977 and was the first president of the company.[^1] Houghton told investigators that Hand was looking for senior executives to manage the various banks, and that Hand became aware that Yates was looking for a change of position and hired him after the two met. Houghton said Yates was "instrumental in the hiring of other senior retired military officers."[^1] Kwitny wrote that by most accounts Houghton recruited Yates into the Nugan Hand job.[^3]
Houghton said he went to Texas, learned of the potential for business in [[Saudi Arabia]], discussed it with Hand in [[Singapore]], and set up the Saudi operation after Hand assured him the company was financially strong. He said he agreed to a full-time appointment only after Hand agreed that he would not work for [[Frank Nugan]], and that he worked for the Nugan Hand Bank of the [[Cayman Islands]]. Certificates of deposit issued in Saudi Arabia were pre-signed by Hand, George Shaw or Steve Hill, whom the Bulletin described as directors of the bank in Sydney, and copies were forwarded to the Singapore office. The Bulletin reported that Houghton described how $4 million or $5 million deposited in Saudi Arabia was converted into $1,000 traveller's cheques and taken to Singapore.[^1] Houghton said that on about April 12, 1980 the bank's Jeddah office learned from a Saudi newspaper that the Hong Kong company had been put into receivership, that he was in [[Washington, D.C.]] when the Alkhobar manager telephoned him, and that the staff left the country.[^1]
[[Neil Evans]], a former bank executive, told the Task Force that Houghton was the CIA's top man in Australia, that Hand had said Houghton was involved in distributing drugs through his retail outlets, and that an account at [[Irving Trust]] in New York was a link between the CIA and the bank. Houghton denied each allegation. He said he had never been an employee of the CIA, and that he had never heard or seen evidence that the Irving Trust account was used for any clandestine purpose.[^1]
### Edwin Wilson and the Geneva office
[[The Nation]] reported in March 1984 that the Task Force's fourth volume described [[Edwin Wilson]] and "Maurice Houghton, an official of Nugan Hand," as having a series of meetings at the end of which Wilson placed Nugan Hand's order for 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons.[^4] [[Keith Schneider]] of the [[New York Times]] wrote in March 1987 that the report said that on the day Nugan's body was discovered Houghton arrived at Wilson's office in [[Geneva]], and that according to an unidentified witness Houghton left a travel case at the office and departed. According to the report as Schneider described it, in April [[Tom Clines]] and [[Rafael Quintero]] arrived at the office, the bag was opened in the presence of all, they studied the documents inside and removed one, and during the search [[Richard Secord]]'s name was mentioned and Clines said: "We've got to keep Dick's name out of this."[^5] Kwitny wrote that the circles Houghton moved in included Secord, [[Heinie Aderholt]], Wilson and Clines.[^3]
### Nugan's death and the records
Kwitny wrote that after Nugan's death Hand returned to Sydney by way of the United States, was joined by Yates, and that Houghton met Hand and Yates at the airport and joined them, with Hill and Shaw, at the Nugan Hand offices.[^3] A Sydney butcher who worked on and off as manager of the Bourbon and Beefsteak told the Task Force that in late February 1980 he met Houghton and Shaw on the eighth floor of the bank's headquarters before moving records from an office in the [[AMP Centre]], that on one occasion Houghton went to the flat where the records were stored and asked an employee to kick in the back door to gain access, and that Hand later told him it would be better to give the same evidence as Hand "rather than involve George Shaw, Bernie Houghton and Barry Target."[^1]
The Bulletin reported that Houghton left Australia in June 1980, two weeks after Hand's disappearance.[^1]
### Task Force interview, 1981
Task Force investigators [[Kevin Woods]] and Bob Gray met Houghton and his [[San Francisco]] lawyer at Houghton's suite at the [[Princess Hotel]] in Acapulco on June 9, 1981, for a four-day interview.[^1] Houghton said that he left Australia in June 1980 "to take care of commercial commitments," and that "I left the country legally and openly." He said Hand telephoned him in the United States in March 1981, and that Hand was "lonesome, full of guilt and asking for forgiveness for having embroiled me in his problems."[^1] Houghton "absolutely denied" that the bank was operating on behalf of the CIA or as a drug-runner, according to the Bulletin's commentary on the interview.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Stannard, Bruce. "Nugan Hand from the Inside." The Bulletin (Sydney), June 5, 1984, pp. 22-27, with Sykes, Trevor, "Unsafe as a bank could possibly be," p. 27, reproducing the Task Force interviews of Maurice Bernard Houghton (June 9, 1981) and Robert Wallace Gehring (May 29, 1981); reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Part 1. https://archive.org/details/Nugan-Hand
[^2]: "Houghton, Maurice Bernard (Bernie) (1920-2000)." People Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/houghton-maurice-bernard-bernie-34666
[^3]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987 (Touchstone edition, 1988, pp. 37-39, 55).
[^4]: "Dispatches: Australia: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1
[^5]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7

19
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md
View file

@ -7,16 +7,25 @@ tags:
- Stargate - Stargate
- Nuclear - Nuclear
- Israel - Israel
summary: "Acting director of defense programs at the Department of Energy who directed the Nuclear Intelligence Panel study of the 1979 Vela satellite flash, concluding it was a nuclear bomb." summary: "Acting director of defense programs at the Department of Energy, identified by Hersh, Richelson and Weiss as head of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the 1979 Vela satellite flash."
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "identified by Richelson and Weiss as head of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the event"
start: 1980-02-11
end: 1980-02-14
fn: 1
--- ---
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. He directed the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) study into the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting. Kerr stated that the NIP had no doubt it was a nuclear bomb and believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^1] Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], Jeffrey Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3]
### Sun Streak ### Sun Streak
Donald M. Kerr was the director of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]]. He was a member of the new science panel for the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] program, which was established on January 31, 1986[^2]. Donald M. Kerr was the director of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]]. He was a member of the new science panel for the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] program, which was established on January 31, 1986[^4].
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Judgments of the DCI's Nuclear Intelligence Panel on the 22 September 1979 Event," February 14, 1980, Secret. Document 6 in Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, whose narrative names Kerr as chairman. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/06.pdf
[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^2]: Weiss, Leonard. "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.

7
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/G. Gordon Liddy.md
View file

@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ relations:
reverse: true reverse: true
fn: 2 fn: 2
created: 2026-10-01 created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
George Gordon Battle Liddy (November 30, 1930 to March 30, 2021) was a former agent of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], a prosecutor in [[Dutchess County, New York]], an official of the [[Department of the Treasury]] and a member of the [[White House]] "[[White House Plumbers|Plumbers]]" unit. As general counsel and then finance committee counsel of the [[Committee to Re-elect the President]] he presented the intelligence plan known as Gemstone, and on January 30, 1973 he was convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping offenses arising from the [[Watergate]] break-in; in 1974 he was also convicted for the 1971 burglary of the office of the psychiatrist of [[Daniel Ellsberg]]. [[Jimmy Carter]] commuted his sentence on April 12, 1977.[^1][^2][^3] He died on March 30, 2021.[^4] George Gordon Battle Liddy (November 30, 1930 to March 30, 2021) was a former agent of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], a prosecutor in [[Dutchess County, New York]], an official of the [[Department of the Treasury]] and a member of the [[White House]] "[[White House Plumbers|Plumbers]]" unit. As general counsel and then finance committee counsel of the [[Committee to Re-elect the President]] he presented the intelligence plan known as Gemstone, and on January 30, 1973 he was convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping offenses arising from the [[Watergate]] break-in; in 1974 he was also convicted for the 1971 burglary of the office of the psychiatrist of [[Daniel Ellsberg]]. [[Jimmy Carter]] commuted his sentence on April 12, 1977.[^1][^2][^3] He died on March 30, 2021.[^4]
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Edward Jay Epstein wrote in 1977 that Liddy graduated from [[Fordham University
Epstein wrote that Liddy sought the Republican nomination for district attorney of Dutchess County in June 1968 and lost a party caucus, 25 to 4, then challenged Representative [[Hamilton Fish Jr.]] for the Republican congressional nomination and lost the primary by a few thousand votes, took the [[Conservative Party of New York State|New York Conservative Party]] line, and withdrew after [[Gerald R. Ford]], then House Republican leader, came to Poughkeepsie and arranged for Liddy to endorse Fish in return for a promise of a position in the Nixon administration. Epstein gave this account without attribution to a named participant.[^5] In 1969, Epstein wrote, Liddy became a special assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury under [[Eugene Rossides|Eugene T. Rossides]], who supervised the department's law enforcement bureaus, and Liddy was assigned to Task Force Number One, a joint [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] and Treasury task force on narcotics smuggling. Epstein wrote that Rossides feared Attorney General [[John Mitchell]] would use the task force to enlarge the Justice Department's domain at the expense of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Bureau]] and that Liddy was assigned to protect Treasury's interests.[^5] Epstein wrote that Liddy sought the Republican nomination for district attorney of Dutchess County in June 1968 and lost a party caucus, 25 to 4, then challenged Representative [[Hamilton Fish Jr.]] for the Republican congressional nomination and lost the primary by a few thousand votes, took the [[Conservative Party of New York State|New York Conservative Party]] line, and withdrew after [[Gerald R. Ford]], then House Republican leader, came to Poughkeepsie and arranged for Liddy to endorse Fish in return for a promise of a position in the Nixon administration. Epstein gave this account without attribution to a named participant.[^5] In 1969, Epstein wrote, Liddy became a special assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury under [[Eugene Rossides|Eugene T. Rossides]], who supervised the department's law enforcement bureaus, and Liddy was assigned to Task Force Number One, a joint [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] and Treasury task force on narcotics smuggling. Epstein wrote that Rossides feared Attorney General [[John Mitchell]] would use the task force to enlarge the Justice Department's domain at the expense of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Bureau]] and that Liddy was assigned to protect Treasury's interests.[^5]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] record, prepared in answer to the question whether the agency had any other dealings with Liddy while he was in Treasury or at the White House, states that in December 1969 security action was initiated to grant Liddy a number of agency clearances in connection with his Treasury employment, at which time he was listed as a member of the Presidential Task Force reporting on narcotics, marijuana and dangerous drugs; that in August 1971 he was briefed on several additional sensitive programs in connection with his assignment to the White House staff; that memoranda prepared in 1971 (the catalog text is partly illegible) indicated he was working with [[David R. Young]] on the investigation of leaks of classified information to the news media; and that he was debriefed from these special clearances on February 22, 1972. The record concludes that "Mr. Liddy held Agency clearances because of his White House duties, but he was not utilized by CIA."[^7] A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] record, prepared in answer to the question whether the agency had any other dealings with Liddy while he was in Treasury or at the White House, states that in December 1969 security action was initiated to grant Liddy a number of agency clearances in connection with his Treasury employment, at which time he was listed as a member of the Presidential Task Force reporting on narcotics, marijuana and dangerous drugs; that in August 1971 he was briefed on several additional sensitive programs in connection with his assignment to the White House staff; that memoranda prepared in 1971 indicated he was working with [[David R. Young]] on the investigation of leaks of classified information to the news media; and that he was debriefed from these special clearances on February 22, 1972. The record concludes that "Mr. Liddy held Agency clearances because of his White House duties, but he was not utilized by CIA."[^7]
On July 26, 1973 Henry S. Ruth, Deputy Special Prosecutor of the [[Watergate Special Prosecution Force]], wrote to John S. Warner, the CIA's Acting General Counsel, about questions arising in the investigation of [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] and "the persons who were employed by Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, and Bernard Barker." The letter asked whether the CIA had employed or been associated with Felipe de Diego, Pablo Fernandez, Angelo Ferrer, Hiram Gonzalez, Humberto Lopez and [[Hal Hendrix]]; whether it knew of intelligence or undercover activities by ITT against the Chilean government in the [[United States]]; whether it knew of arrangements between ITT and the [[Robert R. Mullen Company|Mullen Company]]; whether it had any working relationship with the ITT Public Relations Office at 495 Biltmore Way, [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], Florida; and whether it was aware "of any intelligence or undercover activities performed by Howard Hunt and/or Gordon Liddy for ITT." Warner forwarded the letter on August 3, 1973 to Bill Nelson with a note that it should be cross-checked with the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]]. The reply of the CIA's Cover and Commercial Staff dated August 7, 1973, which describes the letter as dated July 29, responds to the third and fourth questions only, stating that the staff had never discussed with the Mullen Company any association with ITT, that the Mullen file contained two brochures listing no ITT among its clients, and that the staff had no relationship with or information about the Coral Gables office; the released document does not address the fifth question.[^8][^9] On July 26, 1973 Henry S. Ruth, Deputy Special Prosecutor of the [[Watergate Special Prosecution Force]], wrote to John S. Warner, the CIA's Acting General Counsel, about questions arising in the investigation of [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] and "the persons who were employed by Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, and Bernard Barker." The letter asked whether the CIA had employed or been associated with Felipe de Diego, Pablo Fernandez, Angelo Ferrer, Hiram Gonzalez, Humberto Lopez and [[Hal Hendrix]]; whether it knew of intelligence or undercover activities by ITT against the Chilean government in the [[United States]]; whether it knew of arrangements between ITT and the [[Robert R. Mullen Company|Mullen Company]]; whether it had any working relationship with the ITT Public Relations Office at 495 Biltmore Way, [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], Florida; and whether it was aware "of any intelligence or undercover activities performed by Howard Hunt and/or Gordon Liddy for ITT." Warner forwarded the letter on August 3, 1973 to Bill Nelson with a note that it should be cross-checked with the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]]. The reply of the CIA's Cover and Commercial Staff dated August 7, 1973, which describes the letter as dated July 29, responds to the third and fourth questions only, stating that the staff had never discussed with the Mullen Company any association with ITT, that the Mullen file contained two brochures listing no ITT among its clients, and that the staff had no relationship with or information about the Coral Gables office; the released document does not address the fifth question.[^8][^9]
@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ The *New York Times* reported on April 14, 1980, summarizing excerpts from *Will
The New York *Daily News* reported on April 18, 1980 that Liddy said on two network television programs that Anderson was "a pain in the butt" to the Nixon White House and that assassinating him would have been "justifiable homicide," that he had made the recommendation at a White House meeting at which Hunt first suggested drugging Anderson with LSD, and that Anderson's columns had compromised an intelligence agent who was unmasked, tortured and killed. Anderson, meeting Liddy on the program, said that neither Liddy nor anyone else could name a CIA agent tortured or killed as a result of his columns: "It never happened." Liddy answered that he had not said CIA agent. Hunt declined to appear on the second program; the report stated that Hunt said he never discussed with Liddy a need to kill Anderson, that they considered how to discredit Anderson with LSD, and that they dropped the matter when a retired CIA doctor said attempts of that kind overseas had been unsuccessful.[^40] The New York *Daily News* reported on April 18, 1980 that Liddy said on two network television programs that Anderson was "a pain in the butt" to the Nixon White House and that assassinating him would have been "justifiable homicide," that he had made the recommendation at a White House meeting at which Hunt first suggested drugging Anderson with LSD, and that Anderson's columns had compromised an intelligence agent who was unmasked, tortured and killed. Anderson, meeting Liddy on the program, said that neither Liddy nor anyone else could name a CIA agent tortured or killed as a result of his columns: "It never happened." Liddy answered that he had not said CIA agent. Hunt declined to appear on the second program; the report stated that Hunt said he never discussed with Liddy a need to kill Anderson, that they considered how to discredit Anderson with LSD, and that they dropped the matter when a retired CIA doctor said attempts of that kind overseas had been unsuccessful.[^40]
In an interview recorded for [[Mark Feldstein]]'s 2010 book *Poisoning the Press*, Hunt said before his death that [[Charles Colson]] had ordered him and Liddy to examine Anderson's home from the outside for vulnerabilities, and that Liddy had an idea involving poison wiped on a man's wrist.[^41] Colson's spokeswoman told NBC that Colson "believes everyone has debunked this story a long time ago and he has nothing to add to it."[^41] Feldstein's book also describes a lunch in March 1972 at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]] with a recently retired CIA poison specialist.[^41]
United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Today* that he would have killed Anderson and Hunt if ordered to do so, that the decision had to be taken "from a much higher level than I was," that he had been ordered to discuss the Anderson problem with "[[Edward Gunn|Dr. Edward Gunn]] of the CIA," whom he described as "the CIA's assassination expert," and that "it was not until an Anderson column caused the death of one of our intelligence people posted abroad that that thought was even entertained." The report added that published reports in 1975 had said that a senior official in the Nixon White House ordered Anderson killed and the death made to look accidental.[^38] United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Today* that he would have killed Anderson and Hunt if ordered to do so, that the decision had to be taken "from a much higher level than I was," that he had been ordered to discuss the Anderson problem with "[[Edward Gunn|Dr. Edward Gunn]] of the CIA," whom he described as "the CIA's assassination expert," and that "it was not until an Anderson column caused the death of one of our intelligence people posted abroad that that thought was even entertained." The report added that published reports in 1975 had said that a senior official in the Nixon White House ordered Anderson killed and the death made to look accidental.[^38]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -179,3 +181,4 @@ United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Tod
[^38]: "Liddy Says He Would Have Killed If Ordered," United Press International, October 31, 1986, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710003-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710003-5 [^38]: "Liddy Says He Would Have Killed If Ordered," United Press International, October 31, 1986, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710003-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710003-5
[^39]: Eddie Scarry, "G. Gordon Liddy Ends 20-year Radio Run," *Adweek*, September 20, 2012. https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/gordon-liddy-retirement-marsha-blackburn/ [^39]: Eddie Scarry, "G. Gordon Liddy Ends 20-year Radio Run," *Adweek*, September 20, 2012. https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/gordon-liddy-retirement-marsha-blackburn/
[^40]: Thomas Raftery and Donald Singleton, "Liddy: Murder Was Rx for Our Pain in Papers," *New York Daily News*, April 18, 1980, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710019-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710019-8 [^40]: Thomas Raftery and Donald Singleton, "Liddy: Murder Was Rx for Our Pain in Papers," *New York Daily News*, April 18, 1980, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710019-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710019-8
[^41]: Michael Isikoff, "Nixon plot against newspaper columnist detailed," NBC News, September 13, 2010, reporting on Mark Feldstein, *Poisoning the Press* (2010), and on an interview with Howard Hunt provided to NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39157420

15
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry Hans Holthuis.md
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@ -7,16 +7,19 @@ tags:
summary: "Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, holding a position of significant authority within the Netherlands' judicial system." summary: "Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, holding a position of significant authority within the Netherlands' judicial system."
--- ---
Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, holding a position of significant authority within the Netherlands' judicial system. As a district attorney, Holthuis possessed substantial legal power and responsibility for prosecuting criminal cases, making his involvement in illicit activities particularly concerning given his role in upholding and enforcing Dutch law. His position placed him within the upper echelons of the Dutch legal establishment, where he would have had access to sensitive information, influence over legal proceedings, and the ability to shape investigative priorities within his jurisdiction.[^1] Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, with responsibility for prosecuting criminal cases within the Netherlands' judicial system.[^1]
### Rolodex Affair and Bell Boys Investigation ### Rolodex Affair and Bell Boys Investigation
Henry Hans Holthuis became embroiled in the [[Rolodex Investigation]] investigation of 1997-98, which exposed a sophisticated callboy service catering to Dutch justice officials and other influential figures. The investigation centered on the [[Bell Boys]] service operated by [[Karel Maasdam]] (alias 'Alex Privee'), which provided underage boys to high-profile clients throughout the Dutch establishment. Holthuis's private number was discovered in the rolodex of [[Professor Der Van Roon]] from the University of Amsterdam, who served as a reputable go-between for clients of Maasdam's service, facilitating connections between the prostitution operation and its elite clientele.[^1] Former detective [[Leendert de Koter]] testified on March 5, 2014 before an examining magistrate in Utrecht that the [[Rijksrecherche]] supplied the names of [[Joris Demmink]] and of three chief prosecutors, which he gave as [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]], Henry Hans Holthuis and [[Wooldrik]], and that the suspicion against the four was repeated sexual abuse of minors. He did not elaborate on the prosecutors.[^2][^3] The Dutch government's summary of the [[Rolodex Investigation]] records that a witness named two chief prosecutors, not named in the summary, as having appeared on a rolodex of a brothel owner; that the rolodex was never found; and that the College of Procurators-General concluded in March and May 1999 that the two could not be regarded as suspects.[^4] The March 2014 ministerial letter gives August 1998 as the start of the Rolodex probe.[^5]
The investigation revealed that Professor Van Roon frequented the [[Festival Bar]], a boy brothel in Amsterdam, and maintained detailed records of his clients in his rolodex, which was provided to police by an informant. Alongside Holthuis, the rolodex contained the private numbers of at least two other Dutch district attorneys: [[Henk Wooldrik]] and [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]]. This discovery made clear that multiple high-ranking justice officials were simultaneously involved in patronizing child prostitution services while holding positions responsible for prosecuting such crimes.[^1] S. Dovey wrote that a rolodex held the private numbers of three district attorneys including Holthuis, Henk Wooldrik and Wabeke, and that the rolodex belonged to a university professor who served as an intermediary for clients of [[Karel Maasdam]]'s [[Bell Boys]] service, with Holthuis's number among those in it. Dovey also wrote that a man Dovey describes as Maasdam's bookkeeper told the Dutch current-affairs programme EenVandaag that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently supplied boys to Demmink and Holthuis.[^6]
According to information provided to the Dutch current affairs program EenVandaag by an alleged bookkeeper of Karel Maasdam named [[Richard Carl-Samson]], [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently pimped boys to both [[Joris Demmink]] and Henry Hans Holthuis. This connection directly linked Holthuis to one of the most notorious international child traffickers operating in Europe during the 1990s. Warwick Spinks, a British national who operated from Amsterdam, was known for his extensive involvement in child prostitution, pornography production, and trafficking across European borders, making his association with a sitting Dutch district attorney particularly alarming.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: NOS, "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^3]: "Oud-hoofdofficier justitie Jan Wolter Wabeke uit Best genoemd in zedenzaak Joris Demmink," Omroep Brabant, March 5, 2014. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/1720283/oud-hoofdofficier-justitie-jan-wolter-wabeke-uit-best-genoemd-in-zedenzaak-joris-demmink
[^4]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh
[^5]: Tweede Kamer, Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116, letter of March 27, 2014. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20140327/brief_regering/document3/f=/vjifeja4nlzk.pdf
[^6]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.

138
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John J. McCloy.md
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@ -76,9 +76,10 @@ relations:
fn: 16 fn: 16
- type: director_of - type: director_of
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]" with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
end: 1965 start: 1959
role: "chairman of the board of trustees" end: 1965-12
fn: 22 role: "chairman of the board of trustees (trustee from 1953)"
fn: 26
- type: head_of - type: head_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]" with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1953 start: 1953
@ -112,36 +113,36 @@ relations:
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[ExxonMobil]]" with: "[[ExxonMobil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Mobil]]" with: "[[Mobil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Gulf Oil]]" with: "[[Gulf Oil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Texaco]]" with: "[[Texaco]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Standard Oil of California]]" with: "[[Standard Oil of California]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[BP]]" with: "[[BP]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Royal Dutch Shell]]" with: "[[Royal Dutch Shell]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies" role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29 fn: 30
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[Libyan Producers Agreement]]" with: "[[Libyan Producers Agreement]]"
start: 1971-01 start: 1971-01
role: "counsel to whom the Business Review letters were addressed" role: "counsel to whom the Business Review letters were addressed"
fn: 34 fn: 35
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]" with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]"
start: 1962-10 start: 1962-10
@ -152,9 +153,9 @@ relations:
with: "[[Warren Commission]]" with: "[[Warren Commission]]"
start: 1963-11-29 start: 1963-11-29
role: "commissioner" role: "commissioner"
fn: 50 fn: 51
created: 2026-10-01 created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
John Jay McCloy (born in [[Philadelphia]] on March 31, 1895; died in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], on March 11, 1989) was an American lawyer, banker and government official. He served as Assistant Secretary of War, president of the [[World Bank]], U.S. Military Governor and High Commissioner for [[Germany]], chairman of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], counsel to the major international oil companies, chairman of the [[General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament]] and a member of the [[Warren Commission]]. [[Amherst College]], which holds his papers, records his name at birth as John McCloy, with "Snader" used as a middle name in college records until about 1935 and "Jay" thereafter.[^1] John Jay McCloy (born in [[Philadelphia]] on March 31, 1895; died in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], on March 11, 1989) was an American lawyer, banker and government official. He served as Assistant Secretary of War, president of the [[World Bank]], U.S. Military Governor and High Commissioner for [[Germany]], chairman of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], counsel to the major international oil companies, chairman of the [[General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament]] and a member of the [[Warren Commission]]. [[Amherst College]], which holds his papers, records his name at birth as John McCloy, with "Snader" used as a middle name in college records until about 1935 and "Jay" thereafter.[^1]
@ -205,71 +206,71 @@ McCloy was brought into the Ford Foundation as a consultant by [[Henry Ford II]]
On April 29, 1953, McCloy, on Council on Foreign Relations letterhead, wrote Allen Dulles, by then Director of Central Intelligence, that he was "delighted to have a report from Shep Stone" that Dulles would join a Council study group on relations between the democratic nations and the [[Soviet Union]], "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under [[Henry L. Roberts]] of [[Columbia University]]. "Though the group will be entirely unofficial, its findings will be made available to our government," he wrote, adding that the CIA's [[Robert Amory]] would attend the first dinner meeting on May 6, 1953.[^23] In a letter of February 25, 1954, quoted by the historian [[Volker Berghahn]] and cited by Harm Langenkamp, Stone wrote McCloy about the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]: "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24] On April 29, 1953, McCloy, on Council on Foreign Relations letterhead, wrote Allen Dulles, by then Director of Central Intelligence, that he was "delighted to have a report from Shep Stone" that Dulles would join a Council study group on relations between the democratic nations and the [[Soviet Union]], "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under [[Henry L. Roberts]] of [[Columbia University]]. "Though the group will be entirely unofficial, its findings will be made available to our government," he wrote, adding that the CIA's [[Robert Amory]] would attend the first dinner meeting on May 6, 1953.[^23] In a letter of February 25, 1954, quoted by the historian [[Volker Berghahn]] and cited by Harm Langenkamp, Stone wrote McCloy about the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]: "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24]
A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by [[Don K. Price]] set the Foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs: such projects could be recommended if "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and with the prior approval of three trustees, "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'" Langenkamp, citing Price's 1972 oral history and McCloy's interview with [[Kai Bird]], writes that McCloy and Price later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s access to Foundation officers and grantees, quotes McCloy as saying the Foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" had it closed the door on the Agency entirely, and quotes Price's warning to Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]]: "The first time you meddle with our boys, we'll quit this whole program." In 1958 Dulles invited Foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on Agency operations, and in 1959 Price reached an understanding allowing the CIA to approach Foundation fellows after their grants expired; in the early 1960s Foundation president [[Henry T. Heald]] repeated the Foundation's position to Director [[John McCone]].[^24] Writing of 1962, when Stone sought a five-year guarantee of some $2,000,000 a year to free the Congress for Cultural Freedom from the CIA's treasury, Langenkamp describes McCloy as Stone's "staunchest ally" and as having by then assumed the chairmanship of the board. The Congress, which the CIA had tried from the outset to transfer to the Ford and Rockefeller foundations, reached self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957 to 1962 grant at the moment the cover of the Agency's network of front organizations was blown; Stone's 1962 proposal itself foundered.[^25] A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by [[Don K. Price]] set the Foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs: such projects could be recommended if "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and with the prior approval of three trustees, "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'" Langenkamp, citing Price's 1972 oral history and McCloy's interview with [[Kai Bird]], writes that McCloy and Price later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s access to Foundation officers and grantees, quotes McCloy as saying the Foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" had it closed the door on the Agency entirely, and quotes Price's warning to Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]]: "The first time you meddle with our boys, we'll quit this whole program." In 1958 Dulles invited Foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on Agency operations, and in 1959 Price reached an understanding allowing the CIA to approach Foundation fellows after their grants expired; in the early 1960s Foundation president [[Henry T. Heald]] repeated the Foundation's position to Director [[John McCone]].[^24] Writing of 1962, when Stone sought a five-year guarantee of some $2,000,000 a year to free the Congress for Cultural Freedom from the CIA's treasury, Langenkamp describes McCloy as Stone's "staunchest ally" and as having by then assumed the chairmanship of the board. The Congress, which the CIA had tried from the outset to transfer to the Ford and Rockefeller foundations, reached self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957 to 1962 grant at the moment the cover of the Agency's network of front organizations was blown; Stone's 1962 proposal itself foundered.[^25] The foundation's 1965 annual report states that McCloy served on the board of trustees from 1953 and as its chairman from 1959, retiring on December 31, 1965, and that [[Julius A. Stratton]], president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and a trustee since 1955, was elected chairman to replace him.[^26]
McCloy was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1953 to 1971.[^1] McCloy was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1953 to 1971.[^1]
### Chase Manhattan ### Chase Manhattan
McCloy was chairman of the board of the Chase National Bank from January 1953 to December 1960; the bank merged with the [[Bank of the Manhattan Company]] in April 1955 to form the Chase Manhattan Bank.[^1] His papers include six volumes of appointment and telephone logs kept as chairman from 1953 to 1958, consisting mostly of names with almost no notation of subject matter, and correspondence of March 1960 concerning his retirement from the bank.[^26] On April 20, 1962, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence [[Marshall S. Carter]] wrote him at One Chase Manhattan Plaza that he was being briefed that afternoon on "the other matter" they had discussed by telephone and would come back with "a substantive proposal."[^27] McCloy was chairman of the board of the Chase National Bank from January 1953 to December 1960; the bank merged with the [[Bank of the Manhattan Company]] in April 1955 to form the Chase Manhattan Bank.[^1] His papers include six volumes of appointment and telephone logs kept as chairman from 1953 to 1958, consisting mostly of names with almost no notation of subject matter, and correspondence of March 1960 concerning his retirement from the bank.[^27] On April 20, 1962, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence [[Marshall S. Carter]] wrote him at One Chase Manhattan Plaza that he was being briefed that afternoon on "the other matter" they had discussed by telephone and would come back with "a substantive proposal."[^28]
### Counsel to the Oil Companies ### Counsel to the Oil Companies
From 1961 McCloy was a name partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hope, Hadley & McCloy.[^1] For much of the 1960s and 1970s he advised the "McCloy Group," representatives of most of the major American oil companies and several European and British firms, on legal questions and on foreign and domestic policy, and advocated on their behalf in the Justice Department, the State Department and Congress. His files on the group include representation agreements dated March 20 to August 2, 1962. He kept the Antitrust Division informed of oil group meetings and negotiations, sought specific clearance for actions that might have been construed as violations of the antitrust laws, and "made a point of holding briefing meetings with each new Attorney General to ensure a continuity of contact and goodwill with the Department."[^28] From 1961 McCloy was a name partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hope, Hadley & McCloy.[^1] For much of the 1960s and 1970s he advised the "McCloy Group," representatives of most of the major American oil companies and several European and British firms, on legal questions and on foreign and domestic policy, and advocated on their behalf in the Justice Department, the State Department and Congress. His files on the group include representation agreements dated March 20 to August 2, 1962. He kept the Antitrust Division informed of oil group meetings and negotiations, sought specific clearance for actions that might have been construed as violations of the antitrust laws, and "made a point of holding briefing meetings with each new Attorney General to ensure a continuity of contact and goodwill with the Department."[^29]
From the early 1960s McCloy represented the Seven Sisters ([[Gulf Oil|Gulf]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[BP]], [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]], [[Standard Oil of California|Socal]], [[Texaco]] and [[Mobil]]) and was engaged by other companies operating in the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. He testified to the [[Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations]] of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], chaired by Senator [[Frank Church]], that while an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] he raised the possibility of joint action by the companies against the combined pressure of the producing countries, and that the President arranged a meeting with Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]]. Asked whether the understanding was ever formalized, he answered: "No, I don't believe I ever got a letter from him in regard to it." He informed Deputy Attorney General [[Byron White]] and Attorneys General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[Ramsey Clark]] and [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] of his concerns about [[OPEC]] in informal conversations.[^29] From the early 1960s McCloy represented the Seven Sisters ([[Gulf Oil|Gulf]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[BP]], [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]], [[Standard Oil of California|Socal]], [[Texaco]] and [[Mobil]]) and was engaged by other companies operating in the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. He testified to the [[Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations]] of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], chaired by Senator [[Frank Church]], that while an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] he raised the possibility of joint action by the companies against the combined pressure of the producing countries, and that the President arranged a meeting with Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]]. Asked whether the understanding was ever formalized, he answered: "No, I don't believe I ever got a letter from him in regard to it." He informed Deputy Attorney General [[Byron White]] and Attorneys General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[Ramsey Clark]] and [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] of his concerns about [[OPEC]] in informal conversations.[^30]
On January 11, 1967, as the [[Internal Revenue Service]] questioned the industry's pricing practices, McCloy wrote Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] about an IRS audit of the tax returns of the five American majors: "I believe that the Department of State has a particular responsibility to make known to the Treasury Department the implications of its proposed attack on crude oil prices," because the system of royalties and creditable local income taxes "was recommended to the oil companies and to the foreign governments involved in the Department of State and the Treasury Department," and without it "large amounts of direct foreign aid might well be required." The subcommittee found that the failure of the IRS to reverse its original ruling after posted and realized prices diverged in 1957 "has cost the U.S. Treasury billions of dollars in revenues"; in 1973 Exxon paid an effective rate of 11.2 percent on earnings of $2.98 billion, Mobil 5 percent and Texaco 2.3 percent.[^30] On January 11, 1967, as the [[Internal Revenue Service]] questioned the industry's pricing practices, McCloy wrote Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] about an IRS audit of the tax returns of the five American majors: "I believe that the Department of State has a particular responsibility to make known to the Treasury Department the implications of its proposed attack on crude oil prices," because the system of royalties and creditable local income taxes "was recommended to the oil companies and to the foreign governments involved in the Department of State and the Treasury Department," and without it "large amounts of direct foreign aid might well be required." The subcommittee found that the failure of the IRS to reverse its original ruling after posted and realized prices diverged in 1957 "has cost the U.S. Treasury billions of dollars in revenues"; in 1973 Exxon paid an effective rate of 11.2 percent on earnings of $2.98 billion, Mobil 5 percent and Texaco 2.3 percent.[^31]
On December 9, 1969, McCloy joined [[David Rockefeller]] and the men listed as [[J. K. Jamieson|Jamieson]], Anderson, [[Rawleigh Warner|Warner]] and [[John Swearingen|Swearingen]] in a meeting with President [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] on the [[Middle East]]; Kissinger's briefing memorandum titled it "Your Meeting with the David Rockefeller Group."[^31] On December 9, 1969, McCloy joined [[David Rockefeller]] and the men listed as [[J. K. Jamieson|Jamieson]], Anderson, [[Rawleigh Warner|Warner]] and [[John Swearingen|Swearingen]] in a meeting with President [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] on the [[Middle East]]; Kissinger's briefing memorandum titled it "Your Meeting with the David Rockefeller Group."[^32]
### The Libyan Producers Agreement and the Business Review Letters ### The Libyan Producers Agreement and the Business Review Letters
On September 25, 1970, McCloy attended, as attorney for several of the major companies, a meeting at which Under Secretary of State [[U. Alexis Johnson]] told the companies operating in [[Libya]] that United States intervention with the Libyan government would be "ineffective at best."[^32] On September 29, 1970, [[Peter Flanigan]], the President's Assistant for International Economic Affairs, recorded that McCloy, "representative of the International Oil Company," had spoken with Johnson; that Flanigan had cleared with Attorney General Mitchell that the companies could discuss a Libyan proposal together "if they were to sit down together with a member of the Justice Department"; and that "[t]his information was given to John McCloy who also spoke to Mitchell." Flanigan suggested to McCloy that the penalties of a break with Libya were greater than those of a settlement, reasoning that a settlement's cost increase would fall on all European and Japanese supplies but only a small part of American supplies, so that "the result would be a competitive benefit to the United States"; he told McCloy the government would expect the companies "to follow the course that they and he thought best."[^33] On January 7, 1971, Johnson met representatives of Esso, Mobil, Gulf, Texaco and Socal and "attorney John McCloy" on OPEC's demands; McCloy said the producers' cartel was in "very strong bargaining position" and asked whether the State Department "could be helpful with Department of Justice in obtaining permission under anti-trust laws for companies to coordinate response."[^34] [[James Akins]] of the State Department and [[Dudley Chapman]] of the Antitrust Division were detailed to work with the companies and McCloy on the documents.[^29] On September 25, 1970, McCloy attended, as attorney for several of the major companies, a meeting at which Under Secretary of State [[U. Alexis Johnson]] told the companies operating in [[Libya]] that United States intervention with the Libyan government would be "ineffective at best."[^33] On September 29, 1970, [[Peter Flanigan]], the President's Assistant for International Economic Affairs, recorded that McCloy, "representative of the International Oil Company," had spoken with Johnson; that Flanigan had cleared with Attorney General Mitchell that the companies could discuss a Libyan proposal together "if they were to sit down together with a member of the Justice Department"; and that "[t]his information was given to John McCloy who also spoke to Mitchell." Flanigan suggested to McCloy that the penalties of a break with Libya were greater than those of a settlement, reasoning that a settlement's cost increase would fall on all European and Japanese supplies but only a small part of American supplies, so that "the result would be a competitive benefit to the United States"; he told McCloy the government would expect the companies "to follow the course that they and he thought best."[^34] On January 7, 1971, Johnson met representatives of Esso, Mobil, Gulf, Texaco and Socal and "attorney John McCloy" on OPEC's demands; McCloy said the producers' cartel was in "very strong bargaining position" and asked whether the State Department "could be helpful with Department of Justice in obtaining permission under anti-trust laws for companies to coordinate response."[^35] [[James Akins]] of the State Department and [[Dudley Chapman]] of the Antitrust Division were detailed to work with the companies and McCloy on the documents.[^30]
The [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Antitrust Division]] under Assistant Attorney General [[Richard W. McLaren]] issued [[Business Review letter|Business Review letters]] to McCloy covering a joint "[[Message to OPEC]]" and the [[Libyan Producers Agreement]] (the Safety Net Agreement), under which Libyan producers would replace the production of any company shut in for resisting Libyan demands, with Persian Gulf production to be shared under specified circumstances. The letters stated that the Department "does not presently intend to institute any proceedings under the antitrust laws." The subcommittee's report dates the letters January 19, 1971, and in the next paragraph places a January 15 meeting of McCloy and the chief executives with Secretary of State [[William P. Rogers]] and Under Secretary [[John N. Irwin II]] "two days after the issuance of the Business Review letters." At that meeting the companies sought a high-level mission to the producing countries; asked by Church whether he had suggested Irwin, McCloy answered: "No. As long as it was a person of dignity, with clout, to use that expression." Irwin, sent with Nixon's authorization, recommended from [[Tehran]] that the companies negotiate with the Gulf states separately; Rogers communicated the recommendation to McCloy, who informed the chief executives, and the subcommittee found that the State Department had thereby abandoned the strategy of a single global negotiation that lay at the heart of the Message to OPEC and the Business Review letters.[^34] [^35] The [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Antitrust Division]] under Assistant Attorney General [[Richard W. McLaren]] issued [[Business Review letter|Business Review letters]] to McCloy covering a joint "[[Message to OPEC]]" and the [[Libyan Producers Agreement]] (the Safety Net Agreement), under which Libyan producers would replace the production of any company shut in for resisting Libyan demands, with Persian Gulf production to be shared under specified circumstances. The letters stated that the Department "does not presently intend to institute any proceedings under the antitrust laws." The subcommittee's report dates the letters January 19, 1971, and in the next paragraph places a January 15 meeting of McCloy and the chief executives with Secretary of State [[William P. Rogers]] and Under Secretary [[John N. Irwin II]] "two days after the issuance of the Business Review letters." At that meeting the companies sought a high-level mission to the producing countries; asked by Church whether he had suggested Irwin, McCloy answered: "No. As long as it was a person of dignity, with clout, to use that expression." Irwin, sent with Nixon's authorization, recommended from [[Tehran]] that the companies negotiate with the Gulf states separately; Rogers communicated the recommendation to McCloy, who informed the chief executives, and the subcommittee found that the State Department had thereby abandoned the strategy of a single global negotiation that lay at the heart of the Message to OPEC and the Business Review letters.[^35] [^36]
The companies formed a [[London Policy Group]], with a parallel group in New York. Each London Policy Group meeting, on dates from January 20 to June 18, 1971, "was attended by a partner or associate from the firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, counsel for the oil companies, whose function was to assure that the discussions remained within the terms of the Message to OPEC, the Libyan Producers Agreement, and the pertinent business review letters from the Antitrust Division." "No member of the Departments of Justice or State attended any of these meetings; instead, both Departments relied upon ex post-factor [sic] oral reports by oil company executives to Akins and written reports from McCloy to McLaren."[^35] The subcommittee found "no evidence of any Department of Justice monitoring of the negotiations"; not until October 1973, after subcommittee staff began to inquire, did anyone at the Department read the cable record of the company-OPEC negotiations.[^36] The February 14, 1971 [[Tehran Agreement]] raised the Gulf governments' take by an estimated $11.7 billion over five years, a cost McCloy described to McLaren as "extremely high."[^35] The companies formed a [[London Policy Group]], with a parallel group in New York. Each London Policy Group meeting, on dates from January 20 to June 18, 1971, "was attended by a partner or associate from the firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, counsel for the oil companies, whose function was to assure that the discussions remained within the terms of the Message to OPEC, the Libyan Producers Agreement, and the pertinent business review letters from the Antitrust Division." "No member of the Departments of Justice or State attended any of these meetings; instead, both Departments relied upon ex post-factor [sic] oral reports by oil company executives to Akins and written reports from McCloy to McLaren."[^36] The subcommittee found "no evidence of any Department of Justice monitoring of the negotiations"; not until October 1973, after subcommittee staff began to inquire, did anyone at the Department read the cable record of the company-OPEC negotiations.[^37] The February 14, 1971 [[Tehran Agreement]] raised the Gulf governments' take by an estimated $11.7 billion over five years, a cost McCloy described to McLaren as "extremely high."[^36]
On October 15, 1971, McCloy informed McLaren that Libya had taken unilateral steps on exchange rates, and on October 19 he asked for further Business Review letters covering joint negotiation on currency parity and participation and an extension of the sharing agreement; the Department issued new letters addressed to him.[^37] At a State Department meeting on January 3, 1972 attended by the chairmen of the major companies, [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and McCloy, the Under Secretary of State proposed an industry advisory body; on January 20 McCloy and Akins agreed that an informal body was acceptable, and McCloy reported that some executives were "disturbed" by Akins's insistence that the companies change their relationship with the producing countries by 1976.[^38] On October 15, 1971, McCloy informed McLaren that Libya had taken unilateral steps on exchange rates, and on October 19 he asked for further Business Review letters covering joint negotiation on currency parity and participation and an extension of the sharing agreement; the Department issued new letters addressed to him.[^38] At a State Department meeting on January 3, 1972 attended by the chairmen of the major companies, [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and McCloy, the Under Secretary of State proposed an industry advisory body; on January 20 McCloy and Akins agreed that an informal body was acceptable, and McCloy reported that some executives were "disturbed" by Akins's insistence that the companies change their relationship with the producing countries by 1976.[^39]
The Business Review letters required the companies to report to the Justice Department through McCloy. In March 1973 a suit by the [[Corporate Accountability Research Group]] for the documents was pending against the Justice Department, "[a] similar request by [[New York Times|The New York Times]] in 1971 had been averted under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]," and the companies told State Department officials that the sharing agreement was a "form of insurance" that had allowed Bunker Hunt Oil Company to "stand firm" against Libyan demands. On March 23, 1973, [[Warren Clark]] of the North African Office in the Bureau of African Affairs wrote that release would show Libya that the companies had banded together to "denationalize" part of British Petroleum, and that the matter was "very sensitive from a domestic political point of view. The State Department and the USG have sanctioned in these Business Review Letters a strengthening of the international cartel of seven Anglo-Saxon oil companies." A Senate subcommittee "would fry the State Department if it was revealed that we classified these documents in order to protect the 'cartel,' and that we had taken the position that what was good for the cartel was good for US national security." Clark approved keeping the agreement and the letters classified on the narrow ground of proprietary interest.[^39] The Business Review letters required the companies to report to the Justice Department through McCloy. In March 1973 a suit by the [[Corporate Accountability Research Group]] for the documents was pending against the Justice Department, "[a] similar request by [[New York Times|The New York Times]] in 1971 had been averted under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]," and the companies told State Department officials that the sharing agreement was a "form of insurance" that had allowed Bunker Hunt Oil Company to "stand firm" against Libyan demands. On March 23, 1973, [[Warren Clark]] of the North African Office in the Bureau of African Affairs wrote that release would show Libya that the companies had banded together to "denationalize" part of British Petroleum, and that the matter was "very sensitive from a domestic political point of view. The State Department and the USG have sanctioned in these Business Review Letters a strengthening of the international cartel of seven Anglo-Saxon oil companies." A Senate subcommittee "would fry the State Department if it was revealed that we classified these documents in order to protect the 'cartel,' and that we had taken the position that what was good for the cartel was good for US national security." Clark approved keeping the agreement and the letters classified on the narrow ground of proprietary interest.[^40]
### Oil Diplomacy in 1973 and 1974 ### Oil Diplomacy in 1973 and 1974
[[William J. Casey]] sat on McCloy's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament; the committee's letterheads of June 1970 and March and May 1971 list him among the members.[^40] On September 5, 1973, McCloy met Casey, by then Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and asked that the government send a strong note on the illegality of Libya's nationalization, work with the Europeans "to make the Libyan expropriation attempt fail" by obtaining agreement not to buy oil from fields operated by the majors, and lift the environmental sulphur restriction as a demonstration of political determination. [[John Knubel]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff recorded for Kissinger McCloy's estimate that the net shortfall to the United States would be "about 50,000 barrels per day" if the majors stopped pumping Libyan oil, "a manageable amount (according to McCloy)".[^41] On October 12, 1973, during the [[October War]], McCloy sent [[Alexander Haig]] a memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, stating that the "chief ARAMCO shareholders" wished it "placed in the President's hands as soon as possible"; the memorandum warned that OPEC's demands could raise the free world's oil cost from the Persian Gulf alone by $15 billion a year, and a notation on Kissinger's covering memorandum of November 3 indicates that Nixon saw it.[^42] [[William J. Casey]] sat on McCloy's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament; the committee's letterheads of June 1970 and March and May 1971 list him among the members.[^41] On September 5, 1973, McCloy met Casey, by then Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and asked that the government send a strong note on the illegality of Libya's nationalization, work with the Europeans "to make the Libyan expropriation attempt fail" by obtaining agreement not to buy oil from fields operated by the majors, and lift the environmental sulphur restriction as a demonstration of political determination. [[John Knubel]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff recorded for Kissinger McCloy's estimate that the net shortfall to the United States would be "about 50,000 barrels per day" if the majors stopped pumping Libyan oil, "a manageable amount (according to McCloy)".[^42] On October 12, 1973, during the [[October War]], McCloy sent [[Alexander Haig]] a memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, stating that the "chief ARAMCO shareholders" wished it "placed in the President's hands as soon as possible"; the memorandum warned that OPEC's demands could raise the free world's oil cost from the Persian Gulf alone by $15 billion a year, and a notation on Kissinger's covering memorandum of November 3 indicates that Nixon saw it.[^43]
On November 20, 1973, Kissinger met ten oil industry executives and McCloy, listed as "Milbank and Tweed," with Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust [[Thomas Kauper]] among the officials present; Kissinger told McCloy he wanted to meet him "and a group of Atlanticists" about the Europeans, and the next day [[Brent Scowcroft]] reported that McCloy was prepared to assemble Americans and Europeans for the purpose. On February 8, 1974, Kissinger telephoned McCloy that "[w]e cannot have the Community organized against us as anti-American."[^43] Opening a meeting with the oil company heads on March 29, 1974, Kissinger said he had called it "after talking with Jack McCloy," and that "[t]he transcript taken here isn't going to go anywhere, except into my own personal files." When Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Clements]] described the encouragement of technology and industry transfers into [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Atlantic Richfield]] chairman, [[Robert O. Anderson]], added, "In exchange for which we get a preferential position," McCloy said: "In other words, pick up the Yamani offer."[^44] On November 20, 1973, Kissinger met ten oil industry executives and McCloy, listed as "Milbank and Tweed," with Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust [[Thomas Kauper]] among the officials present; Kissinger told McCloy he wanted to meet him "and a group of Atlanticists" about the Europeans, and the next day [[Brent Scowcroft]] reported that McCloy was prepared to assemble Americans and Europeans for the purpose. On February 8, 1974, Kissinger telephoned McCloy that "[w]e cannot have the Community organized against us as anti-American."[^44] Opening a meeting with the oil company heads on March 29, 1974, Kissinger said he had called it "after talking with Jack McCloy," and that "[t]he transcript taken here isn't going to go anywhere, except into my own personal files." When Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Clements]] described the encouragement of technology and industry transfers into [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Atlantic Richfield]] chairman, [[Robert O. Anderson]], added, "In exchange for which we get a preferential position," McCloy said: "In other words, pick up the Yamani offer."[^45]
In a letter of September 21, 1973 to Kauper, McCloy listed his clients and reported that the producing states were again demanding changes to the Tehran and Tripoli agreements. In a later letter to Church he stated that American companies in the Middle East had made an affirmative contribution of over $2 billion to the 1972 balance of payments; the subcommittee found that the Commerce Department estimates on which he relied had "recently been found to be substantially in error" because they were computed on posted rather than realized prices.[^45] The McCloy Group appears to have been inactive from June 1973 to February 1979.[^28] In a letter of September 21, 1973 to Kauper, McCloy listed his clients and reported that the producing states were again demanding changes to the Tehran and Tripoli agreements. In a later letter to Church he stated that American companies in the Middle East had made an affirmative contribution of over $2 billion to the 1972 balance of payments; the subcommittee found that the Commerce Department estimates on which he relied had "recently been found to be substantially in error" because they were computed on posted rather than realized prices.[^46] The McCloy Group appears to have been inactive from June 1973 to February 1979.[^29]
### The Critchfield Reports and the Oil Files ### The Critchfield Reports and the Oil Files
The International Oil series of his papers contains sub-series I, "Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973," consisting of 49 "perspectives on development" and 16 special reports on Middle East issues. The Amherst archivists state that "[m]ost, if not all," were prepared by [[Basic Resources International]], a [[Falls Church, Virginia]], consulting firm "headed by [[James H. Critchfield]], formerly CIA bureau chief for the Middle East," and that Report 60 is a prospectus for the firm. Sub-series K of the same series holds a folder titled "Chase Manhattan Bank. Financial analysis of thirty-one petroleum companies" among oil company reports for 1964 to 1966. Other folders in the series hold a draft legal brief on taxes on oil company income and drafts of a proposed letter from President Nixon to the Shah of Iran.[^46] The International Oil series of his papers contains sub-series I, "Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973," consisting of 49 "perspectives on development" and 16 special reports on Middle East issues. The Amherst archivists state that "[m]ost, if not all," were prepared by [[Basic Resources International]], a [[Falls Church, Virginia]], consulting firm "headed by [[James H. Critchfield]], formerly CIA bureau chief for the Middle East," and that Report 60 is a prospectus for the firm. Sub-series K of the same series holds a folder titled "Chase Manhattan Bank. Financial analysis of thirty-one petroleum companies" among oil company reports for 1964 to 1966. Other folders in the series hold a draft legal brief on taxes on oil company income and drafts of a proposed letter from President Nixon to the Shah of Iran.[^47]
### Brazil and the McCone File ### Brazil and the McCone File
On February 21, 1964, Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] reported from [[Rio de Janeiro]] that President [[Joao Goulart|João Goulart]] "said looking forward to McCloy visit and thought Hanna case could have constructive solution." On February 29, 1964, McCloy, then a partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy, met Goulart in Rio to discuss the status of the M.A. [[Hanna Mining Company]].[^47] On April 9, 1964, at 11:10 a.m., Director of Central Intelligence John McCone and McCloy spoke by telephone; four pages of the source text of the transcript, filed in McCone's "Eyes Only" telephone records, have not been declassified. The same day the three military ministers, [[Artur da Costa e Silva|Artur Costa e Silva]], [[Francisco de Assis Correia de Melo]] and [[Augusto Rademaker|Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald]], signed Brazil's [[Institutional Act]].[^48] On June 10, 1964, President [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] showed Gordon a staff report on "areas of friction abroad," including the Hanna case, and said work on resolving all of them was going forward rapidly.[^49] On February 21, 1964, Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] reported from [[Rio de Janeiro]] that President [[Joao Goulart|João Goulart]] "said looking forward to McCloy visit and thought Hanna case could have constructive solution." On February 29, 1964, McCloy, then a partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy, met Goulart in Rio to discuss the status of the M.A. [[Hanna Mining Company]].[^48] On April 9, 1964, at 11:10 a.m., Director of Central Intelligence John McCone and McCloy spoke by telephone; four pages of the source text of the transcript, filed in McCone's "Eyes Only" telephone records, have not been declassified. The same day the three military ministers, [[Artur da Costa e Silva|Artur Costa e Silva]], [[Francisco de Assis Correia de Melo]] and [[Augusto Rademaker|Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald]], signed Brazil's [[Institutional Act]].[^49] On June 10, 1964, President [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] showed Gordon a staff report on "areas of friction abroad," including the Hanna case, and said work on resolving all of them was going forward rapidly.[^50]
### The Warren Commission ### The Warren Commission
[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] created the Commission by [[Executive Order 11130]] of November 29, 1963, and selected from private life two lawyers, Allen Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence, and McCloy; Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], Senators [[Richard B. Russell]] and [[John Sherman Cooper]], and Representatives [[Hale Boggs]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]] completed its membership. Its first meeting was on December 5, 1963.[^50] A transcript titled "Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," dated July 9, 1964, records a meeting attended by General Counsel [[J. Lee Rankin]], staff, McCloy and Dulles, at which Drs. [[Dale C. Cameron]], [[Howard P. Rome]] and [[David A. Rothstein]] gave "an informal colloquy, interrogation, and explanation" on a psychiatric interpretation of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]; its pages, 7821 to 8071, indicate that it was volume 57 of the Commission's transcripts.[^51] Rankin's files, donated to the JFK Collection, include memoranda and handwritten changes to draft chapters of the report that Ford, McCloy and Dulles, among others, recommended.[^52] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] created the Commission by [[Executive Order 11130]] of November 29, 1963, and selected from private life two lawyers, Allen Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence, and McCloy; Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], Senators [[Richard B. Russell]] and [[John Sherman Cooper]], and Representatives [[Hale Boggs]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]] completed its membership. Its first meeting was on December 5, 1963.[^51] A transcript titled "Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," dated July 9, 1964, records a meeting attended by General Counsel [[J. Lee Rankin]], staff, McCloy and Dulles, at which Drs. [[Dale C. Cameron]], [[Howard P. Rome]] and [[David A. Rothstein]] gave "an informal colloquy, interrogation, and explanation" on a psychiatric interpretation of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]; its pages, 7821 to 8071, indicate that it was volume 57 of the Commission's transcripts.[^52] Rankin's files, donated to the JFK Collection, include memoranda and handwritten changes to draft chapters of the report that Ford, McCloy and Dulles, among others, recommended.[^53]
Among the papers of Director McCone, the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] found a notation for a meeting of May 19, 1964, participants "DCI, J.J. McCloy," a dinner at the Director's residence, "Re: Oswald," annotated "Destroyed 1-28-72"; CIA historians had found the document missing when they reviewed the files in 1986, along with a record of a November 26, 1963 meeting between McCone and [[McGeorge Bundy]] on the assassination. The Board designated the notations as assassination records.[^53] Among the papers of Director McCone, the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] found a notation for a meeting of May 19, 1964, participants "DCI, J.J. McCloy," a dinner at the Director's residence, "Re: Oswald," annotated "Destroyed 1-28-72"; CIA historians had found the document missing when they reviewed the files in 1986, along with a record of a November 26, 1963 meeting between McCone and [[McGeorge Bundy]] on the assassination. The Board designated the notations as assassination records.[^54]
### Disarmament and the Cuban Missile Crisis ### Disarmament and the Cuban Missile Crisis
On January 27, 1961, Kennedy designated McCloy his adviser on disarmament and arms control, including the nuclear test ban, with offices in the [[White House]] and the State Department. On February 7, 1961, Dulles answered a McCloy letter on the test ban by naming [[Herbert Scoville]], the CIA's Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, as the Agency's point of contact.[^54] In July 1961 McCloy and [[Valerian Zorin]] conducted bilateral disarmament talks in Moscow; McCloy reported "little point in continuing while Zorin talks about plans and I talk about principles."[^55] McCloy chaired the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament from 1961 to 1974, and the committee's sessions drew briefings from CIA officers including [[Arthur Lundahl]] of the National Photographic Interpretation Center and [[David Brandwein]], chairman of the Guided Missile Committee; in November 1969 he asked Director [[Richard Helms]] for a CIA specialist on Chinese strategic questions, noting that the content of the committee's discussions "is classified and should not be revealed beyond the Committee."[^40] On January 27, 1961, Kennedy designated McCloy his adviser on disarmament and arms control, including the nuclear test ban, with offices in the [[White House]] and the State Department. On February 7, 1961, Dulles answered a McCloy letter on the test ban by naming [[Herbert Scoville]], the CIA's Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, as the Agency's point of contact.[^55] In July 1961 McCloy and [[Valerian Zorin]] conducted bilateral disarmament talks in Moscow; McCloy reported "little point in continuing while Zorin talks about plans and I talk about principles."[^56] McCloy chaired the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament from 1961 to 1974, and the committee's sessions drew briefings from CIA officers including [[Arthur Lundahl]] of the National Photographic Interpretation Center and [[David Brandwein]], chairman of the Guided Missile Committee; in November 1969 he asked Director [[Richard Helms]] for a CIA specialist on Chinese strategic questions, noting that the content of the committee's discussions "is classified and should not be revealed beyond the Committee."[^41]
In the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] McCloy chaired the Coordinating Committee and negotiated with the Soviet representative [[Vasily Kuznetsov]] in New York. On October 26, 1962, he joined [[Adlai Stevenson]] in talks with the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General and his aides on inspection and the removal of the missiles and IL-28 aircraft. A draft United States declaration headed "McCloy draft" and dated November 21, 1962 conditioned an assurance against invading Cuba on the withdrawal of offensive weapons. On January 2 and 3, 1963, McCloy and Kuznetsov negotiated the joint letter withdrawing the matter from the Security Council.[^56] In the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] McCloy chaired the Coordinating Committee and negotiated with the Soviet representative [[Vasily Kuznetsov]] in New York. On October 26, 1962, he joined [[Adlai Stevenson]] in talks with the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General and his aides on inspection and the removal of the missiles and IL-28 aircraft. A draft United States declaration headed "McCloy draft" and dated November 21, 1962 conditioned an assurance against invading Cuba on the withdrawal of offensive weapons. On January 2 and 3, 1963, McCloy and Kuznetsov negotiated the joint letter withdrawing the matter from the Security Council.[^57]
### Iran ### Iran
From 1979 to 1981 McCloy was a member of a "Special Project Team" working to gain asylum in the United States for the deposed [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; the team was headed by David Rockefeller, then chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank, and included Kissinger and Chase vice president [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]] The team lobbied the President and the Secretary of State for the Shah's admission; he was admitted in October 1979 for cancer treatment, which was followed by the November 1979 seizure of the United States embassy in Tehran. Rockefeller in particular "was accused of helping the Shah out of self-interest, because of the millions of dollars of Iranian loans and assets held by the Chase Manhattan Bank."[^57] From 1979 to 1981 McCloy was a member of a "Special Project Team" working to gain asylum in the United States for the deposed [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; the team was headed by David Rockefeller, then chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank, and included Kissinger and Chase vice president [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]] The team lobbied the President and the Secretary of State for the Shah's admission; he was admitted in October 1979 for cancer treatment, which was followed by the November 1979 seizure of the United States embassy in Tehran. Rockefeller in particular "was accused of helping the Shah out of self-interest, because of the millions of dollars of Iranian loans and assets held by the Chase Manhattan Bank."[^58]
### The Papers ### The Papers
McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1989, by a deed of gift in July 1985. Before their transfer, "roughly half of the papers underwent a national security review by the Department of State"; the bulk arrived in May 1986, "with several batches sent later following clearance by the relevant government agency," and a second installment received in June 1990, after his death, was reviewed by the State Department and legal counsel. The collection holds only photocopies of his War Department diaries; the originals are at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Names or other details were removed from some entries to protect the privacy of individuals, and "there are a few places where information was removed from the original by an unknown party prior to the diaries' transfer to Amherst College."[^58] McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1989, by a deed of gift in July 1985. Before their transfer, "roughly half of the papers underwent a national security review by the Department of State"; the bulk arrived in May 1986, "with several batches sent later following clearance by the relevant government agency," and a second installment received in June 1990, after his death, was reviewed by the State Department and legal counsel. The collection holds only photocopies of his War Department diaries; the originals are at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Names or other details were removed from some entries to protect the privacy of individuals, and "there are a few places where information was removed from the original by an unknown party prior to the diaries' transfer to Amherst College."[^59]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -298,36 +299,37 @@ McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1
[^23]: John J. McCloy, Council on Foreign Relations, to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2 [^23]: John J. McCloy, Council on Foreign Relations, to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2
[^24]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), notes 50 (Stone to McCloy, February 25, 1954, cited by Volker Berghahn), 56 (Price memorandum of May 21, 1954; Price oral history, June 22, 1972, p. 70; McCloy interview in Bird, *The Chairman*, p. 427) and 57 (John B. Howard oral history; Henry T. Heald oral history). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf [^24]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), notes 50 (Stone to McCloy, February 25, 1954, cited by Volker Berghahn), 56 (Price memorandum of May 21, 1954; Price oral history, June 22, 1972, p. 70; McCloy interview in Bird, *The Chairman*, p. 427) and 57 (John B. Howard oral history; Henry T. Heald oral history). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^25]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), abstract, text at notes 58 and 59, and conclusion. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf [^25]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), abstract, text at notes 58 and 59, and conclusion. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^26]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 2, sub-series F and G (Chase Manhattan Bank appointment records and telephone logs) and Series 1 (retirement from Chase Manhattan, 1960 Mar). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf [^26]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening review by the president, on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 ("as a member of the Board since 1953 and as chairman since 1959") and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^27]: Marshall S. Carter, Lieutenant General, USA, to John J. McCloy, April 20, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R001300050094-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001300050094-2 [^27]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 2, sub-series F and G (Chase Manhattan Bank appointment records and telephone logs) and Series 1 (retirement from Chase Manhattan, 1960 Mar). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^28]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, 1946-1981, scope note and sub-series B, C and E. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf [^28]: Marshall S. Carter, Lieutenant General, USA, to John J. McCloy, April 20, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R001300050094-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001300050094-2
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, report together with individual views, 93d Cong., 2d sess., committee print, January 2, 1975, pp. 126 to 127. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^29]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, 1946-1981, scope note and sub-series B, C and E. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^30]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 13 and 92 to 93 (McCloy to Rusk, January 11, 1967, Multinational Corporations hearings, Part 9). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^30]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, report together with individual views, 93d Cong., 2d sess., committee print, January 2, 1975, pp. 126 to 127. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, *Energy Crisis, 1969-1974*, Document 21, note 6, and Document 24 (Kissinger to Nixon, December 8, 1969) and note 5. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^31]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 13 and 92 to 93 (McCloy to Rusk, January 11, 1967, Multinational Corporations hearings, Part 9). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^32]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 125. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^32]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, *Energy Crisis, 1969-1974*, Document 21, note 6, and Document 24 (Kissinger to Nixon, December 8, 1969) and note 5. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^33]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 57 (memorandum for the files by Peter Flanigan, September 29, 1970), pp. 130 to 131. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^33]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 125. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 66 (telegram 3565 from the Department of State, January 8, 1971), pp. 167 to 168; *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 127 to 129. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf ; https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 57 (memorandum for the files by Peter Flanigan, September 29, 1970), pp. 130 to 131. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^35]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 129 to 133. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 66 (telegram 3565 from the Department of State, January 8, 1971), pp. 167 to 168; *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 127 to 129. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf ; https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^36]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 17. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^36]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 129 to 133. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^37]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 134 to 135. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^37]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 17. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 104 (memorandum of conversation, Washington, January 3, 1972) and note 2, pp. 246 to 247. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^38]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 134 to 135. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 173 (editorial note), pp. 438 to 440. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 104 (memorandum of conversation, Washington, January 3, 1972) and note 2, pp. 246 to 247. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^40]: General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament letterheads and correspondence: McCloy to Arthur Lundahl, June 5, 1970, CIA-RDP78B05703A000400090083-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78b05703a000400090083-2 ; McCloy to David S. Brandwein, March 26, 1971, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100110004-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81r00560r000100110004-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, May 28, 1971, CIA-RDP74B00681R000100160009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74b00681r000100160009-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, November 10, 1969, CIA-RDP80B01495R000100010004-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01495r000100010004-9 [^40]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 173 (editorial note), pp. 438 to 440. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^41]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 201 (memorandum from John Knubel to Kissinger, September 5, 1973), pp. 548 to 549. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^41]: General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament letterheads and correspondence: McCloy to Arthur Lundahl, June 5, 1970, CIA-RDP78B05703A000400090083-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78b05703a000400090083-2 ; McCloy to David S. Brandwein, March 26, 1971, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100110004-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81r00560r000100110004-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, May 28, 1971, CIA-RDP74B00681R000100160009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74b00681r000100160009-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, November 10, 1969, CIA-RDP80B01495R000100010004-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01495r000100010004-9
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 212 (memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, New York, October 12, 1973) and note 1. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 201 (memorandum from John Knubel to Kissinger, September 5, 1973), pp. 548 to 549. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 243 (memorandum of conversation, November 20, 1973, 5 p.m.) and note 8, pp. 684 to 690; Document 311 (Kissinger and David Rockefeller, February 8, 1974), note 3. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 212 (memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, New York, October 12, 1973) and note 1. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 345 (memorandum of conversation, March 29, 1974, 5:15 p.m.), pp. 954 to 977. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf [^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 243 (memorandum of conversation, November 20, 1973, 5 p.m.) and note 8, pp. 684 to 690; Document 311 (Kissinger and David Rockefeller, February 8, 1974), note 3. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^45]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 14, 127 and 169. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O [^45]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 345 (memorandum of conversation, March 29, 1974, 5:15 p.m.), pp. 954 to 977. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^46]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, sub-series B, I (Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973, Reports 1 to 65) and K (Oil Company Annual Reports, 1964-1966). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf [^46]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 14, 127 and 169. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, *South and Central America; Mexico*, Document 183 (telegram 1761 from the Embassy in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, February 21, 1964), paragraph 8 and note 10, pp. 402 to 403. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf [^47]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, sub-series B, I (Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973, Reports 1 to 65) and K (Oil Company Annual Reports, 1964-1966). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 210 (transcript of telephone conversation between Director of Central Intelligence McCone and John J. McCloy, April 9, 1964, 11:10 a.m.; source: CIA, Job 80-B01285A, DCI (McCone) Files, Telephone Calls, Eyes Only), p. 461, and Document 211 (telegram 2235 from Rio de Janeiro, April 10, 1964), note 2. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf [^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, *South and Central America; Mexico*, Document 183 (telegram 1761 from the Embassy in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, February 21, 1964), paragraph 8 and note 10, pp. 402 to 403. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 214 (telegram 2790 from Rio de Janeiro, June 10, 1964). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf [^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 210 (transcript of telephone conversation between Director of Central Intelligence McCone and John J. McCloy, April 9, 1964, 11:10 a.m.; source: CIA, Job 80-B01285A, DCI (McCone) Files, Telephone Calls, Eyes Only), p. 461, and Document 211 (telegram 2235 from Rio de Janeiro, April 10, 1964), note 2. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^50]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy*, Foreword, p. ix, National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/foreword [^50]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 214 (telegram 2790 from Rio de Janeiro, June 10, 1964). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^51]: National Archives, "Inventory of the Warren Commission's Records," Entry 46 ("Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," July 9, 1964, National Archives Identifier 607521). https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/inventory [^51]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy*, Foreword, p. ix, National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/foreword
[^52]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "J. Lee Rankin: Warren Commission Papers." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt [^52]: National Archives, "Inventory of the Warren Commission's Records," Entry 46 ("Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," July 9, 1964, National Archives Identifier 607521). https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/inventory
[^53]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "John McCone." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt [^53]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "J. Lee Rankin: Warren Commission Papers." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^54]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, *Arms Control and Disarmament*, Document 2 (Kennedy to McCloy, January 27, 1961) and note 1, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub ; Allen W. Dulles to John J. McCloy, February 7, 1961, CIA-RDP80B01676R000800050039-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r000800050039-9 [^54]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "John McCone." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^55]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, Document 41 (editorial note). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub [^55]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, *Arms Control and Disarmament*, Document 2 (Kennedy to McCloy, January 27, 1961) and note 1, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub ; Allen W. Dulles to John J. McCloy, February 7, 1961, CIA-RDP80B01676R000800050039-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r000800050039-9
[^56]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. XI, *Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath*, Documents 86 (telegram 1484 from the Mission to the United Nations, October 26, 1962) and 263 (editorial note), https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v11/ebook/frus1961-63v11.epub ; "McCloy Draft," 11/21/62, CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100035-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900100035-5 [^56]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, Document 41 (editorial note). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub
[^57]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 28: Shah of Iran, 1979-1981, scope note. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf [^57]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. XI, *Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath*, Documents 86 (telegram 1484 from the Mission to the United Nations, October 26, 1962) and 263 (editorial note), https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v11/ebook/frus1961-63v11.epub ; "McCloy Draft," 11/21/62, CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100035-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900100035-5
[^58]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, "History of the Collection," "Processing Information" and Series 2: Diaries and Communication Logs, notes. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf [^58]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 28: Shah of Iran, 1979-1981, scope note. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^59]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, "History of the Collection," "Processing Information" and Series 2: Diaries and Communication Logs, notes. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf

7
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jonathan Kwitny.md
View file

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
- NuganHand - NuganHand
- WallStreetJournal - WallStreetJournal
- InvestigativeJournalism - InvestigativeJournalism
summary: "Jonathan Kwitny (1941-1998) was a Wall Street Journal investigative journalist whose The Crimes of Patriots (1987) is the authoritative account of Nugan Hand Bank and whose Endless Enemies (1984) documented covert U.S. interventions and their consequences." summary: "Jonathan Kwitny (1941-1998) was a Wall Street Journal investigative journalist who wrote The Crimes of Patriots (1987) on Nugan Hand Bank and Endless Enemies (1984) on covert U.S. interventions."
born: 1941-03-23 born: 1941-03-23
died: 1998-11-26 died: 1998-11-26
location: "Indianapolis, Indiana" location: "Indianapolis, Indiana"
@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Kwitny's most significant work, *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Di
Among the key findings Kwitny reported: [[Michael Hand]], the bank's American co-founder and a former Green Beret with [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] associations from the [[Laos]] operation, fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, shortly after co-founder [[Frank Nugan]] was found shot to death. Kwitny identified a man code-named "Charlie" - described as a former U.S. Special Forces member and ex-CIA operative - as having helped Hand escape to Fiji. Australian authorities were never able to locate Hand after his disappearance. The book documented how the network of American military and intelligence veterans surrounding Nugan Hand connected to the broader private covert operations infrastructure associated with [[Ted Shackley]], [[Tom Clines]], and [[Air America]].[^2] Among the key findings Kwitny reported: [[Michael Hand]], the bank's American co-founder and a former Green Beret with [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] associations from the [[Laos]] operation, fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, shortly after co-founder [[Frank Nugan]] was found shot to death. Kwitny identified a man code-named "Charlie" - described as a former U.S. Special Forces member and ex-CIA operative - as having helped Hand escape to Fiji. Australian authorities were never able to locate Hand after his disappearance. The book documented how the network of American military and intelligence veterans surrounding Nugan Hand connected to the broader private covert operations infrastructure associated with [[Ted Shackley]], [[Tom Clines]], and [[Air America]].[^2]
On August 16, 1983 the Wall Street Journal printed "Nugan Hand," by Kwitny, which reported the Australian Task Force's fourth volume. The article said the report named [[Earl P. Yates]] as then president of the bank and named Ted Shackley among the people newly connected with Nugan Hand. It also said that Hand had been smuggled out of Australia by another former CIA operative, James Oswald Spencer, whom investigators found in Arizona.[^3] The article quotes the report as saying that "if the CIA or any other intelligence organization had intended to use Nugan Hand as a cover for covert operations, it was a clumsy attempt," and says that Spencer declined to answer most questions but said he last saw Hand "several years ago" and that Hand "was in the CIA" at the time.[^3]
### Endless Enemies ### Endless Enemies
*Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World* (Congdon and Weed, 1984) documented Kwitny's thesis that American covert interventions and support for repressive regimes consistently created the conditions for blowback - producing enemies rather than allies. The book drew on Kwitny's reporting from Africa, Asia, [[Latin America]], and the [[Middle East]] to argue that the logic of anti-Communist intervention had systematically damaged American interests by associating the United States with corrupt and brutal governments. The book received positive reviews from foreign policy analysts and won the George Polk Award for journalism.[^1] *Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World* (Congdon and Weed, 1984) documented Kwitny's thesis that American covert interventions and support for repressive regimes consistently created the conditions for blowback - producing enemies rather than allies. The book drew on Kwitny's reporting from Africa, Asia, [[Latin America]], and the [[Middle East]] to argue that the logic of anti-Communist intervention had systematically damaged American interests by associating the United States with corrupt and brutal governments. The book received positive reviews from foreign policy analysts and won the George Polk Award for journalism.[^1]
@ -36,9 +38,10 @@ Kwitny's final major work, *Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John
### Legacy ### Legacy
Kwitny's reporting on Nugan Hand Bank preceded by years the broader academic and investigative literature on the private covert operations networks of the 1970s and 1980s. His sourcing and reconstruction of the bank's operations remained the documentary foundation for subsequent treatments of the subject, including accounts connecting Nugan Hand to the broader [[Ted Shackley]]-centered network and to the financial infrastructure that supported operations from Angola to Southeast Asia to Iran-Contra. Kwitny's reporting on Nugan Hand Bank preceded by years the broader academic and investigative literature on the private covert operations networks of the 1970s and 1980s. His sourcing and reconstruction of the bank's operations remained the documentary foundation for subsequent treatments of the subject, including accounts connecting Nugan Hand to the broader Ted Shackley-centered network and to the financial infrastructure that supported operations from Angola to Southeast Asia to Iran-Contra.
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World.* Congdon and Weed, 1984. Obituary notice, Wall Street Journal, November 1998. [^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World.* Congdon and Weed, 1984. Obituary notice, Wall Street Journal, November 1998.
[^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money and the CIA.* W.W. Norton, 1987. [^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money and the CIA.* W.W. Norton, 1987.
[^3]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1

24
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Julie Lejeune.md
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@ -15,33 +15,33 @@ relations:
role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996" role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996"
start: 1995-06-24 start: 1995-06-24
end: 1996-08-17 end: 1996-08-17
fn: 2 fn: 1
created: 2026-04-28 created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Julie Lejeune, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Melissa Russo]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, while the two were playing in the fields beside the Russo family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]]; the gendarmerie brigade at Grâce-Hollogne opened the case that day. A witness saw the children get into a car.[^2][^3] Her mother was Louisa Lejeune.[^4] Julie Lejeune, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Melissa Russo]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, while the two were playing in the fields beside the Russo family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]]; the gendarmerie brigade at Grâce-Hollogne opened the case that day. A witness saw the children get into a car.[^1][^2] Her mother was Louisa Lejeune.[^3]
### The Investigation of 1995 ### The Investigation of 1995
The gendarmerie of Charleroi had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect to the gendarmerie of Liège from July 7, 1995. A confidential report sent to the Charleroi gendarmerie command on August 10, 1995, and passed to the national criminal intelligence bureau (BCR), recorded two informants who did not know each other. The first said Dutroux had offered him work at Sars-la-Buissière and asked him to take part in abducting children in the Mechelen area. The second, adding to what he had reported in 1993, said Dutroux had told him of young girls, "c'est frais, ça se vend bien et rapporte beaucoup" ("they're fresh, they sell well and bring in a lot"), that the price was between 100,000 and 150,000 francs, and that in about October 1993 Dutroux had explained that the work in his cellars at Marchienne-Docherie was to make hiding places for abducted children; at the end of June 1995 Dutroux had asked him to keep watch during a job. The witness at Grâce-Hollogne recognized the type of car described by the informants.[^2] The surveillance of Dutroux under the name [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^2] The gendarmerie of Charleroi had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect to the gendarmerie of Liège from July 7, 1995. A confidential report sent to the Charleroi gendarmerie command on August 10, 1995, and passed to the national criminal intelligence bureau (BCR), recorded two informants who did not know each other. The first said Dutroux had offered him work at Sars-la-Buissière and asked him to take part in abducting children in the Mechelen area. The second, adding to what he had reported in 1993, said Dutroux had told him of young girls, "c'est frais, ça se vend bien et rapporte beaucoup" ("they're fresh, they sell well and bring in a lot"), that the price was between 100,000 and 150,000 francs, and that in about October 1993 Dutroux had explained that the work in his cellars at Marchienne-Docherie was to make hiding places for abducted children; at the end of June 1995 Dutroux had asked him to keep watch during a job. The witness at Grâce-Hollogne recognized the type of car described by the informants.[^1] The surveillance of Dutroux under the name [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^4]
Lejeune and Russo were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, on a warrant from the Charleroi investigating judge Lorent for violent theft and illegal detention in a separate matter; his accomplice [[Bernard Weinstein]] was listed as on the run. The gendarmerie obtained warrants to search his houses and reported that work was indeed being done in the cellars, "but without any connection with the content of the information in our possession, namely the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." Lorent released Dutroux on March 20, 1996, and the prosecutor's office did not appeal. During his imprisonment the two girls starved to death in the cell; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^2][^4] Lejeune and Russo were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, on a warrant from the Charleroi investigating judge Lorent for violent theft and illegal detention in a separate matter; his accomplice [[Bernard Weinstein]] was listed as on the run. The gendarmerie obtained warrants to search his houses and reported that work was indeed being done in the cellars, "but without any connection with the content of the information in our possession, namely the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." Lorent released Dutroux on March 20, 1996, and the prosecutor's office did not appeal. During his imprisonment the two girls starved to death in the cell; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^1][^3]
After the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996, and the rescue of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]] on August 15, the bodies of Julie and Melissa were found at Sars-la-Buissière on Saturday, August 17, 1996.[^2] After the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996, and the rescue of two girls, aged 12 and 14, on August 15, the bodies of Julie and Melissa were found at Sars-la-Buissière on Saturday, August 17, 1996.[^1]
### The Trial ### The Trial
At the assize court in Arlon, the jury on June 17, 2004, convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa, rejecting his defense that Lelièvre, one Pierre Rochow or members of "the Courcelles gang" were responsible. Martin was convicted of their sequestration, with the aggravating circumstance that it was accompanied by torture causing death. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] was acquitted of the abduction charges: only seven jurors voted to convict, one short of the majority of eight, and the professional judges then sided with the minority; a second deliberation on complicity also acquitted him. The verdict adopted the view of the investigating judge Jacques Langlois that Dutroux was an isolated predator, and set aside the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution and the families' lawyers. Louisa Lejeune said: "This has confirmed what I thought: They worked together."[^4][^5] At the assize court in Arlon, the jury on June 17, 2004, convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa, rejecting his defense that Lelièvre, one Pierre Rochow or members of "the Courcelles gang" were responsible. Martin was convicted of their sequestration, with the aggravating circumstance that it was accompanied by torture causing death. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] was acquitted of the abduction charges: only seven jurors voted to convict, one short of the majority of eight, and the professional judges then sided with the minority; a second deliberation on complicity also acquitted him. The verdict adopted the view of the investigating judge Jacques Langlois that Dutroux was an isolated predator, and set aside the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution and the families' lawyers. Louisa Lejeune said: "This has confirmed what I thought: They worked together."[^3][^5]
### The Cellar and Nihoul ### The Cellar and Nihoul
The parliamentary commission recorded that during the search of 128 rue de Philippeville in December 1995 [[Rene Michaux]], alone in the cellar, heard children's voices, which fell silent when he called for quiet, and that he put them down to children in the street, as the locksmith suggested; cassettes seized in the searches were sent to Brussels, and the question of who had viewed them was never answered.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lejeune and Russo were lured into a white van driven by Dutroux and Lelièvre, who had been scouting victims on the instructions of Nihoul; that the cell was built in 1993 with the help of a handyman, [[Claude Thirault]], who reported Dutroux's plans to kidnap girls for profit; that Dutroux, on his release, found the girls dead and buried them at Sars-la-Buissière beside Weinstein, whom he had killed in November 1995; that the autopsies showed malnutrition, restraint and sexual trauma; that phone records showed more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul in early August 1996 and investigators of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) found vehicles matching witness descriptions; and that a letter to Lejeune's father described the abduction as ordered for a "snuff orgy." Nihoul, the lawyer [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]] were charged as accomplices in the Delhez abduction. The [[X-Dossier]], compiled under the prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]], linked the case to the murder of [[Christine Van Hees]]; [[Regina Louf]] (X1) described abductions for blackmail parties at venues linked to [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]] and [[Count Leopold Lippens]]; and the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] reported possible matches of Lejeune in pornography connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s Zandvoort files, and to [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte's removal in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's early release in 1992.[^1] The parliamentary commission recorded that during the search of 128 rue de Philippeville in December 1995 Rene Michaux, alone in the cellar, heard children's voices, which fell silent when he called for quiet, and that he put them down to children in the street, as the locksmith suggested; cassettes seized in the searches were sent to Brussels, and the question of who had viewed them was never answered.[^1] The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lejeune and Russo were lured into a white van driven by Dutroux and Lelièvre, who had been scouting victims on the instructions of Nihoul; that the cell was built in 1993 with the help of a handyman, [[Claude Thirault]], who reported Dutroux's plans to kidnap girls for profit; that Dutroux, on his release, found the girls dead and buried them at Sars-la-Buissière beside Weinstein, whom he had killed in November 1995; that the autopsies showed malnutrition, restraint and sexual trauma; that phone records showed more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul in early August 1996 and investigators of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) found vehicles matching witness descriptions; and that a letter to Lejeune's father described the abduction as ordered for a "snuff orgy." Nihoul, the lawyer [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]] were charged as accomplices in the August 1996 abduction of the 14-year-old girl at Bertrix. The [[X-Dossier]], compiled under the prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]], linked the case to the murder of [[Christine Van Hees]]; [[Regina Louf]] (X1) described abductions for blackmail parties at venues linked to [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]] and [[Count Leopold Lippens]]; and the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] reported possible matches of Lejeune in pornography connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s Zandvoort files, and to [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte's removal in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's early release in 1992.[^4]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its November 1995 date for Weinstein's death sits uneasily with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995. Its dates for the abduction (July 9, 1995, from Charleroi) and for the discovery of the bodies (August 18, 1996) are contradicted by the commission's chronology; it describes Nihoul's 2004 acquittal as "despite jury conviction," which the verdict does not bear out. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4 ("Julie et Mélissa, du 24 juin au 24 août 1995") and the chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4 ("Julie et Mélissa, du 24 juin au 24 août 1995") and the chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^2]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
[^3]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/ [^3]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011 [^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its November 1995 date for Weinstein's death sits uneasily with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995. Its dates for the abduction (July 9, 1995, from Charleroi) and for the discovery of the bodies (August 18, 1996) are contradicted by the commission's chronology; it describes Nihoul's 2004 acquittal as "despite jury conviction," which the verdict does not bear out.
[^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/ [^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

77
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Karel Maasdam.md
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@ -1,33 +1,86 @@
--- ---
category: "Criminals & Offenders" category: "Criminals & Offenders"
tags: tags:
- AbuseNetworks
- Person - Person
- Netherlands - Netherlands
- PedophileNetwork - BoyProstitution
- BellBoys
- RolodexInvestigation - RolodexInvestigation
summary: "Karel Maasdam, alias 'Alex Privee,' ran the Bell Boys callboy service in the Netherlands in the 1980s, which supplied underage male prostitutes to Dutch judicial and political figures, and is named in the Rolodex Investigation." - PedophileNetwork
aliases:
- Karel Maasdam
- Alex Privee
summary: "Karel Maasdam, alias 'Alex Privee,' was described by Nick Davies in 1998 as the owner of the Bell Boys escort agency in the Netherlands."
created: 2026-05-14 created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-10-09 updated: 2026-10-09
location: "Netherlands" location: "Netherlands"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Bell Boys]]"
start: 1998
role: "owner of the escort agency, as described by Nick Davies"
fn: 1
--- ---
Karel Maasdam, using the alias "Alex Privee," operated the [[Bell Boys]] callboy service in the [[Netherlands]] during the 1980s, a commercial sexual abuse enterprise that provided underage boys to clients drawn from the Dutch legal, judicial, and political establishment. Maasdam also operated the [[Festival Bar]], a venue connected to the networks documented in Dutch pedophile investigations of the period. His operations were connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] through companies including [[Korper and Korver]] and [[Adonis]].[^1] Karel Maasdam is a man in the [[Netherlands]] whom the journalist [[Nick Davies]] identified in 1998 as the owner of the [[Bell Boys]] escort agency, known in [[Amsterdam]] as "Alex Privee."[^1] The Dutch government's account of a 1997 to 1999 probe of an Amsterdam brothel for homosexual clients with an attached escort agency refers to the brothel's owner only as "A."[^2]
### Bell Boys and Dutch Judicial Network ### Bell Boys and the alias
The [[Rolodex Investigation]], a Dutch police inquiry into organized boy prostitution, identified Maasdam as a central figure in the supply of minors to high-profile clients. A rolodex discovered during the investigation, kept by a professor who served as an intermediary, contained the private contact details of senior Dutch justice officials alongside Maasdam's operation. The presence of serving judicial and prosecutorial figures in the client records created the institutional dimension that gave the case its political sensitivity and has been cited as a reason the investigation stalled.[^1] Nick Davies wrote in 1998 of a search for a missing German boy that took him to the [[Paardenstraat]] in Amsterdam, where he found three bars, the [[Festival Bar]], the [[Music Box]] and the [[Cupido]]. In the same passage he wrote of finding "a man who looked like Fagin in a flat hat," and of that man: "His real name is Karel Maasdam but he is known here as Alex Privee, owner of the Bell Boys escort agency, producer of boy pornography, close friend of [[Lothar Glandorf]]."[^1]
[[Henry Hans Holthuis]], who served as Chief Prosecutor of the [[International Criminal Court|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] from 2003 to 2007, is among the prominent Dutch officials named in connection with the Bell Boys investigation. [[Robert Jan Warmerdam]], a witness in Dutch investigations, described attending events connected to Maasdam's network and provided testimony linking the Bell Boys service to the broader international pedophile infrastructure centered on [[Amsterdam]].[^1] Davies wrote that Maasdam did not say he had never met the missing boy, nor that the boy had never been seen in the Paardenstraat. According to Davies, Maasdam said he had come across a boy who looked very like the missing boy, that he had checked it out and that he was sure it was only a lookalike.[^1] Davies also wrote that an Englishman he interviewed in Amsterdam, who is not named, said a boy who worked as an escort for "Alex Privee's agency, Bell Boys" had mentioned seeing the missing boy in Glandorf's clubs in [[Rotterdam]].[^1]
### International Connections [[Het Parool]] carried classified advertisements headed "Bell Boys" in its "Diverse clubs" column from December 24, 1983 ("BELL BOYS. 24 uur escorts") through at least October 28, 1985, among them "Bell Boys 24-uurs Escort" on January 30 and February 1, 1984.[^3] On March 4, 6 and 8, 1985, the same newspaper carried an advertisement signed "Alex Privee. 5 Leuke jongens ontvangen u in gezellige sfeer. Ook Peter. S/M."[^4] The two sets of advertisements carry different telephone numbers.
Maasdam's Festival Bar and Bell Boys service intersected with the broader international pedophile network centered on Amsterdam, including [[PAN Magazine]] distribution networks and the [[Pedophile Information Exchange|PIE]]-connected organizations that used Amsterdam as a publishing and organizational base. The [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam - connected through company structures to Maasdam's enterprises - was also investigated as a venue whose management had links to the [[Gero-Video]] and [[TAG Films]] production networks connected to [[Warwick Spinks]].[^1] ### Rolodex investigation
The Dutch government's summary of December 23, 2013 states that the [[Rolodex Investigation]] was the third assignment of a multidisciplinary team formed in Amsterdam on August 25, 1998 under the responsibility of the Amsterdam chief prosecutor. The underlying probe of the brothel had begun in February 1997, was halted for tactical reasons and was reopened in May 1998, after a man under investigation in an unrelated sex-offence case began to describe the brothel in detail. On July 17, 1998, that witness said he had seen the names of two chief prosecutors on a rolodex, a card file of the clients of the brothel owner "A."[^2] The summary states that the rolodex was never found in searches of the suspects' homes and premises.[^2]
The main case ended in the prosecution and conviction of the owner, "A," and of a recruiter, "B." The [[Rechtbank Amsterdam]] sentenced them on February 26, 1999, to three years and fifteen months respectively, the latter with six months suspended.[^2] A letter from the Minister of Veiligheid en Justitie to the [[Tweede Kamer]] in July 2015 gives the same sentences for a conviction in 1999, without naming either man.[^5]
The [[College of Procurators-General]] concluded provisionally on March 24, 1999 that the allegations against the two chief prosecutors rested on the statements of one person, whom the police regarded as unreliable, and that the two could not be regarded as suspects. After the [[Rijksrecherche]] heard the two, the College saw no reason on May 26, 1999 to change that conclusion. The summary records that two other officials with legal government functions came into view during the probe, that findings of the main investigation (witness statements, wiretaps and observations) indicated that they were customers of the brothel's homosexual services, and that on September 21, 1999 the College found it had not been shown that they committed offences.[^2] The 2015 letter repeats that findings showed these two to be customers of the brothel.[^5]
Former detective [[Leendert de Koter]] testified on March 5, 2014 before an examining magistrate in Utrecht. He said the Rijksrecherche had supplied the names of [[Joris Demmink]] and of three chief prosecutors, which he gave as [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]], [[Henry Hans Holthuis]] and [[Wooldrik]], and that the suspicion against the four was repeated sexual abuse of minors. He said the probe produced no further indications against Demmink and did not elaborate on the prosecutors.[^6][^7] De Koter said that searches at the home of a university professor, the person on whom the probe concentrated, found the computer, video recorder and videotapes gone, and that a request for an observation team on Demmink and the prosecutors was refused. He also said [[Fred Teeven]], then the chief prosecutor for criminal intelligence in Amsterdam, led working meetings of the investigation team and knew the names.[^6][^7] Jaap Hoek, a former head of the Amsterdam youth and vice police who was heard the same day, said he did not remember Demmink's name or the names of chief prosecutors appearing in the Rolodex investigation.[^7]
A ministerial letter of March 27, 2014 states that the former secretary-general of the ministry did not appear in the Rolodex file in any way, and that no information came forward on two chief prosecutors named in the investigation that would justify a criminal investigation.[^8] The start date is given as 1997 by De Koter, who worked on the probe, and as August 1998 in that letter.[^6][^8]
### Civil hearings, 2016
In April 2016 [[DutchNews]] reported that "Charles Maasdam, who was sentenced in 1998 for operating a child brothel in Amsterdam's Oost neighbourhood, is expected to give evidence" at hearings in Amsterdam at which witnesses testified to allegations that politicians used underage male prostitutes in the 1980s.[^9] [[NL Times]] reported the same day: "Charles Maasdam, who owned a youth brothel in the capital for years, is also set to testify."[^10] The government summary dates the judgment against the brothel owner to February 26, 1999. Records found do not establish whether the Charles Maasdam in these reports is the Karel Maasdam described by Davies.[^2][^9]
### Name in the X-Dossier ### Name in the X-Dossier
A Brussels magistrate identified in X-Dossier witness statements only by the first name Karel (PV 117.535, November 19, 1996) is not identified in those statements as Karel Maasdam.[^2] A [[Brussels]] magistrate identified in [[X-Dossier]] witness statements only by the first name Karel (PV 117.535, November 19, 1996) is not identified in those statements as Karel Maasdam.[^11]
### Accounts in the Dovey book
S. Dovey wrote that Maasdam had a bookkeeper who told the Dutch current-affairs programme EenVandaag that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently supplied boys to Demmink and Holthuis, and that Maasdam's accountant gave Dutch intelligence services a dossier identifying [[Gero-Video]] as a distributor of child pornography. Dovey also wrote that Glandorf was investigated alongside associates such as Maasdam.[^12]
The Morkhoven Workgroup dossier, as reported by Dovey, identified the owner of the [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam as an American named John Edward Mullaney and linked him through a company called [[Korper and Korver]] to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and through a company called [[Adonis]] to Maasdam. Dovey also wrote that Gero-Video was linked to [[TAG Films]].[^12] The Dutch commercial register lists a J.E. Mullaney Holding B.V., registered in Amsterdam and no longer active, and an active Korper B.V. and Adonis B.V.; the register entries do not state who held the companies.[^13]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: "Belgian X-Dossiers of the Dutroux Affair: the Accused," Institute for the Study of Globalization and Covert Politics, 2007. https://www.isgp-studies.com/belgian-x-dossiers-of-the-marc-dutroux-affair-the-accused [^1]: Nick Davies, "Paedophile network trafficks young boys across Europe," nickdavies.net, dated October 1, 1998 and marked previously unpublished. https://www.nickdavies.net/1998/10/01/paedophile-network-trafficks-young-boys-across-europe/
[^2]: "Dutroux case and X-Dossier victim-witnesses," crimesandconsequences.com, updated 2021. https://crimesandconsequences.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/dutroux-case-and-x-dossier-victim-witnesses.pdf
[^2]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013, enclosure to a letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie to the Tweede Kamer (Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116), Eerste Kamer copy. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh
[^3]: Het Parool, classified advertisements, December 24, 1983 (ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137), January 30, 1984 (ABCDDD:010833158:mpeg21:a0039), February 1, 1984 (ABCDDD:010833236:mpeg21:a0079) and October 28, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831481:mpeg21:a0029), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Delpher. http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137
[^4]: Het Parool, classified advertisements, March 4, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831409:mpeg21:a0033), March 6, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831411:mpeg21:a0060) and March 8, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831413:mpeg21:a0023), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Delpher. http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010831413:mpeg21:a0023
[^5]: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Kamerstuk 31 015, nr. 115, letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie, July 1, 2015, answers to questions 2 and 8. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvi0xeni9vr2l_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vme26leaeuex/f=/vjvdn6hc42z9.pdf
[^6]: "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," NOS, March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^7]: "Oud-hoofdofficier justitie Jan Wolter Wabeke uit Best genoemd in zedenzaak Joris Demmink," Omroep Brabant, March 5, 2014. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/1720283/oud-hoofdofficier-justitie-jan-wolter-wabeke-uit-best-genoemd-in-zedenzaak-joris-demmink
[^8]: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116, letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie, March 27, 2014. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20140327/brief_regering/document3/f=/vjifeja4nlzk.pdf
[^9]: "Politicians and officials named in court as 'boy brothel' case begins," DutchNews.nl, April 18, 2016. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/04/politicians-and-officials-named-in-court-as-boy-brothel-case-begins/
[^10]: "Forced child prostitution case: Netherlands elite, royalty under microscope," NL Times, April 18, 2016. https://nltimes.nl/node/28758
[^11]: "Dutroux case and X-Dossier victim-witnesses," crimesandconsequences.com, updated 2021. PV 117.535, November 19, 1996, as quoted in the document. https://crimesandconsequences.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/dutroux-case-and-x-dossier-victim-witnesses.pdf
[^12]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^13]: Kamer van Koophandel, Handelsregister, entries 33304101, 65922646 and 09208081. https://opencorporates.com/companies/nl/33304101

14
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Margaret Mead.md
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@ -10,8 +10,16 @@ location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
--- ---
Margaret Mead was a renowned American cultural anthropologist. In 1969, she delivered a rousing conference speech that contributed to the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]'s decision to admit the [[Parapsychological Association]] to its ranks of approved disciplines. Her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to the field of parapsychology, which had long struggled for scientific acceptance.[^1] Margaret Mead was a renowned American cultural anthropologist. [[Jim Schnabel]] wrote that in 1969 she delivered a rousing conference speech that contributed to the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]'s decision to admit the [[Parapsychological Association]] to its ranks of approved disciplines. Her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to the field of parapsychology, which had long struggled for scientific acceptance.[^1]
--- The AAAS Council met on December 30, 1969, in the ballroom of the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Boston, with [[Bentley Glass]], the AAAS president for 1969, in the chair.[^2] The Board of Directors had approved the Parapsychological Association's application. [[E. Douglas Dean]], a former president of the association who had pressed the application since 1967, wrote that Mead spoke after Glass asked for further comments. In his report she said that for the previous ten years the Council had been discussing what science and scientific method are and which societies make use of them, and had changed its rules as a result; that the association used statistical methods, blinding, placebos, double-blind procedures and other standard methods; and that the history of scientific progress was full of scientists who investigated phenomena the scientific establishment held not to exist. She proposed that the Council vote in favor of the society's work.[^3] Glass called a show of hands, which Dean estimated at 160 to 180 in favor and 30 to 35 opposed, and declared the motion carried.[^3] Science reported that the Council voted to grant affiliation to the American Orthopsychiatric Association and to the Parapsychological Association.[^2]
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [[John Archibald Wheeler]], who had voted against the admission as a member of the AAAS Board of Directors, wrote to the AAAS in 1979: "I know that the views of our late and beloved Margaret Mead were strong in getting parapsychology admitted to the AAAS. I was present at the meeting where it happened."[^4] [[Martin Gardner]] wrote in the [[New York Review of Books]] that the decision was made "at the insistence of Margaret Mead."[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Dael Wolfle, "AAAS Council Meeting, 1969," Science 167, no. 3921 (February 20, 1970), pp. 1151-1153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3921.1151
[^3]: E. Douglas Dean, "Die Parapsychological Association, affiliiertes Mitglied der American Association for the Advancement of Science," Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 15 (2015), pp. 47-54, account of the December 1969 Council session; an English typescript is in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040024-0. https://www.anomalistik.de/images/pdf/zfa/zfa2015_12_047_dean.pdf
[^4]: John Archibald Wheeler, letter to William D. Carey, "'A Decade of Permissiveness'," New York Review of Books, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/a-decade-of-permissiveness/
[^5]: Martin Gardner, "Quantum Theory and Quack Theory," New York Review of Books, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/quantum-theory-and-quack-theory/

38
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md
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@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ relations:
with: "[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]" with: "[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]"
role: son role: son
fn: 1 fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "member"
start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10
fn: 16
--- ---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952. Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
@ -80,15 +86,25 @@ Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of
In April 1956 the Office of National Estimates of the CIA circulated to its Board, and proposed possibly to pass to the Director of Central Intelligence, Millikan's comments, sent on the center's letterhead, on the draft National Intelligence Estimate 100-3-56, "Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas." They were accompanied by an imaginary statement by Molotov written by Walt Rostow.[^12] In April 1956 the Office of National Estimates of the CIA circulated to its Board, and proposed possibly to pass to the Director of Central Intelligence, Millikan's comments, sent on the center's letterhead, on the draft National Intelligence Estimate 100-3-56, "Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas." They were accompanied by an imaginary statement by Molotov written by Walt Rostow.[^12]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^13] Millikan wrote the preface to Rostow's *The Dynamics of Soviet Society* (W. W. Norton, 1953) as director of the center, which the title page credits to "W. W. Rostow in collaboration with Alfred Levin, and with the assistance of others at the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."[^13] A CIA Office of Security memorandum of April 11, 1958 records that Rostow was approved as a consultant to the agency's Office of Research and Reports in March 1951, with status extended to June 1953, and that [[Alfred Kohlberg]] wrote to Senator [[Styles Bridges]] in October 1957 criticizing the agency for supporting the center.[^14]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^15]
### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955
In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman, and the other members included [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Philip Mosely]] and Hans Speier.[^16]
### Funding ### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^14] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^15] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^16] [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^17] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^18] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^19]
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^20] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^21]
### Death ### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^17] MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^22]
The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^23]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -104,8 +120,14 @@ MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of th
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, the fall 1951 start, Millikan's CIA year and February 1952 appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, the fall 1951 start, Millikan's CIA year and February 1952 appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/about/history [^11]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/about/history
[^12]: CIA Office of National Estimates, Staff Memorandum No. 33-56, "Views of Max Millikan on NIE 100-3-56: Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas," April 26, 1956, J. C. Graham, with attached letter from Millikan of April 25, 1956, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79R01012A008400030013-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79r01012a008400030013-4 [^12]: CIA Office of National Estimates, Staff Memorandum No. 33-56, "Views of Max Millikan on NIE 100-3-56: Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas," April 26, 1956, J. C. Graham, with attached letter from Millikan of April 25, 1956, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79R01012A008400030013-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79r01012a008400030013-4
[^13]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 [^13]: A. S., review, *The New International* 20, no. 4 (July-August 1954), pp. 222-224, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol20/no04/stein2.html ; title-page credit as listed in the *American Historical Review* 60, no. 1 (1955), https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/1/107/148629
[^14]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 [^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407
[^15]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 [^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^16]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 [^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26
[^17]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917 [^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^18]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^20]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^21]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^22]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013

138
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meyer Lansky.md
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@ -1,16 +1,146 @@
--- ---
aliases:
- Meyer Lansky
- Maier Suchowljansky
- Maier Suchowljanski
- Little Meyer
category: "Organized Crime" category: "Organized Crime"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
- PROMIS - PROMIS
summary: "Prominent Florida mobster whose Fremont Hotel in Las Vegas was financed through Jimmy Hoffa loans and linked to Bobby Baker networks." - MeyerLansky
- Gambling
- Casinos
- LasVegas
- Cuba
- Israel
- Bahamas
- KefauverCommittee
- OperationUnderworld
- Flamingo
summary: "Florida gambling operator whose casino interests ran from Las Vegas to Havana and the Bahamas, and whose 1972 expulsion from Israel was upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court."
born: 1902 born: 1902
died: 1983 died: 1983
location: "Grodno, Russian Empire (now Belarus)" location: "Grodno, Russian Empire (now Belarus)"
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Operation Underworld]]"
role: "intermediary between Charles Luciano in prison and Naval Intelligence contacts"
start: 1942-05
end: 1944
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Kefauver Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "witness who invoked the Fifth Amendment on questions about Las Vegas and Florida gambling"
start: 1950-10
fn: 4
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
reverse: true
role: "criminal contempt, income tax and Flamingo skimming charges, Southern District of Florida"
start: 1971-03-24
end: 1974-08-22
fn: 19
- type: investigated
with: "[[Bahamas Commission of Inquiry into Gambling]]"
reverse: true
role: "named by Louis Chesler as the adviser who reviewed casino staff for Grand Bahama"
start: 1967-04
fn: 24
--- ---
[[Meyer Lansky]] was a prominent Florida mobster. His Fremont Hotel in [[Las Vegas]] was financed through a [[Jimmy Hoffa|Hoffa]] loan. [[Edward Levinson]], a Las Vegas gambler, was a lieutenant of Lansky. Through [[Bobby Baker]], Levinson became acquainted with [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]].[^1]
--- Meyer Lansky (1902 to 1983) was a [[Florida]] gambling operator whose casino interests ran through [[Las Vegas]], [[Havana]], and the [[Bahamas]]. During the Second World War the [[New York County District Attorney's Office]] and the [[U.S. Navy]] used his access to the imprisoned [[Charles Luciano]] and to Italian-American waterfront contacts. [[Israel]] refused him an immigrant's visa under the Law of Return, and in September 1972 the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] upheld his expulsion. He was born in [[Grodno]] in the Russian Empire, on July 4, 1902 according to the FBI's files.[^1]
### Wartime work with Naval Intelligence
In 1942 the New York County district attorney's office and [[Charles R. Haffenden]], a Naval Intelligence officer, sought access to the waterfront and to Italian-American contacts there. The plan used [[Moses Polakoff]], Luciano's lawyer, who proposed Lansky as the man to carry messages between Luciano and his outside associates. Luciano was moved from [[Clinton Correctional Facility]] to [[Great Meadow Correctional Facility]] on May 12, 1942. For about two years Lansky, Polakoff, [[Joe Lanza]], [[Mike Lascari]], [[Frank Costello]], [[Willie Moretti]], and others visited him there to carry his instructions to the outside. [[William B. Herlands]], the New York State Commissioner of Investigation whose 1954 report reviewed the arrangement, recorded that when Gurfein asked whether he would take part, Lansky said he "definitely would."[^2]
Herlands also recorded Lansky's own account, given to the inquiry, that through these associates he was given a number of Italians whom he brought to the [[Hotel Astor]] and, on two or three occasions, to Haffenden's office at [[90 Church Street]]. He said that Haffenden turned those men over to his assistants, and that at times he himself listened to the discussions, which covered the coastline and the terrain off Sicily before the invasion. Lansky testified that each of the associates who accompanied him on his visits to Luciano later cooperated with Naval Intelligence. Herlands reported that [[Johnny Dunn]] complained to Polakoff that ships were being loaded in a way that let a bomb be placed aboard them, and that it was decided Lansky would take Dunn to Haffenden to give the information directly.[^3]
Herlands called the arrangement the War-Aid Project. A letter from [[Carl F. Espe]], Director of Naval Intelligence, to Herlands, dated July 26, 1954, confirmed it, and Herlands reproduced the letter in his report.[^3]
### Kefauver Committee testimony
The [[Kefauver Committee]] questioned Lansky in executive session in [[New York City]] on October 11, 1950, with the questioning resuming the next morning. He declined to answer many questions on the ground that the answers might tend to incriminate him. Asked "Did you ever have an interest in the Flamingo Hotel at Las Vegas?" he answered, "I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me," and he gave the same answer when asked whether he had ever been in Las Vegas, Nevada.[^4]
### Cuba under Batista
An FBI memorandum in the Lansky file describes him as spending most of his time in Havana in late 1957. The same memorandum describes him as having organized [[Cuba]]'s gambling arrangements for [[Fulgencio Batista]].[^5]
In February 1958 a [[New York Mirror]] item reported a Havana dispatch quoting Cuba's Interior Minister, [[Santiago Rey]], to the effect that Lansky would not be readmitted to Cuba because of charges pending against him in the United States. Lansky told the paper that he would like to return because of his gambling interests.[^6]
In a telephone call to the Legal Attaché in Havana on January 4, 1959, Lansky said he was still in Havana looking after hotel personnel, and he wanted the American embassy to have a record that he remained there. In a later interview with an FBI agent, he admitted a connection with the Riviera casino in Havana but said he did not own it and expected to acquire an interest. He denied any interest in the National casino, which he had worked for before it was sold in early October 1958 to New York interests. He said that under the Batista government it had been necessary to pay off government officials, and that he was surprised at how many casino employees turned out to be members of the July 26th Movement.[^7]
The [[Las Vegas Sun]] interviewed Lansky on January 5, 1959. Its staff writer, [[Alan Jarlson]], reported that Lansky hoped the new government would emerge from Fidel Castro's liberation of Cuba and would continue to permit American gamblers to operate. The paper described him as holed up at his "$16,000,000.00 Habana Riviera," with an associate, [[Charles Baron]], whom it described as his right-hand man at the Riviera. The same FBI memorandum quotes another report of that date that the Lanskys also operated the Internacional casino in the [[Hotel Nacional]].[^8]
An undated newspaper article in the file describes a Cuban law that allowed gambling only in hotels worth a million dollars or more, which the article says Lansky's interests had arranged so that his dealers would be classed as "valuable technicians."[^9]
### Israel, 1970 to 1972
Lansky arrived in Israel in July 1970 on a visitor's visa and announced that he intended to apply for an immigrant's visa. A [[Miami Herald]] article by [[James Savage]], which the FBI copied into the file, reported that he had been living in [[Tel Aviv]] and traveling in Israel's resort areas for four months, and that unconfirmed rumors said he would apply for citizenship. The article quoted state and federal organized-crime experts describing a stay in Israel as a voluntary exile from the United States, and noted that a federal grand jury in [[Miami]] was examining his financial dealings in Las Vegas.[^10]
His lawyer, [[Yoram Alroy]], stated that the Minister of the Interior, [[Yosef Burg]], was weighing whether to grant the immigrant's visa, and that the Minister then informed Lansky at the end of December 1970 that he had decided not to grant it or renew the visitor's visa. On September 23, 1971 the Ministry refused to extend his tourist visa. The Ministry relied on section 2 of the [[Law of Return]], which allows the Minister to refuse an immigrant's visa to a person with a criminal past who is likely to endanger public welfare.[^11]
On November 14, 1971 the Supreme Court issued a temporary order against his expulsion and an order nisi requiring Burg to show cause why he should not grant the visa or reverse the extension refusal. The [[Jerusalem Post]] reported the interim order on November 15, 1971. The Ministry's later reply to the court said that it was prepared to issue Lansky a laissez-passer to enter any country willing to accept him.[^11]
The FBI recorded on September 12, 1972 that the Supreme Court of Israel had decided that Lansky must leave Israel, with the decision dated September 11, 1972.[^12] The Chief Justice, [[Shimon Agranat]], wrote an 83-page decision, which [[TIME]] magazine described as unanimous and precedent-setting. TIME quoted Agranat as writing that "the particular phenomenon of organized crime as it has developed in the U.S. has not yet struck root here in Israel. Heaven forbid that we should encourage opening a door for it." A government spokesman told TIME that if Lansky lingered he would be taken to the airport and asked to choose a flight.[^13] A case note by [[Claude Klein]], titled "The Lansky Case," appeared in the [[Israel Law Review]] in 1973.[^14]
The Jerusalem Post staff writer [[David Landau]] wrote on November 8, 1972 that the expulsion treated a Jew unfairly under the Law of Return. He compared Lansky's rejection by one country after another on November 5 and 6, 1972 to the wandering homeless Jews of earlier decades. The column is summarized in the FBI file, which records that it attacked the Interior Minister and the State Attorney, [[Gabriel Bach]].[^15]
Lansky left Tel Aviv on November 5, 1972 on Swissair, by way of [[Geneva]], for [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Brazilian authorities refused to admit him. He then flew on to [[Buenos Aires]] and was placed on a Braniff flight that stopped at several Latin American capitals and reached Miami on November 7, 1972. The FBI had recorded an allegation that he had obtained a Paraguayan immigrant visa in Israel. Agents took him into custody at Miami International Airport on a warrant for criminal contempt of the Miami grand jury, issued March 24, 1971.[^16]
### Las Vegas, the Flamingo, and the Fremont
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that the [[Fremont Hotel]] in Las Vegas was financed through a loan from [[Jimmy Hoffa]]. She described [[Edward Levinson]], a Las Vegas gambler, as a lieutenant of Lansky, and wrote that through [[Bobby Baker]] Levinson became acquainted with [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]].[^17]
An FBI informant's report recorded on April 30, 1963 stated that Lansky owned large shares of the [[Sands Hotel]], the Fremont, the [[Horseshoe Hotel]], and the Flamingo casinos.[^18]
On March 25, 1971 a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Lansky, [[Morris Lansburgh]], and [[Sam Cohen]] on a charge of conspiring to skim proceeds from the Flamingo casino in Las Vegas during 1960 to 1967, in order to avoid taxes on the skimmed money. The indictment named [[Louis Poller]] as an unindicted co-conspirator. A Las Vegas grand jury returned a superseding indictment on October 22, 1971.[^19]
Lansburgh and Cohen pleaded guilty, and on April 27, 1973 each was sentenced to one year in prison. Lansky's trial was postponed to January 7, 1974 because of his health.[^19] On August 22, 1974 Judge [[Roger D. Foley]] of the United States District Court in Las Vegas granted a sixth continuance and, in the order, stated that the case would lie dormant on the court calendar until Lansky died or government counsel dismissed the indictment; the FBI summary adds that Foley stated the case should be dismissed, after medical evidence indicated that Lansky would never be well enough to stand trial. A newspaper report in the same file says the indictment was dismissed.[^20]
On July 25, 1973 Lansky was acquitted, as the FBI summary records, of income tax evasion. That charge concerned gambling debts of customers of the Colony Sporting Club in London, which he was accused of not reporting as income.[^21]
Separately, Lansky was charged with criminal contempt on March 24, 1971 for failing to answer a grand jury subpoena. He was found guilty on February 28, 1973, and on June 14, 1973 he was sentenced to one year and a day at the federal medical center in [[Springfield, Missouri]]. On June 28, 1974 the [[Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals]] reversed the contempt conviction, holding that he should not have been convicted for failing to answer the subpoena.[^22]
### The Bahamas
The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported on October 5, 1965, in an article titled "Las Vegas East," that Lansky's associates [[Dino Cellini]] and [[George Sadlow]] figured prominently in the operation of the casino at the [[Lucayan Beach Hotel]] on [[Grand Bahama]]. The article quoted an unnamed man in a position to know the casino's operations, who said that Cellini and Sadlow were Lansky's men.[^23]
[[Louis Chesler]], a Canadian promoter, appeared before the Bahamian commission of inquiry into gambling and testified on April 18, 1967 that he had met Lansky and Lansky's brother at the [[Fontainebleau Hotel]] in [[Miami Beach]] about April 1, 1963, to seek advice on hiring staff for the Monte Carlo casino at [[Freeport, Bahamas|Freeport]]. Chesler said he went to Lansky because, "from what I was told," Lansky was "the dean of gambling - the most knowledgeable man to ask," and that Lansky looked over a list of prospective employees. Chesler testified that Lansky then offered the services of Sadlow, who was eighty, and that Sadlow controlled hiring and firing when the casino opened. Chesler also insisted that he had never done business with Lansky. The Miami Herald and the Wall Street Journal reported the testimony on April 19, 1967, and the [[New York Times]] reported further testimony before the commission on April 22, 1967.[^24]
The commission also heard [[Stafford Sands]]. An undated newspaper article in the FBI file reports that Sands later acknowledged to the commission that Lansky had offered him a payment in 1960 to permit gambling on Grand Bahama, and that Sands turned the offer down.[^25]
In an FBI interview arranged for May 21, 1963 at Hollywood, Florida, Lansky said that the FBI, by painting him as a hoodlum, had succeeded in keeping him out of any Bahamian venture. He added that he thought gambling there would be a lucrative business, though one that would hurt the Miami Beach hotels.[^26]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^1]: FBI file 62-97928 and file 92-2831 Section 01 (birth recorded as July 4, 1902, Grodno; a school record in Section 02 gives August 28, 1902). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^2]: William B. Herlands, report to Governor Thomas E. Dewey on the commutation of the sentence of Charles Luciano, September 17, 1954, introduction and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 to 8, and pp. 45 to 46 (printed pagination). Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Series 13, University of Rochester Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
[^3]: Herlands report, September 17, 1954, pp. 45 to 46 and 65 to 66 (Polakoff, the Haffenden meetings, Lansky's testimony, the informants and Dunn), and "Official Confirmation of the War-Aid Project," p. 11, Espe letter of July 26, 1954. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Hearings, 82nd Congress, 1st session, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey), testimony of Meyer Lansky, executive session of October 11, 1950, pp. 149 to 153 (Flamingo and Las Vegas questions at p. 152; Lansky's testimony indexed at pp. 138 to 163). https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
[^5]: FBI file 62-97928 and file 92-2831, Section 01 and Section 09 (memorandum quoting the *Las Vegas Sun* on Lansky's organization of Batista's casinos). Meyer Lansky FBI Files, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^6]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 02, memorandum citing "Cuba to Bar Lansky," Havana dispatch of February 20, 1958, and *New York Mirror*, February 22, 1958, p. 5. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^7]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 03, Legal Attaché Havana memorandum of January 4, 1959 (telephone call from Lansky), and FBI memorandum of an interview with Lansky, 1959. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^8]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 09, quoting *Las Vegas Sun*, January 5, 1959, interview by Alan Jarlson. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^9]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, undated newspaper article on Cuban gambling law. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky.
[^10]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, article by James Savage, *Miami Herald*, undated (written after Lansky had lived in Israel for about four months). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^11]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 18 (decision of September 23, 1971 against extending the tourist visa) and Section 19, FBI letter of May 9, 1972 enclosing the *Jerusalem Post* of November 15, 1971 (interim order, Supreme Court of Israel, November 14, 1971), and a later *Jerusalem Post* report of the Interior Ministry's reply to the order nisi, quoting the petition of Lansky's counsel Yoram Alroy. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^12]: FBI teletype, Miami to Director, September 12, 1972, file 92-2831, Section 19 (Israeli Supreme Court decision of September 11, 1972). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^13]: "The World: Non-Returnable Lansky," *TIME*, September 25, 1972. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0%2C33009%2C903591%2C00.html
[^14]: Claude Klein, "The Lansky Case," *Israel Law Review*, vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1973), pp. 286 to 295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700004167
[^15]: David Landau, "Lansky's Odyssey and the Law of Return, Personal Opinion," *Jerusalem Post*, November 8, 1972, as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Section 19. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^16]: FBI teletypes and memoranda of November 5 to 7, 1972, file 92-2831, Section 19 (departure from Tel Aviv, Brazilian refusal, Paraguayan visa allegation, arrest at Miami International Airport on a warrant of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, March 24, 1971, Title 18, section 401). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^17]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^18]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 10, informant report recorded April 30, 1963. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky. Informant report.
[^19]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 17 (indictment of March 25, 1971 as printed in a Florida newspaper of March 29, 1971) and Section 20 (summary of the Flamingo skimming indictment, its superseding return on October 22, 1971, and the April 27, 1973 sentences). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^20]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 20, order of Judge Roger D. Foley, August 22, 1974, and a newspaper report of the dismissal reproduced in the same section. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^21]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 20, summary of the July 25, 1973 acquittal on income tax evasion charges arising from the Colony Sporting Club debts. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^22]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 19 and Section 20, summary of the contempt case (sentence of June 14, 1973, Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, Springfield, Missouri) and of the Fifth Circuit ruling of June 28, 1974. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^23]: "Las Vegas East," *Wall Street Journal*, October 5, 1965, by Monroe W. Karmin and Stanley Penn, as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Section 13. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^24]: Louis Chesler testimony before the Bahamian commission of inquiry, April 18, 1967, as reported in *Miami Herald*, April 19, 1967 (Clarence Jones), *Wall Street Journal*, April 19, 1967 (Monroe W. Karmin), and *New York Times*, April 22, 1967, "Gambling Ties Traced in Nassau," as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Sections 12 and 13. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^25]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, undated newspaper article on the Lucayan Beach casino and Groves companies, including Sands's acknowledgment to the commission. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky.
[^26]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 10, FBI interview with Meyer Lansky arranged for May 21, 1963, Hollywood, Florida. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Hand.md
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@ -1,24 +1,138 @@
--- ---
category: "Intelligence & Government" category: "Business & Finance"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
- CIA - CIA
- Military - SpecialForces
summary: "After his first tour in Vietnam, Hand moved to the clandestine CIA war in Laos, according to Ted Shackley, a former station chief in Indo-China." - NuganHandBank
- AirAmerica
- GoldenTriangle
- Fugitive
aliases:
- Michael Hand
- Michael J. Hand
- Michael John Hand
- Michael Jon Hand
- Jon Michael Hand
- Michael Jon Fuller
summary: "Michael Hand, a decorated Green Beret who co-founded Nugan Hand Bank in Sydney, disappeared from Australia in June 1980 and was reported living in Idaho under another surname in 2015."
born: 1941-12-08 born: 1941-12-08
location: "New York City, New York, USA" location: "The Bronx, New York, USA"
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
start: 1973
fn: 10
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Frank Nugan]]"
start: 1970
fn: 6
- type: director_of
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
role: chairman
start: 1980
fn: 11
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: CIA contract agent, according to Jonathan Kwitny; contractor operative, according to an Australian investigation as reported by ProPublica
fn: 2
--- ---
[[Michael Hand]] was a highly decorated Special Forces Green Beret soldier in [[Vietnam]]. He later co-founded [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]] with [[Frank Nugan]] and officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned [[Air America]]. Hand had special knowledge of intelligence operations in the [[Golden Triangle]].[^1] Michael Hand (born December 8, 1941, in the [[Bronx]], New York) was a [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]] soldier in [[Vietnam]] who co-founded the [[Sydney]] merchant bank [[Nugan Hand Bank]] with [[Frank Nugan]]. The bank collapsed in 1980 after Nugan was found dead and Hand left [[Australia]]. In 2015 the Australian writer [[Peter Butt]] reported that Hand had been living in [[Idaho]] under the surname Fuller.[^1]
After his first tour in [[Vietnam]], Hand moved to the clandestine [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] war in [[Laos]], according to [[Ted Shackley]], a former station chief in Indo-China.[^1] ### Military service
[[Nugan Hand Bank]], a primary [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation in the Pacific area, reportedly laundered profits from drug trafficking in the [[Golden Triangle]]. These laundered profits, in turn, financed subversive paramilitary activities in Southeast [[Asia]]. The bank collapsed in 1980, $5 billion in debt, and Michael Hand disappeared.[^1] [[Jonathan Kwitny]] wrote that Hand completed a one-year course at the New York State Ranger School in 1961, a school attached to Syracuse University, and that in 1962 Hand wrote to his instructor that he was managing a swim and sports school in Palos Verdes Estates, California.[^2] Hand enlisted in the Army in May 1963 and volunteered for the Green Berets.[^3] He served with the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces. The [[Military Times]] Hall of Valor transcribes the Distinguished Service Cross citation (General Orders No. 23, 1966, Headquarters, U.S. Army, Pacific) as presented to Private First Class Michael John Hand for "exceptionally valorous actions on 9 and 10 June 1965 during a 1-hour communist attack on the Special Forces compound at Dong Ha." The transcription continues that he "braved a barrage of fire in an attempt to rescue a wounded comrade, then darted into a building and dragged to safety a wounded American captain and a Seabee," was wounded by shrapnel, "found a machine gun and raked the enemy until the weapon jammed," and, hit by a second blast and ordered to withdraw, volunteered to rescue another wounded man.[^4] Kwitny wrote that, according to the citation, Hand on June 9, 1965 "almost single-handedly held off a fourteen-hour Vietcong attack on the Special Forces compound at Dong Xaoi."[^2] [[Bob Bottom]] wrote that, according to contemporary reports, Hand was one of six survivors of a 200-member unit that held out against 1,200 North Vietnamese at [[Dong Xoai]], 135 kilometres north of [[Saigon]].[^5]
According to the book *The Crimes of Patriots* by [[Jonathan Kwitny]], Michael Hand reportedly fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, on a flight to [[Fiji]]. He was allegedly helped to escape by an American code-named "[[Codename Charlie|Charlie]]," identified by Kwitny as a former member of the [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Special Forces]] and ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative.[^1] [[Jonathan Marshall]], writing in [[Inquiry]] in November 1980, gave a different account of the decoration. He wrote that Hand won it for rescuing his commanding officer during a savage firefight in the highlands of central Vietnam. Marshall also wrote that Hand studied forestry at [[Syracuse University]], worked briefly as a teacher in [[Los Angeles]], went to Vietnam in 1965, and left in 1968 to settle in Sydney.[^6] [[Raymond Bonner]] of [[ProPublica]] wrote that Hand studied forestry for a year before enlisting in 1963 and was awarded a Purple Heart, a Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Cross.[^1] Kwitny wrote that a resume Hand later submitted to the State Department gave his date of leaving the Army as May 1966 and the next entry as "1966-1967, worked directly for U.S. Government," that banking associates said Hand sometimes referred to undercover activities in Laos during those years, that men who said they had encountered him described him training Montagnards and working closely with the Air America crews that supplied them, and that Hand migrated to Australia in September 1967.[^2]
In 1991, Australian journalist [[Brian Toohey]] reported in his *The Eye* magazine that Michael Hand had a postal drop at a suite in NE Bellevue, Washington State, and his wife was reportedly living with him there. [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who was living near Tacoma, Washington State, when he was arrested in 1991, claimed to have been in direct communication with Michael Hand before and after Hand's disappearance, and that he had handled money transfers for Hand when he fled [[Australia]].[^1] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that [[Ted Shackley]], a former station chief in Indo-China, said Hand moved to the clandestine [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] war in [[Laos]] after his first tour in Vietnam.[^7] Seymour also wrote that Hand had special knowledge of intelligence operations in the [[Golden Triangle]].[^7] [[Keith Schneider]] of the [[New York Times]] wrote in March 1987 that the Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking report noted that Hand did extensive business with American intelligence officers in Southeast Asia in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and said there was "evidence" that "Hand retained his U.S. intelligence ties through the 1970's and probably the 1980s," evidence that remained classified. Schneider described Hand as a former Army Green Beret and military intelligence officer who served in Laos during the late 1960s with [[Air America]], the CIA-owned airline, in the period when [[Richard Secord]] played a large role in directing Air America's operations. Schneider wrote that the report said Ted Shackley and [[Tom Clines]] were the two top officers of the CIA's Laotian station in that period, and that Secord, Shackley, Clines and [[Rafael Quintero]] were close to Hand.[^8]
The Task Force was told by an American witness that Hand was involved in a 1976 shipment of 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons, including rifles and machine guns, that left Boston by way of Africa and was delivered to U.S.-supported forces in [[Angola]]. The report also said that Hand and the bank took part in the movement by the United States Navy of a spy ship to [[Iran]] in 1976. Both transactions are linked in the report to [[Edwin Wilson]], a former CIA officer who worked for a Navy intelligence group known as [[Task Force 157]].[^8][^9]
### Nugan Hand Bank
Seymour wrote that Nugan Hand Bank was a primary CIA operation in the Pacific area, that it reportedly laundered profits from drug trafficking in the Golden Triangle, and that these profits financed subversive paramilitary activities in Southeast Asia.[^7]
Hand and Nugan entered a partnership in 1970 as investment advisers. Most of their clients were American servicemen whom Hand had met in Vietnam or in Sydney bars, and the pair made money in land and mining speculation during the boom of the early 1970s.[^6] A 1981 Washington News Bureau report printed in the [[New York Daily News]] said that Nugan and Hand began in 1969 with a company called [[Australasian and Pacific Holding]], and that four shareholders in the venture gave their business address as Air America.[^3] Kwitny wrote that the list of thirty-seven shareholders filed with the government in May 1970 showed four with the address "c/o Air America, A.P.O. San Francisco," one with the address "c/o Continental Air Service," and five reachable through the U.S. Agency for International Development.[^2] The [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]] says that the two set up the merchant bank Nugan Hand Ltd in 1973 with a nominal paid-up capital of $1 million.[^10] Bonner gave the starting capital as $80.[^1]
The bank operated offices in several countries. The Task Force report, as Schneider summarized it, counted offices and mail drops in 13 countries in two hemispheres during the seven years the bank was in business.[^8] Its senior staff included retired officers. The [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in May 1980 that [[Edwin Black]], a former general, had acted as the company's representative in [[Hawaii]], that retired Navy admiral [[Earl P. Yates]] headed the Washington office, and that Donald Beazley was president of U.S. operations.[^11] The Task Force report, as reported by Kwitny in the Journal in August 1983, described Yates as then president of the Nugan Hand Bank.[^9] Kwitny wrote in his book that Black became president of Nugan Hand, Inc., Hawaii in 1977, and that Yates had been president of the Nugan Hand Bank for nearly three years and helped maintain a Washington office.[^2] According to the Daily News, [[George Farris]], a former Green Beret buddy of Hand, worked in the bank's Washington office.[^3]
[[William Colby]], the former CIA director, confirmed to the Journal that he had done legal work for Nugan and said that this was the extent of their relationship.[^11] The Daily News reported Colby as saying that Nugan told him he wanted to expand into the United States, and that he had "no idea" how the bank had prospered so rapidly.[^3]
[[Bernie Houghton]], an American who had lived in Sydney since 1967, was described by [[The Bulletin]] in June 1984 as the man behind Nugan Hand's [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian]] operations.[^12]
### Frank Nugan's death and the 1980 disappearance
Nugan was found dead in his car on a lonely road outside Sydney on January 27, 1980, with a bullet wound in his head and a rifle beside the body.[^11] Australian police described the wound as self-inflicted.[^3] The coroner's inquest recorded that he died "of the effects of a gunshot wound, self-inflicted and with the intention of taking his own life."[^10] A lawyer for two insurance companies that had insured Nugan's life told the inquest that the position of the body showed that he could not have shot himself, as police had assumed.[^11] A business card for William Colby was among the items found on the body.[^11] After a reported sighting of Nugan in the United States, his body was exhumed, and a second inquest in March 1981 confirmed the earlier findings on the basis of dental evidence.[^10]
At the same inquest Hand, by then chairman of the bank, said that Nugan had misappropriated several million dollars and had made loans of $3.3 million to persons and groups whose identity was not known. He also said: "The company is insolvent and unable to pay its debts as they fall due."[^11] Bonner reported that Hand testified the bank was insolvent and owed investors, large and small, some $50 million.[^1] Seymour wrote that the bank collapsed in 1980, $5 billion in debt, and that Hand disappeared.[^7]
A Sydney butcher and friend of Hand, who was granted immunity from prosecution in 1981, told [[Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking|Task Force]] investigators that in late February 1980 he met Bernie Houghton and George Shaw, a director of the bank, on the eighth floor of the bank's headquarters at 55 Macquarie Street, and was told to go to the [[AMP Centre]] in Bridge Street. He said that in an office in room 1709 Shaw filled about fifteen boxes with records from the filing cabinets, and that the boxes were moved to a flat in [[Ultimo]] and later to a cold store. Hand had told him not to tell him where the records had been moved, because he did not want to know.[^12] [[Kevin Woods]], a Task Force investigator, told the butcher that Hand had stated in his [[Corporate Affairs Commission]] cross-examination that he helped remove the records.[^12]
Hand left Australia in June 1980. The butcher told investigators that Hand's own attempts to obtain an Australian passport in another name had failed, and that the butcher then obtained one in the name of an employee, through a travel agent, after Hand gave him cash for a round-the-world ticket. The passport was issued in the name of Alan Glen Winter.[^12] Kwitny wrote that the passport application was lodged on June 5.[^2] The butcher said an American he knew only as "Charlie," white, six foot one, about 180 pounds, with dark hair, probably about 35, came from the United States, provided a false beard, moustache and glasses, and was with Hand when he left for [[Vancouver]] by way of [[Fiji]] and [[Honolulu]]; Hand told him he was flying to Canada because from there he could enter the United States without a visa, and that he left "on the long weekend in June."[^12]
Kwitny quoted the Task Force report of March 1983 as saying that "Charlie" was James Oswald Spencer, who was resident in [[Arizona]], "a former member of the U.S. Special Forces" who "like Hand was loaned to the Central Intelligence Agency during the latter half of the 1960s for operations in the Southeast Asian conflict." Kwitny wrote that Spencer arrived in Australia on May 14, 1980 and left on June 14 on the same Fiji-bound flight as Hand, who travelled as Alan Winter; that the FBI interviewed Spencer in November 1982 at the request of the Task Force; that Spencer said he had last seen Hand "several years ago when Hand was in the CIA" and declined other questions; and that the Task Force rejected Spencer's denial and concluded that he was Charlie.[^2] Kwitny reported in the Journal in August 1983 that the report said Hand was smuggled out of Australia by another former CIA operative, Spencer, whom investigators found in Arizona, and that Spencer said Hand "was in the CIA" at the time.[^9] [[The Nation]] reported in March 1984 that the Australians had identified Charlie as Spencer, a former Special Forces member "loaned" to the CIA during the Vietnam War, and that Spencer was interviewed by the FBI but refused to talk about his dealings with Hand.[^13] ProPublica wrote in 2015 that Hand fled in June 1980 with the assistance of a former CIA officer, flying to Fiji and then to Canada.[^1]
The New York Daily News reported on February 13, 1981 that "Australian police have a fugitive warrant out for Hand, who took key bank deposit records with him," and that they wanted him on a conspiracy charge.[^3] The same report said that the [[United States Customs Service]] was investigating the bank's currency transactions and that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had quietly begun investigating the bank in [[Manila]] and Honolulu.[^3]
### Official investigations
The Commonwealth and New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking produced a report on Nugan Hand in parts. Volume 2 (Part I) is dated June 1982 and Volume 4 (Part II) was completed in March 1983.[^14] The Journal reported in November 1982 that a cabinet minister had called the report's material "compelling evidence" that the bank was engaged in widespread criminal activity, and that the report said there were "strong grounds to believe" that bank officers were involved with U.S. and Australian intelligence agencies, but that there was not conclusive proof that the bank was connected to an intelligence operation.[^15] Kwitny quoted the report as saying that "if the CIA or any other intelligence organization had intended to use Nugan Hand as a cover for covert operations, it was a clumsy attempt."[^9]
On February 24, 1983 the Prime Minister's office announced that the [[Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking]] under Mr Justice [[Donald Stewart]] would be extended, and that the Commonwealth was discussing terms of reference for an inquiry into Nugan Hand.[^16] Special Minister of State Mr Young told the House of Representatives on November 27, 1985 that on March 28, 1983 the terms of reference of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking had been extended to allow Mr Justice Stewart to inquire into the activities of the Nugan Hand Group; that the first interim report was presented to the government on October 13, 1983 and tabled on December 6, 1983; and that the second was presented on December 13, 1984 and tabled on March 20, 1985.[^17] The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group issued its final report in 1985.[^10] According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, the Corporate Affairs Commission reported in 1983 that Nugan had been involved in massive international and local fraud and had deliberately falsified the bank's accounts to conceal debt.[^10]
The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that the 1983 to 1985 royal commission "uncovered little new information."[^10] The New York Times reported that the 1985 report disputed some of the Task Force conclusions.[^8] In the same statement Mr Young said the Commission found that the allegations of CIA involvement "lacked substance," that the Royal Commissioner found it inherently implausible that the CIA would have used a group with the shortcomings of Nugan Hand, and that "there was simply no objective evidence that the CIA used or was used by the Nugan Hand group in, or in connection with, any of the group's activities." He said the Commission found "no evidence to support the allegation that the office in Chiang Mai was established to attract deposits from drug producers of the so-called 'Golden Triangle'," concluded that on at least one occasion the group transferred money overseas for collection by a member of the Mr Asia drug syndicate, and noted that evidence could not be obtained from Hand.[^17] Bonner wrote that one Australian investigation found links between Hand and the CIA, while another did not.[^1]
The CIA's public response was a terse "no comment" when asked about the bank in February 1981, according to the Daily News.[^3] The Nation reported in 1984 that the agency had flatly denied any connection with Nugan Hand but had refused to cooperate with the Australian inquiry.[^13] In a letter to [[Time]] in January 1982, [[John H. Holdridge]], Assistant Secretary of State, wrote that [[George H.W. Bush|George H. W. Bush]] had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement, and that [[Frank Church]] had said his Senate Select Committee on Intelligence found no evidence implicating the agency.[^18] A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had been given immunity from prosecution, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^19]
### 1980s and later sightings
[[Brian Toohey]] reported in [[The Eye]] in 1991 that Hand had a postal drop at a suite in northeast [[Bellevue]], Washington, and that his wife was reportedly living with him there.[^20] Seymour wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who was living near [[Tacoma]], Washington, when he was arrested in 1991, claimed to have been in direct communication with Hand before and after the disappearance, and to have handled money transfers for Hand when he fled Australia.[^7]
In November 2015 Peter Butt, the author of *Merchants of Menace*, reported that Hand had been living in a small town in Idaho as Michael Jon Fuller, having changed his name only slightly. Butt said Hand had not obtained a new Social Security number.[^1] The Idaho company [[G.M.I. Manufacturing]], registered with the [[Idaho Secretary of State]], was described by Butt as manufacturing tactical weapons for U.S. Special Forces, special operations groups and hunters.[^1] The Idaho Secretary of State's business records list a G.M.I. Manufacturing, Inc., a general business corporation filed on January 4, 1999 and recorded as dissolved on March 9, 2023; the record names a registered agent and a mailing address in Ucon, Idaho, and records found do not establish whether it is the company Butt described.[^21] ProPublica reported, citing an Australian intelligence document declassified earlier in 2015, that in 1982 Hand was working as a military adviser in the region of [[Nicaragua]] where the anti-Sandinista contras were based. The CIA has previously denied any links to Hand.[^1] The Australian program [[60 Minutes]] filmed Hand, identified as Fuller, in [[Idaho Falls]], and reported that he refused to answer questions. The FBI did not immediately respond to a request for comment.[^1]
---
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^1]: Bonner, Raymond. "Decades After Disappearing From Australia, a CIA-Linked Fugitive Is Found in Idaho." ProPublica, November 10, 2015 (co-published with The Daily Beast). https://www.propublica.org/article/after-disappearing-from-australia-a-cia-linked-fugitive-found-in-idaho
[^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987 (Touchstone edition, 1988, pp. 41-42, 46, 54-55, 73, 85, 159, 336-339).
[^3]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
[^4]: Military Times Hall of Valor, "Michael Hand," Distinguished Service Cross, Vietnam War, General Orders No. 23 (1966), Headquarters, U.S. Army, Pacific. https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient/recipient-4866/
[^5]: Bottom, Bob. *Connections 1*, excerpt "The Nugan Hand Connection," Sydney Crime Museum. https://sydneycrimemuseum.com/crime-stories/the-nugan-hand-connection/
[^6]: Marshall, "The Friends of Michael Hand," Inquiry, November 24, 1980. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510007-5
[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^8]: Schneider, "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study," New York Times, March 8, 1987. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^9]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1
[^10]: Farrell, Frank. "Nugan, Francis John (1942-1980)." Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, 2000. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nugan-francis-john-11266
[^11]: "An Australian Bank Faces Many Charges in Fiction-Like Case" (subhead "Nugan Hand Chairman Found Dead, Accused of Stealing; CIA Link Is Alleged"). Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820048-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820048-7
[^12]: Stannard, Bruce. "Nugan Hand from the Inside." The Bulletin (Sydney), June 5, 1984, pp. 22-27, reproducing the Task Force interviews of Robert Wallace Gehring (May 29, 1981) and Maurice Bernard Houghton (June 9, 1981); reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Part 1. https://archive.org/details/Nugan-Hand
[^13]: "Dispatches: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1
[^14]: New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking, Volume 2 (June 1982) and Volume 4 (March 1983). Dates from the Wellcome Collection catalogue (https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jzzwv5ng) and Schneider, New York Times, March 8, 1987.
[^15]: "Australian Probe Links Nugan Hand to Illegalities." Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510003-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510003-9
[^16]: Fraser, Malcolm. Prime Minister's media release, "Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking," February 24, 1983. PM Transcripts, Transcript 6034. https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00006034.pdf
[^17]: Young, Michael. Ministerial statement, "Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group: Report and Ministerial Statement," Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, November 27, 1985, pp. 3784-3786.
[^18]: Holdridge, John H. Letter, "Australian Intrigue," Time, January 3, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1
[^19]: CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," transcript of the Evening News segment, September 22, 1982, by Gary Shepard. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^20]: Toohey, Brian. "The Eye," 1991.
[^21]: Idaho Secretary of State, business entity search, G.M.I. Manufacturing, Inc. (file 388708). https://sosbiz.idaho.gov/search/business

18
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michel Lelievre.md
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@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ relations:
end: 1996-08-12 end: 1996-08-12
fn: 3 fn: 3
created: 2026-04-28 created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Michel Lelièvre was arrested with [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Michelle Martin]] at about five in the afternoon on August 12, 1996, three days after the abduction of [[Laetitia Delhez]] at Bertrix, when a witness had remembered three digits of a license plate.[^2] At the trial in Arlon he admitted abducting [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] in August 1995 but denied raping or killing them.[^4] Dutroux told the court that Lelièvre and [[Bernard Weinstein]] had come to take the two young women from his house after fifteen days, and he attributed the abduction of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] to Lelièvre and one Pierre Rochow, a defense the jury rejected.[^3][^5] Michel Lelièvre was arrested with [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Michelle Martin]] at about five in the afternoon on August 12, 1996, three days after the abduction of a 14-year-old girl at Bertrix, when a witness had remembered three digits of a license plate.[^1] At the trial in Arlon he admitted abducting [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] in August 1995 but denied raping or killing them.[^2] Dutroux told the court that Lelièvre and [[Bernard Weinstein]] had come to take the two young women from his house after fifteen days, and he attributed the abduction of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] to Lelièvre and one Pierre Rochow, a defense the jury rejected.[^3][^4]
On June 17, 2004, the jury convicted Lelièvre of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting children and in one engaged in selling drugs and trafficking human beings, and of the abduction of An, [[Sabine Dardenne]] and Laetitia, which he did not deny. It also convicted him of the sequestration of the young victims, rejecting his lawyer Slusny's argument that he had never met some of them at Dutroux's house in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]], and found for An and Eefje the aggravating circumstance of torture causing death.[^5] He was sentenced to 25 years. The Brussels sentence-enforcement court granted him conditional release at the end of September 2019 over the unfavorable opinion of the Brussels prosecutor's office, with about a dozen conditions including training or work and compensation of the civil parties, and he left prison on December 2, 2019.[^6] On June 17, 2004, the jury convicted Lelièvre of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting children and in one engaged in selling drugs and trafficking human beings, and of the abduction of An and of two girls aged 12 and 14, which he did not deny. It also convicted him of the sequestration of the young victims, rejecting his lawyer Slusny's argument that he had never met some of them at Dutroux's house in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]], and found for An and Eefje the aggravating circumstance of torture causing death.[^4] He was sentenced to 25 years. The Brussels sentence-enforcement court granted him conditional release at the end of September 2019 over the unfavorable opinion of the Brussels prosecutor's office, with about a dozen conditions including training or work and compensation of the civil parties, and he left prison on December 2, 2019.[^5]
### Statements Attributed to Him ### Statements Attributed to Him
The writer S. Dovey wrote that he was born in 1967, met Dutroux in 1995 through a mutual acquaintance, was an unemployed man with a minor record, and was paid in drugs; that he blocked Sabine's path near her school while Dutroux seized her and waited in the vehicle during Laetitia's abduction; and that he told investigators of Dutroux's drugging and hypnosis of victims, of seeing An and Eefje naked and made to clean tiles, of a man in a Mercedes who came to the house demanding money after seeing them, of girls ordered by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] from [[Slovakia]] and the Czech Republic, and of Dutroux's boast of raping and abandoning a girl near Trenčín.[^1] The writer S. Dovey wrote that he was born in 1967, met Dutroux in 1995 through a mutual acquaintance, was an unemployed man with a minor record, and was paid in drugs; that he blocked the path of a 12-year-old girl near her school while Dutroux seized her and waited in the vehicle during the abduction of a 14-year-old girl; and that he told investigators of Dutroux's drugging and hypnosis of victims, of seeing An and Eefje naked and made to clean tiles, of a man in a Mercedes who came to the house demanding money after seeing them, of girls ordered by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] from [[Slovakia]] and the Czech Republic, and of Dutroux's boast of raping and abandoning a girl near Trenčín.[^6]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its statements that his involvement began only after Dutroux's release in March 1996 and that he was paroled in 2005 are contradicted by his conviction for the August 1995 abduction of An Marchal and by his release in December 2019; its dates for the Dardenne abduction and Dutroux's arrest are contradicted by the commission's chronology. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^2]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php [^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011 [^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/ [^5]: "Belgique. 'L'homme à tout faire' de Marc Dutroux, Michel Lelièvre, est sorti de prison." *Ouest-France,* December 2, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/belgique/belgique-l-homme-tout-faire-de-marc-dutroux-michel-lelievre-est-sorti-de-prison-6634935
[^6]: "Belgique. 'L'homme à tout faire' de Marc Dutroux, Michel Lelièvre, est sorti de prison." *Ouest-France,* December 2, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/belgique/belgique-l-homme-tout-faire-de-marc-dutroux-michel-lelievre-est-sorti-de-prison-6634935 [^6]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its statements that his involvement began only after Dutroux's release in March 1996 and that he was paroled in 2005 are contradicted by his conviction for the August 1995 abduction of An Marchal and by his release in December 2019; its dates for the May 1996 abduction and Dutroux's arrest are contradicted by the commission's chronology.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michelle Martin.md
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@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ relations:
with: "[[Marc Dutroux]]" with: "[[Marc Dutroux]]"
fn: 4 fn: 4
created: 2026-05-14 created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Michelle Martin was the wife of [[Marc Dutroux]] and one of his accomplices. [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]], both eight, were abducted at Grâce-Hollogne on June 24, 1995, and held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]].[^1] While Dutroux was in prison on a separate charge from December 13, 1995, to March 20, 1996, the two girls starved to death; Martin testified that she had been too frightened to go into the cellar to feed them.[^1][^2] She was arrested with Dutroux and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996.[^1] Michelle Martin was the wife of [[Marc Dutroux]] and one of his accomplices. [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]], both eight, were abducted at Grâce-Hollogne on June 24, 1995, and held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]].[^1] While Dutroux was in prison on a separate charge from December 13, 1995, to March 20, 1996, the two girls starved to death; Martin testified that she had been too frightened to go into the cellar to feed them.[^1][^2] She was arrested with Dutroux and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996.[^1]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted her of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting and sequestering children, and of the sequestration of [[Laetitia Delhez]], [[Sabine Dardenne]], [[An Marchal]], [[Eefje Lambrecks]], Melissa and Julie, with the aggravating circumstance for Julie and Melissa that their detention was accompanied by torture causing death, and for some counts of death threats. She was also convicted of the rape of Yancka Mackova, having admitted putting the antipsychotic Haldol in the young woman's food. The jury rejected her defense that she had committed no positive act of participation.[^3] She was sentenced to 30 years.[^4] Martin apologized to the court for not feeding Julie and Melissa. Dutroux accused [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls in eastern Europe for prostitution, a scenario the prosecutors said they had found no evidence for; the jury acquitted Nihoul of the abduction charges and adopted the view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^2][^3] On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted her of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting and sequestering children, and of the sequestration of two girls aged 14 and 12, [[An Marchal]], [[Eefje Lambrecks]], Melissa and Julie, with the aggravating circumstance for Julie and Melissa that their detention was accompanied by torture causing death, and for some counts of death threats. She was also convicted of the rape of a young woman, having admitted putting the antipsychotic Haldol in her food. The jury rejected her defense that she had committed no positive act of participation.[^3] She was sentenced to 30 years.[^4] Martin apologized to the court for not feeding Julie and Melissa. Dutroux accused [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls in eastern Europe for prostitution, a scenario the prosecutors said they had found no evidence for; the jury acquitted Nihoul of the abduction charges and adopted the view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^2][^3]
Martin was granted early release in 2012 after serving 16 years and moved to a convent. She was released without conditions in August 2022.[^4] Martin was granted early release in 2012 after serving 16 years and moved to a convent. She was released without conditions in August 2022.[^4]

16
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Peter Hurkos.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Peter Hurkos title: Peter Hurkos
aliases: aliases:
- Peter Hurkos - Peter Hurkos
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
- Parapsychology - Parapsychology
- 1950s - 1950s
- 1960s - 1960s
summary: "Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic who gained international fame for psychometry - divining information from objects by touch - and was studied by Andrija Puharich at the Round Table Foundation in 1956 before achieving notoriety as a police psychic consultant in the United States." summary: "Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic known for psychometry, studied by Andrija Puharich at the Round Table Foundation in 1956 before becoming a police psychic consultant in the United States."
born: 1911-05-21 born: 1911-05-21
died: 1988-06-01 died: 1988-06-01
location: "Dordrecht, Netherlands" location: "Dordrecht, Netherlands"
@ -21,15 +21,21 @@ location: "Dordrecht, Netherlands"
Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic who gained international fame for his purported abilities, particularly psychometry - the claimed ability to divine information from an object through touch. A former house painter, Hurkos claimed his psychic powers manifested after he suffered a traumatic brain injury from a fall in 1941[^1]. Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic who gained international fame for his purported abilities, particularly psychometry - the claimed ability to divine information from an object through touch. A former house painter, Hurkos claimed his psychic powers manifested after he suffered a traumatic brain injury from a fall in 1941[^1].
In the fall of 1956, Hurkos was brought to the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Maine by [[Henry Belk]], a department store tycoon and one of [[Andrija Puharich]]'s investors. Hurkos's arrival boosted morale at the foundation, and he formed a close bond with [[Harry Stump]], another psychic working there[^1]. In the fall of 1956, Hurkos was brought to the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Maine by [[Henry Belk]], a department store tycoon and one of [[Andrija Puharich]]'s investors. Hurkos's arrival boosted morale at the foundation, and he formed a close bond with [[Harry Stump]], another psychic working there[^1]. An anonymous mid-1960s paper in the CIA's files states that Puharich, director of a nonprofit foundation in Maine, "was responsible for bringing Peter Hurkos to this country."[^2]
Hurkos took part in a demonstration for members of the Psychic Research Society of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] at the foundation on September 29 and 30, 1956. In split Matching Abacus Test series, Hurkos and a second subject (Harry Stump, written "Mr. Stone" in the report) sat in separate Faraday cages about 18 feet apart and tried to reproduce each other's arrangements of symbols. Most runs scored at chance; for Demonstration No. 11 (50 trials, 18 on-target hits) the report states that the results "were considered evidence for the existence of telepathic interaction on the part of Mr. Stone and Mr. Hurkos."[^3]
Puharich began regularly dosing Hurkos with hallucinogenic mushrooms, specifically *teonanáctl*, using himself as a control. Under the influence, Hurkos became fixated on outer space, claiming to see a flying saucer and extraterrestrials on Owl's Head beach. He also reported seeing ghosts and experiencing premonitions, including a poltergeist incident that coincided with the unexpected death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], a key financial supporter of the foundation[^1]. Puharich began regularly dosing Hurkos with hallucinogenic mushrooms, specifically *teonanáctl*, using himself as a control. Under the influence, Hurkos became fixated on outer space, claiming to see a flying saucer and extraterrestrials on Owl's Head beach. He also reported seeing ghosts and experiencing premonitions, including a poltergeist incident that coincided with the unexpected death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], a key financial supporter of the foundation[^1].
Hurkos's psychometric talents were observed by [[Bep Hermans]], Puharich's au pair and later wife. Hermans recalled that Hurkos, while blindfolded, could provide detailed information about the owner of an object simply by touching it[^1]. Hurkos's psychometric talents were observed by [[Bep Hermans]], Puharich's au pair and later wife. Hermans recalled that Hurkos, while blindfolded, could provide detailed information about the owner of an object simply by touching it[^1].
After the death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], Puharich and Hurkos traveled to Mexico in search of more *God's flesh* mushrooms. Despite the turmoil, the [[Round Table Foundation]] continued its activities, with Hurkos participating in experiments involving [[Telepathy]], [[Dowsing]], palmistry, and [[Eyeless Sight]][^1]. After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to Mexico in search of more *God's flesh* mushrooms. Despite the turmoil, the Round Table Foundation continued its activities, with Hurkos participating in experiments involving [[Telepathy]], [[Dowsing]], palmistry, and [[Eyeless Sight]][^1].
In the 1960s, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to the Sixth Naval District Personnel Conference in Charleston, [[South Carolina]], to demonstrate [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and psychometry to submariners[^1]. In November 1959, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to the Sixth Naval District Personnel Conference in Charleston, [[South Carolina]], to demonstrate [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and psychometry to submariners[^1]. Puharich's curriculum vitae titles the talk "Demonstration of ESP by Peter Hurkos, and an Explanation by Dr. Puharich," presented at the conference on November 6 and 7, 1959, and published in the Navy's Guidelines in December 1959.[^4]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," anonymous typescript, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1.
[^3]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Puharich report, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appendix, section 8.80 and following. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^4]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2.

17
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr..md
View file

@ -7,10 +7,25 @@ summary: "Deputy director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency who was tro
born: 1924-10-24 born: 1924-10-24
died: 2012-08-10 died: 2012-08-10
location: "New York City, New York, USA" location: "New York City, New York, USA"
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "deputy director, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, forwarded Garwin's proposal for a longer review"
start: 1979-10-19
end: 1980-02-27
fn: 2
--- ---
Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr. was the deputy director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency|ACDA]]. He was a senior bureaucrat involved in high-level scientific issues since the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. Keeny realized that he and his colleagues needed to "buy some time" after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979. He was troubled by the intelligence community's assurance that its assessment was 90 percent accurate, believing that middle-level bureaucrats could not know all the facts. Keeny claimed it was his idea to set up an outside panel to study the VELA data and ensure the satellite had not made an error with enormous political consequences.[^1] Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr. was the deputy director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency|ACDA]]. He was a senior bureaucrat involved in high-level scientific issues since the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. Keeny realized that he and his colleagues needed to "buy some time" after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979. He was troubled by the intelligence community's assurance that its assessment was 90 percent accurate, believing that middle-level bureaucrats could not know all the facts. Keeny claimed it was his idea to set up an outside panel to study the VELA data and ensure the satellite had not made an error with enormous political consequences.[^1]
Keeny sent Ambassador [[Henry Owen]] on October 19, 1979 a copy of a letter from [[Richard Garwin]] dated October 18, with a note that he continued to believe there was merit in a more detailed review of the technical data "by a group of senior scientists of the type suggested by Garwin." Garwin's letter said he would "bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis," called for "another one- or two-day meeting of a group of skeptical critical experts," and named [[Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky|Panofsky]], [[Richard Muller]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Burton Richter|Burt Richter]].[^2] In a January 17, 1980 letter to Owen and [[Gerard C. Smith]], [[Frank Press]] called the panel "the panel that I brought together at your request."[^3]
Keeny's claim to have proposed the panel is reported by [[Leonard Weiss]] from a 2004 interview.[^4] Keeny was dismissive of a February 1980 account, relayed through [[Jack P. Ruina|Jack Ruina]], that an Israeli missile expert at MIT had described the event as an Israeli-South African operation.[^5]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Keeny, Spurgeon, memorandum transmitting Garwin letter to Henry Owen, October 19, 1979, Secret. Document 11 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^3]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, January 17, 1980, Document 32 in Burr and Cohen. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^4]: Weiss, Leonard, "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
[^5]: Burr and Cohen, Briefing Book No. 570, Documents 38A and 38B (State Department telegrams of February 25 and 27, 1980, Vienna), and Document 32 note. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test

32
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom McNear.md
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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ relations:
role: "counterintelligence and counterespionage officer; retired in uniform in 1997 as a lieutenant colonel, then a civilian intelligence officer until 2019" role: "counterintelligence and counterespionage officer; retired in uniform in 1997 as a lieutenant colonel, then a civilian intelligence officer until 2019"
fn: 1 fn: 1
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-05 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Thomas M. McNear was a captain of military intelligence who became, with [[Rob Cowart]], one of the first two soldiers trained by [[Ingo Swann]] in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV). The [[Omega Institute]] describes him as a retired lieutenant colonel who served in the Army's remote viewing program from 1981 to 1985, the first member of the program personally trained by Swann in CRV and the only member Swann trained through what the biography calls Stage VII (phonetics).[^1] [[Jim Schnabel]] gave him the pseudonym "Tom Nance" in *Remote Viewers* (1997); the book's list of pseudonyms includes the name, and an Omega Institute biography of McNear quotes Schnabel's passage on Swann's "true protégé" as "Tom (McNear)."[^2] Thomas M. McNear was a captain of military intelligence who became, with [[Rob Cowart]], one of the first two soldiers trained by [[Ingo Swann]] in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV). The [[Omega Institute]] describes him as a retired lieutenant colonel who served in the Army's remote viewing program from 1981 to 1985, the first member of the program personally trained by Swann in CRV and the only member Swann trained through what the biography calls Stage VII (phonetics).[^1] [[Jim Schnabel]] gave him the pseudonym "Tom Nance" in *Remote Viewers* (1997); the book's list of pseudonyms includes the name, and an Omega Institute biography of McNear quotes Schnabel's passage on Swann's "true protégé" as "Tom (McNear)."[^2]
@ -60,21 +60,23 @@ A third trip report records Stage Three training at SRI, [[Menlo Park, Californi
On April 13, 1984 the INSCOM commander, Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], toured the Center Lane buildings and "spent approximately 10 minutes in a one-to-one session with CPT McNear behind closed doors."[^9] On April 24, 1984 Buzby wrote to Puthoff that "upon completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear" under the contract he had not received the written evaluations of the trainee's progress after each two-week session or the final report within 30 days of each stage, and he asked about the status of research on Stage V and about "the trainee currently in Stage VI with regard to Stage V."[^10] On April 13, 1984 the INSCOM commander, Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], toured the Center Lane buildings and "spent approximately 10 minutes in a one-to-one session with CPT McNear behind closed doors."[^9] On April 24, 1984 Buzby wrote to Puthoff that "upon completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear" under the contract he had not received the written evaluations of the trainee's progress after each two-week session or the final report within 30 days of each stage, and he asked about the status of research on Stage V and about "the trainee currently in Stage VI with regard to Stage V."[^10]
In May 1984, Schnabel wrote, near the close of his formal training, Swann put McNear through a valedictory series of sessions that were bound into a red folder and shown to Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] officials. Schnabel listed among the targets [[Grand Coulee Dam]], drawn accurately and modeled in white clay, with an SRI photographer later sent to photograph the dam from the same angle; a site in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] that McNear took by Stage Four for a university and named as [[Oral Roberts University]]; [[Bunker Hill Monument]]; [[Grant's Tomb]]; and a ruin in [[Mexico]] for which, in Stage Seven phonics, he produced "Tuh," "too," "luh," "loo," and the name "Tulum." Schnabel noted that Swann gave constant feedback during such sessions and apparently was not blinded to the targets. He wrote that Swann considered McNear his true protégé, "the formal prototype for the CRV-trained military remote viewer," with training begun in late 1982 that would not end until Swann's contract with INSCOM expired two years later.[^11] SRI's July 1984 report on Stage IV, covering February 1983 to April 1984, describes a trainee identified only as Trainee #059. The trainee began Stage IV in December 1983 and "completed the requirements for S-IV on 22 March 1984."[^11] Puthoff's December 1984 report on Stages V and VI calls the same trainee "Army INSCOM Trainee #059," the "first individual to complete the six-stage training package described in this report."[^12] The reports do not name the trainee. The Stage IV completion date falls within a month of the April 24, 1984 letter's reference to "completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear," and the program, unit and stage sequence match. The records found do not establish whether Trainee #059 is McNear.
A DIA memorandum of April 23, 1985, signed by Buzby, states that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor ended in December 1984 "upon completion of the training contract" and that in-house training modeled on Swann's procedure, with its progressive multi-stage acquisition process, took over in January 1985.[^12] In May 1984, Schnabel wrote, near the close of his formal training, Swann put McNear through a valedictory series of sessions that were bound into a red folder and shown to Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] officials. Schnabel listed among the targets [[Grand Coulee Dam]], drawn accurately and modeled in white clay, with an SRI photographer later sent to photograph the dam from the same angle; a site in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] that McNear took by Stage Four for a university and named as [[Oral Roberts University]]; [[Bunker Hill Monument]]; [[Grant's Tomb]]; and a ruin in [[Mexico]] for which, in Stage Seven phonics, he produced "Tuh," "too," "luh," "loo," and the name "Tulum." Schnabel noted that Swann gave constant feedback during such sessions and apparently was not blinded to the targets. He wrote that Swann considered McNear his true protégé, "the formal prototype for the CRV-trained military remote viewer," with training begun in late 1982 that would not end until Swann's contract with INSCOM expired two years later.[^13]
The Omega Institute biography adds that McNear was a member of Swann's five-person team that on June 15, 1984 remote viewed the planet [[Mars]]. A transcript in the CIA collection headed "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984" records a monitor and a subject, the subject not named, given a sealed envelope reading "The planet Mars. Time of interest approximately 1 million years B.C." and the geographic coordinates "40.89 degrees north, 9.55 degrees west"; the subject reported "a pyramid or pyramid form" and "very large people," "very tall...thin."[^13] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that McNear needed two and a half years to reach Stage Six, the stage in which the viewer builds a three-dimensional clay model of the target; that photographs of his models beside pictures of the targets were used in briefings of the [[National Security Council]]; and that Swann told colleagues McNear was "better than me."[^14] A DIA memorandum of April 23, 1985, signed by Buzby, states that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor ended in December 1984 "upon completion of the training contract" and that in-house training modeled on Swann's procedure, with its progressive multi-stage acquisition process, took over in January 1985.[^14]
The Omega Institute biography adds that McNear was a member of Swann's five-person team that on June 15, 1984 remote viewed the planet [[Mars]]. A transcript in the CIA collection headed "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984" records a monitor and a subject, the subject not named, given a sealed envelope reading "The planet Mars. Time of interest approximately 1 million years B.C." and the geographic coordinates "40.89 degrees north, 9.55 degrees west"; the subject reported "a pyramid or pyramid form" and "very large people," "very tall...thin."[^15] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that McNear needed two and a half years to reach Stage Six, the stage in which the viewer builds a three-dimensional clay model of the target; that photographs of his models beside pictures of the targets were used in briefings of the [[National Security Council]]; and that Swann told colleagues McNear was "better than me."[^16]
### The 1985 working paper ### The 1985 working paper
"Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I-VI and Beyond," dated February 1985 and marked as a working paper with "Project Officer" and the name withheld, runs to eleven chapters and a glossary. It is written in the first person. Its introduction says it provides "the basics that have been learned in the past three years of training" and that CRV "must be learned by doing." Its sample session, a Stage I to Stage VII sequence, ends with ideograms and phonetic sounds ("tooloo," "the site is the Mayan Temple at Tolum") and a photograph of the Stage VI model, captioned as the Tulum ruins in Mexico. A Stage V example used the site of [[Grant's Farm]] outside [[St. Louis]].[^15] "Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I-VI and Beyond," dated February 1985 and marked as a working paper with "Project Officer" and the name withheld, runs to eleven chapters and a glossary. It is written in the first person. Its introduction says it provides "the basics that have been learned in the past three years of training" and that CRV "must be learned by doing." Its sample session, a Stage I to Stage VII sequence, ends with ideograms and phonetic sounds ("tooloo," "the site is the Mayan Temple at Tolum") and a photograph of the Stage VI model, captioned as the Tulum ruins in Mexico. A Stage V example used the site of [[Grant's Farm]] outside [[St. Louis]].[^17]
Its tenth chapter, headed "Future Stages," is presented as "the personal thoughts of the writer," the product of "the last three and one-half years of training." It proposes Stage VII "Analytics," the ability to make yes/no decisions without analytical overlay, developed by Swann; Stage VIII "Phonetics/Sonics," with the example of "Carribah," produced when tasked against [[Kariba Dam]]; Stage IX "Telepathic Signals," in two phases, receiving and transmitting; Stage X "Remote Action," or psychokinesis, with phases of interaction with objects at the site and teleportation of things from and to it; and Stage XI "Altering the Dimensionality at the Site," in which time at the site "could be frozen, moved forward, or moved back." The writer says: "I realize these concepts are difficult to grasp and impossible to believe, but, they are a natural flow of the signal." The conclusions state: "After four years of training I know the CRV training program is a usable program for instructing personnel to RV."[^15] Jacobsen reported that a forty-one-page [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] how-to manual of 1985 with this title was by McNear and was declassified in 2000.[^14] Its tenth chapter, headed "Future Stages," is presented as "the personal thoughts of the writer," the product of "the last three and one-half years of training." It proposes Stage VII "Analytics," the ability to make yes/no decisions without analytical overlay, developed by Swann; Stage VIII "Phonetics/Sonics," with the example of "Carribah," produced when tasked against [[Kariba Dam]]; Stage IX "Telepathic Signals," in two phases, receiving and transmitting; Stage X "Remote Action," or psychokinesis, with phases of interaction with objects at the site and teleportation of things from and to it; and Stage XI "Altering the Dimensionality at the Site," in which time at the site "could be frozen, moved forward, or moved back." The writer says: "I realize these concepts are difficult to grasp and impossible to believe, but, they are a natural flow of the signal." The conclusions state: "After four years of training I know the CRV training program is a usable program for instructing personnel to RV."[^17] Jacobsen reported that a forty-one-page [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] how-to manual of 1985 with this title was by McNear and was declassified in 2000.[^16]
### Departure and later career ### Departure and later career
McNear did not wish to remain at Fort Meade. In Jacobsen's account he cited the program's inconsistent funding, the deaths of two members from cancer, and the medical retirement for cancer of Cowart, his fellow trainee and friend; he said he had become very withdrawn; and the Army granted his transfer. Schnabel wrote that "Nance" was gone by the end of 1985, that he left "to get back to ordinary life," that his marriage and Army career had suffered from the remote viewing work, and that he took a post overseas; Schnabel also recorded that, after Nance's divorce, he and Swann traveled together to the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]], where Nance visited Tulum and experienced "a certain strange thrill that told him he had already been there."[^16] Shortly afterward, Schnabel wrote, a viewer in the unit circulated memoranda about "the loss of their comrade, Tom," in the context of the hostility General [[William Odom|Odom]] directed at the unit.[^16] McNear did not wish to remain at Fort Meade. In Jacobsen's account he cited the program's inconsistent funding, the deaths of two members from cancer, and the medical retirement for cancer of Cowart, his fellow trainee and friend; he said he had become very withdrawn; and the Army granted his transfer. Schnabel wrote that "Nance" was gone by the end of 1985, that he left "to get back to ordinary life," that his marriage and Army career had suffered from the remote viewing work, and that he took a post overseas; Schnabel also recorded that, after Nance's divorce, he and Swann traveled together to the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]], where Nance visited Tulum and experienced "a certain strange thrill that told him he had already been there."[^18] Shortly afterward, Schnabel wrote, a viewer in the unit circulated memoranda about "the loss of their comrade, Tom," in the context of the hostility General [[William Odom|Odom]] directed at the unit.[^18]
The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and counterespionage and "was the leader of a team that neutralized eight persons committing espionage against the United States," retired from uniformed service in 1997, served as a civilian intelligence officer until 2019, "culminating in 45 years of service," and holds a master's degree in counseling psychology from [[Saint Mary's University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]].[^1] The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and counterespionage and "was the leader of a team that neutralized eight persons committing espionage against the United States," retired from uniformed service in 1997, served as a civilian intelligence officer until 2019, "culminating in 45 years of service," and holds a master's degree in counseling psychology from [[Saint Mary's University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]].[^1]
@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and coun
[^1]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," teacher biography, https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear. [^1]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," teacher biography, https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear.
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear. [^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear.
[^3]: McNear, Thomas M., "Purchasing of Maps," memorandum for the record, March 16, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060026-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060026-6; "Briefing for Mr. Doug Olin," memorandum for the record, April 12, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100270001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100270001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^3]: McNear, Thomas M., "Purchasing of Maps," memorandum for the record, March 16, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060026-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060026-6; "Briefing for Mr. Doug Olin," memorandum for the record, April 12, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100270001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100270001-1.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the arrival of Nance and Cowart and on Swann's training program; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," quoting Schnabel. [^4]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the arrival of Nance and Cowart and on Swann's training program; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," quoting Schnabel.
[^5]: McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," March 24, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220006-0; McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," April 18, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220005-1; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997. The trip report of July 6 to 22, 1982 is cited in both 1983 memoranda. [^5]: McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," March 24, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220006-0; McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," April 18, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220005-1; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997. The trip report of July 6 to 22, 1982 is cited in both 1983 memoranda.
[^6]: McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 21 Aug-2 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220002-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220002-4; McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 27-28 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220001-5. [^6]: McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 21 Aug-2 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220002-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220002-4; McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 27-28 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220001-5.
@ -90,9 +92,11 @@ The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and coun
[^8]: INSCOM, "Personnel Assignments," October 3, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700300005-7. [^8]: INSCOM, "Personnel Assignments," October 3, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700300005-7.
[^9]: "Visit by CG, INSCOM 13 Apr 84," memorandum for record, April 16, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220008-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220008-3. [^9]: "Visit by CG, INSCOM 13 Apr 84," memorandum for record, April 16, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220008-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220008-3.
[^10]: Buzby, Brian, letter to Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, "Contract Requirements," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120028-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120028-4. [^10]: Buzby, Brian, letter to Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, "Contract Requirements," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120028-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120028-4.
[^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Swann's training program, including its footnotes on Swann's feedback to Nance. [^11]: SRI International, "Special Orientation Techniques: S-IV," final report, SRI Project 5590, covering February 1, 1983 to April 30, 1984, July 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800200001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800200001-1.pdf.
[^12]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memorandum for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, with the "Training Report, First Quarter 1985," CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1. [^12]: Harold E. Puthoff, "Special Orientation Techniques: S-V, S-VI," CENTER LANE-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800280001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800280001-3.pdf.
[^13]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear"; "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984," transcript, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900760001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001900760001-9. [^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Swann's training program, including its footnotes on Swann's feedback to Nance.
[^14]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^14]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memorandum for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, with the "Training Report, First Quarter 1985," CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1.
[^15]: "Coordinate Remote Viewing: Stages I-VI and Beyond," working paper, February 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000400001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000400001-7. [^15]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear"; "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984," transcript, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900760001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001900760001-9.
[^16]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Swann's training program and on the unit's decline; Jacobsen, *Phenomena*, 2017. [^16]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^17]: "Coordinate Remote Viewing: Stages I-VI and Beyond," working paper, February 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000400001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000400001-7.
[^18]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Swann's training program and on the unit's decline; Jacobsen, *Phenomena*, 2017.

55
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andrija Puharich.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-03 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Andrija Puharich title: Andrija Puharich
aliases: aliases:
- Andrija Puharich - Andrija Puharich
@ -24,6 +24,22 @@ summary: "Physician and parapsychologist who lectured the Pentagon on ESP in psy
born: 1918-02-19 born: 1918-02-19
died: 1995-01-03 died: 1995-01-03
location: "Chicago, Illinois" location: "Chicago, Illinois"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Round Table Foundation]]"
start: 1948
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Round Table Foundation]]"
role: "director of research"
start: 1949
end: 1958
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Intelectron Corporation]]"
role: "president and director of medical research"
start: 1961
fn: 10
--- ---
Henry Karel "Andrija" Puharich (1918-1995) was a prominent American physician, research scientist, and parapsychologist who became a central figure in the [[United States|U.S. government]]'s investigations into [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] during the [[Cold War]]. His lifelong quest to understand the nature of consciousness and anomalous mental phenomena led him to explore the intersection of science, mysticism, and the supernatural[^1]. Henry Karel "Andrija" Puharich (1918-1995) was a prominent American physician, research scientist, and parapsychologist who became a central figure in the [[United States|U.S. government]]'s investigations into [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] during the [[Cold War]]. His lifelong quest to understand the nature of consciousness and anomalous mental phenomena led him to explore the intersection of science, mysticism, and the supernatural[^1].
@ -31,7 +47,7 @@ Born in [[Chicago]] on February 19, 1918, to poor [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] imm
After completing his medical degree in 1947, Puharich worked with leading physicians, including his mentor, Dr. [[Andrew C. Ivy]]. During his residency at the [[Permanente Research Foundation]], he formulated the Puharich Theory, which posited an unknown energy force linking the brain and nervous system to cells, with instructions flowing between them as "dynamics." He believed this energy radiated on the [[Electromagnetic Spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]] but was beyond current measurement technology. His theory gained traction when [[Lloyd H. Beck]] and [[Walter S. Miles]] of [[Yale University]] reported that the olfactory nerve of a bee radiated energy in the infrared spectrum[^1]. After completing his medical degree in 1947, Puharich worked with leading physicians, including his mentor, Dr. [[Andrew C. Ivy]]. During his residency at the [[Permanente Research Foundation]], he formulated the Puharich Theory, which posited an unknown energy force linking the brain and nervous system to cells, with instructions flowing between them as "dynamics." He believed this energy radiated on the [[Electromagnetic Spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]] but was beyond current measurement technology. His theory gained traction when [[Lloyd H. Beck]] and [[Walter S. Miles]] of [[Yale University]] reported that the olfactory nerve of a bee radiated energy in the infrared spectrum[^1].
Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in [[Glen Cove, Maine]], in 1949. The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on ESP and related phenomena[^1]. Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in [[Glen Cove, Maine]]. His curriculum vitae gives the start of his directorship as 1948, and his trial testimony gives 1949.[^2] The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on ESP and related phenomena[^1].
The [[Warrenton Estate]], Puharich's home and laboratory, became the center of his research. Here, he conducted experiments on audio waves and human hearing, collaborating with ear surgeon [[Samuel Rosen]], whose accidental discovery of the "Rosen stapes" operation brought prestige and grants to the foundation[^1]. Puharich's mystical beliefs deepened through his mentorship with [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], a wealthy inventor and ESP advocate. Hammond, influenced by [[Nikola Tesla]], believed scientific inspiration could come from an unknown energy force in dreams. Together, they built a [[Faraday Cage]] to test ESP on [[Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves|ELF waves]]. Their "Project I" involved psychics like [[Eileen Garrett]], whose ESP abilities reportedly increased inside the cage[^1]. The [[Warrenton Estate]], Puharich's home and laboratory, became the center of his research. Here, he conducted experiments on audio waves and human hearing, collaborating with ear surgeon [[Samuel Rosen]], whose accidental discovery of the "Rosen stapes" operation brought prestige and grants to the foundation[^1]. Puharich's mystical beliefs deepened through his mentorship with [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], a wealthy inventor and ESP advocate. Hammond, influenced by [[Nikola Tesla]], believed scientific inspiration could come from an unknown energy force in dreams. Together, they built a [[Faraday Cage]] to test ESP on [[Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves|ELF waves]]. Their "Project I" involved psychics like [[Eileen Garrett]], whose ESP abilities reportedly increased inside the cage[^1].
@ -39,13 +55,15 @@ Puharich also investigated audio aberrations, collaborating with [[Warren S. McC
Puharich's work caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]]. In 1952, Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare]], who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich. This led to Puharich delivering classified briefings and being recalled to military service in March 1953, where he worked at the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in [[Edgewood Arsenal|Edgewood, Maryland]][^1]. His task was to find a drug that could enhance ESP, mirroring the Central Intelligence Agency's quest for a truth serum[^1]. Puharich's work caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]]. In 1952, Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare]], who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich. This led to Puharich delivering classified briefings and being recalled to military service in March 1953, where he worked at the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in [[Edgewood Arsenal|Edgewood, Maryland]][^1]. His task was to find a drug that could enhance ESP, mirroring the Central Intelligence Agency's quest for a truth serum[^1].
Puharich testified in 1968 that the Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare of the Army approached him in 1952 and early 1953 to run a test (photographs sealed in opaque envelopes, held by a subject who described the contents), and that the results were given in confidence to the Army officers involved.[^3] From 1953 to 1955 he served as a captain in the Medical Corps and chief of the outpatient service at the U.S. Army Dispensary, Army Chemical Center, Maryland, where his curriculum vitae lists specialized training in chemical, radiological and biological warfare and classified responsibilities.[^4] [[Roger A. Beaumont]] wrote in [[Signal (magazine)|Signal]] in January 1982 that Puharich worked at the Army's Chemical and Biological Warfare Center at Ft. Detrick, Md., in the early 1950s.[^5]
During this period, Puharich became obsessed with the hallucinogenic mushroom *teonanáctl* (God's flesh), after Alice Astor Bouverie informed him of [[Harry Stump]]'s channeling of an "Egyptian persona" that spoke of such a drug. Puharich learned of [[R. Gordon Wasson]]'s expeditions to [[Mexico]] in search of the mushroom and briefed his Army superiors on it[^1]. However, the CIA, through [[James Moore]], bypassed Puharich and approached Wasson directly, leading to Puharich being sidelined from the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1]. During this period, Puharich became obsessed with the hallucinogenic mushroom *teonanáctl* (God's flesh), after Alice Astor Bouverie informed him of [[Harry Stump]]'s channeling of an "Egyptian persona" that spoke of such a drug. Puharich learned of [[R. Gordon Wasson]]'s expeditions to [[Mexico]] in search of the mushroom and briefed his Army superiors on it[^1]. However, the CIA, through [[James Moore]], bypassed Puharich and approached Wasson directly, leading to Puharich being sidelined from the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
Puharich's personal life suffered during his Army service. His wife, Jinny, battled severe depression and underwent insulin shock therapy. After their divorce, Jinny died by suicide in 1959[^1]. Puharich later married [[Bep Hermans]]. Puharich's personal life suffered during his Army service. His wife, Jinny, battled severe depression and underwent insulin shock therapy. After their divorce, Jinny died by suicide in 1959[^1]. Puharich later married [[Bep Hermans]].
Upon his return to civilian life in 1955, Puharich continued his research at the Round Table Foundation. He experimented with *teonanáctl* on himself and others, including Harry Stump, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. While the experiments did not yield the divinatory powers Puharich hoped for in Stump, they highlighted the ethical complexities of his research[^1]. Upon his return to civilian life in 1955, Puharich continued his research at the Round Table Foundation. He experimented with *teonanáctl* on himself and others, including Harry Stump, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. While the experiments did not yield the divinatory powers Puharich hoped for in Stump, they highlighted the ethical complexities of his research[^1].
After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The Round Table Foundation eventually closed in 1957[^1]. After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The Round Table Foundation eventually closed in 1957[^1]. A Down East magazine account also gives 1957 as the year the foundation shut down, and Puharich's own curriculum vitae and trial testimony give 1958 as the end of his directorship.[^6]
Puharich continued to work on secret government contracts, including for [[NASA]] and the [[Air Force Systems Command]], exploring concepts like "skin reading" - the idea that the skin could function as an organ of sensory communication beyond touch. He demonstrated this with deaf individuals, convincing [[Paul S. Henshaw]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] of its legitimacy[^1]. Puharich continued to work on secret government contracts, including for [[NASA]] and the [[Air Force Systems Command]], exploring concepts like "skin reading" - the idea that the skin could function as an organ of sensory communication beyond touch. He demonstrated this with deaf individuals, convincing [[Paul S. Henshaw]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] of its legitimacy[^1].
@ -57,24 +75,39 @@ Throughout his life, Puharich maintained a theory that extraterrestrials were tr
Andrija Puharich died tragically in 1995, alone and impoverished, under threat of eviction from the estate of his last benefactor, [[R. J. Reynolds]]. He was 76 and suffering from dementia, kidney failure, and gangrene[^1]. Andrija Puharich died tragically in 1995, alone and impoverished, under threat of eviction from the estate of his last benefactor, [[R. J. Reynolds]]. He was 76 and suffering from dementia, kidney failure, and gangrene[^1].
The CIA's own history of its interest in parapsychology, written in 1977, began with Puharich: "in 1952 the [[Department of Defense]] was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," citing his paper "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare" to a Pentagon conference of that year, which "induced one of the earliest U.S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the [[Technical Services Division]] commissioned a review from [[Stephen Abrams]] of the parapsychology laboratory at [[Oxford University|Oxford]]. In January 1973 an officer of the [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)|Office of Research and Development]], reviewing the SRI film of Uri Geller, wrote that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^2] The CIA's own history of its interest in parapsychology, written in 1977, began with Puharich: "in 1952 the [[Department of Defense]] was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," citing his paper "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare" as "delivered to a 1952 Pentagon conference." Kress states that parapsychology "induced one of the earliest U. S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the CIA's [[Office of Technical Service]] became interested in ESP, and that technical project officers then contacted [[Stephen Abrams]] of [[Oxford University|Oxford]], who prepared a review under [[Project ULTRA]] (draft report, December 14, 1965). Puharich's curriculum vitae dates the paper November 23, 1952, presented to a conference on psychological warfare, Department of Defense, Pentagon.[^7] The Kress footnote cites a Washington Post item of August 7, 1977 (J. Wilhelm, "Psychic Spying?"). In January 1973 an officer of the [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)|Office of Research and Development]], reviewing the SRI film of Uri Geller, wrote that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^8]
### Patent litigation
In 1963 Puharich applied for a patent, Serial No. 291,096, on a Method and Apparatus for Creating a Controlled Condition for the Observation of the Sensory Abilities of a Human Subject. The Patent Office rejected the claims and the Board of Appeals affirmed. The district court entered judgment for the Commissioner of Patents, and on June 25, 1969 the D.C. Circuit affirmed, Circuit Judge [[Leventhal]] writing that the device was "a kind of cage."[^9] From 1961 Puharich was president and director of medical research of the [[Intelectron Corporation]] in New York, which he testified was formed "to develop and market certain of my ideas and patents in the field of hearing."[^10]
### Round Table Foundation in CIA Records ### Round Table Foundation in CIA Records
A questionnaire submitted in 1952 by the Select Committee of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations (the [[Cox Committee]]) is held in CIA records as a 78-page copy approved for release on December 5, 2001. The foundation address list in the questionnaire includes "Round Table Foundation," Glen Cove, Maine, between the [[Religious Education Foundation]] and the [[Rubicon Foundation]].[^3] A questionnaire submitted in 1952 by the Select Committee of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations (the [[Cox Committee]]) is held in CIA records as a 78-page copy approved for release on December 5, 2001. The foundation address list in the questionnaire includes "Round Table Foundation," Glen Cove, Maine, between the [[Religious Education Foundation]] and the [[Rubicon Foundation]].[^11]
An anonymous mid-1960s paper in the CIA's files, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," states that Puharich "was director of a nonprofit foundation in Maine for several years where he studied various sensitives under 'scientific' conditions" and "was responsible for bringing Peter Hurkos to this country."[^12]
### Round Table Foundation in the Maine Press, 1949 ### Round Table Foundation in the Maine Press, 1949
The [[Portland Press Herald]] (Sunday Telegram section) of January 9, 1949 carried a staff-written story by [[Jim Moore]], datelined [[Camden, Maine|Camden]], headed "Secrets Of Life." It reported that Dr. Henry K. Puharich, a Chicago physician then about thirty, with his wife Virginia (born Jackson) and their daughter Svetlana, aged eighteen months, had settled at Camden, near Zlatko Balokovic and his wife, and had set up the "Round Table Foundation Laboratory of experimental electrobiology" in a converted barn on the [[Bald Mountain]] retreat. The story gave his schooling as a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a medical degree from Northwestern University, followed by a rotating internship at [[Permanente Hospital]] in [[Oakland, California]], and described Mrs. Puharich as a former [[Office of War Information]] editor and Northwestern laboratory assistant. It stated his theory, which it said he had presented in 1946 to a zoology seminar at the [[University of California]] and to the [[Society of Junior Fellows]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], that nerve units radiate and receive energy waves, with the "plasma membrane" acting as a piezo-electric crystal that behaves as a radio receiver and transmitter. The story added that the theory might explain the microphonics of the ear and might account for mental telepathy by electronic equipment "which may not yet be developed," and that his crystal work was done with Dr. [[Raymond C. Tibbetts]] of Camden.[^4] The [[Portland Press Herald]] (Sunday Telegram section) of January 9, 1949 carried a staff-written story by [[Jim Moore]], datelined [[Camden, Maine|Camden]], headed "Secrets Of Life." It reported that Dr. Henry K. Puharich, a Chicago physician then about thirty, with his wife Virginia (born Jackson) and their daughter Svetlana, aged eighteen months, had settled at Camden, near Zlatko Balokovic and his wife, and had set up the "Round Table Foundation Laboratory of experimental electrobiology" in a converted barn on the [[Bald Mountain]] retreat. The story gave his schooling as a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a medical degree from Northwestern University, followed by a rotating internship at [[Permanente Hospital]] in [[Oakland, California]], and described Mrs. Puharich as a former [[Office of War Information]] editor and Northwestern laboratory assistant. It stated his theory, which it said he had presented in 1946 to a zoology seminar at the [[University of California]] and to the [[Society of Junior Fellows]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], that nerve units radiate and receive energy waves, with the "plasma membrane" acting as a piezo-electric crystal that behaves as a radio receiver and transmitter. The story added that the theory might explain the microphonics of the ear and might account for mental telepathy by electronic equipment "which may not yet be developed," and that his crystal work was done with Dr. [[Raymond C. Tibbetts]] of Camden.[^13]
### Reference in the Scott Jones papers ### Reference in the Scott Jones papers
The finding aid of the C. B. "Scott" Jones papers at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] lists, in Series 6 ("Special Assistant to [[Claiborne Pell|Senator Claiborne Pell]]"), under Reports and organizations, a file titled "National Science Foundation: Andrija Puharich reports and correspondence." The saved container tree gives the title only, without dates or box number.[^5] The finding aid of the C. B. "Scott" Jones papers at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] lists, in Series 6 ("Special Assistant to [[Claiborne Pell|Senator Claiborne Pell]]"), under Reports and organizations, a file titled "National Science Foundation: Andrija Puharich reports and correspondence." The saved container tree gives the title only, without dates or box number.[^14]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^2]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 22a and the curriculum vitae in the appendix. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^3]: "Questionnaire submitted by the Select Committee of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations," CIA-RDP91-00682R000300080029-3, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00682r000300080029-3. The document page carries OCR text only; the PDF has no text layer, and the foundation name is read from that OCR. [^3]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appx. 66a-67a.
[^4]: Jim Moore, "Secrets Of Life," *Portland Press Herald* (Portland, Me.), January 9, 1949, p. 61, https://www.newspapers.com/image/848421406/. [^4]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Appendix, and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2.
[^5]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, collection COU:4004 (the C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers), ArchivesSpace resource 346, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, container tree for Series 6, fetched October 3, 2026 from the vault owner's browser. [^5]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," Signal, January 1982, p. 39, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3.
[^6]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, Appx. 22a; Down East, "When a Shadowy Maine Estate Was an Epicenter of Psychics and Psychedelics," https://downeast.com/history/psych-out
[^7]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix, list of papers; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2.
[^8]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.
[^9]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286, Appendix; Puharich v. Brenner, 415 F.2d 979 (D.C. Cir. 1969), https://static.case.law/f2d/415/cases/0979-01.json.
[^10]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.). https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^11]: "Questionnaire submitted by the Select Committee of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations," CIA-RDP91-00682R000300080029-3, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00682r000300080029-3.
[^12]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," anonymous typescript, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1.
[^13]: Jim Moore, "Secrets Of Life," *Portland Press Herald* (Portland, Me.), January 9, 1949, p. 61, https://www.newspapers.com/image/848421406/.
[^14]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, collection COU:4004 (the C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers), ArchivesSpace resource 346, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, container tree for Series 6.

29
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Frank Nugan.md
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@ -8,9 +8,34 @@ summary: "Co-founder of Nugan Hand Bank in Australia, linked to CIA-connected Ai
born: 1942-12-30 born: 1942-12-30
died: 1980-01-27 died: 1980-01-27
location: "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia" location: "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
start: 1973
fn: 3
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Michael Hand]]"
start: 1970
fn: 3
--- ---
[[Frank Nugan]] was a co-founder of [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]], along with [[Michael Hand]] and officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned [[Air America]].[^1] [[Frank Nugan]] was a co-founder of [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]], along with [[Michael Hand]] and four shareholders who gave [[Air America]] as their business address.[^1] Seymour wrote that the founders included officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned Air America.[^2]
### Early career
Francis John Nugan was born on December 30, 1942, at Griffith, New South Wales, the son of a fruit packer. He took an LL.B. at the University of Sydney in 1964 and an LL.M. at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965. He was admitted as a solicitor in Sydney in 1968. He was a director of Meekatharra Minerals N.L. from 1970 to 1972. The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that "with a New Yorker named Michael Hand, Nugan engaged in land-deals and share-trading," and that the two set up the merchant bank Nugan Hand Ltd in 1973 with a nominal paid-up capital of $1 million.[^3]
### Death
Nugan was found dead in his car on January 27, 1980, with a bullet wound and a rifle beside him. The New York Times gave his age as 37.[^4] The Wall Street Journal's report of May 1, 1980 gave it as 35. An inquest ruled the death a suicide, and a lawyer for the insurers of his life told the inquest that the position of the body indicated he could not have shot himself. A business card for [[William Colby]] was among the items found on the body.[^5]
### Corporate Affairs Commission
The Australian Dictionary of Biography reports that the New South Wales [[Corporate Affairs Commission]] concluded in 1983 that Nugan had been involved in "massive international and local fraud" and had deliberately falsified the bank's accounts to conceal debt.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^1]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^3]: Farrell, Frank. "Nugan, Francis John (1942-1980)." Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, 2000. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nugan-francis-john-11266
[^4]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^5]: "An Australian Bank Faces Many Charges in Fiction-Like Case" (subhead "Nugan Hand Chairman Found Dead, Accused of Stealing; CIA Link Is Alleged"). Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820048-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820048-7

15
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Frank Press.md
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@ -8,9 +8,20 @@ summary: "Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the Carter adm
born: 1924-12-04 born: 1924-12-04
died: 2020-01-29 died: 2020-01-29
location: "Brooklyn, New York, USA" location: "Brooklyn, New York, USA"
relations:
- type: appointed
with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
role: "appointed chairman of the outside panel on the September 22 Event"
start: 1979-10
end: 1980-05-23
fn: 2
--- ---
Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. He was a seismologist who had worked for years on classified nuclear detection issues and knew the [[VELA Satellite]] program well. After a VELA satellite recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979, Press suggested convening an unbiased outside study to determine if it was a test. He was concerned about the political implications if it leaked that the administration had concluded there had been a nuclear explosion.[^1] Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. He was a seismologist who had worked for years on classified nuclear detection issues and knew the [[VELA Satellite]] program well. After a VELA satellite recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979, Press, in Hersh's account, suggested convening an unbiased outside study to determine if it was a test. He was concerned about the political implications if it leaked that the administration had concluded there had been a nuclear explosion.[^1]
Press appointed the outside panel in late October 1979 and chose [[Jack P. Ruina]], a former director of the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]], to chair it. The panel was to examine whether a nuclear explosion occurred, and it was limited to technical questions about natural causes and false alarm. In a letter of January 17, 1980 to [[Henry Owen]] and [[Gerard C. Smith]], Press wrote that "we cannot exclude the possibility that this continuing data gathering and analysis may turn up some corroborative evidence in the future if a nuclear explosion had actually taken place."[^2] Press described it in that letter as "the panel that I brought together at your request." [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.|Spurgeon Keeny]] told [[Leonard Weiss]] in a 2004 interview that the idea for the outside panel was his.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, "South Atlantic Event," January 17, 1980, Secret. Document 32 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016, and the posting's note on the panel charter (Document 14). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^3]: Weiss, Leonard. "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/

103
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/George K. Pender.md
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@ -2,18 +2,107 @@
category: "Business & Finance" category: "Business & Finance"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
- Politician - Engineer
summary: "Pender played a significant role in FIDCO's activities in Lebanon." - Executive
- FIDCO
- Lebanon
- Octopus
- PROMIS
- Inslaw
aliases:
- George K. Pender
- George Pender
- George Keyburn Pender
summary: "Engineer who founded First Intercontinental Development Corporation in 1970, according to his 1999 obituary, and signed the 1983 FIDCO letters on the reconstruction of Lebanon that Cheri Seymour published."
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
start: 1970
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
role: "president and chief executive officer"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
role: "director"
start: 1983
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Burns & Roe, Inc.]]"
role: "sales representative; established West Coast division"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Aerojet]]"
role: "set up architectural engineering division of General Aerojet Corporation"
start: 1957
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[General Electric]]"
role: "apprentice course; jet propulsion division, Lockland plant"
end: 1957
fn: 1
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
role: "Los Angeles field office name check and file review, Major Case 90 (Front Door); closed without interview"
start: 1990
end: 1990
fn: 3
--- ---
[[George K. Pender]] was a Director of [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] and a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering and construction corporation. He also served as a Senior Engineer Consultant to Burns & Roe, Inc.[^1] [[George K. Pender]] (George Keyburn Pender, died January 6, 1999, at age 86) was an engineer who founded [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] in 1970 and served as its president and chief executive officer, according to his obituary in the [[College of the Holy Cross|Holy Cross Magazine]].[^1] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a Director of FIDCO, a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for [[Burns & Roe, Inc.]], an international engineering and construction corporation, and a Senior Engineer Consultant to that firm.[^2] The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[Los Angeles]] office described him in 1990 as the chairman of FIDCO and a self-employed consulting engineer.[^3]
Pender played a significant role in [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s activities in [[Lebanon]]. A letter dated July 12, 1983, from Pender to [[Amin Gamayel]], the president of [[Lebanon]], indicated [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s interest in arranging financing for the redevelopment of [[Lebanon]], specifically mentioning the rebuilding of Damour and Alkhyam. This letter also noted that Pender had previously visited Beirut in February and May 1983 to discuss [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s participation, with meetings held with the Chamouns, [[Maurice Ghanem]], and Mourad Baroudy.[^1] ### Engineering career
Pender's letter to President Gamayel also notably listed [[Robert Booth Nichols]]' telex number (652483 RBN ASSOCS LSA) for responses, indicating a close operational link between Pender and Nichols. The Arab Bank Limited in Amman, [[Jordan]], responded positively to a potential financial transaction of "US$ three billion or more" for the reconstruction of [[Lebanon]], though the text suggests it is unlikely such reconstruction fully materialized.[^1] The obituary states that he worked for his family's clothing store in [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]], Massachusetts, at the start of his career. After completing the apprentice course at [[General Electric]] he worked in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], New York. In 1947 he was transferred to [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], Ohio, where he was part of a group that established the jet propulsion division at the [[Lockland, Ohio|Lockland]] plant. In 1957 he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he set up the architectural engineering division of [[Aerojet|General Aerojet Corporation]]. He then joined Burns & Roe, Inc. in [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]], New Jersey, as a sales representative, and was responsible for establishing a West Coast division for the firm.[^1] The obituary names a design engineering project in [[Cairo]], Egypt, as his most recent work, and records his death in Pittsfield. It appears in the magazine's list of deaths among the class of 1934.[^1]
[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed to have worked directly under [[Maurice Ghanem]] and [[George K. Pender]] in [[Lebanon]], further linking Pender to the alleged drug/intelligence operations in the region. Riconosciuto also stated that [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] had a companion company called Euramae Trading, which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, allegedly as a [[National Security Council|NSC]]-directed operation.[^1] Seymour listed the Burns & Roe positions as "former Director of Pacific Ocean area of Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering & construction corporation with active projects on all seven continents of the world" and "Senior engineer consultant to Burns & Roe, Inc."; the same list gave [[Kenneth A. Roe]] as chairman and president of the firm.[^2]
### First Intercontinental Development Corporation
The obituary describes FIDCO as "a consulting and engineering firm he founded in 1970."[^1] A 2016 FOIA request filed by [[Emma Best]] with the FBI describes the company as "founded by George K. Pender in 1970" and lists its board of directors as of January 11, 1983 as including [[Robert Maheu]], [[Michael A. McManus]], [[Robert Booth Nichols]], George K. Pender, Kenneth A. Roe, [[Frances T. Fox]], [[Clint W. Murchison, Jr.]], [[William M. Pender]] and [[Glen R. Shockley]].[^4] Seymour lists the same nine as the board, from FIDCO corporate documents she obtained through a contact of [[Michael Riconosciuto]], together with a letter dated January 11, 1983, on FIDCO letterhead from Santa Monica, California, to Nichols in Marina del Rey, signed by Pender, referring to a resolution of the board.[^2] William M. Pender is listed as Director and Senior Vice President and as a licensed contractor in California; records found do not state whether he is related to George K. Pender.[^2]
The FBI reported no responsive documents on the 2016 request for FIDCO records (FBI number 1344462-000), and on appeal the Department of Justice Office of Information Policy recorded the final disposition on June 21, 2016, as affirmed on appeal with no records.[^4] A California stock corporation named First Intercontinental Development Corporation, company number 0871867, is recorded in the OpenCorporates registry.[^5]
### FBI Los Angeles file, 1990
An FBI airtel from the Special Agent in Charge, Los Angeles, to the Director, dated December 3, 1990, captioned "Front Door; Major Case 90," resubmitted findings on leads set out in a Bureau teletype of August 13, 1990, after a file review found the earlier findings missing from the file. Item 3 of the findings is headed "George K. Pender, Chairman of First Intercontinental Development Cooperation." It states that confidential indices were searched on August 16, 1990, and Elsur indices on August 17, 1990, with negative results, and that a search of the general indices and FOIMS on August 15, 1990, "revealed three references." The review of those files uncovered information identifiable with a George Keyburn Pender. The airtel gives a Santa Monica residence and a business address in Santa Monica and states that investigation "revealed PENDER to be a self-employed consulting engineer," that "No derogatory information was developed, nor was there any indication that he was a security risk," and that "The case was closed without any interview of PENDER." The remaining paragraphs of the page are redacted under exemptions b6 and b7C.[^3]
The FBI released these two pages on June 24, 2019, in response to a request Emma Best filed on January 30, 2016, for records on Pender (FBI numbers 1344385-000 and 1344385-002). The FBI's release letter, dated June 20, 2019, states that four pages were reviewed and two released and that the enclosures are the final release. An appeal of the fee category assigned to the request (DOJ-AP-2018-008427) had been decided on October 18, 2018, as "Completely Reversed/Remanded."[^6]
### Lebanon, 1983
Seymour published three letters from the summer and autumn of 1983. The first, on [[White House]] letterhead and dated June 29, 1983, was from McManus, Assistant to the President ([[Ronald Reagan]]), to Pender in Santa Monica: "I appreciate the update you and your associates gave me concerning the status of your efforts in the rebuilding of Lebanon," and "Without question FIDCO seems to have a considerable role to offer particularly in the massive financial participation being made available to the government of Lebanon."[^2]
The second, on FIDCO letterhead and dated July 12, 1983, was from Pender, signing as President of FIDCO, to [[Amin Gamayel]], president of [[Lebanon]]. Pender wrote that he had visited [[Beirut]] in February and May 1983 to discuss FIDCO participation in the redevelopment of Lebanon, in meetings with the Chamouns, [[Maurice Ghanem]] and Mourad Baroudy; that FIDCO offered to arrange financing for projects in the government sector; that he had expressed specific interest in the rebuilding of Damour and Alkhyam; and that FIDCO had presented these projects to "an international Trust with whom we have a close relationship." He asked to meet Gamayel in Washington, D.C., on July 21, 1983, and wrote "As per copy of attached letter, the White House is actively interested in our efforts." The letter states that Pender was "a good friend of Bechir" ([[Bashir Gemayel]]), was with him in Beirut in 1976 when the Syrian Army came in, and went with his wife to [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], Massachusetts, to meet him during a speaking tour of the United States. It gives the telex number "652483 RBN [Robert Booth Nichols] ASSOCS LSA" for replies.[^2]
The third, on [[Arab Bank Limited]] letterhead and dated November 23, 1983, was from [[Abdul Majeed Shoman]], chairman and general manager of the bank in [[Jordan|Amman]], to Pender in Santa Monica. Shoman wrote that "Mr. Ahmad has talked to me about the fund to reconstruct Lebanon and we the Arab Bank together with a group of other banks will be glad to cooperate with you," and that "You have mentioned in your letter to Mr. Ahmad on September 27th that this fund amounts to US$ three billion or more. There is no problem to take care of this by the Arab Bank and the other group of banks," subject to conditions in Lebanon and "the approval and counter guarantees of the Lebanese Authority." Seymour wrote that it was unlikely any reconstruction funded by FIDCO took place in Lebanon, and that only a congressional investigation could determine what the three billion dollars was used for.[^2]
Seymour wrote that Nichols and Pender, when not in Lebanon, operated a [[National Security Council]] listening post from a condominium at Marina del Rey, which she described as allegedly the American end of the operation in [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]].[^2]
### Reports of CIA and intelligence ties
Seymour wrote that Riconosciuto often stated that Pender and Glen Shockley were [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officials, which she later corroborated through [[Peter Zokosky]], a partner of Nichols. In a February 14, 2001, interview with Seymour and [[Kelly O'Meara]], Zokosky said FIDCO was a [[National Security Agency|NSA]] front corporation used in Lebanon, that all its corporate directors were intelligence people, and that the $3 billion mentioned in the "White House" documents bearing the names of McManus, Pender and Nichols was used to pay the president of Lebanon for the release of an American prisoner.[^7]
The cast of characters for [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "Octopus" manuscript, faxed in July 1991, lists "George Pender - former CIA agent."[^8]
An [[INSLAW]] memorandum to the record dated July 18, 1990, summarizing statements by Riconosciuto, reported that for a 1980 mission to [[Iran]] [[Earl Brian]] "liaised with George Pender, whom we have later discovered was Chairman of the First Intercontinental Development Corporation (FIDCO)." It reported Riconosciuto's statement that FIDCO had [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] Royal Family money for rebuilding Beirut and that Mr. and Mrs. Reagan owned shares in FIDCO through proxies held by Pender, his daughter or McManus. Citing a former colleague of Riconosciuto who served on the FIDCO board, the memorandum stated that Pender was then in his seventies, lived in Southern California and "may" well have known [[William J. Casey]], Brian and Reagan, that FIDCO was engaged in part in covert intelligence-related operations such as building an electronic listening post in Nigeria under the guise of building a steel mill, and that the memorandum's authors inferred that Pender served as Casey's project manager for the 1980 mission to Iran.[^9]
### Riconosciuto's account
Michael Riconosciuto told Seymour in telephone calls that he worked directly under Maurice Ghanem and Pender in Lebanon, that Ghanem was CIA "in country," and that "George Pender and Bob Clark were the high level contacts on all of this," later "George Pender and McFarland and Michael McManus." He said the CEO of FIDCO was Pender and that "FIDCO was an NSC [National Security Council] corporate cutout," created to secure financing for the reconstruction of Beirut and Damour and working out of an office in Nicosia. He said FIDCO had a companion company, [[Euramae Trading Company]], which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, and that he was in a warehouse near [[Larnaca]] where [[Michael T. Hurley]], Pender and a third man told him that upwards of twenty-two tons of heroin was stored. He said he handled communications protocol and financial transactions for the operation. Riconosciuto also said that in 1983 Pender, [[Ted Gunderson]], Nichols, Zokosky and others were together at a country club in Indio, California, where Nichols spoke of Shockley and [[Jose Londono]] having 3,500 "soldiers," and he listed Pender among the people for whom he handled gold transfers and money laundering before his arrest.[^10]
--- ---
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^1]: College of the Holy Cross, *Holy Cross Magazine*, "In Memoriam," Summer 1999, entry for George K. Pender (died Jan. 6, 1999). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20040812105331/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer99/in_memoriam/1927.html
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010, chapter 7 (FIDCO board list; letters of June 29, July 12 and November 23, 1983; Marina del Rey listening post; Riconosciuto and Zokosky on Pender and Shockley).
[^3]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, airtel to the Director, "Front Door; Major Case 90," December 3, 1990, page 2, item 3, "George K. Pender, Chairman of First Intercontinental Development Cooperation," released June 2019 in FBI file 1344385-002 (pages 6 and 7 of the release PDF cited in note 4).
[^4]: Best, Emma. FOIA request "FIDCO," submitted February 9, 2016, to the Federal Bureau of Investigation through MuckRock (FBI number 1344462-000; appeal DOJ-AP-2016-002797, final disposition June 21, 2016). The founding date and board list are as stated in the request text. https://web.archive.org/web/20191224043712/https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/fidco-23873/
[^5]: OpenCorporates, First Intercontinental Development Corporation, California company number 0871867. https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0871867
[^6]: Best, Emma. FOIA request "Freedom of Information Request: George K. Pender," submitted January 30, 2016, to the Federal Bureau of Investigation through MuckRock (request 23694; FBI numbers 1344385-000 and 1344385-002; appeal DOJ-AP-2018-008427, final disposition October 18, 2018; FBI release letter of June 20, 2019, posted June 24, 2019). The request text quotes the 1999 obituary. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530151228/https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/george-k-pender-23694/ ; release: https://cdn.muckrock.com/foia_files/2019/07/01/6-24-19_MR23694.pdf
[^7]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed" (interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001).
[^8]: Casolaro, Danny, "The Octopus," cast of characters (fax dated July 22, 1991), in John C. Dwyer Miscellaneous Inslaw Papers, NW 15457, DocID 70098640, pages 72 and 82. https://archive.org/details/JohnC.DwyerMiscellaneousInslawPapers
[^9]: INSLAW, Inc., Memorandum to the Record, July 18, 1990, in "Inslaw - Press Releases," Internet Archive item InslawPressReleases. https://archive.org/details/InslawPressReleases
[^10]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 6 (telephone calls with Michael Riconosciuto).

18
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gerald G. Oplinger.md
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@ -5,10 +5,22 @@ tags:
- CIA - CIA
- DIA - DIA
- Israel - Israel
summary: "Aide to National Security Advisor Brzezinski present at the White House situation room meeting responding to the 1979 Vela satellite nuclear test detection." summary: "Aide to National Security Advisor Brzezinski who, in Hersh's account, attended the White House situation room meeting on the 1979 Vela satellite double flash and wrote to Henry Owen in January 1980."
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "National Security Council staff, wrote to Henry Owen holding the press release and congressional consultations"
start: 1980-01-23
end: 1980-01-23
fn: 4
--- ---
Gerald G. Oplinger was an aide to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] for global issues. He had retired from the Foreign Service and worked at the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] before joining Brzezinski's staff. Oplinger was summoned back to an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light over the South Indian Ocean on September 22, 1979, probable evidence of a nuclear explosion. He recalled that [[Zbigniew Brzezinski|Brzezinski]] was present at the meeting, where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion. Oplinger personally had no doubt that it was a nuclear event.[^1] Gerald G. Oplinger was an aide to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] for global issues. He had retired from the Foreign Service and worked at the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] before joining Brzezinski's staff. Oplinger was summoned back to an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded a double flash of light on September 22, 1979, from a region that included the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the southern tip of Africa.[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that Oplinger recalled that Brzezinski was present at the meeting, where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion, and that Oplinger personally had no doubt that it was a nuclear event.[^2] The mini-Special Coordination Committee meeting of September 22, 1979 in the Situation Room is summarized in the Foreign Relations of the United States, which lists [[Henry Owen]], Odom, Schecter and Funk for the National Security Council.[^3]
In a memorandum of January 23, 1980 to Owen, Oplinger wrote that he had told the State Department to put the press release and congressional consultations on hold, and that the [[Department of Energy]], the [[Department of Defense]] and technical people within the intelligence community had "sufficient doubts about the Press panel report to make it very dangerous to proceed without another look." He wrote that [[John Deutch]] and Dan Murphy felt strongly that unless the questions were given "a further airing, there will be continued internal dissent and an appearance that policy people (including the White House) did a whitewash for political reasons."[^4]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 361. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d361
[^4]: Oplinger, Jerry, memorandum to Henry Owen, "South Atlantic Event," January 23, 1980, Secret. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, NLC-28-32-4-16-5; Document 33 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test

52
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gertrude Schmeidler.md
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ relations:
- type: member_of - type: member_of
with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]" with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
start: 1957 start: 1957
role: "charter member; vice-president 1958 and 1960; president 1959" role: "charter member; vice-president 1957, 1958 and 1960; president 1959 and 1971"
fn: 2 fn: 2
- type: funded - type: funded
with: "[[Parapsychology Foundation]]" with: "[[Parapsychology Foundation]]"
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ relations:
fn: 2 fn: 2
reverse: true reverse: true
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-05 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler was born on July 15, 1912, in [[Long Branch]], New Jersey, and died on March 9, 2009. She was an experimental psychologist at the [[City College of New York]] (CCNY) with a doctorate from [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Harvard University]], who ran card-guessing experiments in the 1940s in which subjects were classed by their stated attitude to extrasensory perception as "sheep" or "goats," and in 1971 to 1973 tested the psychokinetic abilities of [[Ingo Swann]] on temperature recorders. Her papers are held at [[Duke University]] with those of the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]].[^1] Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler was born on July 15, 1912, in [[Long Branch]], New Jersey, and died on March 9, 2009. She was an experimental psychologist at the [[City College of New York]] (CCNY) with a doctorate from [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Harvard University]], who ran card-guessing experiments in the 1940s in which subjects were classed by their stated attitude to extrasensory perception as "sheep" or "goats," and in 1971 to 1973 tested the psychokinetic abilities of [[Ingo Swann]] on temperature recorders. Her papers are held at [[Duke University]] with those of the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]].[^1]
@ -63,50 +63,54 @@ Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler was born on July 15, 1912, in [[Long Branch]], New Je
A reference entry drawn from [[Helene Pleasants]]'s *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (1964) and from Arthur and Joyce Berger's *Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (1991) states that she took a B.A. magna cum laude at [[Smith College]] in 1932, an M.A. at [[Clark University]] in 1933, and a Ph.D. at Radcliffe College and Harvard in 1935; that she first met parapsychology through a just-published copy of [[J. B. Rhine]]'s *Extra-Sensory Perception* in 1934 and took a course in psychical research with [[Gardner Murphy]] before completing her degree; that she taught at [[Monmouth College]] in Long Branch, New Jersey (1935 to 1937), was a research associate at Harvard (1942 to 1944) and a research officer of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] (1945 to 1946), and began a long tenure at the City College of New York in 1945; that she was a charter member of the [[Parapsychological Association]], elected vice-president in 1958 and 1960 and president in 1959; and that she received a research grant from the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] for 1955 to 1959. Her books listed there include *ESP and Personality Patterns* (with [[Robert A. McConnell]], [[Yale University Press]], 1958), *ESP in Relation to Rorschach Test Evaluation* (Parapsychology Foundation, 1960), *Extrasensory Perception* ([[Atherton Press]], 1969), *Parapsychology: Its Relation to Physics, Biology, Psychology, and Psychiatry* ([[Scarecrow Press]], 1976) and *Parapsychology and Psychology: Matches and Mismatches* ([[McFarland]], 1988).[^2] A reference entry drawn from [[Helene Pleasants]]'s *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (1964) and from Arthur and Joyce Berger's *Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (1991) states that she took a B.A. magna cum laude at [[Smith College]] in 1932, an M.A. at [[Clark University]] in 1933, and a Ph.D. at Radcliffe College and Harvard in 1935; that she first met parapsychology through a just-published copy of [[J. B. Rhine]]'s *Extra-Sensory Perception* in 1934 and took a course in psychical research with [[Gardner Murphy]] before completing her degree; that she taught at [[Monmouth College]] in Long Branch, New Jersey (1935 to 1937), was a research associate at Harvard (1942 to 1944) and a research officer of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] (1945 to 1946), and began a long tenure at the City College of New York in 1945; that she was a charter member of the [[Parapsychological Association]], elected vice-president in 1958 and 1960 and president in 1959; and that she received a research grant from the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] for 1955 to 1959. Her books listed there include *ESP and Personality Patterns* (with [[Robert A. McConnell]], [[Yale University Press]], 1958), *ESP in Relation to Rorschach Test Evaluation* (Parapsychology Foundation, 1960), *Extrasensory Perception* ([[Atherton Press]], 1969), *Parapsychology: Its Relation to Physics, Biology, Psychology, and Psychiatry* ([[Scarecrow Press]], 1976) and *Parapsychology and Psychology: Matches and Mismatches* ([[McFarland]], 1988).[^2]
At the founding in June 1957, when the founding council was chosen at Duke University, she was elected vice-president of the Parapsychological Association.[^3] The association's convention table lists her as president for 1959 (New York City) and 1971 (Durham, North Carolina).[^4]
The Duke finding aid to her papers calls Murphy "Schmeidler's mentor and the person who first interested her in psychical research," and describes the collection as consisting chiefly of research data gathered "through her work with students and colleagues as an experimental psychologist and parapsychologist" at City College.[^1] The Duke finding aid to her papers calls Murphy "Schmeidler's mentor and the person who first interested her in psychical research," and describes the collection as consisting chiefly of research data gathered "through her work with students and colleagues as an experimental psychologist and parapsychologist" at City College.[^1]
### The sheep and goats, 1942 to 1945 ### The sheep and goats, 1942 to 1945
Schmeidler's first report, "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Preliminary Report," appeared in the *[[Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research]]* in July 1943 (vol. 37, pp. 103 to 110), and "A Final Report" in October 1943 (pp. 210 to 221). The final report states that the experiment "was conducted for Dr. Gardner Murphy, and made possible by moneys available to him from the [[Richard Hodgson Fund|Hodgson Fund]] of Harvard University," and that his advice "determined the topic of the research."[^3] Schmeidler's first report, "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Preliminary Report," appeared in the *[[Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research]]* in July 1943 (vol. 37, pp. 103 to 110), and "A Final Report" in October 1943 (pp. 210 to 221). The final report states that the experiment "was conducted for Dr. Gardner Murphy, and made possible by moneys available to him from the [[Richard Hodgson Fund|Hodgson Fund]] of Harvard University," and that his advice "determined the topic of the research."[^5]
The report describes the design. Subjects used standard ESP cards, 25 to a deck, with five hits expected by chance. Each was asked whether he had experienced telepathy, premonitions or crossed letters, or at least heard of such experiences, and then: "When that happens (or when you hear or read about it) is your first reaction, 'Oh, it was just a coincidence,' or do you first think, 'How interesting!' and then, 'Maybe it was a coincidence.'" Subjects who described themselves as uniformly skeptical were classed as goats, and those who admitted even a momentary "How interesting!" were classed with those who wholeheartedly embraced the ESP hypothesis, the sheep. Once classified, subjects "were exposed to a standard set of agreeable or disagreeable physical conditions." Goats made fifty successive runs without knowledge of their scores, were not offered cigarettes or candy, were signalled by "a rather raucous buzzer," filled out sheets on which many runs were crowded together, and sat in a "dark room" with no windows and battered furniture. Sheep were shown their score after each run and encouraged to discuss the procedure, were limited to ten runs a session, could stop when they pleased, were offered cigarettes and sometimes candy, were signalled by a small light, received a new record sheet for each run, and sat in "a reasonably pleasant office." The report states that it was predicted that sheep "would on the whole score better than five" and that goats "would make scores at the level of chance or lower."[^3] The report describes the design. Subjects used standard ESP cards, 25 to a deck, with five hits expected by chance. Each was asked whether he had experienced telepathy, premonitions or crossed letters, or at least heard of such experiences, and then: "When that happens (or when you hear or read about it) is your first reaction, 'Oh, it was just a coincidence,' or do you first think, 'How interesting!' and then, 'Maybe it was a coincidence.'" Subjects who described themselves as uniformly skeptical were classed as goats, and those who admitted even a momentary "How interesting!" were classed with those who wholeheartedly embraced the ESP hypothesis, the sheep. Once classified, subjects "were exposed to a standard set of agreeable or disagreeable physical conditions." Goats made fifty successive runs without knowledge of their scores, were not offered cigarettes or candy, were signalled by "a rather raucous buzzer," filled out sheets on which many runs were crowded together, and sat in a "dark room" with no windows and battered furniture. Sheep were shown their score after each run and encouraged to discuss the procedure, were limited to ten runs a session, could stop when they pleased, were offered cigarettes and sometimes candy, were signalled by a small light, received a new record sheet for each run, and sat in "a reasonably pleasant office." The report states that it was predicted that sheep "would on the whole score better than five" and that goats "would make scores at the level of chance or lower."[^5]
Three series were run, repeated, in the report's words, until the difference "either became non-significant or became unmistakably significant," with a criterion of a probability of one in a thousand. In the first series the open-minded subjects made 129 decks with a deviation of +56 (mean 5.43) and the subjects who expected chance scores 200 decks with a deviation of -10 (mean 4.95); the second series gave +33 over 127 decks (5.26) against -12 over 175 decks (4.93); and the third +31 over 133 decks (5.23). Combined, the open-minded subjects made 389 decks with a deviation of +120, a mean of 5.308, a critical ratio of 3.04 and a probability of .001, and the experiment was closed. Schmeidler drew the conclusion that "subjects who hope to score above chance in card-guessing tend to do so when tested under agreeable conditions; but that subjects who expect only chance scores and are tested under disagreeable conditions will tend to score at or below chance." She wrote that negative results "are to be expected if subjects are skeptical and bored, or uncooperative for some other reason, such as a too formal approach on the part of the experimenter." A footnote records that two subjects tested beyond the planned number, and one who presented himself after the third series, were discarded.[^3] Three series were run, repeated, in the report's words, until the difference "either became non-significant or became unmistakably significant," with a criterion of a probability of one in a thousand. In the first series the open-minded subjects made 129 decks with a deviation of +56 (mean 5.43) and the subjects who expected chance scores 200 decks with a deviation of -10 (mean 4.95); the second series gave +33 over 127 decks (5.26) against -12 over 175 decks (4.93); and the third +31 over 133 decks (5.23). Combined, the open-minded subjects made 389 decks with a deviation of +120, a mean of 5.308, a critical ratio of 3.04 and a probability of .001, and the experiment was closed. Schmeidler drew the conclusion that "subjects who hope to score above chance in card-guessing tend to do so when tested under agreeable conditions; but that subjects who expect only chance scores and are tested under disagreeable conditions will tend to score at or below chance." She wrote that negative results "are to be expected if subjects are skeptical and bored, or uncooperative for some other reason, such as a too formal approach on the part of the experimenter." A footnote records that two subjects tested beyond the planned number, and one who presented himself after the third series, were discarded.[^5]
[[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote in *Phenomena* (2017) that Schmeidler conducted an experiment in 1942 with psychology students at the City University of New York, coined the terms "sheep" and "goats" from her analysis of the data, and that sheep were those confident of the possible reality of ESP and psychokinesis and goats those who doubted it. Jacobsen added that "this explicit difference between believers and disbelievers has existed in the upper echelons of the U.S. military and intelligence communities since World War II."[^4] [[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote in *Phenomena* (2017) that Schmeidler conducted an experiment in 1942 with psychology students at the City University of New York, coined the terms "sheep" and "goats" from her analysis of the data, and that sheep were those confident of the possible reality of ESP and psychokinesis and goats those who doubted it. Jacobsen added that "this explicit difference between believers and disbelievers has existed in the upper echelons of the U.S. military and intelligence communities since World War II."[^6]
A review of 1958 for the Parapsychology Foundation, a copy of which is in the CIA's STARGATE collection, by [[Gordon L. Mangan]] of [[Victoria University of Wellington]] collated published attempts to repeat the finding and reported that "in 5 out of 6 cases, the sheep had higher ESP scores than the goats," while noting that "Schmeidler herself changed the criterion" of classification as her experiments progressed; in the series of 1943 subjects "were merely questioned as to their attitude to psychic phenomena in general."[^5] The Duke finding aid lists sheep and goat inspection records for 1950 and 1951 and ESP record sheets from August 1941 to 1951, and notes later work on the series by [[Murray Melnick]] and [[Christopher Scott]].[^1] A review of 1958 for the Parapsychology Foundation, a copy of which is in the CIA's STARGATE collection, by [[Gordon L. Mangan]] of [[Victoria University of Wellington]] collated published attempts to repeat the finding and reported that "in 5 out of 6 cases, the sheep had higher ESP scores than the goats," while noting that "Schmeidler herself changed the criterion" of classification as her experiments progressed; in the series of 1943 subjects "were merely questioned as to their attitude to psychic phenomena in general."[^7] The Duke finding aid lists sheep and goat inspection records for 1950 and 1951 and ESP record sheets from August 1941 to 1951, and notes later work on the series by [[Murray Melnick]] and [[Christopher Scott]].[^1]
Jacobsen also reported that [[Martin Gardner]] noted that psychic researchers often held that psychics were harmed by the presence of "goats," quoting Rhine: "The subtlest influences seem to disturb the operation of these [psychic] abilities... If the scientist is a disbeliever it will upset the delicate operation of the subject's [psychic] abilities."[^4] Jacobsen also reported that [[Martin Gardner]] noted that psychic researchers often held that psychics were harmed by the presence of "goats," quoting Rhine: "The subtlest influences seem to disturb the operation of these [psychic] abilities... If the scientist is a disbeliever it will upset the delicate operation of the subject's [psychic] abilities."[^6]
### Eileen Garrett, Duke and Rhine ### Eileen Garrett, Duke and Rhine
The Duke finding aid lists correspondence with the medium [[Eileen Garrett]], president of the Parapsychology Foundation, for 1953 to 1955, and proxy sittings with Garrett and with the medium [[Caroline Chapman]] whose results for Garrett were never published; correspondence with [[J. G. Pratt]] of the Duke laboratory about the Chapman sittings in the mid-1950s; with [[Betty Humphrey]], who worked in the Duke laboratory in the late 1940s and early 1950s; and with [[Charles E. Ozanne]] for 1953 to 1956. It states that "there is scattered correspondence between Schmeidler and J. B. and [[Louisa Rhine]], but not a substantial amount."[^1] The finding aid of the Parapsychology Laboratory records lists Schmeidler among the correspondents of Rhine from the postwar period.[^6] The Duke finding aid lists correspondence with the medium [[Eileen Garrett]], president of the Parapsychology Foundation, for 1953 to 1955, and proxy sittings with Garrett and with the medium [[Caroline Chapman]] whose results for Garrett were never published; correspondence with [[J. G. Pratt]] of the Duke laboratory about the Chapman sittings in the mid-1950s; with [[Betty Humphrey]], who worked in the Duke laboratory in the late 1940s and early 1950s; and with [[Charles E. Ozanne]] for 1953 to 1956. It states that "there is scattered correspondence between Schmeidler and J. B. and [[Louisa Rhine]], but not a substantial amount."[^1] The finding aid of the Parapsychology Laboratory records lists Schmeidler among the correspondents of Rhine from the postwar period.[^8]
### Ingo Swann and the thermistors, 1971 to 1973 ### Ingo Swann and the thermistors, 1971 to 1973
The Duke finding aid lists Swann among the correspondents "who studied PK (psychokinesis) effects on temperature" and states that Schmeidler "collaborated with Swann" and co-authored journal articles from the research.[^1] Her paper "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature" appeared in the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* in 1973 (vol. 67, p. 325).[^7] In their paper in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in March 1976, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] wrote that Swann "had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler at City College of New York."[^8] Jacobsen wrote that Swann cited the City College experiments in writing to Puthoff about investigating the boundary between the physics of the animate and the inanimate.[^4] The Duke finding aid lists Swann among the correspondents "who studied PK (psychokinesis) effects on temperature" and states that Schmeidler "collaborated with Swann" and co-authored journal articles from the research.[^1] Her paper "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature" appeared in the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* in 1973 (vol. 67, p. 325).[^9] In their paper in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in March 1976, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] wrote that Swann "had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler at City College of New York."[^10] Jacobsen wrote that Swann cited the City College experiments in writing to Puthoff about investigating the boundary between the physics of the animate and the inanimate.[^6]
In the *[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]* of December 4, 1978, [[Robert G. Jahn]] of [[Princeton University]] wrote that he and an undergraduate, [[Carol Kay Curry]], "chose to replicate an experiment using thermistors that was performed by Gertrude Schmeidler and the psychic Ingo Swann at the City University of New York a few years ago": two thermistors in vacuum bottles, tied into a balanced electrical bridge, with the subject attempting to make one reading rise or fall relative to the other.[^9] In the *[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]* of December 4, 1978, [[Robert G. Jahn]] of [[Princeton University]] wrote that he and an undergraduate, [[Carol Kay Curry]], "chose to replicate an experiment using thermistors that was performed by Gertrude Schmeidler and the psychic Ingo Swann at the City University of New York a few years ago": two thermistors in vacuum bottles, tied into a balanced electrical bridge, with the subject attempting to make one reading rise or fall relative to the other.[^11]
### In the files of the STARGATE program ### In the files of the STARGATE program
An unsigned paper in the CIA's STARGATE collection, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated but citing events as late as 1965, names "Dr. Gertrude Schneidler [sic], City College, New York" among "the better known individuals" associated with J. B. Rhine's group and the Parapsychological Association, alongside [[Carroll B. Nash]] of St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia, [[John Freeman]] of the Institute of Parapsychology in Durham, [[Sally Feather]], Robert A. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh, [[Montague Ullman]], [[Rhea White]] and "Dr. Lawrence Cusler" of City College.[^10] An unsigned paper in the CIA's STARGATE collection, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated but citing events as late as 1965, names "Dr. Gertrude Schneidler [sic], City College, New York" among "the better known individuals" associated with J. B. Rhine's group and the Parapsychological Association, alongside [[Carroll B. Nash]] of St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia, [[John Freeman]] of the Institute of Parapsychology in Durham, [[Sally Feather]], Robert A. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh, [[Montague Ullman]], [[Rhea White]] and "Dr. Lawrence Cusler" of City College.[^12]
SRI's *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey* of November 1983, by [[Beverly Humphrey]] and [[Edwin May]] for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] under contract MDA908-82-C-0034, lists Schmeidler's "Moods and ESP Scores in Group Testing" (July 1972) among its entries.[^11] An SRI final report of December 1988 on enhanced human performance investigations cites Schmeidler (1984) among "many excellent examples" of descriptive literature reviews in parapsychology.[^12] In a letter of May 13, 1995 to a CIA officer, May described a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," in which "Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics,'" and called the result "some of the strongest evidence (in the clear) for an anomaly in the field to that date."[^13] SRI's *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey* of November 1983, by [[Beverly Humphrey]] and [[Edwin May]] for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] under contract MDA908-82-C-0034, lists Schmeidler's "Moods and ESP Scores in Group Testing" (July 1972) among its entries.[^13] An SRI final report of December 1988 on enhanced human performance investigations cites Schmeidler (1984) among "many excellent examples" of descriptive literature reviews in parapsychology.[^14] In a letter of May 13, 1995 to a CIA officer, May described a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," in which "Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics,'" and called the result "some of the strongest evidence (in the clear) for an anomaly in the field to that date."[^15]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Guide to the Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler Papers, 1943-1983, RL.01147, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University (30.8 linear feet, about 24,000 items), read in the Wayback Machine capture of September 5, 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/schmeid/ [^1]: Guide to the Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler Papers, 1943-1983, RL.01147, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University (30.8 linear feet, about 24,000 items), read in the Wayback Machine capture of September 5, 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/schmeid/
[^2]: "Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel (1912-)," *Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology* (Gale), citing Berger and Berger, *The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (New York: Paragon House, 1991), and Pleasants, ed., *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (New York: Helix Press, 1964). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schmeidler-gertrude-raffel-1912 [^2]: "Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel (1912-)," *Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology* (Gale), citing Berger and Berger, *The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (New York: Paragon House, 1991), and Pleasants, ed., *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (New York: Helix Press, 1964). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schmeidler-gertrude-raffel-1912
[^3]: Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Final Report." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 37, no. 4, October 1943, pp. 210-221, with reference to the preliminary report, vol. 37, July 1943, pp. 103-110. Read in the archive.org scan https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-society-for-psychical-research_1943-10_37_4 [^3]: "Announcement of Formation of the Parapsychological Association," Journal of Parapsychology 21, no. 4 (December 1957), pp. 315-316. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1957-12_21_4
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^4]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
[^5]: Mangan, Gordon L. *A Review of Published Research on the Relationship of Some Personality Variables to ESP Scoring Level,* Parapsychological Monographs no. 1, Parapsychology Foundation, 1958, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100014-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^5]: Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Final Report." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 37, no. 4, October 1943, pp. 210-221, with reference to the preliminary report, vol. 37, July 1943, pp. 103-110. Read in the archive.org scan https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-society-for-psychical-research_1943-10_37_4
[^6]: Guide to the Parapsychology Laboratory Records, 1893-1984, RL.00992, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, scope note on postwar correspondents, read in the Wayback Machine capture of 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/paralab/ [^6]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^7]: Schmeidler, G. R. "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 67, 1973, p. 325, as cited in Jahn, Robert G., "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4, and in Puthoff and Targ's 1976 *Proceedings* paper, reference 56. [^7]: Mangan, Gordon L. *A Review of Published Research on the Relationship of Some Personality Variables to ESP Scoring Level,* Parapsychological Monographs no. 1, Parapsychology Foundation, 1958, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100014-4.
[^8]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976), section on learner subject S4, read in CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6, archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^8]: Guide to the Parapsychology Laboratory Records, 1893-1984, RL.00992, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, scope note on postwar correspondents, read in the Wayback Machine capture of 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/paralab/
[^9]: Jahn, Robert G. "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* special report, December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^9]: Schmeidler, G. R. "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 67, 1973, p. 325, as cited in Jahn, Robert G., "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4, and in Puthoff and Targ's 1976 *Proceedings* paper, reference 56.
[^10]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," unsigned and undated paper, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^10]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976), section on learner subject S4, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6.
[^11]: Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^11]: Jahn, Robert G. "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* special report, December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4.
[^12]: *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* SRI final report, December 1988 (period November 1983 to October 1985), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^12]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," unsigned and undated paper, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1.
[^13]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^13]: Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9.
[^14]: *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* SRI final report, December 1988 (period November 1983 to October 1985), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3.
[^15]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1.

21
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md
View file

@ -80,11 +80,11 @@ relations:
end: 1951-02 end: 1951-02
fn: 39 fn: 39
- type: participant_in - type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico I and II]]" with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "panel member, Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel" role: "panel member, Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel"
start: 1955-06 start: 1955-06
end: 1955-06 end: 1955-06
fn: 49 fn: 50
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]" with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
role: "consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program" role: "consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program"
@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ relations:
with: "[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]" with: "[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]"
role: "professor of sociology" role: "professor of sociology"
start: 1969 start: 1969
fn: 51 fn: 52
--- ---
Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico I and II|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1] Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1]
### Berlin and Heidelberg ### Berlin and Heidelberg
@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring
### Quantico I ### Quantico I
Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^49] Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT, whom the editorial note in the Foreign Relations volume designates "the panel chairman";[^49] the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^50]
### The Political Game ### The Political Game
With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^50] With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^51]
### Later Career ### Later Career
Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^51] Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^52]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report. [^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation." [^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002). [^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
[^49]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4). [^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26. Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, transmittal letter signed "W. W. Rostow (Center of International Studies, MIT) Panel Chairman," CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
[^50]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6. [^50]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
[^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there. [^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
[^52]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.

11
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Stump.md
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@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
--- ---
aliases: aliases:
- Harry Stump - Harry Stump
- Harry Stone
category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers" category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
tags: tags:
- Psi - Psi
- Person - Person
- RemoteViewer - RemoteViewer
summary: "Harry Stump was a Dutch sculptor and channeler who gained the attention of Andrija Puharich and his wealthy benefactors due to his purported psychic abilities, particularly his capacity to enter trance states and produce automatic writings and drawings." summary: "Harry Stump was a Dutch sculptor and channeler whose trance states, automatic writing and drawings drew the attention of Andrija Puharich and his wealthy benefactors."
born: 1923 born: 1923
died: 1998 died: 1998
location: "Netherlands" location: "Netherlands"
@ -17,9 +18,17 @@ Stump was a [[World War II]] resistance fighter in his native Holland, honored b
Puharich met Stump at a dinner party hosted by [[Alice Astor Bouverie]]. In June 1954, Bouverie contacted Puharich about an incident where Stump, after handling a 3,400-year-old scarab-shaped necklace, entered a trance state and began drawing Egyptian hieroglyphs and speaking in a guttural voice, seemingly channeling an entity from ancient Egypt. During this trance, Stump spoke of "a drug that would stimulate one's psychic faculties" and drew a picture of a mushroom, which Puharich later identified as *Amanita muscaria*[^1]. This event was significant as it provided the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] with a key lead in their year-long, unsuccessful quest to locate the *teonanáctl* mushroom for [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1]. Puharich met Stump at a dinner party hosted by [[Alice Astor Bouverie]]. In June 1954, Bouverie contacted Puharich about an incident where Stump, after handling a 3,400-year-old scarab-shaped necklace, entered a trance state and began drawing Egyptian hieroglyphs and speaking in a guttural voice, seemingly channeling an entity from ancient Egypt. During this trance, Stump spoke of "a drug that would stimulate one's psychic faculties" and drew a picture of a mushroom, which Puharich later identified as *Amanita muscaria*[^1]. This event was significant as it provided the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] with a key lead in their year-long, unsuccessful quest to locate the *teonanáctl* mushroom for [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
Puharich testified in 1968 that Stump was one of nine principal subjects he tested at the Round Table Foundation.[^2]
Puharich became obsessed with Stump's channeling abilities and the hallucinogenic mushroom. He brought Stump to the [[Round Table Foundation]] and, in August 1955, attempted to drug him with *teonanáctl* to test its divinatory powers, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. The experiment did not yield the desired results, with Stump appearing drunk and confused[^1]. Puharich became obsessed with Stump's channeling abilities and the hallucinogenic mushroom. He brought Stump to the [[Round Table Foundation]] and, in August 1955, attempted to drug him with *teonanáctl* to test its divinatory powers, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. The experiment did not yield the desired results, with Stump appearing drunk and confused[^1].
On September 29 and 30, 1956, Puharich ran a demonstration at the foundation for members of the Psychic Research Society of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. The demonstration included split Matching Abacus Test series between [[Peter Hurkos]] and Stump, each in a separate [[Faraday cage]] about 18 feet apart. Most runs scored at chance; for Demonstration No. 11 (50 trials, 18 on-target hits) the report states that the results "were considered evidence for the existence of telepathic interaction on the part of Mr. Stone and Mr. Hurkos."[^3] The report writes the subject's name "Mr. Stone"; appellant's counsel writes "Harry Stone," and Puharich's testimony spells it "Harry Stump."[^4]
Stump's psychic powers began to wane, and the "Egyptian persona" rarely appeared. He became depressed as his trance powers vanished, and his traditional sculpture and painting work suffered[^1]. Stump's psychic powers began to wane, and the "Egyptian persona" rarely appeared. He became depressed as his trance powers vanished, and his traditional sculpture and painting work suffered[^1].
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 66a-67a. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^3]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Puharich report, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix, sections 8.80 to 8.85 (Appx. p. 178a). https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^4]: Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 66a-67a and the Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 report. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner

23
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ingo Swann.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Ingo Swann title: Ingo Swann
aliases: aliases:
- Ingo Swann - Ingo Swann
@ -45,20 +45,22 @@ Swann participated in the initial [[SCANATE]] experiments under CIA contract fro
Swann's most significant contribution to the program was the coordinate targeting method that became CRV. He proposed using geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude - as the only targeting information provided to a viewer, hypothesizing that coordinates served as an access key to the location rather than as descriptive information about it. Puthoff and Targ initially resisted this as theoretically implausible, but experiments using coordinates as the sole targeting information produced results the team assessed as anomalous, and the technique became the program's standard approach. Swann's most significant contribution to the program was the coordinate targeting method that became CRV. He proposed using geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude - as the only targeting information provided to a viewer, hypothesizing that coordinates served as an access key to the location rather than as descriptive information about it. Puthoff and Targ initially resisted this as theoretically implausible, but experiments using coordinates as the sole targeting information produced results the team assessed as anomalous, and the technique became the program's standard approach.
After Price's death in 1975, Swann returned to SRI and worked with Puthoff to formalize CRV into a six-stage structured protocol. The protocol trained viewers to progress through stages from initial ideogram responses (reflexive markings produced in response to presented coordinates) through increasingly specific descriptive and analytical phases. The design was intended to minimize contamination from imagination and prior knowledge by structuring viewer responses before analytical interpretation was introduced. Swann believed remote viewing was a natural perceptual ability that could be developed through disciplined training. After Price's death in 1975, Swann returned to SRI and worked with Puthoff to formalize CRV into a six-stage structured protocol. The protocol trained viewers to progress through stages from initial ideogram responses (reflexive markings produced in response to presented coordinates) through increasingly specific descriptive and analytical phases. The design was intended to minimize contamination from imagination and prior knowledge by structuring viewer responses before analytical interpretation was introduced. Swann believed remote viewing was a natural perceptual ability that could be developed through disciplined training. The October 1984 training plan credits Swann with the name: "Ingo Swann, who coined the term CRV."[^6]
### The SCANATE Sessions ### The SCANATE Sessions
SRI's SCANATE report records that "as a result of the experimentation carried out on what might be termed micro-abilities, Swann expressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened a macro-ability which had been researched prior to his joining the SRI program; namely, the ability to view remote locations." In a training series "100 targets on the earth's surface, ten per day for ten days, were chosen at random," Swann "being given a target location by latitude and longitude only," each run of ten finished "in less than thirty minutes"; the report itself cautioned that "an individual could, in principle, obtain good results on the basis of memory" or "subliminally from an experimenter who knows the target location." On May 29, 1973, at 4:34 in the afternoon, Hal Puthoff gave him coordinates supplied by the sponsor, 38°23'N, 79°25'W, "described simply as being in [[West Virginia]]," with no maps, on videotape: "This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city." The next morning: "Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? I seem to get the impression of something underground, but I'm not sure." On July 21, 1973, given 49°20'S, 70°14'E, he said: "My initial response is that it's an island, maybe a mountain sticking up through a cloud cover," with buildings "rather mathematically laid out," one orange, "something like a radar antenna, a round disc," two white cylindrical tanks, and "to the northwest a small airstrip," and the next day mapped its coastline. Later, surprised in a New York hotel room with an abacus locked in the adjoining room, bought as "a target analogous to a cipher machine of particular interest," he drew its outline "in approximately one minute" and called it "a game box with little balls." The 1975 final report's West Virginia sessions are coded to subject S3.[^6] SRI's SCANATE report records that "as a result of the experimentation carried out on what might be termed micro-abilities, Swann expressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened a macro-ability which had been researched prior to his joining the SRI program; namely, the ability to view remote locations." In a training series "100 targets on the earth's surface, ten per day for ten days, were chosen at random," Swann "being given a target location by latitude and longitude only," each run of ten finished "in less than thirty minutes"; the report itself cautioned that "an individual could, in principle, obtain good results on the basis of memory" or "subliminally from an experimenter who knows the target location." On May 29, 1973, at 4:34 in the afternoon, Hal Puthoff gave him coordinates supplied by the sponsor, 38°23'N, 79°25'W, "described simply as being in [[West Virginia]]," with no maps, on videotape: "This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city." The next morning: "Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? I seem to get the impression of something underground, but I'm not sure." On July 21, 1973, given 49°20'S, 70°14'E, he said: "My initial response is that it's an island, maybe a mountain sticking up through a cloud cover," with buildings "rather mathematically laid out," one orange, "something like a radar antenna, a round disc," two white cylindrical tanks, and "to the northwest a small airstrip," and the next day mapped its coastline. Later, surprised in a New York hotel room with an abacus locked in the adjoining room, bought as "a target analogous to a cipher machine of particular interest," he drew its outline "in approximately one minute" and called it "a game box with little balls." The 1975 final report's West Virginia sessions are coded to subject S3.[^7]
At [[Maimonides Medical Center]], in an experiment reported to the American Physical Society in February 1976, [[Edwin May]] and [[Charles Honorton]] had him attempt to influence a noise-driven binary random generator: 29 runs gave a mean of 493 against 500 expected (p = 0.011), improving as he was moved twelve feet away behind "two double steel walls," while a control run after he left gave 499.7. "We conclude that Mr. Swann was successful in exerting a psychokinetic influence on the instrument." The SRI final report's instrumented magnetometer series of 1974 and 1975, thirteen ten-trial runs on a Develco gradiometer at four metres giving p = 0.004, was run with subject S1, the code that matches Pat Price's sessions, not S3; the "early research (1972)" perturbation "of a Josephson effect magnetometer" is described there as a pilot study of "a few hours" that "prevented a proper investigation." He visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] on October 17, 1978, and was still reporting to Puthoff as a consultant in April 1984.[^7] At [[Maimonides Medical Center]], in an experiment reported to the American Physical Society in February 1976, [[Edwin May]] and [[Charles Honorton]] had him attempt to influence a noise-driven binary random generator: 29 runs gave a mean of 493 against 500 expected (p = 0.011), improving as he was moved twelve feet away behind "two double steel walls," while a control run after he left gave 499.7. "We conclude that Mr. Swann was successful in exerting a psychokinetic influence on the instrument." The SRI final report's instrumented magnetometer series of 1974 and 1975, thirteen ten-trial runs on a Develco gradiometer at four metres giving p = 0.004, was run with subject S1, the code that matches Pat Price's sessions, not S3; the "early research (1972)" perturbation "of a Josephson effect magnetometer" is described there as a pilot study of "a few hours" that "prevented a proper investigation." He visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] on October 17, 1978, and was still reporting to Puthoff as a consultant in April 1984.[^8]
The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^8] The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^9]
### Training the Army Program ### Training the Army Program
From 1984, Swann traveled to [[Fort Meade]] to train the Army's operational remote viewing unit - the military successor to the SRI research, operating under the code names [[Center Lane]] and [[Sun Streak]] - in the CRV protocol. He trained the initial Army cadre in the six-stage method, including viewers who became the operational core of the program in its final decade before declassification. From 1984, Swann traveled to [[Fort Meade]] to train the Army's operational remote viewing unit - the military successor to the SRI research, operating under the code names [[Center Lane]] and [[Sun Streak]] - in the CRV protocol. He trained the initial Army cadre in the six-stage method, including viewers who became the operational core of the program in its final decade before declassification.
The Army's chronology records that [[Grill Flame]] personnel began training at SRI-International in the new CRV method in July 1982, two years before the Fort Meade work described above.[^10] An INSCOM training plan dated October 22, 1984 states that CRV training "is conducted at SRI-International facilities in Menlo Park, CA and New York, NY."[^6] Schnabel wrote in 1995 that "Swann taught the technique to five new recruits to the Fort Meade unit."[^11]
### Writing and Later Career ### Writing and Later Career
Swann published several books articulating his theoretical and experiential framework: *To Kiss Earth Goodbye* (1975), *Natural ESP: A Layman's Guide to Unlocking the Extra Sensory Power of Your Mind* (Bantam, 1987), *Everybody's Guide to Natural ESP* (Tarcher, 1991), and *Penetration: The Question of Extraterrestrial and Human Telepathy* (Ingo Swann Books, 1998). The last described alleged remote viewings of artificial structures on the Moon's surface and contact with what Swann interpreted as non-human intelligence monitoring the program; it was controversial among program participants and former government officials who considered it an embarrassment to the program's credibility. Swann published several books articulating his theoretical and experiential framework: *To Kiss Earth Goodbye* (1975), *Natural ESP: A Layman's Guide to Unlocking the Extra Sensory Power of Your Mind* (Bantam, 1987), *Everybody's Guide to Natural ESP* (Tarcher, 1991), and *Penetration: The Question of Extraterrestrial and Human Telepathy* (Ingo Swann Books, 1998). The last described alleged remote viewings of artificial structures on the Moon's surface and contact with what Swann interpreted as non-human intelligence monitoring the program; it was controversial among program participants and former government officials who considered it an embarrassment to the program's credibility.
@ -70,8 +72,11 @@ Swann maintained an active painting career throughout his life, exhibiting abstr
[^1]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), passage on Scientology following the Time cover story; chapter note "Puthoff and Swann resign: Puthoff; Swann." https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 [^1]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), passage on Scientology following the Time cover story; chapter note "Puthoff and Swann resign: Puthoff; Swann." https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2
[^2]: Leon Jaroff, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8 [^2]: Leon Jaroff, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8
[^3]: John L. Wilhelm, "The Scientology Link," *Washington Post*, 1977, in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3 [^3]: John L. Wilhelm, "The Scientology Link," *Washington Post*, 1977, in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3
[^4]: Tony Ortega, as cited on the vault page Scientology for the paper's title and the 1973 conference (not independently opened; coordinator should reopen before merging). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Tony Ortega, cited for the paper's title and the 1973 conference.
[^5]: "Preliminary Group Report for the Psychological Testing of Subjects from the Parapsychology Study at Stanford Research Institute," unsigned (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200140007-0 [^5]: "Preliminary Group Report for the Psychological Testing of Subjects from the Parapsychology Study at Stanford Research Institute," unsigned (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200140007-0
[^6]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^6]: Memorandum for record, IAGPA-F-SD, "Training Plan 1 October 1984 - 31 December 1984," October 22, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0.pdf.
[^7]: May, Edwin C., and Charles Honorton. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann," Maimonides Medical Center, abstract for the American Physical Society meeting of February 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130005-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Visit of Ingo Swann to AMSAA, 17 October 1978," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240010-3, and "Memo to Dr. H.E. Puthoff from I. Swann, Consultant, Subject: Work Report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, titles only. [^7]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report.
[^8]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^8]: May, Edwin C., and Charles Honorton. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann," Maimonides Medical Center, abstract for the American Physical Society meeting of February 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130005-3. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. "Visit of Ingo Swann to AMSAA, 17 October 1978," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240010-3, and "Memo to Dr. H.E. Puthoff from I. Swann, Consultant, Subject: Work Report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, titles only.
[^9]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5.
[^10]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," Army chronology, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.pdf. Entry "JULY 82": "Grill Flame personnel begin training at SRI-International in the new Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) method."
[^11]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *Independent on Sunday*, August 27, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5.pdf.

15
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack P. Ruina.md
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@ -8,12 +8,23 @@ summary: "His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating th
born: 1923-08-19 born: 1923-08-19
died: 2015-02-04 died: 2015-02-04
location: "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts" location: "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts"
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "chairman of the Ad Hoc Panel on the September 22 Event"
start: 1979-11-01
end: 1980-05-23
fn: 2
--- ---
Jack P. Ruina was a professor of electrical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and a longtime consultant to the [[Pentagon]] on military and scientific issues. He was chosen by [[Frank Press]] to direct an outside panel to study the [[VELA Satellite]] data after a probable nuclear explosion was detected on September 22, 1979. Ruina held many sensitive clearances and was known for his discretion.[^1] Jack P. Ruina was a professor of electrical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and a longtime consultant to the [[Pentagon]] on military and scientific issues. He was chosen by [[Frank Press]] to direct an outside panel to study the [[VELA Satellite]] data after a probable nuclear explosion was detected on September 22, 1979. Ruina held many sensitive clearances and was known for his discretion.[^1]
His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating the possibility that the VELA sighting had been a false alarm. The panel concluded that the VELA sighting "contains sufficient internal inconsistency to cast serious doubt whether that signal originated from a nuclear explosion or in fact from any light sources in the proximity of the VELA satellite." They also found no collateral signs of a nuclear event. The panel eventually reported in July 1980 that the flash was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting it might have been a "zoo event" (a signal of unknown cause), possibly a meteoroid impact.[^1] [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.|Spurgeon Keeny]] told [[Leonard Weiss]] in a 2004 interview that the idea for an outside panel was his. The panel was formed in late October 1979 under Press, began work on November 1, 1979, and was chaired by Ruina.[^2]
His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating the possibility that the VELA sighting had been a false alarm. The panel concluded that the VELA sighting "contains sufficient internal inconsistency to cast serious doubt whether that signal originated from a nuclear explosion or in fact from any light source not in the proximity of the VELA satellite." They also found no collateral signs of a nuclear event. The panel's report is dated May 23, 1980, and a declassified version appeared in July 1980.[^3] It stated that the signal was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting it might have been a "zoo event" (a signal of unknown cause), possibly a meteoroid impact.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016, narrative and Document 14. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test ; Weiss, Leonard, "Flash from the Past," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015 (Keeny interview of July 30, 2004). https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
[^3]: Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event," May 23, 1980, Secret, partially declassified, p. 19 and cover. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/09.pdf ; Wright, Christopher M., and Lars-Erik De Geer, "The 22 September 1979 Vela Incident: The Detected Double-Flash," Science & Global Security, vol. 25, no. 3 (2017), reference 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2017.1394047

4
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jean-Michel Nihoul.md
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@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Through the Confrérie des Maîtres Brasseurs, the free radio Radio Activité, o
### Informant ### Informant
In 1995 and 1996 Nihoul was an informant of the gendarmerie's BSR in Dinant; the gendarmerie had registered him as a coded informant. In May 1995 he passed on information, obtained through [[Michel Lelievre|Michel Lelièvre]], about a stolen car and collected a 30,000-franc reward from the insurer Royale Belge; he later introduced Lelièvre to his handlers. The BSR took no action against Lelièvre in the first half of 1996, though he was wanted to serve a prison sentence and though, the commission found, there were indications that the BSR knew he and Dutroux had stolen a truck in 1995; Nihoul had asked his handler to leave Lelièvre alone. "In the end," the commission wrote, "it was the informant who directed his handlers and not the reverse." Its first report had listed eight indications of protection for Nihoul, among them witnesses who testified under oath that two associates from the entourage of a former minister protected him, and his hold as an informant over a policeman who failed to arrest Lelièvre before Lelièvre took part in the abductions of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]]. The commission concluded that "the Nihoul movement" had operated amid "the relaxation of norms and corrupting behavior" and in that sense had received and granted protection, "rarely in a very spectacular way and, most of the time, in the context of services between friends."[^1] In 1995 and 1996 Nihoul was an informant of the gendarmerie's BSR in Dinant; the gendarmerie had registered him as a coded informant. In May 1995 he passed on information, obtained through [[Michel Lelievre|Michel Lelièvre]], about a stolen car and collected a 30,000-franc reward from the insurer Royale Belge; he later introduced Lelièvre to his handlers. The BSR took no action against Lelièvre in the first half of 1996, though he was wanted to serve a prison sentence and though, the commission found, there were indications that the BSR knew he and Dutroux had stolen a truck in 1995; Nihoul had asked his handler to leave Lelièvre alone. "In the end," the commission wrote, "it was the informant who directed his handlers and not the reverse." Its first report had listed eight indications of protection for Nihoul, among them witnesses who testified under oath that two associates from the entourage of a former minister protected him, and his hold as an informant over a policeman who failed to arrest Lelièvre before Lelièvre took part in the abductions of two girls aged 12 and 14. The commission concluded that "the Nihoul movement" had operated amid "the relaxation of norms and corrupting behavior" and in that sense had received and granted protection, "rarely in a very spectacular way and, most of the time, in the context of services between friends."[^1]
### ASCO and the Dutroux Case ### ASCO and the Dutroux Case
[[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) was founded on July 2, 1991, at Wasmes by the operator of Le Dolo, Nihoul's companion and a third Dolo client, went into voluntary liquidation on June 23, 1995, and was declared bankrupt by the commercial court of Mons on October 9, 1995; Nihoul was at least its de facto manager in 1994, and the commission linked the company to the reports of white Mercedes cars.[^1] He had met Dutroux a year before his arrest through Lelièvre, to whom he sold drugs. [[Michelle Martin]] told investigators that Dutroux had been in frequent contact with Nihoul around the abduction of Laetitia Delhez, and Dutroux said Nihoul was looking for girls for a Belgian prostitution network. Nihoul was led from the courthouse at Neufchâteau on August 16, 1996, to shouts of "à mort." His companion [[Marleen De Cokere]] was arrested in late September. His warrant in the Dutroux case was lifted in January 1997.[^3][^4] In an interview with *Der Spiegel* in 2001, in his two-room flat in Jette with De Cokere beside him, Nihoul said of children, "I never did anything with children. I love children," and that Dutroux had taken the girls "for his own consumption." The magazine reported that the investigation files showed Dutroux had asked his advice on getting into the trade in girls and that Nihoul had advised him to organize sadomasochistic parties, which Nihoul said he had understood to mean adults. He spoke of the group-sex parties he and De Cokere had organized, "but with style," attended by influential politicians and officials at Le Dolo and Faulx-les-Tombes, and said: "Ich habe die Regierung in der Hand" (I have the government in hand). For 20,000 marks more he offered "a sitting minister who is involved in a murder," and, for a six-figure sum, a photograph of the then Prince Albert with a naked sixteen-year-old taken on the second floor of the Mirano club twenty years earlier.[^5] [[Regina Louf]], the witness X1, alleged that he organized parties at which children were abused; the prosecutors-general closed the files opened on her testimony in April 1998.[^6] [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) was founded on July 2, 1991, at Wasmes by the operator of Le Dolo, Nihoul's companion and a third Dolo client, went into voluntary liquidation on June 23, 1995, and was declared bankrupt by the commercial court of Mons on October 9, 1995; Nihoul was at least its de facto manager in 1994, and the commission linked the company to the reports of white Mercedes cars.[^1] He had met Dutroux a year before his arrest through Lelièvre, to whom he sold drugs. [[Michelle Martin]] told investigators that Dutroux had been in frequent contact with Nihoul around the abduction of a 14-year-old girl, and Dutroux said Nihoul was looking for girls for a Belgian prostitution network. Nihoul was led from the courthouse at Neufchâteau on August 16, 1996, to shouts of "à mort." His companion [[Marleen De Cokere]] was arrested in late September. His warrant in the Dutroux case was lifted in January 1997.[^3][^4] In an interview with *Der Spiegel* in 2001, in his two-room flat in Jette with De Cokere beside him, Nihoul said of children, "I never did anything with children. I love children," and that Dutroux had taken the girls "for his own consumption." The magazine reported that the investigation files showed Dutroux had asked his advice on getting into the trade in girls and that Nihoul had advised him to organize sadomasochistic parties, which Nihoul said he had understood to mean adults. He spoke of the group-sex parties he and De Cokere had organized, "but with style," attended by influential politicians and officials at Le Dolo and Faulx-les-Tombes, and said: "Ich habe die Regierung in der Hand" (I have the government in hand). For 20,000 marks more he offered "a sitting minister who is involved in a murder," and, for a six-figure sum, a photograph of the then Prince Albert with a naked sixteen-year-old taken on the second floor of the Mirano club twenty years earlier.[^5] [[Regina Louf]], the witness X1, alleged that he organized parties at which children were abused; the prosecutors-general closed the files opened on her testimony in April 1998.[^6]
At the trial in Arlon in 2004, Dutroux accused Nihoul of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls for prostitution, which Nihoul denied. Véronique Laurent, convicted of ordering the killing of her husband, [[Michel Piro]], testified that Nihoul had come to their bar, La Terrasse, four or five times.[^7] Only seven of the twelve jurors found him guilty of the abductions, and the professional judges acquitted him of every charge connected with the children; the court had returned the jury to consider a lesser charge of complicity in the kidnappings, on which it acquitted him, and the jury convicted him of membership of a gang that smuggled drugs and people into Belgium.[^8] On June 22, 2004, he was sentenced to five years for drug trafficking and criminal association. He left Saint-Gilles prison on parole on April 28, 2006, and retired with his companion to the Belgian coast, where he died on October 23, 2019.[^3][^8] At the trial in Arlon in 2004, Dutroux accused Nihoul of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls for prostitution, which Nihoul denied. Véronique Laurent, convicted of ordering the killing of her husband, [[Michel Piro]], testified that Nihoul had come to their bar, La Terrasse, four or five times.[^7] Only seven of the twelve jurors found him guilty of the abductions, and the professional judges acquitted him of every charge connected with the children; the court had returned the jury to consider a lesser charge of complicity in the kidnappings, on which it acquitted him, and the jury convicted him of membership of a gang that smuggled drugs and people into Belgium.[^8] On June 22, 2004, he was sentenced to five years for drug trafficking and criminal association. He left Saint-Gilles prison on parole on April 28, 2006, and retired with his companion to the Belgian coast, where he died on October 23, 2019.[^3][^8]

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@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
---
aliases:
- Jim Schnabel
- James Schnabel
- James Schnabel (writer)
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- JimSchnabel
- RemoteViewing
- StargateProject
- CropCircles
- UFOAbduction
- Journalism
- ScienceWriting
- Books
summary: "Writer whose books Round in Circles (1993), Dark White (1994) and Remote Viewers (1997) cover crop circles, alien abduction claims and the American remote-viewing program."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[The Real X-Files]]"
role: "writer and narrator of the Channel 4 documentary"
start: 1995-08-27
fn: 11
---
Jim Schnabel is a journalist, author and science writer who published Round in Circles (1993), on the crop formations of [[Wiltshire]] and the people drawn to them, Dark White (1994), on alien abduction claims, Remote Viewers (1997), a history of the [[Stargate Project]], and Forever Young (1998), on the science of aging. He wrote and narrated the [[Channel 4]] documentary The Real X-Files, first broadcast in 1995, and has written science articles for [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], [[Science (journal)|Science]] and [[New Scientist]].[^1]
### Books
Round in Circles: Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the Cropwatchers was published in [[London]] by [[Hamish Hamilton]] in 1993 and in [[Amherst, New York]] by [[Prometheus Books]] in 1994. The Prometheus edition runs to xi and 293 pages with eight pages of plates.[^2]
Dark White: Aliens, Abductions, and the UFO Obsession was published in London by Hamish Hamilton in 1994 (303 pages) and later issued by [[Penguin Books]].[^3]
Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies was published by [[Dell Publishing]] in January 1997. Schnabel has described the research and writing as taking place from 1993 to 1996. The book follows the program from the [[Stanford Research Institute]] contract work that [[Hal Puthoff]] began in 1972 through the [[U.S. Army]] unit at [[Fort Meade]].[^4]
Forever Young: Science and the Search for Immortality was published by [[Bloomsbury]] in 1998. A German edition of Remote Viewers, Geheimwaffe Gehirn: Die PSI-Agenten des CIA, was published by [[Herbig]] in 1998.[^5]
### Remote Viewers and its sources
The list of interview sources in Remote Viewers includes [[Frederick Atwater|Fred "Skip" Atwater]], Hal Puthoff, [[Ingo Swann]], [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Uri Geller]], [[Keith Harary]] and [[Michael Persinger]], among others. The list states that a number of sources who spoke on background are not named in it, and that not all those listed spoke on the record all the time.[^6]
The acknowledgments single out Atwater, Puthoff, [[Mel Riley]] and Edith Riley, and [[Edmund Thompson]] as "heroically cooperative" sources to whom the author owed "a special debt."[^6]
The book uses pseudonyms for a number of the people it names. Its notes state that certain names in the text are pseudonyms, and a "Pseudonyms" page near the end of the book identifies them.[^7]
The acknowledgments thank the [[U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] Freedom of Information Act office and the [[Fort Bragg]] FOIA office. The chapter notes describe a set of memoranda summarizing Project Landbroker, cited under 1984, as "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted." The notes on the case of [[David Morehouse]] describe the court-martial case file and a set of INSCOM investigation documents as "available by requests under the Freedom of Information Act."[^8]
### The Real X-Files and the Stargate records of 1995
In a memorandum of May 30, 1995, Joe McMoneagle described a series of calls from Schnabel over the preceding eight months, six or seven by his count, and wrote that Schnabel had at first said he was interested only in the science side of the subject. McMoneagle wrote that he learned Schnabel would attend a Gateway seminar at the [[Monroe Institute]] in May 1995 and had seen his name on the participant list. He wrote that Schnabel gave himself as the writer of a program for Channel 4 on the history of remote viewing, covering the CIA's Project Scanate and the Army unit at Fort Meade, with a live remote viewing to close the second part.[^9]
McMoneagle wrote that he declined to take part, and that he believed Schnabel "wasn't entirely open and honest with me during those conversations." He wrote that Schnabel told him the producer would guarantee in writing that McMoneagle would not be linked to military or Cold War issues if he performed the live remote viewing. He wrote that Schnabel said he had made promises to protect others, naming Puthoff among them, and that Schnabel said he had spoken with Harary. McMoneagle also wrote that Schnabel said he had a film of three experimental remote viewings McMoneagle had done at the Monroe Institute in 1983, which had been forwarded to Schnabel by a person whose name is redacted.[^9]
On May 31, 1995, [[Edwin May]] of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] in [[Palo Alto]] wrote a memorandum about Schnabel's approach to the program. May wrote that Schnabel was preparing a piece for Channel 4 that would cover Project Scanate and the Army's remote-viewing unit, that Schnabel listed five individuals by name, all retired from the program, and that Schnabel had also named some current personnel and retired senior officials. May wrote that it was his impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 were interested in an exposé.[^10]
Schnabel wrote and narrated The Real X-Files, a one-hour documentary for Channel 4 directed by [[Bill Eagles]], with [[Alex Graham]] of [[Wall to Wall]] as executive producer. It was first broadcast on August 27, 1995. An edited version was broadcast in the [[United States]] on the [[Discovery Channel]] on March 12, 1996.[^11]
His article "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi" ran in the [[The Independent|Independent on Sunday]]'s Sunday Review on August 27, 1995, pages 10 to 13. A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 28, 1995, filed in the STARGATE collection, circulated a [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] transcription of the article. The reference line of the memorandum reads "FYI. Interesting stuff."[^12] Schnabel has written that the feature "got some official attention."[^4]
In a memorandum of September 21, 1995, May wrote that he had obtained a videotape of the program, that it presented Schnabel's written piece in video form and featured Mel Riley and [[Ed Dames]] with interviews of Thompson, Adm. Turner, Puthoff, [[Lyn Buchanan]] and [[John Alexander]], and that in his opinion "the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction." May added that he had been told the producers of [[ABC News]] 20/20 had seen the Schnabel tape.[^13]
### Crop circles
Round in Circles examines crop circles around the world and the people drawn to them.[^2]
In July 1992 Schnabel took second place in a circlemaking competition held at West Wycombe on July 11 and 12, and wrote "The Art of Circular Science" for The Cerealogist no. 7 (Harvest 1992). In November 1992 the [[MUFON]] UFO Journal, edited by [[Dennis Stacy]], printed his article "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," five pages long, which recounts telephone conversations with a caller using the name Ntumba, whom Schnabel wrote that the photographer [[Rob Irving]] recognized as Henry Azadehdel, also known as [[Armen Victorian]]. Schnabel wrote that in a light-hearted moment he had suggested to the caller "that yes, it was all true, he was indeed a spy."[^14]
The Circular, the journal of the [[Centre for Crop Circle Studies]] edited by [[George Wingfield]], prepared an interview with Schnabel recorded by Victorian. The introduction to that interview, as reprinted by [[Bill Eatwell]] in the HUFON Report of the Houston UFO Network, stated that Schnabel had written an item in [[The Washington Post]] in 1991, had collaborated with Irving on a piece for the Independent Magazine implying that many major mid-Wiltshire formations were the work of the UBI group, and was a postgraduate student in sociology at the [[University of Bath]], with a connection to [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] that the college had said at the beginning of 1992 no longer existed. The introduction presented the recording as Schnabel revealing himself as a paid disinformation agent for an unnamed Western intelligence organization, and stated that Schnabel now denied it and had telephoned to say he had been "winding up" Victorian.[^14]
Eatwell wrote that Wingfield gave him a copy of the interview in October 1992 and said that his English publisher, Michael Green, had pulled it from The Circular. Eatwell wrote that on comparing the interview with Schnabel's account of it, some sentences were not word for word, and that Schnabel's article contained a statement about "ultra-secret Stars Wars weapons testing" that he could not find in the interview text.[^14]
### Journalism
A Science article listed on Schnabel's website is "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," published June 18, 1993, pages 1719 to 1720.[^15] Later articles by Schnabel in Nature include "The sounds of silent movies" (August 5, 2008), "Neuroscience: Standard model" (August 2008), "Protein folding: The dark side of proteins" (April 7, 2010) and "Amyloid: Little proteins, big clues" (July 2011, in a Nature Outlook supplement).[^16] His website also lists articles for New Scientist, the Scripps Research magazine Endeavor, NYU Physician and the UNC Gillings School of Public Health, and the books Everything and Nothing: an introduction to quantum probability (Natura, 2012; revised as Quantum Theory and the Structure of Reality, 2023) and Age of Despair: Toxic Science and the End of History (Natura, 2024).[^1]
### Reception
[[Susan Blackmore]] reviewed Dark White in Nature under the title "Minds possessed" on November 17, 1994.[^17] Praise for Dark White quoted on Schnabel's website is attributed to Anthony Clare in The Sunday Times ("His ironic, wry account contains all the classic UFO stories"), Boyd Tonkin in The New Statesman & Society and Jonathan Sale in the Independent on Sunday.[^18]
[[Anthony Campbell]]'s review of Dark White, carrying a 1999 copyright line, called the book "an excellent book on a difficult subject." Campbell wrote that the epilogue states Schnabel's position: "Here he makes it clear that he discounts the extra-terrestrial hypothesis."[^19]
[[Robin Ramsay]] reviewed Remote Viewers in [[Lobster (magazine)|Lobster]] in the summer of 1997. He wrote that he approached the book "with some caution," that Armen Victorian and others were intensely suspicious of Schnabel's activities in the UFO and paranormal fields and "some suspect him of being a CIA asset," and that "On this I am an agnostic." He concluded: "But whatever Schnabel's role, he has written a very good book."[^20]
[^1]: Jim Schnabel, personal website, "I've been a journalist, author and science writer/editor since the 1990s," with listed articles and books, https://jimschnabel.github.io/.
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Round in Circles: Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the Cropwatchers* (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993; Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994). Catalog records, Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825562W, and Internet Archive lending copy, https://archive.org/details/roundincirclespo0000schn (xi, 293 pages, [8] pages of plates).
[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Dark White: Aliens, Abductions, and the UFO Obsession* (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994), 303 pages per Internet Archive record https://archive.org/details/darkwhitealiensa0000schn; Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825561W. Listing in *Nature* for the review cited in note 17 gives "Hamish Hamilton: 1994. Pp. 304." Campbell's review (note 19) gives a Penguin edition, London, 1995.
[^4]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), "Copyright © 1997 by Jim Schnabel." Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825559W. Schnabel's description of the research period, the January 1997 publication and the Independent feature is on his website, https://jimschnabel.github.io/remote-viewers/.
[^5]: Jim Schnabel, *Forever Young: Science and the Search for Immortality* (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), listed at https://jimschnabel.github.io/forever-young/ and Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825560W; *Geheimwaffe Gehirn: Die PSI-Agenten des CIA* (Herbig, 1998), Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825557W.
[^6]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments and "Interview Sources."
[^7]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), chapter note on the first appearance of pseudonymous names ("These are pseudonyms. See this page for a complete list of pseudonyms."), and the "Pseudonyms" page at the back of the book.
[^8]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments; chapter notes on the Morehouse case and on the Project Landbroker memoranda, including the citation "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted."
[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^11]: Jim Schnabel and Bill Eagles, *The Real X-Files*, one-hour documentary for Channel Four (U.K.), first broadcast August 27, 1995, with a U.S. broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 12, 1996; Schnabel writer and narrator, Eagles director, Alex Graham of Wall to Wall TV executive producer. Bibliography of Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997).
[^12]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *The Independent on Sunday*, Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and filed in CIA memorandum "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported," August 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030073-5. Online edition, https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tinker-tailor-soldier-psi-1598203.html.
[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited; the contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell.
[^15]: Jim Schnabel, "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," *Science* 260 (June 18, 1993): 1719-20, PubMed 8323582, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323582/.
[^16]: Jim Schnabel, "The sounds of silent movies," *Nature* news, August 5, 2008, https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2008.1014; "Neuroscience: Standard model," *Nature* 454 (2008), https://www.nature.com/articles/454682a; "Protein folding: The dark side of proteins," *Nature* 464 (April 7, 2010), https://www.nature.com/articles/464828a; "Amyloid: Little proteins, big clues," *Nature* 475 supplement (July 2011), https://www.nature.com/articles/475S12a.
[^17]: Susan Blackmore, "Minds possessed," review of *Dark White: Aliens, Abductions and the UFO Obsessions* by Jim Schnabel, *Nature* 372, 290 (November 17, 1994), https://doi.org/10.1038/372290a0.
[^18]: Jim Schnabel, personal website, "Dark White," https://jimschnabel.github.io/dark-white/, quoting Anthony Clare, *The Sunday Times*; Boyd Tonkin, *The New Statesman & Society*; Jonathan Sale, *The Independent on Sunday*. The quotations are as printed on the author's site.
[^19]: Anthony Campbell, review of *Dark White* by Jim Schnabel, copyright 1999, https://acampbell.org.uk/bookreviews/r/schnabel.html.
[^20]: Robin Ramsay, review of *Remote Viewers*, *Lobster* 33 (Summer 1997), https://lobster-magazine.co.uk/article/issue/33/remote-viewers-psychic-warrior.

22
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Palmer.md
View file

@ -7,13 +7,27 @@ tags:
- JohnPalmer - JohnPalmer
- Parapsychology - Parapsychology
- RhineResearchCenter - RhineResearchCenter
summary: "Parapsychologist and Rhine Research Center research director, three times president of the Parapsychological Association, who wrote a 1985 assessment of the field for the Army Research Institute and was among the reviewers the NRC named for Star Gate in 1995." summary: "Parapsychologist, Rhine Research Center research director and Parapsychological Association president in 1979 and 1992, who wrote a 1985 Army Research Institute assessment of the field."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
start: 1979
end: 1979
role: "president, convention year 1979 (Moraga, California)"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
start: 1992
end: 1992
role: "president, convention year 1992 (Las Vegas, Nevada)"
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-22 created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
John A. Palmer graduated from [[Duke University]] in psychology, took his doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin, spent two years on the psychology faculty at [[McGill University]] and "entered parapsychology on a full-time basis," heading the graduate program in parapsychology at John F. Kennedy University from 1977 to 1981 and holding research posts at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[University of California, Davis]] and the University of Utrecht. He was president of the Parapsychological Association in 1971, 1979 and 1992, and became director of research at the [[Rhine Research Center]] in Durham, editor of the *Journal of Parapsychology* and director of its summer study program. His publications include, with Whitson, Bogart and [[Charles Tart]], "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" (Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976), "In defense of parapsychology: A reply to [[James Alcock|James E. Alcock]]" (*Zetetic Scholar,* 1983), "An evaluative report on the current status of parapsychology," under contract DAJA 45-84-M-0405 for the [[United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences|U.S. Army Research Institute]] (1985), and, with [[Charles Honorton]] and [[Jessica Utts]], the Parapsychological Association's reply to the [[National Research Council]]'s 1988 report. The CIA's chronology of the Star Gate transfer records that on March 15, 1995, "Jessica Utts, John Palmer, James Alcock, and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 the NRC "formally rejects" the study.[^1] John A. Palmer graduated from [[Duke University]] in psychology, took his doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin, spent two years on the psychology faculty at [[McGill University]] and "entered parapsychology on a full-time basis," heading the graduate program in parapsychology at John F. Kennedy University from 1977 to 1981 and holding research posts at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[University of California, Davis]] and the University of Utrecht. The association's member directory states that he was president of the Parapsychological Association in 1971, 1979 and 1992; the association's convention table lists Gertrude Schmeidler as president for 1971 and Palmer for 1979 and 1992.[^1] He became director of research at the [[Rhine Research Center]] in Durham, editor of the *Journal of Parapsychology* and director of its summer study program. His publications include, with Whitson, Bogart and [[Charles Tart]], "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" (Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976), "In defense of parapsychology: A reply to [[James Alcock|James E. Alcock]]" (*Zetetic Scholar,* 1983), "An evaluative report on the current status of parapsychology," under contract DAJA 45-84-M-0405 for the [[United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences|U.S. Army Research Institute]] (1985), and, with [[Charles Honorton]] and [[Jessica Utts]], the Parapsychological Association's reply to the [[National Research Council]]'s 1988 report. The CIA's chronology of the Star Gate transfer records that on March 15, 1995, "Jessica Utts, John Palmer, James Alcock, and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 the NRC "formally rejects" the study.[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: "Who is John Palmer?" Parapsychological Association member directory, archived.parapsych.org/members/j_palmer.html, Wayback Machine capture of 2020. "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^1]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, listing John Palmer as president for the 1979 convention (Moraga, California) and the 1992 convention (Las Vegas, Nevada) and Gertrude Schmeidler for 1971. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
[^2]: "Who is John Palmer?" Parapsychological Association member directory, archived.parapsych.org/members/j_palmer.html, Wayback Machine capture of 2020. "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9.

16
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Melissa Russo.md
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@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ relations:
role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996" role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996"
start: 1995-06-24 start: 1995-06-24
end: 1996-08-17 end: 1996-08-17
fn: 2 fn: 1
created: 2026-04-28 created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Melissa Russo, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Julie Lejeune]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, from the fields beside her family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]].[^2][^3] The gendarmerie had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect between its Charleroi and Liège units from July 7, 1995, and a confidential report of August 10, 1995, recorded an informant's account that Dutroux sold girls for 100,000 to 150,000 francs and had described the work in his cellars as hiding places for abducted children. The surveillance of Dutroux, [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^2] Melissa Russo, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Julie Lejeune]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, from the fields beside her family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]].[^1][^2] The gendarmerie had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect between its Charleroi and Liège units from July 7, 1995, and a confidential report of August 10, 1995, recorded an informant's account that Dutroux sold girls for 100,000 to 150,000 francs and had described the work in his cellars as hiding places for abducted children. The surveillance of Dutroux, [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^3]
The two were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. When Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, in a separate matter, the gendarmerie searched his houses and reported that the cellar work had no connection with "the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." He was released on March 20, 1996. The girls starved to death during his imprisonment; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^2][^4] Their bodies were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17, 1996, five days after the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] and two days after the rescue of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]].[^2] The two were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. When Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, in a separate matter, the gendarmerie searched his houses and reported that the cellar work had no connection with "the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." He was released on March 20, 1996. The girls starved to death during his imprisonment; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^1][^4] Their bodies were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17, 1996, five days after the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] and two days after the rescue of two girls aged 12 and 14.[^1]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa and Martin of their sequestration with torture causing death, and acquitted [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of the abduction charges, adopting the investigating judge Jacques Langlois's view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^4][^5] On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa and Martin of their sequestration with torture causing death, and acquitted [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of the abduction charges, adopting the investigating judge Jacques Langlois's view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^4][^5]
### The Cellar and the Searches ### The Cellar and the Searches
The parliamentary commission found that during the December 1995 search of the Marcinelle house [[Rene Michaux]], alone in the cellar, heard children's voices that stopped when he called for silence, and attributed them, as the locksmith suggested, to children in the street. It also found that he had taken chloroform, a speculum and vaginal cream from the house, that these items were missing from the investigating judge's inventory, and that he told the commission he had later handed them to the lawyer of Dutroux's wife.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that the cellar was built in 1993 with the help of [[Claude Thirault]] under the guise of drainage work, with soundproofed cells behind shelving; that the Othello team eliminated Dutroux as a suspect in January 1996 and missed the abduction of [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while he was under surveillance; that white vans registered to Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]] carried victims, that more than twenty calls passed between Nihoul and Dutroux around the Delhez abduction, and that payments reached accounts of Dutroux in several European countries; and that a letter from Dutroux to Julie's father said the abduction served an organized "snuff orgy." The removal of Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's release in 1992.[^1] The parliamentary commission found that during the December 1995 search of the Marcinelle house Rene Michaux, alone in the cellar, heard children's voices that stopped when he called for silence, and attributed them, as the locksmith suggested, to children in the street. It also found that he had taken chloroform, a speculum and vaginal cream from the house, that these items were missing from the investigating judge's inventory, and that he told the commission he had later handed them to the lawyer of Dutroux's wife.[^1] The writer S. Dovey wrote that the cellar was built in 1993 with the help of [[Claude Thirault]] under the guise of drainage work, with soundproofed cells behind shelving; that the Othello team eliminated Dutroux as a suspect in January 1996 and missed the abduction of [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while he was under surveillance; that white vans registered to Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]] carried victims, that more than twenty calls passed between Nihoul and Dutroux around the August 1996 abduction at Bertrix, and that payments reached accounts of Dutroux in several European countries; and that a letter from Dutroux to Julie's father said the abduction served an organized "snuff orgy." The removal of Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's release in 1992.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its account of the abduction (July 22, 1995, from Charleroi, "for over a year" of captivity), Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) and the exhumation (September 16, 1996) is contradicted by the commission's chronology. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4, and the chronologies of December 1995, March 1996 and August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4, and the chronologies of December 1995, March 1996 and August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^2]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
[^3]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/ [^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its account of the abduction (July 22, 1995, from Charleroi, "for over a year" of captivity), Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) and the exhumation (September 16, 1996) is contradicted by the commission's chronology.
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011 [^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/ [^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

2
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:
- Person - Person
- PROMIS - PROMIS
- CIA - CIA
summary: "Michael Riconosciuto is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former CIA asset who claimed to have modified the PROMIS software for worldwide intelligence distribution through the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, becoming a central source for Danny Casolaro's Octopus investigation." summary: "Michael Riconosciuto is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former CIA asset who claimed to have modified the PROMIS software through the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and became a central source for Danny Casolaro's Octopus investigation."
--- ---
[[Michael Riconosciuto]] is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] asset, known for his involvement in various clandestine operations and his claims regarding the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. He was described as a child prodigy, wiring his parents' neighborhood with a private telephone system at age 10 and winning science fairs with laser technology, leading to a summer research assistantship at Stanford's Cooper Vaper Laser Laboratory.[^1] [[Michael Riconosciuto]] is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] asset, known for his involvement in various clandestine operations and his claims regarding the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. He was described as a child prodigy, wiring his parents' neighborhood with a private telephone system at age 10 and winning science fairs with laser technology, leading to a summer research assistantship at Stanford's Cooper Vaper Laser Laboratory.[^1]

2
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md
View file

@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ In 1953, Rockefeller accepted appointment as chair of the President's Advisory C
On March 3, 1955, Bureau of the Budget Director Rowland Hughes recommended that Eisenhower designate Rockefeller as a member and vice chairman of the OCB and as chairman of a new Planning Coordination Group. Eisenhower approved these recommendations on March 10, 1955. The Planning Coordination Group (PCG), operating within the framework of [[NSC 5412]] governing covert operations, comprised Rockefeller as chairman, the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence. Its function was to "advise and assist the responsible operating agencies in the coordinated development of plans and programs" and to serve as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" for CIA covert operations. CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] and State Department officials refused to cooperate, and their obstruction stymied the PCG's initiatives. Rockefeller recommended the group's abolishment in September 1955 and resigned as Special Assistant to the President in December 1955.[^23] On March 3, 1955, Bureau of the Budget Director Rowland Hughes recommended that Eisenhower designate Rockefeller as a member and vice chairman of the OCB and as chairman of a new Planning Coordination Group. Eisenhower approved these recommendations on March 10, 1955. The Planning Coordination Group (PCG), operating within the framework of [[NSC 5412]] governing covert operations, comprised Rockefeller as chairman, the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence. Its function was to "advise and assist the responsible operating agencies in the coordinated development of plans and programs" and to serve as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" for CIA covert operations. CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] and State Department officials refused to cooperate, and their obstruction stymied the PCG's initiatives. Rockefeller recommended the group's abolishment in September 1955 and resigned as Special Assistant to the President in December 1955.[^23]
In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25] In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25]
### Brazil and the 1964 Coup ### Brazil and the 1964 Coup

9
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Stafford Sands.md
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@ -13,16 +13,19 @@ tags:
summary: "Bahamian minister and lawyer who arranged casino exemptions for clients tied to Meyer Lansky, was disgraced by a 1967 royal commission, and was kept as a client by Wackenhut during its Florida war on crime." summary: "Bahamian minister and lawyer who arranged casino exemptions for clients tied to Meyer Lansky, was disgraced by a 1967 royal commission, and was kept as a client by Wackenhut during its Florida war on crime."
location: "Nassau, Bahamas" location: "Nassau, Bahamas"
created: 2026-09-21 created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-21 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Sir Stafford Sands was a lawyer and minister in the government of the [[Bahamas]] before 1967. He acted for [[Wallace Groves]] at Freeport, and when [[James Crosby]]'s [[Mary Carter Paint Company]] bought [[Paradise Island]] it acquired "the legal services of Sir Stafford Sands." Crosby called him "a very impressive intellectual." In the middle of 1965 Sands "arranged permission for the construction of the desired bridge connecting Paradise to [[Nassau]], and obtained transfer of the Bahamian Club's certificate of exemption" from the gambling laws to the new casino.[^1] Sir Stafford Sands was a lawyer and minister in the government of the [[Bahamas]] before 1967. He acted for [[Wallace Groves]] at Freeport, and when [[James Crosby]]'s [[Mary Carter Paint Company]] bought [[Paradise Island]] it acquired "the legal services of Sir Stafford Sands." Crosby called him "a very impressive intellectual." In the middle of 1965 Sands "arranged permission for the construction of the desired bridge connecting Paradise to [[Nassau]], and obtained transfer of the Bahamian Club's certificate of exemption" from the gambling laws to the new casino.[^1]
After the election of [[Lynden Pindling]]'s government in 1967 a royal commission under Sir [[Ranulph Bacon]] examined the casinos. "Sir Stafford Sands, disgraced by revelations of the millions that he'd made drafting legislation for Mob-connected entrepreneurs, retired to his castle in [[Spain]]."[^1] After the election of [[Lynden Pindling]]'s government in 1967 a royal commission under Sir [[Ranulph Bacon]] examined the casinos. "Sir Stafford Sands, disgraced by revelations of the millions that he'd made drafting legislation for Mob-connected entrepreneurs, retired to his castle in [[Spain]]."[^1]
In February 1967 the crime reporter [[Hank Messick]] resigned from the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], which Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had hired to fight organized crime in [[Florida]], because the company kept Sands as a private client while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said.[^2] The commission also took testimony on Lansky's approaches to Sands. Sands later acknowledged to the commission that [[Meyer Lansky]] had offered him a payment in 1960 to permit gambling on [[Grand Bahama]], and that he turned the offer down.[^2]
In February 1967 the crime reporter [[Hank Messick]] resigned from the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], which Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had hired to fight organized crime in [[Florida]], because the company kept Sands as a private client while it was supposed to be pursuing Meyer Lansky. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 381-382, 392-393. [^1]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 381-382, 392-393.
[^2]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Tampa file on the Wackenhut Corporation. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation [^2]: FBI file 92-2831 (Meyer Lansky, Miami office), Section 16, undated newspaper article on the Lucayan Beach casino and the Groves companies, including Sands's acknowledgment to the commission. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^3]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Tampa file on the Wackenhut Corporation. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation

14
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ted Shackley.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
- Theodore Shackley - Theodore Shackley
- The Blond Ghost - The Blond Ghost
created: 2026-05-14 created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-10-08 updated: 2026-10-09
category: "Intelligence & Government" category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags: tags:
- Person - Person
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ tags:
- 1960s - 1960s
- 1970s - 1970s
- 1980s - 1980s
summary: "Ted Shackley (1927-2002), ‘The Blond Ghost,’ was a CIA operations officer who served as station chief at JMWAVE, Laos, and Saigon, rose to Associate Deputy Director for Operations, was forced out by DCI Turner in 1979, and became a central node in the Safari Club and Iran-Contra private network." summary: "Ted Shackley (1927-2002), 'The Blond Ghost,' was a CIA operations officer who ran JMWAVE, Laos and Saigon stations, rose to Associate Deputy Director for Operations, and left in 1979."
born: 1927-07-16 born: 1927-07-16
died: 2002-12-09 died: 2002-12-09
location: "Springfield, Massachusetts" location: "Springfield, Massachusetts"
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Shackley’s transformation from capable officer to major CIA figure came with h
After an interim Domestic Operations Division assignment, Shackley was appointed CIA station chief in Laos in 1966, directing what was then the largest covert paramilitary operation in CIA history. The Laos operation - officially concealed because the United States had signed the 1962 Geneva Accords neutralizing Laos - centered on the Hmong irregular army commanded by General Vang Pao, which was funded, supplied, and advised by CIA as a proxy force fighting the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese infiltrators who used the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laotian territory. At its peak the Hmong force numbered approximately 36,000 fighters. Shackley oversaw air operations through Air America and Continental Air Services, the CIA-affiliated airlines that supplied the Hmong forces and that were later implicated in transporting opium from the Golden Triangle cultivation areas controlled by Hmong and other tribal leaders.[^1] After an interim Domestic Operations Division assignment, Shackley was appointed CIA station chief in Laos in 1966, directing what was then the largest covert paramilitary operation in CIA history. The Laos operation - officially concealed because the United States had signed the 1962 Geneva Accords neutralizing Laos - centered on the Hmong irregular army commanded by General Vang Pao, which was funded, supplied, and advised by CIA as a proxy force fighting the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese infiltrators who used the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laotian territory. At its peak the Hmong force numbered approximately 36,000 fighters. Shackley oversaw air operations through Air America and Continental Air Services, the CIA-affiliated airlines that supplied the Hmong forces and that were later implicated in transporting opium from the Golden Triangle cultivation areas controlled by Hmong and other tribal leaders.[^1]
[[Michael Hand]], the Australian Special Forces veteran and future co-founder of the Nugan Hand Bank, first encountered the CIA network through Laos operations during this period. Hand’s connection to Shackley’s network was the initial link that would eventually tie the Nugan Hand Bank to CIA financial operations.[^2] [[Michael Hand]], the Australian Special Forces veteran and future co-founder of the Nugan Hand Bank, first encountered the CIA network through Laos operations during this period, according to Seymour, who wrote that Hand moved to the clandestine CIA war in Laos after his first tour in Vietnam.[^2]
### Saigon (1968-1972) ### Saigon (1968-1972)
@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ Shackley’s network intersected with the Iran-Contra Affair through multiple ch
Shackley was also connected through Michael Hand to the Nugan Hand Bank (Sydney, founded 1973, collapsed 1980), an Australian merchant bank that multiple sources identified as a CIA financial conduit. The bank’s board and senior advisers included former CIA Director William Colby (in a legal advisory role) and a number of Shackley-connected U.S. military and intelligence veterans. Its collapse after co-founder Frank Nugan’s death in January 1980 and Hand’s subsequent disappearance generated significant Australian investigative journalism about CIA connections to the bank.[^2] Shackley was also connected through Michael Hand to the Nugan Hand Bank (Sydney, founded 1973, collapsed 1980), an Australian merchant bank that multiple sources identified as a CIA financial conduit. The bank’s board and senior advisers included former CIA Director William Colby (in a legal advisory role) and a number of Shackley-connected U.S. military and intelligence veterans. Its collapse after co-founder Frank Nugan’s death in January 1980 and Hand’s subsequent disappearance generated significant Australian investigative journalism about CIA connections to the bank.[^2]
[[David Corn]] writes that [[Barbara Studley]], a former Miami talk-show host, and [[John Singlaub]], who had worked with Shackley in Laos, had created [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]], a weapons firm, and that Studley came to Shackley for advice on the arms market in Latin America.[^3] The Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking's report, as described by Keith Schneider in the New York Times in March 1987, named Shackley and [[Tom Clines]] as the two top officers of the CIA's Laotian station during the late 1960s. Schneider wrote that Hand served in Laos in the late 1960s with [[Air America]], and that the report said [[Richard Secord]], Shackley, Clines and [[Rafael Quintero]] were close to Hand.[^3] The Wall Street Journal reported in August 1983 that the report named Shackley among the people newly connected with Nugan Hand. Shackley declined to be interviewed, and his attorney said that an Australian detective who helped compile the report had "formally advised" Shackley that he was not suspected of any illegalities.[^4]
[[David Corn]] writes that [[Barbara Studley]], a former Miami talk-show host, and [[John Singlaub]], who had worked with Shackley in Laos, had created [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]], a weapons firm, and that Studley came to Shackley for advice on the arms market in Latin America.[^5]
### Publications ### Publications
@ -75,4 +77,6 @@ Shackley authored *The Third Option: An American View of Counterinsurgency Opera
[^1]: Corn, David, and Jeff Goldberg. "The Old Boy Network." *Mother Jones*, October 1994 (on Shackley’s post-CIA network). Shackley, Theodore G. *The Third Option: An American View of Counterinsurgency Operations*. Reader’s Digest Press, 1981. Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA*. Doubleday, 2007, pp. 316-320, 361-368. [^1]: Corn, David, and Jeff Goldberg. "The Old Boy Network." *Mother Jones*, October 1994 (on Shackley’s post-CIA network). Shackley, Theodore G. *The Third Option: An American View of Counterinsurgency Operations*. Reader’s Digest Press, 1981. Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA*. Doubleday, 2007, pp. 316-320, 361-368.
[^2]: Trento, Joseph. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America’s Private Intelligence Network*. Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 55-85. Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Trento, Joseph. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America’s Private Intelligence Network*. Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 55-85. Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. TrineDay, 2010.
[^3]: David Corn, *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades* (Simon & Schuster, 1994). [^3]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^4]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1
[^5]: David Corn, *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades* (Simon & Schuster, 1994).

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@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags: [OSS, EnemyObjectivesUnit, AirTargeting, MITCenterForInternationalStudies, QuanticoVulnerabilitiesPanel, OpenSkies, KennedyAdministration, JohnsonAdministration, VietnamWar, BombingOfNorthVietnam, PolicyPlanning, NationalSecurityCouncil, SecurityClearance, UniversityOfTexas]
aliases: [Walt Rostow, Walt Whitman Rostow, Walter W. Rostow, W. W. Rostow, W.W. Rostow, Walter Rostow]
summary: "American economist who served in the OSS Enemy Objectives Unit in London, chaired the State Department Policy Planning Council from 1961 to 1966, and was Johnson's national security adviser from 1966 to 1969."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
role: "professor of economic history"
start: "1950"
end: "1961"
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "staff member"
start: "1951"
end: "1961"
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "consultant to the Office of Research and Reports"
start: "1951-03"
end: "1953-06"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Enemy Objectives Unit]]"
role: "intelligence analyst, London"
start: "1942-09-13"
end: "1945"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "chairman"
start: "1955-06-05"
end: "1955-06-10"
fn: 16
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Special Studies Project]]"
role: "consultant and author"
fn: 19
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Taylor Mission to Vietnam]]"
role: "member, with General Maxwell Taylor"
start: "1961-10-15"
end: "1961-11-03"
fn: 24
- type: appointed
with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
role: "Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs"
start: "1961"
end: "1961"
fn: 20
- type: head_of
with: "[[State Department]]"
role: "chairman of the Policy Planning Council; director of the Policy Planning Staff from 1962; counselor of the department from 1962"
start: "1961-12"
end: "1966"
fn: 26
- type: appointed
with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]"
role: "Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs"
start: "1966"
end: "1969"
fn: 29
- type: employed_by
with: "[[University of Texas at Austin]]"
role: "professor of economics"
start: "1969"
end: "2003"
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Elspeth Davies Rostow]]"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Eugene V. Rostow]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 1
---
Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) was an American economist who worked in the London office of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the Second World War, taught economic history at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and served under [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] as a White House adviser on national security affairs.[^1] He took a Yale doctorate in economics in 1940, taught at [[Columbia University]] that year, and served as a major in the OSS from 1942 to 1945.[^2]
### Enemy Objectives Unit and bombing target selection
Rostow reached London on September 13, 1942, with [[Chandler Morse]], who was chief of the [[Enemy Objectives Unit]], and [[Roselene Honerkamp]], the unit's secretary. The unit was formally part of the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy and was housed at 40 Berkeley Square, whose door, by Rostow's account, was barred to all but the American ambassador and a few designated Air Force officers.[^3] He wrote that the unit "was the child of Air Corps Col. [[Richard D'Oyly Hughes]]," and that its task was "to develop and apply criteria for the selection of one target system versus another," and, where a target was large enough and bombing precise enough, one aiming point versus another.[^3]
Rostow described the intellectual level of development of these criteria on the unit's arrival in London as "quite primitive."[^3] Within the unit's first six months, he wrote, it developed concepts that "came close to constituting a general theory of strategic air bombardment," and several of its terms entered the air intelligence vocabulary: "target system, interdiction, cushion, depth, pattern of consumption, pipeline."[^4] The unit's target studies examined eleven factors for each target system, among them the importance of indirect effect, ease of repair and the possibility of substitution, the last two addressing what the unit called the cushion.[^5] In an essay on the beginnings of air targeting, written in 1963 and later released by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], Rostow wrote: "In strategic bombing the target is the vast structure of economic and civil life which supports the military effort."[^4]
[[Charles Kindleberger]] took over from Morse as chief of the unit in February 1943 and left in May 1944, ultimately to join General Bradley's staff.[^3] The unit's 285 aiming point reports earned it a favorable reputation in the Eighth Air Force and the Fifteenth Air Force, and Rostow wrote that the unit "probably had its greatest operational impact through [[Operation Octopus]]."[^5] Rostow's account of the 1944 decision on bombing priorities was published as [[Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy]] (University of Texas Press, 1981). A draft chapter sent to [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]] in 1980 carried the title "Marshalling Yards vs. Oil: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944."[^6]
### Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Center for International Studies
Rostow was appointed professor of economic history at MIT in 1950 and in 1951 became a staff member of the [[Center for International Studies]] there, holding both posts until 1961.[^2] A memorandum of the CIA Office of Security dated April 11, 1958 records that the agency approved him as a consultant to its Office of Research and Reports in March 1951 and extended the status to June 1953; that in May and June 1953 an Agency Employment Review Board and Loyalty Board processed his case with a favorable finding; and that his contract as a consultant was not renewed after it expired in June 1953.[^7] A letter that [[Max Millikan]], then assistant director of the agency for research and reports, signed on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^8] He gave a talk in Moscow on May 25, 1959, titled "The Stages of Economic Growth and the Problems of Peaceful Coexistence," a copy of which is in the Bissell papers.[^6]
In 1953 W. W. Norton published *The Dynamics of Soviet Society*, a 282-page book credited to "W. W. Rostow in collaboration with Alfred Levin, and with the assistance of others at the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology," with a preface by Millikan as the center's director.[^9] A paperback edition followed from Mentor Books in 1954 under the subtitle "An Expert Analysis of the World Behind the Iron Curtain."[^9]
The MIT Center for International Studies, which Millikan directed, was described by [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 as "set up in 1951 with CIA money," with Millikan, "a former assistant director of the agency," as its first director. The same report said that the agency had financed a related project on Soviet scientists through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^10] In a letter to Senator [[Styles Bridges]] in October 1957, [[Alfred Kohlberg]] criticized the agency for supporting the center and criticized Rostow in particular, as the CIA Office of Security recorded in its memorandum of April 11, 1958.[^7]
A CIA memorandum of February 16, 1959 from the Assistant to the Director forwards the text of an item in the [[National Review]] Bulletin. The item names [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] and reads: "Bissell and his favored CIA teammate, Robert Amory, lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies. They have been particularly influenced by the neo-Marxian theories of W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^11] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies," and the center's section of the 1963 to 1964 report is signed by Millikan.[^12][^13] The 1958 to 1959 President's report lists Rostow and Elspeth Davies Rostow on leave at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], England.[^14]
In June 1977 the [[Harvard Crimson]], in an article on Harvard's offer to [[Henry Kissinger]], wrote that Rostow "left MIT in the 1960s to work for former President Johnson as chairman of the Policy Planning Council during the Vietnam war and was not invited back to MIT in part because of his involvement with the war." The same article quoted an unnamed Harvard source on the invitation to Kissinger: "We didn't want a Rostow in our faculty."[^15]
### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel and Open Skies
In June 1955 [[Nelson Rockefeller]], then Special Assistant to the President, invited eleven experts to Quantico, Virginia, to explore methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. Its members were [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]] of Time-Life, [[Ellis A. Johnson]] and [[George Pettee]] of the Operations Research Office, [[Paul Linebarger]], Max Millikan, [[Philip Mosely]], [[Stefan Possony]] of the Department of the Air Force, [[Hans Speier]] of the [[Rand Corporation]], [[Charles A. H. Thomson]] of the [[Brookings Institution]], and Rostow of the MIT Center, who was designated the chairman of the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]. Rostow transmitted the report to Rockefeller under a letter of June 10 that he signed as panel chairman. The letter reported "the unanimous belief of the Panel members that the U.S. now enjoys a significant but transitory period of over-all strength vis-a-vis the Soviet bloc." The report included ten papers by individual members; Rostow's was titled "Asia Policy."[^16]
The Eisenhower Library holds a folder titled "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955" in its Miscellaneous Series.[^17] The papers of C. D. Jackson include a 1955 log entry titled "From Quantico to Geneva" and a file on "Rostow, Walt W."[^18] Rostow's own draft, "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955," dated March 12, 1981, is in the Bissell papers.[^6]
### Special Studies Project
Rostow is listed among the "Consultants and Authors" of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project in *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (1961). His brother [[Eugene V. Rostow]], dean of the Yale Law School, is listed as a member of Panel IV, which dealt with the American economy.[^19]
### Kennedy administration and the Taylor mission
By January 1961 Rostow was Kennedy's deputy special assistant for national security affairs, writing memoranda to [[McGeorge Bundy]].[^20] In July 1961 he sent [[Dean Rusk]] a memorandum on [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] that said "we must know quite precisely what kind of international action we want," and on July 21 he wrote a paper titled "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam."[^21]
On October 11, 1961, Kennedy decided to send a mission headed by [[Maxwell Taylor]] with Rostow, General [[Edward Lansdale]], a Joint Chiefs representative, and officials from State and Defense. The memorandum for the record by Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Roswell L. Gilpatric|Roswell Gilpatric]] records that Taylor, "accompanied by Dr. Rostow from the White House," General Lansdale, a representative of the Joint Chiefs, Mr. Cottrell from State and probably someone from ISA would leave for Vietnam over the weekend. The editorial note to the document reproduces a telegram from General Lemnitzer reporting that the mission planned to leave Washington on October 15 and spend about two weeks in Vietnam.[^22] A paper prepared by the mission, datelined Saigon on October 18, is printed alongside, and on October 16 Rostow sent Taylor a memorandum from Honolulu.[^22][^23] In Taylor's letter to Kennedy of November 3, he wrote: "In addition to Dr. Rostow, the members of my party included representatives of State, ICA, Defense, JCS, and CIA."[^24] On November 11 Rostow urged Kennedy to place "some minimal U.S. ground force in Viet Nam as part of the initial package," a step that "commits us-in our minds-to a full scale U.S. effort to save that country."[^25]
### Policy Planning Council
The State Department record lists Rostow as chairman of the Policy Planning Council in December 1961, as director of the Policy Planning Staff in April 1962, and as counselor of the department in September 1962.[^26]
On February 15, 1965, Rostow sent Assistant Secretary [[William Bundy]] three points on a possible negotiation. He thought [[Hanoi]] might be driving for a settlement, that a "land grab" was likely, perhaps in the [[Laos]] corridor, and that the United States should consider a preemptive ground force move in that area and inside [[South Vietnam]], because air and naval power would be hard to use during a negotiation.[^27] Eight days earlier McGeorge Bundy's memorandum from Saigon had set out a "policy of sustained reprisal", described in Annex A as "graduated and continuing reprisal" against [[North Vietnam]].[^28]
### National Security Adviser, 1966 to 1969
By April 1966 Rostow was the President's special assistant, as the headings of his memoranda show.[^29]
#### POL strikes, June 1966
On June 14, 1966, Johnson wrote [[Harold Wilson]] that Rusk had discussed "the problem of POL in Haiphong and Hanoi" with him. POL is the standard abbreviation for petroleum, oil and lubricants.[^30] At the National Security Council meeting of June 17, Rostow argued: "Striking the POL targets is an extension of our bombing program, not a change in our policy." He added that "our bombing program is forcing the North Vietnamese to divert laborers to the repair of roads and bridges." [[Arthur Goldberg]] argued that the risk of widening the bombing to POL targets was too great. Rostow's memorandum to Johnson of the previous day said he had "marched carefully through all the considerations" with Goldberg.[^31] On June 28 [[Robert McNamara]] telephoned Johnson and asked for authority to strike the two major POL storage installations in the Hanoi-Haiphong area that evening.[^32] On July 5 a telegram from the acting secretary of state reported that "Bob McNamara and Walt Rostow are going to the Ranch tomorrow." On July 7 Rostow wrote Johnson that the speech at Omaha on June 30 had been "a personal breakthrough, against the background of your decision to go for POL."[^32][^33]
#### The Rostow thesis
In a memorandum of September 15, 1966, Rostow set out the case that bombing imposed a cumulative burden on Hanoi, and that without it Hanoi had no incentive to stop. He wrote that bombing "has imposed a severe but not decisive general burden on the North Vietnamese." He listed its effects: it engaged a large amount of civilian manpower for repair and air defense, caused economic stagnation or decline, imposed "a political and psychological burden and morale problems which have, on firm evidence, increased with the passage of time," limited shipping, and left most foreign aid shoring up the North rather than the South. "Put another way," he wrote, "without the bombing, Hanoi could keep the war going without any significant incentive to knock it off." He cited a 1962 interview with Hanoi leaders published in the [[Saturday Evening Post]], whose "punch line" was: "Americans do not like long, inconclusive wars, and this is going to be a long, inconclusive war. Thus we are sure to win."[^34]
#### Tet, 1968
On January 31, 1968, Rostow sent Rusk an outline of headings for a presidential speech on Asia. A marginal note in an unknown hand reads "This is WWR not LBJ."[^35] On February 5 he gave Johnson a written account of the fighting, which he said was in answer to a question from [[Elspeth Davies Rostow]], his wife. He described the attacks on the cities and at [[Khe Sanh]] as the enemy committing a large part of its "capital," its pools of military forces and firepower, on the believed vulnerability of the South Vietnamese government and of American public opinion.[^36] On February 6 he reported the findings from captured prisoners and documents. One prisoner captured on January 31 said that the attack "was to create conditions which would bring the U.S. Government to negotiate in order to proceed with peace."[^36]
#### Israel, 1967
On May 25, 1967, Rostow sent Johnson an Israeli intelligence estimate with a CIA appraisal attached. The appraisal, he noted, "throws a great deal of cold water on the Israeli estimate."[^37] On June 5 Rostow telephoned Johnson to read him a draft statement on the outbreak of fighting.[^38] His covering memorandum on a meeting among [[Meir Amit]], [[Walworth Barbour]] and [[Harry C. McPherson Jr.]] said that Amit's account was consistent with [[Levi Eshkol]]'s, and added: "At least that's his story."[^39]
### Security clearance
A CIA Office of Security memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence dated April 11, 1958, furnished in case Mr. Dillon should seek the agency's opinion of "Rostow's record and security standing," states that Rostow "has twice been denied clearance for OCB employment by the NSC Security Office," that he "was also disapproved for employment by Under Secretary of State, Herbert Hoover," and that he "has been denied a security clearance by the Office of the Secretary of Defense." The memorandum adds that in 1953 a CIA employee, since resigned, had threatened to take Rostow's case to the McCarran Committee.[^7]
In October 1967 Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] reported in his column in *The Clinton Chronicle* on a brief filed for [[Otto Otepka]], a State Department security officer, before a departmental hearing officer. The column stated that under the Eisenhower administration Rostow had twice been denied a State Department clearance "to handle" sensitive data, that Otepka had expressed reservations in 1960 about a proposed clearance for Rostow and had indicated to Dean Rusk and Attorney General-designate [[Robert F. Kennedy]] that he would probably still evaluate the file in the same manner, and that Rostow was then given immediate clearance as a White House aide.[^40] *Human Events* of October 23, 1967 reported the brief's account that the Air Force "had previously made a security finding adverse to Mr. Rostow" and that Under Secretary of State [[Herbert Hoover Jr.]], as chairman of the Operations Coordinating Board, decided that Rostow would not be used as an employee or consultant by the State Department in connection with a psychological warfare project.[^41]
The Associated Press reported that Rostow denied the account. "From 1951 onward," he told a reporter, "I had continuous security clearance from various agencies of the federal government." The Associated Press noted that he did not say what assignment in 1951 had required clearance, and that his Who's Who entry listed him as a staff member of the Center for International Studies from 1951 to 1960.[^42]
On December 19, 1967 the CIA Director of Security, replying to an inquiry of December 15, wrote that Rostow "was granted a Special Intelligence Clearance by this Agency on 3 February 1961 based on a favorable investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1960."[^43]
### Later career and death
Rostow taught economics at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] from 1969 until his death in Austin on February 13, 2003.[^1] His official files are in the National Security File, "Memos to the President," at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library]], which the Foreign Relations volumes cite as "Memos to the President-Walt W. Rostow."[^30][^36] Drafts and correspondence by and about Rostow, including drafts of his historical manuscripts, are in the Bissell papers at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^6]
### Family
His brother Eugene V. Rostow (1913-2002) became Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. A 1967 letter from the Under Secretary to the Israeli ambassador was drafted by Eugene Rostow and cleared by Walt Rostow.[^44] In January 1983, as director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]], Eugene was told by [[George Shultz]] that the President wanted his resignation. Spokesmen for the State Department and the White House, as reported by Joseph C. Harsch in the *Christian Science Monitor*, said that he "had not been a team player."[^45] Another brother, [[Ralph Waldo Emerson Rostow]] (1920-2006), is listed in the same family memorial record.[^1]
His wife, Elspeth Davies Rostow (1917-2007), is listed as his spouse in the same memorial record.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Find a Grave, "Dr. Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003)," memorial 62181838, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62181838 (birth October 7, 1916; death February 13, 2003; Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx; siblings Eugene Victor Debs Rostow (1913-2002) and Ralph Waldo Emerson Rostow (1920-2006); spouse Elspeth Vaughan Davies Rostow (1917-2007); biography lists professorships at Oxford, MIT and Columbia, and professor of economics at the University of Texas, 1969 to 2003).
[^2]: Encyclopedia.com, "Rostow, Walt Whitman (1916-2003)," Gale biography, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/walt-whitman-rostow (Ph.D. in economics, Yale, 1940; taught economics at Columbia that year; major in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II, 1942-45).
[^3]: Walt W. Rostow, "Waging Economic Warfare From London," *Studies in Intelligence*, 1992, from an essay given July 11, 1991, at an OSS symposium at the National Archives, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Waging-Economic-Warfare-London.pdf (arrival in London "on 13 September 1942" with Chandler Morse and Roselene Honerkamp; criteria "quite primitive" on arrival; Kindleberger took over from Morse as chief in February 1943 and left in May 1944; Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy; 40 Berkeley Square; "the child of Air Corps Col. Richard D'Oyly Hughes"; "selection of one target system versus another"; the unpublished history "Economic Outpost with Economic Warfare Division," volume 5 of the OSS London war diary, located in the National Archives).
[^4]: Walt W. Rostow, "The Beginnings of Air Targeting," CIA Historical Review Program, released September 22, 1993, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Beginnings-of-Air-Targeting.pdf (the essay appeared earlier in *Studies in Intelligence* 7, no. 1, Winter 1963, as cited in Ballew, note 18; also the "general theory of strategic air bombardment" and "target system, interdiction, cushion, depth, pattern of consumption, pipeline" passages).
[^5]: Brian P. Ballew, *The Enemy Objectives Unit in World War II: Selecting Targets for Aerial Bombardment that Support the Political Purpose of War*, School of Advanced Military Studies monograph, Fort Leavenworth, AY 2011, DTIC ADA545102, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA545102 (the eleven target-system factors, including importance of indirect effect, ease of repair and possibility of substitution, with "cushion" as the unit's term for redundancy; 285 aiming point reports and the favorable reputation in the Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces; the "Operation Octopus" quotation from Rostow, citing Rostow, *Concept and Controversy: Sixty Years of Taking Ideas to Market* (University of Texas Press, 2003), and Rostow, *Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy* (University of Texas Press, 1981)).
[^6]: Eisenhower Presidential Library, finding aid, "Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Walt and Eugene Rostow Series," 1945-1993, Boxes 1-3, https://eisenhower.archives.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/walt-and-eugene-rostow-series.pdf (drafts "Marshalling Yards vs. Oil: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944," January 7, 1980; "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955," March 12, 1981; "The Stages of Economic Growth and the Problems of Peaceful Coexistence," talk delivered in Moscow, May 25, 1959).
[^7]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Walt Whittman Rostow," April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407 (paragraphs 4 to 7: consultant to the Office of Research and Reports from March 1951, status extended to June 1953; favorable Employment Review Board and Loyalty Board finding, May-June 1953, and contract not renewed; twice denied clearance for Operations Coordinating Board employment by the NSC Security Office; disapproved for employment by Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover; denied a security clearance by the Office of the Secretary of Defense; Alfred Kohlberg's October 1957 letter to Senator Bridges criticizing the agency for supporting CENIS and Rostow; the 1953 threat to take the case to the McCarran Committee).
[^8]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^9]: W. W. Rostow, *The Dynamics of Soviet Society* (New York: W. W. Norton, 1953), xvi, 282 pp., https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoviet0000rost ; Mentor Book edition, 1954, subtitle "An Expert Analysis of the World Behind the Iron Curtain," https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoviet0000walt ; title-page credit as given in the review listing in the *American Historical Review* 60, no. 1 (1955), https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/1/107/148629 ; A. S., review, *The New International* 20, no. 4 (July-August 1954), pp. 222-224, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol20/no04/stein2.html (describes Millikan's preface and the study as the outgrowth of a collective effort at the Center for International Studies).
[^10]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^11]: CIA, memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
[^12]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
[^13]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue 1963 to 1964, Center for International Studies section, pp. 255 to 257, signed Max F. Millikan. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160044
[^14]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President, 1959 (MIT Bulletin, November 1959), School of Humanities and Social Science, "Comings and Goings," p. 153: "To Cambridge, England - Professor Walt W. Rostow and Assistant Professor Elspeth D. Rostow on a year's leave of absence." https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160021
[^15]: *The Harvard Crimson*, June 1, 1977, article on Harvard's offer to Henry Kissinger, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/6/1/kissinger-is-cool-to-harvard-offer/ (the statement about Rostow and MIT carries no attribution to a named person).
[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 (eleven experts, June 5-10, 1955; membership list; Rostow "designated the panel chairman"); Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rostow's transmittal letter signed as Panel Chairman and Tab 3(b), "Asia Policy" by W. W. Rostow, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
[^17]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, "Dwight D. Eisenhower: Papers as President, Miscellaneous Series," container list, "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955 (1)(2)," https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/miscellaneous-series.pdf
[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf
[^19]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Garden City: Doubleday, 1961), "Consultants and Authors" (listing "Walt W. Rostow") and the Panel IV member list ("Eugene Rostow, dean, Yale University Law School"), https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume I, Vietnam, 1961*, document 4, memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Rostow) to McGeorge Bundy, January 30, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d4
[^21]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 88 (Rostow to Rusk, July 13, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d88 ; document 102 (paper by Rostow, July 21, 1961, "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d102
[^22]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 156, memorandum for the record by Gilpatric, October 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d156 ; document 173, paper prepared by the Taylor mission, Saigon, October 18, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d173
[^23]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 170, memorandum from Rostow to Taylor, Honolulu, October 16, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d170
[^24]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 210, letter from Taylor to Kennedy, November 3, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d210
[^25]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 233, memorandum from Rostow to Kennedy, November 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d233
[^26]: *FRUS 1961-1963*, Volume I, document 335 ("Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," December 22, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d335 ; Volume II, document 140 ("Director of the Policy Planning Staff," April 3, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v02/d140, and document 275 ("Counselor of the Department of State," September 5, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v02/d275; Volume III, document 206 ("Counselor and Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," July 4, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d206
[^27]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume II, Vietnam, January-June 1965*, document 121, memorandum from Rostow to Bundy, February 15, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d121
[^28]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume II*, document 84, memorandum from Bundy to Johnson, "The Situation in Vietnam," February 7, 1965, with Annex A, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d84
[^29]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV, Vietnam, 1966*, document 115, memorandum from the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) to Johnson, April 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d115
[^30]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 156, message from Johnson to Wilson, June 14, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d156 (source line: "Johnson Library, National Security File, Memos to the President-Walt W. Rostow").
[^31]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 159, summary notes of the 559th National Security Council meeting, June 17, 1966, with footnote on Rostow's memorandum of June 16, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d159
[^32]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 164, editorial note on McNamara's telephone call to Johnson, June 28, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d164 ; document 173, telegram from the Department of State to Rusk, July 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d173
[^33]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 176, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, "Reflections on Omaha and Los Angeles," July 7, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d176
[^34]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 232, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, September 15, 1966, "A reflection on bombing the North," quoting Bernard B. Fall, "Master of the Red Jab," *Saturday Evening Post* 235 (November 24, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d232
[^35]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume VI, Vietnam, January-August 1968*, document 42, memorandum from Rostow to Rusk, January 31, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d42
[^36]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume VI*, document 55, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, February 5, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d55 ; document 57, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, February 6, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d57
[^37]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967*, document 61, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, May 25, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
[^38]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, editorial note on Rostow's telephone call to Johnson, June 5, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d152
[^39]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, document 158, telegram from the Embassy in Israel, with Rostow's covering memorandum to Johnson, June 5, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158
[^40]: Senator Strom Thurmond, column in *The Clinton Chronicle*, October 19, 1967, p. 19, "Otepka and Rostow," https://historicnewspapers.sc.edu/lccn/sn86063780/1967-10-19/ed-1/seq-19/ (the column reports the brief's claims, and describes Rostow as "Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs").
[^41]: "The Rostow Story," *Human Events*, October 23, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000600040001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000600040001-4
[^42]: Associated Press, "Rostow Denies Report on Security Clearance," as printed in newspaper clippings of October 1967, CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP75-00149R000700080008-2 and CIA-RDP75-00149R000700080006-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700080008-2
[^43]: Howard J. Osborn, Director of Security, CIA, letter of December 19, 1967 replying to an inquiry of December 15, 1967, regarding "Mr. Walter Whitman Rostow," CIA reading room document 0001475810, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001475810
[^44]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, document 36, letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Eugene Rostow) to the Israeli ambassador (Harman), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d36 (drafted by Eugene Rostow, Meeker and Robert T. Grey; cleared by Rusk, Walt Rostow and others).
[^45]: Joseph C. Harsch, "The Rostow affair," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 20, 1983, https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0120/012025.html (Eugene Rostow summoned to the office of Secretary of State Shultz and told the President wanted his resignation; "had not been a team player").

9
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Alan Williams.md
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@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ TAG Films represented a sophisticated approach to child pornography production,
### Operation Framework Investigation ### Operation Framework Investigation
Williams became a primary target of [[Operation Framework]], a joint investigation between Scotland Yard and Dutch authorities conducted between 1992 and 1993. The investigation targeted suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals operating in Amsterdam, with Williams and his associates being central figures in the inquiry. The investigation revealed the extensive nature of their operations and their connections to other trafficking networks across Europe.[^4] Nick Davies wrote that Williams, who managed Boys Club 21, was among the figures named by informants to [[Scotland Yard]] detectives in the reports that led to [[Operation Framework]], an inquiry into suspected snuff films made by British nationals in Amsterdam, and that the inquiry ended in frustration.[^1]
Operation Framework faced significant challenges due to the nature of the alleged crimes and the international scope of the investigation. Traditional law enforcement methods were complicated by jurisdictional issues and the extreme nature of the alleged offenses, including the production of snuff films. Despite these challenges, the investigation gathered substantial evidence about Williams' activities and his connections to other traffickers.[^4]
### Network Connections and Associates ### Network Connections and Associates
Williams maintained extensive connections within the international child trafficking network. An informant called "Edward" told Davies he had mixed with Spinks and Williams and their friends, and an informant close to Williams told [[Scotland Yard]] he had seen Spinks selling a special video for £4,000.[^1] Williams maintained extensive connections within the international child trafficking network. An informant called "Edward" told Davies he had mixed with Spinks and Williams and their friends, and an informant close to Williams told Scotland Yard he had seen Spinks selling a special video for £4,000.[^1]
The Welsh connection represented by Williams, John Gay, and Lee Tucker suggested a coordinated effort by British traffickers to establish operations in Amsterdam. Their ability to work together and establish legitimate business fronts demonstrated the sophisticated nature of their criminal enterprise.[^2] The Welsh connection represented by Williams, John Gay, and Lee Tucker suggested a coordinated effort by British traffickers to establish operations in Amsterdam. Their ability to work together and establish legitimate business fronts demonstrated the sophisticated nature of their criminal enterprise.[^2]
@ -38,6 +36,5 @@ The use of legitimate business fronts like Boys Club 21 provided Williams with c
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000, https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/ [^1]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000, https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/
[^2]: 'A terraced street in suburbia that shrouded a guilty secret', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 25 2000; Operation Framework investigation files, 1992-1993 [^2]: 'A terraced street in suburbia that shrouded a guilty secret', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 25 2000
[^3]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 2, 1998, https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187 [^3]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 2, 1998, https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187
[^4]: 'Nur die kleinen Fische'(Only the small fish), Der Spiegel, August 2 1998; Scotland Yard investigation reports on British traffickers in Amsterdam, 1992-1993

9
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Charles Tart.md
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@ -13,16 +13,19 @@ born: 1937-04-29
died: 2025-03-05 died: 2025-03-05
location: "Davis, California" location: "Davis, California"
created: 2026-09-22 created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Charles T. Tart was born in Morrisville, [[Pennsylvania]], on April 29, 1937, "but grew up mostly in [[New Jersey]]," a teenage radio engineer who entered the engineering program at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and, "after several personal experiences" of drugs "that produced altered states of consciousness" and after reading [[J. B. Rhine]], "transferred from MIT to [[Duke University]] in order to meet and be mentored by Rhine." He took his doctorate in psychology at the University of North Carolina in 1963 on "post-hypnotic suggestions to influence dreaming," did post-doctoral work with [[Ernest Hilgard]] at [[Stanford University]], and served 28 years on the psychology faculty of the [[University of California, Davis]], holding concurrently a senior research fellowship at the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], the Bigelow Chair of Consciousness Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, a visiting professorship at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and a post as "a consultant on government funded parapsychological research at the [[Stanford Research Institute]]." His *Altered States of Consciousness* appeared in 1969 and *Transpersonal Psychologies* in 1975; he was president of the Parapsychological Association. He died on March 5, 2025.[^1] Charles T. Tart was born in Morrisville, [[Pennsylvania]], on April 29, 1937, "but grew up mostly in [[New Jersey]]," a teenage radio engineer who entered the engineering program at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and, "after several personal experiences" of drugs "that produced altered states of consciousness" and after reading [[J. B. Rhine]], "transferred from MIT to [[Duke University]] in order to meet and be mentored by Rhine." He took his doctorate in psychology at the University of North Carolina in 1963 on "post-hypnotic suggestions to influence dreaming," did post-doctoral work with [[Ernest Hilgard]] at [[Stanford University]], and served 28 years on the psychology faculty of the [[University of California, Davis]], holding concurrently a senior research fellowship at the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], the Bigelow Chair of Consciousness Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, a visiting professorship at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and a post as "a consultant on government funded parapsychological research at the [[Stanford Research Institute]]." His *Altered States of Consciousness* appeared in 1969 and *Transpersonal Psychologies* in 1975; he was president of the Parapsychological Association. He died on March 5, 2025.[^1]
A report entered as Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 in Puharich v. Brenner lists a Charles Tart among five student members of the MIT Psychic Research Society who observed the demonstrations of September 29 and 30, 1956 at the [[Round Table Foundation]] of [[Andrija Puharich]].[^2] The report gives only the name; Tart entered the engineering program at MIT before transferring to Duke University, and records found do not establish whether he is the Charles Tart listed.
### The Rejudging ### The Rejudging
With Whitson, Bogart and [[John Palmer]] he published "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" in the Proceedings of the IEEE in 1976. When [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] argued in Nature in 1978 that cues in the transcripts explained the [[Pat Price]] series, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] turned the nine transcripts over to "an independent research psychologist," Tart, "for rejudging on the basis of the criteria implied by the Marks-Kammann criticism." By his own account he first tested two candidate judges on transcripts from "another successful remote-viewing series," disqualifying the one who scored at chance, "edited them to delete all references that could conceivably give any indication as to the order of the experiments," and had the judge, [[Phyllis Matson]], rate each transcript at each site; "for seven of the nine target sites the highest correspondence rating was given to the correct transcript." "I would hypothesize that Marks and Kammann were unable to obtain significant results in their reanalysis of the subset of the Price series because their judges either lacked the necessary discriminative skills and/or were not sufficiently motivated to use them effectively." The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] met "Mr. Targ/Dr. Puthoff/Dr. Tart" at SRI on July 24 and 25, 1979.[^2] With Whitson, Bogart and [[John Palmer]] he published "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" in the Proceedings of the IEEE in 1976. When [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] argued in Nature in 1978 that cues in the transcripts explained the [[Pat Price]] series, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] turned the nine transcripts over to "an independent research psychologist," Tart, "for rejudging on the basis of the criteria implied by the Marks-Kammann criticism." By his own account he first tested two candidate judges on transcripts from "another successful remote-viewing series," disqualifying the one who scored at chance, "edited them to delete all references that could conceivably give any indication as to the order of the experiments," and had the judge, [[Phyllis Matson]], rate each transcript at each site; "for seven of the nine target sites the highest correspondence rating was given to the correct transcript." "I would hypothesize that Marks and Kammann were unable to obtain significant results in their reanalysis of the subset of the Price series because their judges either lacked the necessary discriminative skills and/or were not sufficiently motivated to use them effectively." The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] met "Mr. Targ/Dr. Puthoff/Dr. Tart" at SRI on July 24 and 25, 1979.[^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Schwartz, Stephan A. "Charles T. Tart Obituary, 29 April 1937 - 5 March 2025." Institut Metapsychique International, April 2025. https://www.metapsychique.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Tart-VO.pdf The obituary gives his age at death as 86, which its own dates do not support. [^1]: Schwartz, Stephan A. "Charles T. Tart Obituary, 29 April 1937 - 5 March 2025." Institut Metapsychique International, April 2025. https://www.metapsychique.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Tart-VO.pdf The obituary gives his age at death as 86, which its own dates do not support.
[^2]: Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5; Stoner, William L., memorandum of conversation, January 14, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7; Jachim, Robert J., "Information Briefing for Senator Clairborne Pell," October 6, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100320001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, June 1, 1979, part 2, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^2]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), section 8.80. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^3]: Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5; Stoner, William L., memorandum of conversation, January 14, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7; Jachim, Robert J., "Information Briefing for Senator Clairborne Pell," October 6, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100320001-5. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, June 1, 1979, part 2, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Claude Thirault.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Claude Thirault, a petty criminal, assisted [[Marc Dutroux]] in 1993 with renova
Two days after the July 22, 1995, disappearance of eight-year-old [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] from Charleroi, Thirault reiterated his 1993 concerns to authorities, emphasizing Dutroux's earlier statement as evidence of premeditation. Despite this, the Othello investigation led by Inspector [[Rene Michaux]] did not pursue Dutroux as a suspect until much later. Thirault's involvement remained peripheral, limited to the construction assistance and subsequent warnings, which highlighted early opportunities for intervention that were overlooked amid Dutroux's escalating crimes.[^1] Two days after the July 22, 1995, disappearance of eight-year-old [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] from Charleroi, Thirault reiterated his 1993 concerns to authorities, emphasizing Dutroux's earlier statement as evidence of premeditation. Despite this, the Othello investigation led by Inspector [[Rene Michaux]] did not pursue Dutroux as a suspect until much later. Thirault's involvement remained peripheral, limited to the construction assistance and subsequent warnings, which highlighted early opportunities for intervention that were overlooked amid Dutroux's escalating crimes.[^1]
### Role in Basement Construction ### Role in Basement Construction
Thirault's labor contributed directly to the dungeon's functionality, featuring reinforced walls, ventilation adjustments, and hidden access points that enabled Dutroux to hold victims like Julie, Melissa, [[Sabine Dardenne]], and [[Laetitia Delhez]] undetected during initial 1995 searches. Police inspected the renovations in 1993 but accepted Dutroux's drainage excuse, ignoring Thirault's report. The setup allowed for prolonged captivities, with screams from the basement during Dutroux's December 1995 auto theft incarceration - while Thirault was not present - dismissed as external noise by searching officers, including Michaux.[^1] Thirault's labor contributed directly to the dungeon's functionality, featuring reinforced walls, ventilation adjustments, and hidden access points that enabled Dutroux to hold victims like Julie, Melissa, a 12-year-old girl and a 14-year-old girl undetected during initial 1995 searches. Police inspected the renovations in 1993 but accepted Dutroux's drainage excuse, ignoring Thirault's report. The setup allowed for prolonged captivities, with screams from the basement during Dutroux's December 1995 auto theft incarceration - while Thirault was not present - dismissed as external noise by searching officers, including Michaux.[^1]
The dungeon's design facilitated abuse and potential video production, as evidenced by seized equipment like chloroform, chains, and a speculum returned to Dutroux's wife [[Michelle Martin]]. Thirault's post-disappearance alert linked the structure to the missing girls, but systemic delays prevented action, allowing Dutroux to abduct [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while under surveillance. His testimony underscored how the basement enabled the network's operations, coordinated with [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] via [[ASCO]] for victim supply.[^1] The dungeon's design facilitated abuse and potential video production, as evidenced by seized equipment like chloroform, chains, and a speculum returned to Dutroux's wife [[Michelle Martin]]. Thirault's post-disappearance alert linked the structure to the missing girls, but systemic delays prevented action, allowing Dutroux to abduct [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while under surveillance. His testimony underscored how the basement enabled the network's operations, coordinated with [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] via [[ASCO]] for victim supply.[^1]
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Thirault connected primarily to Dutroux through this employment, unaware of the
Thirault's role highlighted informant value in fragmented investigations, with no evidence of his deeper involvement beyond labor. His alerts, ignored amid Othello's focus on unrelated theft, exemplified institutional oversights enabling Dutroux's murders of An, Eefje, and the younger victims, whose bodies were exhumed in September 1996 from sites including Sars-la-Buissière.[^1] Thirault's role highlighted informant value in fragmented investigations, with no evidence of his deeper involvement beyond labor. His alerts, ignored amid Othello's focus on unrelated theft, exemplified institutional oversights enabling Dutroux's murders of An, Eefje, and the younger victims, whose bodies were exhumed in September 1996 from sites including Sars-la-Buissière.[^1]
### Legal Outcome ### Legal Outcome
Thirault faced no charges for the renovations, as his participation predated knowledge of criminal use and stemmed from a legitimate job offer. Police did not implicate him in abductions or abuses, treating him solely as a witness whose 1993 and 1995 reports could have prevented tragedies. Unlike Lelievre and Martin, convicted as accomplices, Thirault avoided scrutiny, his testimony aiding the case buildup leading to Dutroux's August 13, 1996, arrest via Laetitia Delhez's witness plate.[^1] Thirault faced no charges for the renovations, as his participation predated knowledge of criminal use and stemmed from a legitimate job offer. Police did not implicate him in abductions or abuses, treating him solely as a witness whose 1993 and 1995 reports could have prevented tragedies. Unlike Lelievre and Martin, convicted as accomplices, Thirault avoided scrutiny, his testimony aiding the case buildup leading to Dutroux's August 13, 1996, arrest via the license plate given by a witness to the August 9 abduction.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.

18
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edwin Wilson.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-05-17 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Edwin Wilson title: Edwin Wilson
aliases: aliases:
- Edwin Wilson - Edwin Wilson
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags:
- IranContra - IranContra
- 1970s - 1970s
- 1980s - 1980s
summary: "Edwin P. Wilson was a CIA and DIA officer who supplied weapons, explosives, and training to Libya's Qaddafi, was convicted in 1983 and sentenced to 52 years, and had his conviction overturned in 2003 after the government acknowledged falsely representing his CIA status at trial." summary: "Edwin P. Wilson was a CIA and DIA officer convicted in 1983 of supplying weapons, explosives and training to Libya, whose conviction was overturned in 2003 over false testimony on his CIA status."
born: 1928-05-03 born: 1928-05-03
died: 2012-09-10 died: 2012-09-10
location: "Rockland, Idaho" location: "Rockland, Idaho"
@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ Frank Terpil, another former CIA officer who had left the agency, was Wilson's p
The Libya operations were illegal under American law because they provided material support to a state sponsor of terrorism. CIA Director Stansfield Turner and other senior officials claimed they were unaware of Wilson's activities or had taken steps to prevent them when informed. Wilson consistently maintained that he had been acting with CIA knowledge and authority throughout.[^1] The Libya operations were illegal under American law because they provided material support to a state sponsor of terrorism. CIA Director Stansfield Turner and other senior officials claimed they were unaware of Wilson's activities or had taken steps to prevent them when informed. Wilson consistently maintained that he had been acting with CIA knowledge and authority throughout.[^1]
### Nugan Hand Bank
The Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking's report on Nugan Hand, as summarized in The Nation in March 1984, described Wilson as hired in 1973 by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to expand the operations of Task Force 157 by setting up proprietary companies to serve as fronts. One of these was World Marine, with offices at 1425 K Street in Washington, from which Wilson worked until late 1979.[^2] The report said that Wilson also placed an order for Nugan Hand, for 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons, including machine guns. The weapons were shipped from Boston and diverted to South Africa, and the report concludes that they were received by [[Michael Hand]] and shipped to CIA-supported guerrillas in [[Angola]].[^2] The New York Times reported that Hand was said to have taken part in this transaction and in a 1976 movement of a U.S. Navy spy vessel to Iran, both with Wilson.[^3] The Nation reported that the Task Force report described Wilson and "Maurice Houghton, an official of Nugan Hand," as having a series of meetings at the end of which Wilson placed Nugan Hand's order.[^2] Schneider wrote that the report said that on the day Nugan's body was discovered [[Bernie Houghton]] arrived at Wilson's office in Geneva, that according to an unidentified witness Houghton left a travel case there, and that in April Tom Clines and [[Rafael Quintero]] arrived, opened the bag, removed one document, and Clines said: "We've got to keep Dick's name out of this."[^3]
### Arrest, Trial, and Conviction ### Arrest, Trial, and Conviction
Wilson was arrested in 1982 after being lured from Libya through an intermediary and traveling to the Dominican Republic, where he was apprehended. He was tried and convicted in multiple proceedings, culminating in a 1983 conviction on charges of illegally transferring arms and explosives to Libya. He received a combined sentence of 52 years.[^1] Wilson was arrested in 1982 after being lured from Libya through an intermediary and traveling to the Dominican Republic, where he was apprehended. He was tried and convicted in multiple proceedings, culminating in a 1983 conviction on charges of illegally transferring arms and explosives to Libya. He received a combined sentence of 52 years.[^1]
@ -52,15 +56,17 @@ At trial, the government presented an affidavit from CIA's director of operation
### Overturned Conviction ### Overturned Conviction
While imprisoned, Wilson continued to challenge his conviction based on the government's affidavit. In 2003, Federal Judge Lynn Hughes in Houston reviewed documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests and found that the CIA's 1983 affidavit had been materially false: CIA records showed approximately 80 contacts between Wilson and CIA officers after 1971, not zero as the affidavit stated. The court found that the government had presented false evidence to obtain the conviction and that Wilson had been denied a fair trial.[^2] While imprisoned, Wilson continued to challenge his conviction based on the government's affidavit. In 2003, Federal Judge Lynn Hughes in Houston reviewed documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests and found that the CIA's 1983 affidavit had been materially false: CIA records showed approximately 80 contacts between Wilson and CIA officers after 1971, not zero as the affidavit stated. The court found that the government had presented false evidence to obtain the conviction and that Wilson had been denied a fair trial.[^4]
Judge Hughes vacated Wilson's conviction in October 2003, finding that "the government had misrepresented to the court, the jury, and Wilson himself" the nature of his CIA relationship. Wilson was released after 22 years in federal prison. The case became a significant precedent in discussions of government disclosure obligations in criminal cases involving intelligence community defendants.[^2] Judge Hughes vacated Wilson's conviction in October 2003, finding that "the government had misrepresented to the court, the jury, and Wilson himself" the nature of his CIA relationship. Wilson was released after 22 years in federal prison. The case became a significant precedent in discussions of government disclosure obligations in criminal cases involving intelligence community defendants.[^4]
### Network Context ### Network Context
Wilson's case illustrated the structural ambiguities of former-CIA officer networks operating in the private arms market. The network that Wilson, Terpil, Shackley, and Clines represented - former professionals with operational skills, foreign contacts, and residual institutional connections operating outside formal government authorization - was the same network that provided the operational infrastructure for the [[Safari Club]] operations and eventually for the Iran-Contra Enterprise. The distinction between authorized covert operations and criminal enterprise was, in this environment, sometimes a matter of bureaucratic records and political protection rather than operational reality.[^1] Wilson's case illustrated the structural ambiguities of former-CIA officer networks operating in the private arms market. The network that Wilson, Terpil, Shackley, and Clines represented - former professionals with operational skills, foreign contacts, and residual institutional connections operating outside formal government authorization - was the same network that provided the operational infrastructure for the Safari Club operations and eventually for the Iran-Contra Enterprise. The distinction between authorized covert operations and criminal enterprise was, in this environment, sometimes a matter of bureaucratic records and political protection rather than operational reality.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Corn, David. *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades*. Simon & Schuster, 1994, pp. 298-330. Mahon, Gigi. "Edwin Wilson's Strange World of Spooks and Hoods." *New York Times Magazine*, March 13, 1983. [^1]: Corn, David. *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades*. Simon & Schuster, 1994, pp. 298-330. Mahon, Gigi. "Edwin Wilson's Strange World of Spooks and Hoods." *New York Times Magazine*, March 13, 1983.
[^2]: *United States v. Wilson*, No. H-82-139, U.S. District Court, S.D. Texas, Houston Division, Order of Judgment of Acquittal, October 29, 2003. (Judge Lynn Hughes ruling.) [^2]: "Dispatches: Australia: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1
[^3]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^4]: *United States v. Wilson*, No. H-82-139, U.S. District Court, S.D. Texas, Houston Division, Order of Judgment of Acquittal, October 29, 2003. (Judge Lynn Hughes ruling.)

17
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Lee Tucker.md
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@ -4,24 +4,25 @@ tags:
- Person - Person
- OrganizedCrime - OrganizedCrime
summary: "Courier and associate of Alan Williams and John Gay, sentenced in absence at Swindon Crown Court in 2000 to eight years for abusing boys after jumping bail; arrested in South Africa in 2016." summary: "Courier and associate of Alan Williams and John Gay, sentenced in absence at Swindon Crown Court in 2000 to eight years for abusing boys after jumping bail; arrested in South Africa in 2016."
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Lee Tucker functioned as a central child pornographer in the [[TAG Films]] enterprise during the 1980s and 1990s, partnering with [[Alan Williams]] and [[John Gay]] to fabricate and propagate explicit recordings of underage boys conveyed from the [[United Kingdom]] to exploitation venues in [[Amsterdam]]. Headquartered in [[Cardiff, Wales]], Tucker aided in documenting compelled interactions with adolescents procured from institutional care and metropolitan environments, chronicling episodes of debasement and ferocity for underground propagation linked to [[Gero-Video]] in [[Dusseldorf]]. Lee Tucker functioned as a central child pornographer in the [[TAG Films]] enterprise during the 1980s and 1990s, partnering with [[Alan Williams]] and [[John Gay]] to fabricate and propagate explicit recordings of underage boys conveyed from the [[United Kingdom]] to exploitation venues in [[Amsterdam]]. Headquartered in [[Cardiff, Wales]], Tucker aided in documenting compelled interactions with adolescents procured from institutional care and metropolitan environments, chronicling episodes of debasement and ferocity for underground propagation linked to [[Gero-Video]] in [[Dusseldorf]].
### Production Role in TAG Films ### Production Role in TAG Films
Tucker's duties involved orchestrating depictions with masochistic features like agony and deformation, substantiated by disclosures from informants in [[Operation Framework]], the collaborative Dutch-Scotland Yard inquiry of 1992-1993, which pinpointed a recording in a German barn illustrating the emasculation and vivisection of a youth aged roughly 13 to 15, afterward exhibited by [[Warwick Spinks]] to distinguished clientele. Tucker's initiatives advanced the inter-state transfer of boys through ferry conveyances from the UK, outfitting sites such as [[Boys Club 21]] and [[Gay Palace]] in Amsterdam's [[Spuistraat district]], with revenues from exclusive editions sold for as much as $5,000 apiece to affluent buyers, encompassing Americans, supporting progress in digital dissemination via [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] and associations with [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]]. Tucker's duties involved orchestrating depictions with masochistic features like agony and deformation, substantiated by disclosures from informants in [[Operation Framework]], the [[Scotland Yard]] inquiry, which pinpointed a recording in a German barn illustrating the emasculation and vivisection of a youth aged roughly 13 to 15, afterward exhibited by [[Warwick Spinks]] to distinguished clientele. Tucker's initiatives advanced the inter-state transfer of boys through ferry conveyances from the UK, outfitting sites such as [[Boys Club 21]] and [[Gay Palace]] in Amsterdam's [[Spuistraat district]], with revenues from exclusive editions sold for as much as $5,000 apiece to affluent buyers, encompassing Americans, supporting progress in digital dissemination via [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] and associations with [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]].
Tucker's participation encompassed backing the transnational repositioning of minors, supplying brothels with susceptible juveniles for mistreatment, and facilitating the commercialization of restricted videos to prosperous patrons. These dealings underwrote additional developments in electronic distribution through networks affiliated with the [[Spartacus International]]. The materials generated under Tucker's supervision incorporated sadistic aspects such as suffering and mutilation, with Scotland Yard informant "Frank" asserting that TAG Films manufactured a snuff film displayed by Spinks, while informant "Terry" verified particulars of an analogous slaying by the identical German offender. This syndicate's endeavors were examined in Operation Framework for associations with radical pornography, resulting in a 1993 German constabulary assault on Gero-Video, although Tucker circumvented significant indictments, emphasizing the difficulties in eradicating such cross-national undertakings involving British citizens in Amsterdam. Tucker's participation encompassed backing the transnational repositioning of minors, supplying brothels with susceptible juveniles for mistreatment, and facilitating the commercialization of restricted videos to prosperous patrons. These dealings underwrote additional developments in electronic distribution through networks affiliated with the [[Spartacus International]]. The materials generated under Tucker's supervision incorporated sadistic aspects such as suffering and mutilation, with Scotland Yard informant "Frank" asserting that TAG Films manufactured a snuff film displayed by Spinks, while informant "Terry" verified particulars of an analogous slaying by the identical German offender. Nick Davies wrote that the Bristol detectives who followed Tucker and Gay led German police to raid a video distributor in Dusseldorf.[^1]
The alliance among Tucker, Williams - recognized as "The Welsh Witch" for his ferocious assaults in Cardiff - and Gay constituted a fundamental fabrication team within an extensive framework of pedophile circles, encompassing relations with [[Lothar Glandorf]]'s brothels in [[Rotterdam]] and [[Russell Tricker]]'s connections to Spartacus International through [[Peter Glencross]]. Tucker's contributions fostered the vanishing and presumed demise of boys akin to the German adolescent in the recorded snuff film, with Spinks conceding awareness of the fabrication to an undercover operative, delineating the victim's lethal misleading for a pledged 200 guilders. These exposures illuminate Tucker's essential status in upholding a provision chain of child casualties throughout Europe, from procurement in Wales to propagation via German pathways, sustaining a pattern of maltreatment chronicled in probes into Amsterdam's boy sex commerce. Further linkages extended to Belgian syndicates under [[Marc Dutroux]] and the sourcing of youths like [[Manuel Schadwald]] for Amsterdam exchanges, with Tucker's coercive strategies employing pharmaceuticals and coercion to guarantee adherence in both prostitution and filming.[^1] The alliance among Tucker, Williams - recognized as "The Welsh Witch" for his ferocious assaults in Cardiff - and Gay constituted a fundamental fabrication team within an extensive framework of pedophile circles, encompassing relations with [[Lothar Glandorf]]'s brothels in [[Rotterdam]] and [[Russell Tricker]]'s connections to Spartacus International through [[Peter Glencross]]. Tucker's contributions fostered the vanishing and presumed demise of boys akin to the German adolescent in the recorded snuff film, with Spinks conceding awareness of the fabrication to an undercover operative, delineating the victim's lethal misleading for a pledged 200 guilders. These exposures illuminate Tucker's essential status in upholding a provision chain of child casualties throughout Europe, from procurement in Wales to propagation via German pathways, sustaining a pattern of maltreatment chronicled in probes into Amsterdam's boy sex commerce. Further linkages extended to Belgian syndicates under [[Marc Dutroux]] and the sourcing of youths like [[Manuel Schadwald]] for Amsterdam exchanges, with Tucker's coercive strategies employing pharmaceuticals and coercion to guarantee adherence in both prostitution and filming.[^2]
### Conviction and Flight ### Conviction and Flight
Tucker, a courier, and John Gay were friends of Alan Williams of Cardiff and for some twenty years abused boys in Bristol and South Wales. In 1993 he, Gay and Tony Stevens were arrested and jailed in Portugal after being caught paying local children to make pornographic videos in their camper van. Arrested in the Avon and Somerset inquiry Operation Panorama, which also led German police to raid a video distributor in Düsseldorf, they were tried at Swindon Crown Court in September 2000. Tucker was sentenced to eight years on nine counts of buggery and indecent assault of under-aged boys and administering stupefying drugs; he had been given bail for treatment for HIV and three days before the verdict jumped bail and disappeared.[^2][^3] He was traced to [[South Africa]] and arrested there in 2016 pending extradition to the United Kingdom.[^3] Tucker, a courier, and John Gay were friends of Alan Williams of Cardiff and for some twenty years abused boys in Bristol and South Wales. In 1993 he, Gay and Tony Stevens were arrested and jailed in Portugal after being caught paying local children to make pornographic videos in their camper van. Arrested in the Avon and Somerset inquiry Operation Panorama, which also led German police to raid a video distributor in Düsseldorf, they were tried at Swindon Crown Court in September 2000. Tucker was sentenced to eight years on nine counts of buggery and indecent assault of under-aged boys and administering stupefying drugs; he had been given bail for treatment for HIV and three days before the verdict jumped bail and disappeared.[^1][^3] He was traced to [[South Africa]] and arrested there in 2016 pending extradition to the United Kingdom.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 1: how police finally caught up with a network of child abusers." *The Guardian,* November 25, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/25/paedophilia-is-easy-how-police-finally-caught-up-with-a-network-of-child-abusers/ [^1]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart." *The Guardian,* November 27, 2000, with the author's later update. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/
[^3]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart." *The Guardian,* November 27, 2000, with the author's later update. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/ [^2]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^3]: Davies, Nick. "Paedophilia is easy 1: how police finally caught up with a network of child abusers." *The Guardian,* November 25, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/25/paedophilia-is-easy-how-police-finally-caught-up-with-a-network-of-child-abusers/

17
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Robert Jan Warmerdam.md
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@ -9,23 +9,26 @@ summary: "Robert Jan Warmerdam operated as a transvestite prostitute in Amsterda
--- ---
Robert Jan Warmerdam operated as a transvestite prostitute in Amsterdam, Netherlands, providing testimony that linked child trafficking networks to the [[Marc Dutroux]] case and the [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] during the late 1990s. His accounts described associations with [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] and [[Marc Dutroux]] at locations including the [[G-Force nightclub]] nightclub and hardcore studios [[Rex Productions]] and [[Roxanne Films]] at 111 Admiraal de Ruijter Road, owned by transvestite [[Didier Pellerin]]. Warmerdam's statements detailed a snuff film matching the "Poison Dwarf" video, involving a 13-year-old German boy suffocated in a bungalow near [[Amsterdam]], aligning with informant "Edward"'s account in [[Operation Framework]] of a boy suffocating on a boat during abuse by men.[^1] Robert Jan Warmerdam operated as a transvestite prostitute in Amsterdam, Netherlands, providing testimony that linked child trafficking networks to the [[Marc Dutroux]] case and the [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] during the late 1990s. His accounts described associations with [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] and Marc Dutroux at locations including the [[G-Force nightclub]] nightclub and hardcore studios [[Rex Productions]] and [[Roxanne Films]] at 111 Admiraal de Ruijter Road, owned by transvestite [[Didier Pellerin]]. Warmerdam's statements detailed a snuff film matching the "Poison Dwarf" video, involving a 13-year-old German boy suffocated in a bungalow near [[Amsterdam]], aligning with informant "Edward"'s account in [[Operation Framework]] of a boy suffocating on a boat during abuse by men.[^1]
### Testimony on Snuff Films and Trafficking ### Testimony on Snuff Films and Trafficking
Robert Jan Warmerdam testified to knowing both [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] and [[Marc Dutroux]], claiming they frequented the [[G-Force nightclub]] nightclub and studios [[Rex Productions]] and [[Roxanne Films]] in [[Amsterdam]]. He described a snuff film involving a 13-year-old German boy suffocated in a bungalow near [[Amsterdam]], which aligned with details from the "Poison Dwarf" video distributed by [[Gero-Video]] in Dusseldorf, Germany. Warmerdam's information contributed to the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] dossier, including 20 CD-ROMs from the [[Apollo Disks]], sent to prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] overseeing the [[Marc Dutroux]] case in 2001 and leaked to the press before Dutroux's 2004 trial. This dossier linked [[Marc Dutroux]] to Amsterdam's red-light scene and international pedophile rings, including mentions of [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] through companies [[Korper and Korver]] and [[Adonis]] connected to [[Karel Maasdam]]'s [[Bell Boys]] service and [[Festival Bar]]. Robert Jan Warmerdam testified to knowing both Robbie Van Der Plancken and Marc Dutroux, claiming they frequented the G-Force nightclub nightclub and studios Rex Productions and Roxanne Films in Amsterdam. He described a snuff film involving a 13-year-old German boy suffocated in a bungalow near Amsterdam, which aligned with details from the "Poison Dwarf" video distributed by [[Gero-Video]] in Dusseldorf, Germany. Warmerdam's information contributed to the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] dossier, including 20 CD-ROMs from the [[Apollo Disks]], sent to prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] overseeing the Marc Dutroux case in 2001 and leaked to the press before Dutroux's 2004 trial. This dossier linked Marc Dutroux to Amsterdam's red-light scene and international pedophile rings, including mentions of [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] through companies [[Korper and Korver]] and [[Adonis]] connected to [[Karel Maasdam]]'s [[Bell Boys]] service and [[Festival Bar]].
Warmerdam's accounts connected to the 1993 raid on [[Gero-Video]] during investigations into [[Warwick Spinks]]' [[TAG Films]] production company, confirming Van Der Plancken's appearance in at least five films. His testimony intersected with the [[HIK Investigation]] into Glandorf's smuggling of boys from Eastern Europe into Rotterdam brothels for VIP clients and pornographers. The dossier from Warmerdam's information exposed intersections with the [[Rolodex Investigation]] into Maasdam's VIP callboy service, implicating officials like [[Joris Demmink]] and [[Henry Hans Holthuis]]. Warmerdam's descriptions of the snuff film aligned with survivor accounts from the [[Marc Dutroux]], including those from [[Regina Louf|Regina Louf]], detailing similar abuses in Belgian and Dutch locations. Warmerdam's accounts connected to the raid on Gero-Video during investigations into [[Warwick Spinks]]' [[TAG Films]] production company, confirming Van Der Plancken's appearance in at least five films. His testimony intersected with the [[HIK Investigation]] into Glandorf's smuggling of boys from Eastern Europe into Rotterdam brothels for VIP clients and pornographers. The dossier from Warmerdam's information exposed intersections with the [[Rolodex Investigation]], in which former detective Leendert de Koter testified in 2014 that the Rijksrecherche supplied the names of [[Joris Demmink]] and [[Henry Hans Holthuis]], while the Dutch government's summary of that investigation states that the former secretary-general of the ministry did not appear in it.[^2][^3] Warmerdam's descriptions of the snuff film aligned with survivor accounts from the Marc Dutroux, including those from [[Regina Louf|Regina Louf]], detailing similar abuses in Belgian and Dutch locations.
Warmerdam's role as a witness extended to providing details on the broader network involving [[Lothar Glandorf]]'s brothels [[Euro Boys]] and [[Young Boys]] in [[Rotterdam]], where boys like [[Manuel Schadwald]] were forced into prostitution. His statements supported claims of sales to [[Warwick Spinks]] in [[Amsterdam]]'s Spuistraat district, where Spinks managed [[Gay Palace]] and [[Boys Club 21]]. The testimony contributed to the exposure of the [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] through connections to [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]], with Warmerdam's knowledge of the red-light scene linking to the [[Spartacus International]] and [[Toff's Travel]] operations. These details fueled probes into related entities such as [[CRIES]] and [[Centre du Christ Liberateur]], revealing patterns of abuse tied to [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and [[Annie Bouty]]. Warmerdam's role as a witness extended to providing details on the broader network involving [[Lothar Glandorf]]'s brothels [[Euro Boys]] and [[Young Boys]] in [[Rotterdam]], where boys like [[Manuel Schadwald]] were forced into prostitution. His statements supported claims of sales to Warwick Spinks in Amsterdam's Spuistraat district, where Spinks managed [[Gay Palace]] and [[Boys Club 21]]. The testimony contributed to the exposure of the Apollo Bulletin Board Service through connections to [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]], with Warmerdam's knowledge of the red-light scene linking to the [[Spartacus International]] and [[Toff's Travel]] operations. These details fueled probes into related entities such as [[CRIES]] and [[Centre du Christ Liberateur]], revealing patterns of abuse tied to [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and [[Annie Bouty]].
### Connections to Larger Networks ### Connections to Larger Networks
Robert Jan Warmerdam's testimony bridged the [[Apollo Bulletin Board Service]] and the [[Marc Dutroux]], with his descriptions of snuff films matching materials on the [[Apollo Disks]] analyzed by [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]]. The leaked dossier from Warmerdam's information influenced international cooperation, including examinations of [[John David Norman]]'s records and [[Peter Righton]]'s pedophile information exchange. His accounts corroborated links to UK scandals, such as the [[Elm Guest House]] and [[Operation Yewtree]] inquiries into [[Jimmy Savile]] and [[Gary Glitter]]. Warmerdam's knowledge of the Amsterdam scene connected to the [[Walton Hop Disco]] and [[Stoke Lodge]] abuses, with testimonies aligning with those from [[David Smith]] and [[Lee Sullivan]]. Robert Jan Warmerdam's testimony bridged the Apollo Bulletin Board Service and the Marc Dutroux, with his descriptions of snuff films matching materials on the Apollo Disks analyzed by [[Gina Pardaens-Bernaer]]. The leaked dossier from Warmerdam's information influenced international cooperation, including examinations of [[John David Norman]]'s records and [[Peter Righton]]'s pedophile information exchange. His accounts corroborated links to UK scandals, such as the [[Elm Guest House]] and [[Operation Yewtree]] inquiries into [[Jimmy Savile]] and [[Gary Glitter]]. Warmerdam's knowledge of the Amsterdam scene connected to the [[Walton Hop Disco]] and [[Stoke Lodge]] abuses, with testimonies aligning with those from [[David Smith]] and [[Lee Sullivan]].
Warmerdam's statements on the "Poison Dwarf" film implicated [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]]'s father, who claimed during his son's trial that Van Der Plancken appeared in the video where a boy from [[Berlin]] died. This tied to German reports confirming Van Der Plancken's appearance in five [[Gero-Video]] films, linked to the 1993 raid. Warmerdam's role as an associate of Van Der Plancken placed him within the network involving [[Karel Maasdam]]'s [[Bell Boys]] and [[Festival Bar]], exposed in the leaked [[HIK Report]]. The testimony supported claims of connections to [[Joris Demmink]] and [[Henry Hans Holthuis]] in the [[Rolodex Investigation]], with details on VIP callboy services. Warmerdam's statements on the "Poison Dwarf" film implicated Robbie Van Der Plancken's father, who claimed during his son's trial that Van Der Plancken appeared in the video where a boy from [[Berlin]] died. This tied to German reports confirming Van Der Plancken's appearance in five Gero-Video films, linked to the raid on Gero-Video. Warmerdam's role as an associate of Van Der Plancken placed him within the network involving Karel Maasdam's Bell Boys and Festival Bar, exposed in the leaked [[HIK Report]]. The testimony supported claims of connections to Demmink and Holthuis in the Rolodex Investigation, with details on VIP callboy services; the Dutch government's summary of that investigation does not name the chief prosecutors it mentions.
The broader implications of Warmerdam's testimony extended to the [[International Child Trafficking Network Overview]], with links to [[Francis Shelden]]'s [[Odyssey Foundation]] and [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]]. His accounts contributed to the understanding of cross-border operations from [[Berlin]] to [[Amsterdam]], involving [[Lothar Glandorf]] and [[Warwick Spinks]]. Warmerdam's witness role influenced subsequent probes like [[Operation Fernbridge]] and [[Operation Midland]], corroborating testimonies from the [[Marc Dutroux]] involving [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]].[^1] The broader implications of Warmerdam's testimony extended to the [[International Child Trafficking Network Overview]], with links to [[Francis Shelden]]'s [[Odyssey Foundation]] and John Stamford's Spartacus Network. His accounts contributed to the understanding of cross-border operations from Berlin to Amsterdam, involving Lothar Glandorf and Warwick Spinks. Warmerdam's witness role influenced subsequent probes like [[Operation Fernbridge]] and [[Operation Midland]], corroborating testimonies from the Marc Dutroux involving [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] and Jean-Michel Nihoul.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: NOS, "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^3]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh

12
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Air Force Technical Applications Center.md
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@ -7,9 +7,17 @@ category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "The Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is a unit of the United States Air Force responsible for operating and maintaining a global network of sensors to detect nuclear explosions." summary: "The Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is a unit of the United States Air Force responsible for operating and maintaining a global network of sensors to detect nuclear explosions."
start: 1959 start: 1959
location: "Patrick Air Force Base, Cape Canaveral, Florida" location: "Patrick Air Force Base, Cape Canaveral, Florida"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "conducted the readout of Vela 6911"
start: 1979-09-21
end: 1979-09-21
fn: 1
--- ---
The Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is a unit of the [[United States]] Air Force responsible for operating and maintaining a global network of sensors to detect nuclear explosions. On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] digitally relayed its sighting of two distinctive bright flashes of light over the South Indian Ocean to AFTAC headquarters at Patrick Air Force Base in [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]]. This event was probable evidence of a nuclear explosion.[^1] The Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is a unit of the [[United States]] Air Force responsible for operating and maintaining a global network of sensors to detect nuclear explosions. On the evening of September 21, 1979, AFTAC technicians conducted a routine readout of the [[VELA Satellite|Vela satellite]] designated Vela 6911, launched May 23, 1969, at Patrick Air Force Base in [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]]. The readout showed a double-humped signal of the kind associated with a nuclear explosion, from a region the satellite's bhangmeters viewed across the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that this event was probable evidence of a nuclear explosion.[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.

7
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -174,6 +174,8 @@ The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a c
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^56] In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^56]
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the agency and the Center for International Studies, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^57] A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^58] A CIA memorandum dated February 16, 1959, forwarding a [[National Review]] Bulletin item, carries the item's text stating that [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] "lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies," and that they have been influenced by the theories of "W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^59] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies."[^60] A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^61]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
@ -232,3 +234,8 @@ In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then direct
[^54]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 [^54]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^55]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 [^55]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^56]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 [^56]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^57]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
[^58]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
[^59]: CIA memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
[^60]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
[^61]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4

16
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Nuclear Intelligence Panel.md
View file

@ -5,10 +5,20 @@ tags:
- Nuclear - Nuclear
- USA - USA
category: "U.S. Government" category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "The Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) was a highly classified U.S. government nuclear intelligence group whose members, including Harold M. Agnew, concluded that the 1979 VELA satellite flash was a nuclear detonation and were dismayed by White House interference in their investigation." summary: "Highly classified U.S. nuclear intelligence panel that met in February 1980 to review the 1979 Vela satellite flash; in Seymour Hersh's account its members concluded it was a nuclear detonation."
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "reviewed the data on the September 22, 1979 event"
start: 1980-02-11
end: 1980-02-14
fn: 2
--- ---
The Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) is a highly classified nuclear intelligence group within the U.S. government. Its members, including [[Harold M. Agnew]] and [[Louis H. Roddis, Jr.]], conducted their own investigation into the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting and concluded that a low-yield nuclear weapon had most certainly been detonated. They were dismayed by the extent of [[White House]] interference in the investigation, which they believed was politically motivated to find a different explanation for the event.[^1] The Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) is a highly classified nuclear intelligence group within the U.S. government. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that its members, including [[Harold M. Agnew]] and [[Louis H. Roddis, Jr.]], conducted their own investigation into the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting and concluded that a low-yield nuclear weapon had most certainly been detonated, and that they were dismayed by the extent of [[White House]] interference in the investigation, which they believed was politically motivated to find a different explanation for the event.[^1]
Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] asked the panel to examine the data, according to [[Jeffrey Richelson]]. The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. The February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director from the chairman of the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr." and that other subjects reviewed at the meeting would be in a formal panel report to follow; the attached judgments are completely redacted. Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] describe [[Donald M. Kerr]] as the panel's chairman or head.[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Judgments of the DCI's Nuclear Intelligence Panel on the 22 September 1979 Event," February 14, 1980, Secret. Document 6 in Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/06.pdf

194
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Psychological Strategy Board.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Organization
- PsychologicalStrategyBoard
- PsychologicalWarfare
- NationalSecurityCouncil
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- OperationsCoordinatingBoard
- ProjectTroy
- VolunteerFreedomCorps
- Escapees
- Defectors
- ColdWar
- 1950s
aliases:
- Psychological Strategy Board
- PSB
- National Psychological Strategy Board
- Psychological Strategy Board (PSB)
summary: "The Psychological Strategy Board, created by Truman's directive of April 4, 1951, coordinated national psychological operations until Executive Order 10483 abolished it on September 2, 1953."
start: 1951-04-04
end: 1953-09-02
location: "Washington, D.C."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: reported_to
with: "[[National Security Council]]"
start: 1951-04-04
end: 1953-09-02
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence sat on the Board and chaired its meetings in 1951 and 1952"
start: 1951-07-02
end: 1953-09-02
fn: 13
- type: head_of
with: "[[Gordon Gray]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of the Psychological Strategy Board"
start: 1951-04
end: 1952-01
fn: 9
- type: head_of
with: "[[Raymond B. Allen]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of the Psychological Strategy Board"
start: 1952-01
end: 1952-08
fn: 9
- type: head_of
with: "[[Alan G. Kirk]]"
reverse: true
role: "Director of the Psychological Strategy Board"
start: 1952
end: 1953
fn: 10
- type: head_of
with: "[[George A. Morgan]]"
reverse: true
role: "Acting Director of the Psychological Strategy Board"
start: 1951
end: 1952
fn: 9
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Edward P. Lilly]]"
reverse: true
role: "Member, Office of Plans; historian of the Board"
start: 1952
end: 1952
fn: 18
---
The Psychological Strategy Board was an interagency body created by presidential directive on April 4, 1951 to plan and coordinate national psychological operations under the [[National Security Council]]. Its members were the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence, and a Director appointed by the President ran its staff. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] abolished it by [[Executive Order 10483]] on September 2, 1953, and assigned its outstanding affairs to the [[Operations Coordinating Board]].
### Creation and charter
President [[Harry S. Truman]] signed the directive on April 4, 1951, addressed to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence. It gave the Board's purpose as "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations," and defined psychological operations as "all activities (other than overt types of economic warfare) envisioned under NSC 59/1 and NSC 10/2."[^1] The directive stated that "This directive does not authorize the Board nor the Director to perform any 'psychological operations'," and that the Board would "report to the National Security Council."[^1] The White House released an abbreviated version on June 20, 1951.[^2]
The [[Department of State]] initially opposed the Board and later argued that a Department member should chair it. [[James E. Webb]] wrote to the Director of the [[Bureau of the Budget]] on March 15, 1951 that it was "impossible . . . to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^3] The President appointed [[Gordon Gray]], then president of the [[University of North Carolina]] and a former Secretary of the Army, as the first Director.[^3]
The Board grew out of the [[Project Troy]] study of 1950 and 1951. [[Paul Nitze]], then Director of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], wrote to Webb on April 9, 1951 that a memorandum of March 29, 1951 from [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, envisaged the Board "as operating as a central authority on political warfare" "as recommended by the Troy group," and that "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information."[^4] On November 1, 1951 Gray wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] that Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] would present the program of the Center of International Studies to the Board and its staff on November 7, and that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report."[^5] A CIA historian's note of an interview with [[Max Millikan]] on March 5, 1952, headed "Origin of PSB," records Millikan's recollection that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors.'"[^6]
In a paper dated August 3, 1951, Nitze told Webb that the directive was "somewhat unclear in setting forth the scope of the Board's jurisdiction." He described two positions. The first, held by members of the Central Intelligence Agency active in the Board's early work, gave the Board primary authority over "all matters of the conduct of foreign policy short of formal hostilities." The second, held by the State Department and supported by the military, limited the Board to primary authority over coordination of the activities in NSC 59/1 and NSC 10/2 and to a secondary role for psychological factors elsewhere in foreign policy.[^7] The paper was drafted by [[Charles Burton Marshall]], then a member of the Policy Planning Staff.[^7]
### Directors and staff
The Board's first meeting, on July 2, 1951, was attended by Gray, [[Walter Bedell Smith]] as Director of Central Intelligence, [[Robert Lovett]] as Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Barrett for the Under Secretary of State, with Allen Dulles and [[James Q. Reber]] of the Central Intelligence Agency also present.[^8] Smith argued there that the Board needed a "master plan" on the model of the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]]'s sequencing of Germany before Japan, and that the Board should act as "a high-level project review board to allocate missions to the various agencies."[^8] Gray served as Director until January 1952.[^9][^10]
[[Raymond B. Allen]] directed the Board from January to August 1952.[^9][^10] [[Alan G. Kirk]], listed in the Foreign Relations persons index as Admiral Alan G. Kirk, USN (ret.), was Director from 1952 to 1953. A transmittal memorandum from Kirk dated November 3, 1952 forwarded the Board's report covering July through September 1952.[^10][^11] [[George A. Morgan]] served as Acting Director from 1951 to 1952, and signed as Acting Director on July 6, 1953, when he sent Under Secretary Smith a recommendation on the freedom of reading in [[United States Information Service]] libraries.[^9][^12]
The eighth meeting, on January 10, 1952 in the Pentagon, was chaired by Smith, with Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William C. Foster]] and Under Secretary of State Webb as members and Barrett, Brig. Gen. [[John Magruder]] and Brig. Gen. [[Jesmond D. Balmer]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] as other participants. The minutes record Webb's proposal that State Department staff lead the drafting of the Japan plan and Foster's reply that the Board should keep the responsibility for preparing it. They also record Foster's report that Defense had no objection to the transfer of $4.3 million of [[Mutual Security Agency]] funds for the escapee program, and Smith's remark that the language of the [[Kersten Amendment]] was "pretty elastic."[^13]
Gray planned a Special Assistant to handle the Board's relations with congressmen and private agencies, as recorded at the Board's second meeting on August 13, 1951.[^14] The same meeting recorded that Gray's staff would be briefed through the members' alternates, and listed [[Charles E. Johnson]] as Acting Executive Secretary.[^14] On June 21, 1952 President Truman sent a letter to the Chairman of the Board on the Board's organization; a Bureau of the Budget memorandum on the Board was dated April 21, 1952, and [[Frank Wisner]] circulated both within the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] on July 1, 1952.[^15]
A report on the Board's background by "Dr. Lilly" was transmitted to Wisner, the Deputy Director (Plans), on March 13, 1952 as a text not approved by the Board.[^16] On March 17, 1952 Wisner replied that Dr. Lilly "first called upon me pursuant to a request of Mr. Gray who was then Director of the PSB, which request was reported to and sanctioned by General Smith," that Lilly had drawn heavily on discussions with Wisner for many passages after page 110 of the report, and recommended that the report be "very closely held."[^17] [[Edward P. Lilly]], Ph.D., was Historian and Advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Psychological Warfare from 1946 to 1952 and a member of the Board's Office of Plans in 1952. In a 1988 interview for the [[Harry S. Truman Library]] he was questioned on his history of the Board and its background section, and said that he joined the Board about two months after Gray's staff began to assemble.[^18] A Top Secret study in CIA files, "The Development of American Psychological Operations 1945-1951" by Edward P. Lilly, Ph.D., dated December 19, 1951 and running to 95 pages, thanks the Staff of the Board "for the many courtesies extended to him," and the Board's central files include a folder labeled "PSB X - 201 LILLY, EDWARD P."[^19][^20] The CIA copies of the March 1952 memoranda identify the author only as Dr. Lilly; records found do not state in terms that the report they describe is Edward P. Lilly's.
### Procedure and the master plan
At its second meeting, on August 13, 1951, the Board agreed that the Director would decide whether a problem lay within the Board's competence. The meeting took up the Director's list of problems (PSB D-2), which Lovett called "an encyclopedic approach." The members agreed that three problems should be studied first, to establish what the agencies were already doing. The Board also agreed that "an over-all psychological strategy plan should be developed so that all activity in the Government is in consonance with it."[^14]
Smith's master-plan concern remained the Board's central question. At the Board's meeting of October 9, 1952 the Director of Central Intelligence handed to Under Secretary of State [[David K. Bruce]] a memorandum recommending that "The responsibility for guiding policy, for approving projects, and for assessing the results of all covert cold war operations be placed upon" the Board. [[Robert P. Joyce]] of the Policy Planning Staff reported the recommendation to Bruce on October 15, 1952. Smith's proposal was discussed on October 10, 1952 at a meeting in Wisner's office attended by Wisner, Kirk, General Magruder, [[Tracy Barnes]] and Joyce.[^21]
### NSC 10/5 and the Packet
NSC 10/5, "Scope and Pace of Covert Operations," approved by the National Security Council on October 23, 1951, directed the Board to ensure that its strategic concept included covert operations. It made the Board responsible for "determining the desirability and feasibility of programs and of individual major projects for covert operations" formulated by or proposed to the Director of Central Intelligence, and for "establishing the scope, pace, and timing of covert operations and the allocation of priorities among these operations." Paragraph 5, citing the necessity for decision before the Board came into operation, authorized expanded guerrilla activities in China.[^22] Under that paper the Board became the approving body for the covert programs of the Office of Policy Coordination, the component of the Central Intelligence Agency that ran covert political warfare under NSC 10/2.
On February 20, 1952 Allen proposed that the Board create a special panel, the "10/5 Panel," to screen covert programs. Its members would be the State, Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff representatives who already advised the Director of Central Intelligence under NSC 10/2, a Central Intelligence Agency representative and two Board representatives, one of whom would chair.[^23] The Board approved the panel on February 27, 1952 and added two Board members to it, Barnes and Putnam.[^24] On March 20, 1952 the CIA submitted the "Packet" to the Board. It consisted of the CIA/OPC Strategic Plan, a budget analysis for fiscal 1953, programs and major projects over $50,000, and their support requirements. The documentation ran to about 300 pages and described some 100 projects.[^24] The Foreign Relations editors state that the Packet itself has not been located in the files.[^24]
Barnes briefed the Board on May 7, 1952, and wrote that "the Board in our opinion need not delay its approval of much, perhaps all, of the 'Packet.'"[^24] A Board memorandum of May 1952 in CIA reading-room files, titled "Interim Approval of the 'Packet,'" directed OPC to proceed with programs and projects while the Board's review continued.[^25] The panel also wrote that, before the Board could pass on the "desirability" of a project under NSC 10/5, the panel "needs some interpretations of policy."[^24]
### Plans and the Board's output
The Board's status report for the period ending June 30, 1952, PSB D-30, dated August 1, 1952, carried an annex listing the plans it had approved or was developing. The stand-by plans included a psychological operations plan for the Korean cease-fire (PSB D-7c, approved October 25, 1951), a plan for general hostilities (PSB D-8b, approved February 21, 1952 and submitted to the Council as NSC 127), and national overt propaganda guidance for a general war (PSB D-11/b, approved November 15, 1951).[^26]
The plans in development included an escapee program (PSB D-18a/1, "Phase B") concerned with "the stimulation of defection." Other plans covered France (D-14/c), Italy (D-15/b) and Germany (D-21a), with Germany's objectives set out as the integration of Western Germany into Western Europe, the reduction of Soviet capabilities in Eastern Germany, and German unity. Further plans covered the Middle East (D-22), Southeast Asia (D-23), the exploitation of Stalin's passing (D-24), the "Hate America" propaganda campaign (D-25), the "Princeton Statement" of U.S. aims (D-26), Japan (D-27, to "strengthen Japan and other non-communist powers in Asia") and economic security against the Soviet orbit (D-28).[^26] Terms of reference for the Germany plan, PSB D-21/1, were approved by the Director on March 21, 1952 for Ad Hoc Task Panel "F," and forwarded to Smith over the signature of Charles E. Johnson as Executive Officer.[^27]
A Board paper dated November 26, 1952, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC 10/5," set out a heading "Breeding Suspicion and Dissension Within the Communist System." It stated that the inherent suspicion of the communist system could be increased "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions," and that "the best chances of success would be obtained by breeding distrust among satellite personnel and between those individuals and Moscow." The paper distinguished this objective from "broad attempts to disrupt the system by a variety of means other than marking individuals for suspicion and distrust."[^28]
The Board's later status reports continued the same pattern. PSB D-34, dated October 30, 1952, covered July through September 1952.[^11] PSB D-35, dated January 5, 1953, was approved by the Board at its seventeenth meeting on January 15, 1953, and its covering note was signed by the Board's secretary, Charles E. Johnson.[^29] The last status report in the record, PSB D-47 dated July 29, 1953, described the programs as of June 30, 1953 and noted the work of the President's Committee on International Information Activities.[^30]
### Escapees and defectors
PSB D-18/a, the "Psychological Operations Plan for Soviet Orbit Escapees, Phase A," was approved by the Board at its sixth meeting on December 20, 1951 under the code name Engross. A panel had been established on November 2, 1951 with representatives of the State Department, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the NATO Standing Group, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the three military departments, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Mutual Security Agency and the Bureau of the Budget. The paper divided the problem in two: the care and resettlement of current escapees, and a second study of policies "envisaging the inducement of additional escapees." It referred to the hundred million dollars authorized from Mutual Security funds under the Kersten Amendment to the Mutual Security Act of 1951, and in a footnote tied the handling of escapees to the flow of individuals qualified as sources of intelligence, as intelligence agents, and as recruits for psychological and paramilitary programs under NSC 10/2, NSC 10/5 and other papers.[^31][^32]
The Phase B study was the "Escapee-Defector Study." A Wisner memorandum on its terms of reference, dated January 26, 1952 and rewritten in the Office of the Deputy Director (Plans) on February 4, 1952, referred to the panel directed at the Board's meeting of December 20, 1951 and stated that "The problem is monumental."[^33] Annex E to PSB D-30 recorded an initial authorization of $4,300,000 for the escapee program, of which an estimated $1,500,000 had been obligated in fiscal 1952, and a further $1,460,500 requested for an increase in the number of escapees requiring assistance. Under the Lodge Amendment, escapees could be recruited for military service. Of 5,194 applications, 3,916 had been rejected, 295 accepted (262 of them on active duty) and 982 were being processed.[^26]
A memorandum to Allen Dulles, by then Director of Central Intelligence, dated April 10, 1953 stated: "In response to the Board's wish, I have designated Mr. [[Paul Comstock]] as the PSB staff representative to sit from time to time with the Interagency Defector Committee."[^34] The Board's central files include a folder for the Inter-Agency Defector Committee and files on escapees.[^20]
### Volunteer Freedom Corps
On February 14, 1953 Eisenhower sent the National Security Council a memorandum, in the NSC 143 series, proposing a "Volunteer Freedom Corps." Its infantry battalions would be organized by nationality from behind the Iron Curtain, with arms, training and maintenance provided by the United States Army, and Eisenhower proposed recruiting "up to 250,000 men." The memorandum proposed an ad hoc committee of representatives of the State Department, the Defense Department, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Psychological Strategy Board (acting for the Special Assistant to the President for Cold War Operations), chaired by a retired general such as Lt. General [[Willis D. Crittenberger]].[^35]
In March 1953, after conferring with [[C. D. Jackson]], the Board designated [[Edmond L. Taylor]] to represent it on the ad hoc committee set up under the Council's action.[^36] On June 29, 1953 the Board transmitted contingency guidance dated June 19, 1953 for the preparatory phase of the Corps, with the concurrence of General Crittenberger, noting that consultations with foreign governments authorized by NSC 143/2 (NSC Action 793) had begun.[^37] An editorial note records that major U.S. allies opposed the proposal and that, as a result, it "died a slow death."[^38] The Board's central files hold four folders on the Corps.[^20]
### Surviving files
The Board's central files are held at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]] as the Psychological Strategy Board Central Files Series of the White House Office, National Security Council Staff: Papers, 1948-61. The container list includes folders titled "PSB X - 080 CENIS (Center for International Studies)," "PSB X - 080 HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE," "PSB 014.3 Social Science Research," "PSB 334 Advisory Group on Psychological and Unconventional Warfare," "PSB 383.6 [Prisoners of War]," "PSB 452.1 [unidentified flying objects]," "PSB 470 [Armaments and American Policy; Project Candor]," "PSB 702.5 (1)(2) [brainwashing during Korean War]" and "PSB 729.2 (1)(2) [biological warfare propaganda]."[^20] The Eisenhower Library's C. D. Jackson records, 1953-54, open with a PSB-OCB series that includes folders for PSB D-33 (doctrinal warfare), D-45 (exploitation of unrest in satellite Europe) and D-39 (program for support).[^39]
### The Jackson Committee and abolition
The President's Committee on International Information Activities, chaired by [[William H. Jackson]] from January 20, 1953, issued its report, the Jackson Committee report, on June 30, 1953.[^40] Gray was a member of the committee until the same date.[^9] The committee's own preference, as recorded by [[Howland H. Sargeant]] of the State Department in a July 1, 1953 paper to Under Secretary Smith, was for consolidation of foreign operating programs within an expanded Department of Foreign Affairs. In the same paper Sargeant wrote that "Abolition of the Psychological Strategy Board" "in no way conflicts with the understandings or with the specific language of the President's reorganization proposals."[^41]
Executive Order 10483, signed by Eisenhower on September 2, 1953, established the Operations Coordinating Board, to be chaired by the Under Secretary of State and to include the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director of the [[Foreign Operations Administration]], the Director of Central Intelligence and a representative of the President.[^42] Section 4 of the order provided that "The Psychological Strategy Board shall be abolished not later than sixty days after the date of this order and its outstanding affairs shall be wound up by the Operations Coordinating Board."[^42] Eisenhower's memorandum that day to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council stated that he had signed the order "establishing the Operations Coordinating Board and abolishing the Psychological Strategy Board." A supplementary directive assigned the Operations Coordinating Board the Board's functions under paragraphs 2 and 3 of NSC 10/5 "insofar as those functions relate to major programs."[^43]
The Operations Coordinating Board held its first meeting on September 17, 1953 with Smith in the chair. C. D. Jackson was designated its Acting Executive Officer and Morgan his Acting Deputy. The Board authorized the Acting Executive Officer to use the PSB staff and resources for Operations Coordinating Board work until other arrangements were made.[^44]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16, Directive by the President to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence, April 4, 1951, pp. 58-60. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d16
[^2]: Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1951, pp. 341-342, as cited in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60 (editorial note). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60
[^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60, editorial note, citing Webb to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451); Gray's presidency of the University of North Carolina and service as Secretary of the Army are stated in the footnote to the directive, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 62, Memorandum from the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), April 9, 1951, discussing the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 (see footnote 3 of the document). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter from Gordon Gray, Director, Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0
[^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 81, Memorandum from the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), August 3, 1951, "Drafted by Charles Burton Marshall, member of the Policy Planning Staff." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d81
[^8]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 78, Minutes of a Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-1), July 2, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d78
[^9]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, list of persons (Allen, Director of the Psychological Strategy Board from January to August 1952; Gray, Director 1951 to 1952 and member of the President's Committee on International Information Activities from January 20, 1953 to June 30, 1953; Morgan, Acting Director 1951 to 1952). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons
[^10]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, list of persons (Allen, January to August 1952; Gray, until January 1952; Kirk, Director 1952-1953). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/persons
[^11]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 133, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-34), October 30, 1952, with transmittal memorandum of November 3, 1952 from Director Alan G. Kirk to the NSC Executive Secretary. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d133
[^12]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, Document 343, Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Psychological Strategy Board (Morgan) to the Under Secretary of State (Smith), "PSB Recommendation on Policy for USIS Libraries," July 6, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d343
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes, Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8a), January 10, 1952, 2:00 p.m., Room 3E928, Pentagon. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6
[^14]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 82, Minutes of a Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-2), August 13, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d82
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Chief, Psychological Division, Office of Policy Coordination, "Organization of the Psychological Strategy Board," July 1, 1952 (TS 63781), attaching the President's letter of June 21, 1952 to the Chairman of the Board and a Bureau of the Budget memorandum of April 21, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300140006-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300140006-9
[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to Frank G. Wisner, March 13, 1952, "Dr. Lilly's Report on the Background of the Psychological Strategy Board" ("It is not, repeat not, approved"). CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180027-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180027-2
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Special Assistant to the Director, Psychological Strategy Board, March 17, 1952 (TS 63276). CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180026-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180026-3
[^18]: Harry S. Truman Library, Oral History Interview with Edward P. Lilly, September 20, 1988, by Neil M. Johnson (Special Assistant to the Director of the Office of War Information, 1944-1945; Historian and Advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Psychological Warfare, 1946-1952; Member, Office of Plans, Psychological Strategy Board, 1952), pp. 12-13. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/lillye
[^19]: Edward P. Lilly, "The Development of American Psychological Operations 1945-1951," December 19, 1951, preface and acknowledgment. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000900020001-9. https://archive.org/details/THEDEVELOPMENTOFAMERICANPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS1945-1951BYEDWARDPLILLYRDP86B00269R000900020001-9
[^20]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, White House Office, National Security Council Staff: Papers, 1948-61, Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) Central Files Series, container list (Box 5, PSB X - 201 Lilly, Edward P.; Box 10, PSB 014.3 Social Science Research; Boxes 1 and 2, PSB X - 080 CENIS and Human Resources Research Institute; Box 11, PSB 080 Volunteer Freedom Corps (1)-(4); Box 22, PSB 334 Advisory Group on Psychological and Unconventional Warfare and Inter-Agency Defector Cmte.; Box 26, PSB 383.6 Prisoners of War; Box 27, PSB 383.7 Escapees (1)-(7); Box 28, PSB 452.1 unidentified flying objects; Box 29, PSB 470, 702.5 and 729.2). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/who-nsc/psb-central-files-series.pdf
[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 129, Memorandum from Robert P. Joyce of the Policy Planning Staff to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), October 15, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d129
[^22]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 90, Note from the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), enclosing NSC 10/5, "Scope and Pace of Covert Operations," October 23, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d90
[^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 104, Memorandum from the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board (Allen) to Board Members, "Procedure for Handling 10/5 Matters in PSB," February 20, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d104
[^24]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 108, Briefing Paper Prepared by the Chairman of the 10/5 Panel (Barnes), May 7, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d108
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency reading room, "Interim Approval of the 'Packet' (Submitted to the Psychological Strategy Board by the Director of Central Intelligence)," May 1952, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500140027-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500140027-9
[^26]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 127, Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay) to the National Security Council, August 19, 1952 (NSC 135), Enclosure 2, Annex E to PSB D-30, "Planning Activities of the Psychological Strategy Board Through June 30, 1952," August 1, 1952. The PSB D-30 report itself, "Status Report on the National Psychological Effort and First Progress Report of the Psychological Strategy Board," is printed as Document 125. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d127
[^27]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to General Walter Bedell Smith, "Terms of Reference for the Psychological Strategy Plan Prescribing Specific Courses of Action with Respect to Germany," transmitting PSB D-21/1 dated March 21, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003200030017-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003200030017-0
[^28]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, Paper Prepared by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-31), November 26, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139
[^29]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 143, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-35), January 5, 1953, with covering note approved at the Board's seventeenth meeting and signed by Charles E. Johnson. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d143
[^30]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 153, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-47), July 29, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d153
[^31]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. VIII, Document 63, Paper Prepared by the Psychological Strategy Board Panel on the Escapee Program (PSB D-18/a), December 20, 1951, footnote 1 (approved at the sixth meeting, December 20; code name Engross). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v08/d63
[^32]: Central Intelligence Agency, Psychological Strategy Board, "Psychological Operations Plan for Soviet Orbit Escapees, Phase A," PSB D-18/a, December 20, 1951, sections I and II and footnote 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000200050044-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01065a000200050044-3
[^33]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Director, Psychological Strategy Board, "Terms of Reference for Phase B, Escapee-Defector Study, by the Psychological Strategy Board," January 26, 1952, rewritten February 4, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180029-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300180029-0
[^34]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to Allen W. Dulles, "PSB Representative on the Interagency Defector Committee," April 10, 1953. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190018-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190018-1
[^35]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. VIII, Document 70, Memorandum by the President to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), "Proposal for a Volunteer Freedom Corps," February 14, 1953 (NSC 143 series). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v08/d70
[^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to James S. Lay, Jr., "Proposal for a Volunteer Freedom Corps (NSC 143)," March 1953, referring to Lay's memorandum of February 26, 1953. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190039-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190039-8
[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Psychological Strategy Board transmittal of June 29, 1953, "Contingency Guidance During Preparatory Phase of the Volunteer Freedom Corps, dated June 19, 1953." CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190021-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190021-7
[^38]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 148, editorial note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d148
[^39]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, C. D. Jackson: Records, 1953-54, Series I, PSB-OCB Series, Box 1. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-records.pdf
[^40]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 151, editorial note on the Report of the President's Committee on International Information Activities (the Jackson Committee report), June 30, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d151
[^41]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, Document 371, Memorandum by Howland H. Sargeant to the Under Secretary of State (Smith), July 1, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d371
[^42]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 157, White House press release, Executive Order 10483, "Establishing the Operations Coordinating Board," September 2, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d157
[^43]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 158, Memorandum from President Eisenhower to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), Denver, September 2, 1953, with the supplementary directive on the additional functions of the Operations Coordinating Board. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d158
[^44]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 160, Minutes of the First Meeting of the Operations Coordinating Board, September 17, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d160

12
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/INTERNATIONAL/Radio Free Europe.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-15 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Radio Free Europe title: Radio Free Europe
aliases: aliases:
- RFE - RFE
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags:
- 1950s - 1950s
- 1960s - 1960s
category: "Intelligence Operation" category: "Intelligence Operation"
summary: "Radio Free Europe was a CIA-funded broadcast organization established in 1949 to broadcast into Soviet-bloc countries, operated under the cover of private funding until its CIA financing was publicly revealed in 1967, and whose broadcasts to Hungary during the 1956 revolution - which some analysts argue implied American support that was never forthcoming - contributed to CIA officer Frank Wisner's psychological breakdown." summary: "Radio Free Europe was a CIA-funded broadcaster to the Soviet bloc, founded in 1949 and presented as privately funded until the CIA financing was revealed in 1967."
start: 1949 start: 1949
location: "Munich, West Germany" location: "Munich, West Germany"
--- ---
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ RFE's Munich headquarters employed thousands of emigre journalists from the targ
The pivotal controversy in RFE's history occurred during the [[Hungarian Revolution]] of October-November 1956. RFE's Hungarian-language broadcasts during the uprising included material that, by later analysis, could have been reasonably interpreted by Hungarian listeners as implying that American military support would follow if they fought the Soviet occupation. No such support was contemplated by the [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]], which had decided not to risk nuclear confrontation over Hungary. The pivotal controversy in RFE's history occurred during the [[Hungarian Revolution]] of October-November 1956. RFE's Hungarian-language broadcasts during the uprising included material that, by later analysis, could have been reasonably interpreted by Hungarian listeners as implying that American military support would follow if they fought the Soviet occupation. No such support was contemplated by the [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]], which had decided not to risk nuclear confrontation over Hungary.
When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the gap between RFE's broadcast messages and American non-intervention was acute. The [[CIA]] and the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] subsequently reviewed the Hungarian broadcasts and found that while the content was not explicitly promise of military support, it had been irresponsible in its implications. [[Frank Wisner]], whose [[Office of Policy Coordination]] was the organizational parent of RFE's CIA relationship, was in Europe during the Hungarian crisis and was deeply affected by the experience. The Hungarian Revolution's failure was a direct cause of his subsequent psychological breakdown.[^2] When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the gap between RFE's broadcast messages and American non-intervention was acute. The [[CIA]]'s Covert Action Staff reviewed the tapes of the entire Hungarian-language broadcasts in early 1957. A CIA memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence catalogued under March 4, 1962 and signed by [[Cord Meyer]] reports that the review found the broadcasts "generally consistent with U.S. policy," that RFE "did not incite the Hungarian people to revolt," and that RFE did not "directly or by implication offer hope that outside military assistance would be forthcoming to the Hungarian patriots, with one possible exception": portions of speeches by the U.S. Representative to the United Nations "which might have been interpreted as indicating some Western support for the Hungarian patriots."[^2] The same memorandum states that the UN Special Committee on Hungary found in June 1957 that "certain broadcasts by RFE helped to create an impression that support might be forthcoming for the Hungarians," while describing the revolt as a "spontaneous national uprising."[^2] In a book published in 1980, Meyer wrote that the tone of the RFE broadcast tapes was "more exuberant and optimistic than the situation warranted" and that the content of one script "clearly violated the basic policy guidelines and should never have been broadcast."[^3] Frank Wisner, whose Office of Policy Coordination was the organizational parent of RFE's CIA relationship, was in Europe during the Hungarian crisis and was deeply affected by the experience. The Hungarian Revolution's failure was a direct cause of his subsequent psychological breakdown.[^4]
### Disclosure and Transition ### Disclosure and Transition
@ -51,4 +51,6 @@ RFE represented the largest sustained CIA propaganda operation of the Cold War p
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Puddington, Arch. *Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.* University Press of Kentucky, 2000. Lucas, W. Scott. *Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union.* New York University Press, 1999. [^1]: Puddington, Arch. *Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.* University Press of Kentucky, 2000. Lucas, W. Scott. *Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union.* New York University Press, 1999.
[^2]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Mitrovich, Gregory. *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956.* Cornell University Press, 2000. [^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Radio Free Europe (RFE) and the Hungarian Revolution," Cord Meyer, Jr., Chief, Covert Action Staff (catalogued 1962-03-04). CIA reading room document 0001409017. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001409017
[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Re: Radio Free Europe and the 1956 Hungarian Uprising," April 20, 1990 (PAO 90-0152), quoting Cord Meyer, Facing Reality (1980), pp. 125-130. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401630009-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401630009-6
[^4]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Mitrovich, Gregory. *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956.* Cornell University Press, 2000.

9
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Air America.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Air America
aliases: aliases:
- Air America - Air America
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-05-17 updated: 2026-10-09
tags: tags:
- Organization - Organization
- CIA - CIA
@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ Air America's role in heroin trafficking during the Vietnam War was well-documen
The 1993 Department of Justice inquiry into CIA involvement with The Finders examined these connections. The Washington Times reported in December 1993 that investigators had uncovered multiple links between the group and the intelligence community, including the Air America employment, the CIA training at Future Enterprises, and [[Isabelle Pettie]]'s employment with the CIA. The convergence of these connections suggested a pattern of overlap between The Finders and intelligence operations that went beyond coincidence.[^1] The 1993 Department of Justice inquiry into CIA involvement with The Finders examined these connections. The Washington Times reported in December 1993 that investigators had uncovered multiple links between the group and the intelligence community, including the Air America employment, the CIA training at Future Enterprises, and [[Isabelle Pettie]]'s employment with the CIA. The convergence of these connections suggested a pattern of overlap between The Finders and intelligence operations that went beyond coincidence.[^1]
### Nugan Hand Bank
In 1969 four men who gave their business address as Air America were among the shareholders of [[Australasian and Pacific Holding]], which was described as a "tourism" company and through which [[Frank Nugan]] and [[Michael Hand]] began their business partnership.[^3] The Progressive described the founders of the [[Nugan Hand Bank]] as listing their addresses as "c/o Air America, San Francisco," and described Air America as a wholly owned CIA subsidiary.[^4] The New York Times reported in 1987 that [[Richard Secord]] "played a large role in directing Air America's operations" in the period when Hand served in Laos.[^5]
### From Vietnam to Central America ### From Vietnam to Central America
[[Eugene Hasenfus]], who survived the October 1986 shootdown of a Contra supply plane over [[Nicaragua]] that broke open the [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra scandal]], was a former Air America cargo handler. The same networks of pilots, aircraft, and logistical expertise that had supported U.S. operations in Vietnam were repurposed for the Contra war, including the drug trafficking that accompanied both conflicts.[^2] [[Eugene Hasenfus]], who survived the October 1986 shootdown of a Contra supply plane over [[Nicaragua]] that broke open the [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra scandal]], was a former Air America cargo handler. The same networks of pilots, aircraft, and logistical expertise that had supported U.S. operations in Vietnam were repurposed for the Contra war, including the drug trafficking that accompanied both conflicts.[^2]
@ -38,3 +42,6 @@ The 1993 Department of Justice inquiry into CIA involvement with The Finders exa
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 16. [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 16.
[^3]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
[^4]: "December Briefing" (items "Fighting words" and "Troubled waters"), The Progressive, December 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820041-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820041-4
[^5]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7

30
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bell Boys.md
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@ -7,27 +7,33 @@ tags:
- ChildAbuse - ChildAbuse
- Dutroux - Dutroux
- RolodexInvestigation - RolodexInvestigation
summary: "Bell Boys was a Dutch callboy service operated by Karel Maasdam under the alias 'Alex Privee' that supplied minors to clients in the Netherlands and internationally; it appears in this vault as a central node of the organized Dutch pedophile network investigated under the Rolodex Investigation, with connections to the Belgian-Dutch child abuse network examined in the Marc Dutroux X-Dossier inquiry." summary: "Bell Boys was an Amsterdam escort agency that advertised in Het Parool from 1983 to 1985; Nick Davies wrote in 1998 that Karel Maasdam, known as Alex Privee, owned it."
created: 2026-05-15 created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-15 updated: 2026-10-09
location: "Netherlands" location: "Netherlands"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Karel Maasdam]]"
reverse: true
start: 1998
role: "owner of the escort agency, as described by Nick Davies"
fn: 2
--- ---
Bell Boys was a commercial callboy service operated in the [[Netherlands]] by [[Karel Maasdam]], who used the operational alias "Alex Privee." The service functioned as an organized network providing minors for sexual exploitation to a paying clientele that Dutch investigators identified as including professionals, academics, and individuals with international connections. Bell Boys operated in [[Amsterdam]] and extended its network across the Netherlands, with connections to Belgian and other European pedophile networks documented in the [[Marc Dutroux]] investigation period.[^1] Bell Boys was an escort agency in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Het Parool]] carried classified advertisements headed "Bell Boys" in its "Diverse clubs" column from December 24, 1983 ("BELL BOYS. 24 uur escorts") through at least October 28, 1985.[^1] The journalist [[Nick Davies]] wrote in 1998 that [[Karel Maasdam]], known in Amsterdam as "Alex Privee," was the "owner of the Bell Boys escort agency."[^2] Davies also wrote that an Englishman he interviewed in Amsterdam, who is not named, said a boy who worked as an escort for "Alex Privee's agency, Bell Boys" had mentioned seeing a missing German boy in [[Lothar Glandorf]]'s clubs in [[Rotterdam]].[^2]
### Operations and Structure ### Venues and Belgian connections
Maasdam operated Bell Boys as a structured commercial enterprise: recruiting vulnerable young males, facilitating their sexual exploitation by paying clients, and maintaining client relationships through the "Alex Privee" identity. The service used the [[Festival Bar]] in Amsterdam as one operational venue and maintained other arrangements for client-supplier contact. The organizational model - a broker/facilitator connecting supply (exploited minors) to demand (paying clients) - was characteristic of commercial child exploitation networks documented across Western Europe in the period. Davies placed Maasdam in the [[Paardenstraat]], where he listed three bars, the [[Festival Bar]], the [[Music Box]] and the [[Cupido]].[^2] Willems wrote that [[Robert Jan Warmerdam]], a witness in the Dutch investigations, testified to knowledge of Bell Boys and its connections to Belgian networks, including those around [[Marc Dutroux]], and that the network's client list extended to Belgium, which made it relevant to the Belgian parliamentary inquiry into the Dutroux affair.[^3][^4]
The Bell Boys network intersected with the broader Dutch child exploitation infrastructure. [[Robert Jan Warmerdam]], a witness in the Dutch investigations, testified to knowledge of Bell Boys and its connections to Belgian networks including those around [[Marc Dutroux]]. The network's client list extended to Belgium, and the cross-border dimension made it relevant to the Belgian parliamentary inquiry into the Dutroux affair and the conduct of the broader investigation.[^2]
### Rolodex Investigation ### Rolodex Investigation
The [[Rolodex Investigation]] (Rolodex-onderzoek), a Dutch police inquiry conducted from the mid-1990s onward, explicitly targeted the network centered on Maasdam and Bell Boys. The investigation identified clients and participants through what appeared to be a "rolodex" or client/contact list maintained by Maasdam, giving the inquiry its name. The investigation identified [[Henry Hans Holthuis]] and other Dutch figures as clients or associates within the Bell Boys network. The Dutch government's summary of the [[Rolodex Investigation]] (December 23, 2013) refers to the brothel owner only as "A" and does not name Bell Boys.[^5] Willems wrote that the investigation's findings and the adequacy of subsequent prosecutions were subjects of political controversy in the Netherlands, with critics alleging that the full client list was not aggressively pursued and that figures with political connections were protected from prosecution.[^3]
The investigation's findings and the adequacy of subsequent prosecutions were subjects of political controversy in the Netherlands, with critics alleging that the full client list was not aggressively pursued and that figures with political connections were protected from prosecution - paralleling similar criticisms of the Belgian Dutroux investigation's handling of prominent named individuals.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Willems, Jan. *Wie beschermt het kind?* ["Who Protects the Child?"]. VUB Press, 1999. [^1]: Het Parool, classified advertisements, December 24, 1983 (ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137) through October 28, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831481:mpeg21:a0029), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Delpher. http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137
[^2]: Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (Belgium). *Parlementaire onderzoekscommissie betreffende de wijze waarop het onderzoek naar Marc Dutroux werd gevoerd.* Belgian Senate, 1997. [^2]: Nick Davies, "Paedophile network trafficks young boys across Europe," nickdavies.net, dated October 1, 1998 and marked previously unpublished. https://www.nickdavies.net/1998/10/01/paedophile-network-trafficks-young-boys-across-europe/
[^3]: Willems, Jan. *Wie beschermt het kind?* ["Who Protects the Child?"]. VUB Press, 1999.
[^4]: Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (Belgium). *Parlementaire onderzoekscommissie betreffende de wijze waarop het onderzoek naar Marc Dutroux werd gevoerd.* Belgian Senate, 1997.
[^5]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh

9
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Burns & Roe, Inc..md
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@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ tags:
- Engineering - Engineering
- Nuclear - Nuclear
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
summary: "Burns & Roe, Inc. was an international engineering and construction firm owned by the Roe family whose Pacific director George K. Pender appears in connections to nuclear facility construction and intelligence-adjacent contracting." summary: "Burns & Roe, Inc. was an international engineering and construction firm owned by the Roe family, which employed George K. Pender as a sales representative who established its West Coast division."
--- ---
Burns & Roe, Inc. was an international engineering and construction corporation. It was a family corporation owned by [[Kenneth A. Roe]] and his family. [[George K. Pender]] was a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for Burns & Roe, Inc., and also served as a Senior Engineer Consultant to the company.[^1] Burns & Roe, Inc. was an international engineering and construction corporation. It was a family corporation owned by [[Kenneth A. Roe]] and his family. According to his 1999 obituary, [[George K. Pender]] joined Burns & Roe, Inc. in [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]], New Jersey, as a sales representative after working for [[Aerojet|General Aerojet Corporation]] in [[Los Angeles]], and was responsible for establishing a West Coast division for the firm.[^1] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for Burns & Roe, Inc., and a Senior Engineer Consultant to the company.[^2]
Under [[Kenneth A. Roe]]'s leadership, Burns & Roe, Inc. was involved in major projects, including the engineering design and construction of the [[United States|U.S.A.]] Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor Plant in conjunction with [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation]], which was responsible for the nuclear system supply of steam. At the time, the construction value of Burns & Roe, Inc.'s business backlog exceeded six billion U.S. dollars.[^1] Under Kenneth A. Roe's leadership, Burns & Roe, Inc. was involved in major projects, including the engineering design and construction of the [[United States|U.S.A.]] Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor Plant in conjunction with [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation]], which was responsible for the nuclear system supply of steam. At the time, the construction value of Burns & Roe, Inc.'s business backlog exceeded six billion U.S. dollars.[^2]
--- ---
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^1]: College of the Holy Cross, *Holy Cross Magazine*, "In Memoriam," Summer 1999, entry for George K. Pender (died Jan. 6, 1999). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20040812105331/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer99/in_memoriam/1927.html
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.

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---
aliases:
- CENIS
- MIT Center for International Studies
category: "Private Organization"
start: 1951
location: "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"
tags:
- Organization
- Academic
- CENIS
- ProjectTroy
- MaxMillikan
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- FordFoundation
- MassachusettsInstituteOfTechnology
- MKULTRA
- ColdWar
- ColdWarSocialScience
summary: "MIT research center set up in 1951 out of Project Troy, funded by the CIA until spring 1966, directed by Max Millikan until his death in 1969, then by Everett Hagen and Eugene Skolnikoff."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
role: "principal outside funder; CIA contracts ended in spring 1966"
start: 1951
end: 1966-05
fn: 4
- type: funded
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "grant of 875,000 dollars for an international communication program, per Bessner"
start: 1952-04
fn: 9
- type: member_of
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
role: "research center within the university"
start: 1951
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "first director"
start: 1952-02
end: 1969-12
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[Everett Hagen]]"
reverse: true
role: "director"
start: 1970
end: 1972
fn: 44
- type: head_of
with: "[[Eugene Skolnikoff]]"
reverse: true
role: "director"
start: 1972
end: 1987
fn: 46
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
role: "chair of the planning committee for the international communication program"
start: 1952-09
end: 1953-06
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Walt Rostow]]"
reverse: true
role: "staff member; consultant to the CIA Office of Research and Reports from March 1951 to June 1953"
start: 1951
fn: 26
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]"
reverse: true
role: "research director, international communication program"
start: 1953
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Anthony J. Wiener]]"
reverse: true
role: "affiliated researcher on a 1958 to 1959 study of Soviet scientists, per Oster"
start: 1958
end: 1959
fn: 7
---
The Center for International Studies at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], known as CENIS, emerged from [[Project Troy]], the 1950 study of Soviet jamming and political warfare. Its first director was the economist [[Max Millikan]], who had taken leave from MIT in 1951 to serve as assistant director of research and reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].[^1][^2][^3] The CIA funded the center until spring 1966, according to a 1967 report in [[Time]], and the center's research through the 1960s covered Soviet and communist affairs, economic development and international communication.[^4]
### Origins in Project Troy
[[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY."[^1] [[James Killian]], the MIT president who convened the Troy group, was pleased with its outcome and organized a second phase of four research initiatives. One of them concerned a [[State Department]]-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^1]
A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records Millikan's account that the Troy study flowed directly into the creation of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] in early 1951. The note's abstract describes his recollections as emphasizing the importance of the "Troy Report," and records him as saying that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors.'"[^5]
### Founding and CIA support, 1951 to 1952
The [[Church Committee]] report on CIA relations with private institutions, Book I of the final report, states: "The CIA assisted in the establishment in 1951 and the funding for over a decade of a research institute at a major American university." The report says the assistance came at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]] to General [[Walter Bedell Smith]], then Director of the CIA, and that Webb proposed the center "be supported by the CIA in the interest of the entire intelligence community." The report does not name the institute.[^6]
In 1977 [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] that the center was "set up in 1951 with CIA money."[^7] Oster named the center's first director as Millikan, "a former assistant director of the agency."[^7]
Millikan took leave from MIT in January 1951 to head the agency's Office of Research and Reports, and in a letter stamped January 30, 1951, he wrote of the office's mission and of the agency's request that he survey work in the field.[^3] MIT's archival note for his papers dates the center's establishment to January 1952 and says it "continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^8] The center's own history gives 1951 as the founding year and states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union."[^2]
Bessner writes that CENIS "began operating in the fall of 1951," and that in February 1952 Millikan, "an economics professor who had spent a year at the CIA," accepted the offer to serve as its first director. Soon after moving to the center, Millikan asked [[H. Rowan Gaither]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money.[^1] Bessner's account of the founding draws on [[Donald L. M. Blackmer]], whose institutional history, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969, was published in 2002 for the center's fiftieth anniversary.[^1]
### Ford Foundation grants
Bessner writes that [[Hans Speier]] visited Millikan in February 1952, when Millikan was "reticent" about a center for research in international communication, and that Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner writes that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952 to found a research program in international communication.[^9]
The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy." The grant list, under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^10][^11]
A 1956 Ford Foundation grant to MIT established two chairs in the behavioral sciences. The first went to [[Daniel Lerner]], named in December 1957 to a professorship in international communication. The institute's release said he would "apply research findings of the Center for International Studies to a new teaching program on international communication."[^12]
### Research programs
The communications program. The planning committee's June 1953 report, Research in International Communication, was prepared by Speier and by [[Jerome Bruner]], Wallace Carroll, [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Edward Shils]] and [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]. Its opening sentence, as Bessner quotes it, reads: "in this age of insecurity we know too little about the forces which move man as an individual and society as a whole." The committee recommended that the program study "communications to and from the wielders of power and influence."[^1] Pool became the program's research director after Speier turned the post down. The staff included [[Raymond Bauer]], Lerner, [[Harold Isaacs]], Howard Perlmutter and [[Eric Lenneberg]].[^1] A progress memorandum from Pool to the planning committee, dated February 28, 1955, is titled "Progress of the International Communications Program."[^13]
Political games. Bessner writes that [[Paul Kecskemeti]], who had played in the [[Rand Corporation]] games, visited MIT in 1957 to help [[Lincoln P. Bloomfield]], a former State Department official, design a political game. The most important of the games for senior government officials took place in 1960, when the center hosted a game termed POLEX II, which focused on a regional crisis in the Middle East. Bessner writes that its results reached [[Defense Department]] officials through [[Henry Rowen]].[^14]
Defense and arms control. The center's history states that in 1958 Millikan headed a committee on the future of social science teaching and research at MIT, one of whose recommendations was that the Institute take on defense and arms control initiatives. It also states that in 1960 Bloomfield organized graduate seminars on the use of military force, conventional weapons transfers and arms control.[^2]
The Soviet bloc. The 1953 book [[The Dynamics of Soviet Society]] was credited to "W. W. Rostow in collaboration with Alfred Levin, and with the assistance of others at the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology," and carried a preface by Millikan as the center's director.[^15] A CIA reading-room item titled "Review and Consideration of the CENIS Project, Communist Takeover and 'Economic Reshaping' of Eastern Europe by Nicolas Spulber" concerns a CENIS study of Eastern Europe by [[Nicolas Spulber]]. The copy is undated.[^16] A press item in agency files reports that the center was also at work evaluating Russian education methods, including the quality of Russian textbooks.[^17]
Latin America. A CIA [[Office of Legislative Counsel]] memorandum, signed by its chief, records that [[Ernest Halperin]] of MIT had proposed a book entitled "The National Liberation Movements in Latin America," and that a paper by him on the same subject had been written in June 1969 for the center.[^18]
### Agency funding
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the two parties, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^19]
A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^20]
A CIA memorandum of February 16, 1959 from the Assistant to the Director forwards the text of an item in the [[National Review]] Bulletin. The item reads: "Bissell and his favored CIA teammate, Robert Amory, lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies. They have been particularly influenced by the neo-Marxian theories of W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^21] The item names [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]]. Millikan held the directorship: [[Allen W. Dulles]] addressed him as director of the center in 1961, the MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies," and the center's section of the 1963 to 1964 report is signed by him.[^22][^23][^24] The 1958 to 1959 President's report lists Rostow and [[Elspeth Davies Rostow]] on leave at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], England.[^25]
In a letter of February 27, 1961, Dulles wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^22]
A CIA Office of Security memorandum of April 11, 1958 records that Rostow was approved as a consultant to the agency's Office of Research and Reports in March 1951, that the status was extended to June 1953, and that his contract as a consultant was not renewed after it expired in June 1953. The same memorandum records that [[Alfred Kohlberg]], in a letter to Senator [[Styles Bridges]] as late as October 1957, "criticized the Agency for supporting CENIS and particularly, criticized Walt Rostow."[^26] In a letter of November 26, 1951 Millikan, then at the agency, wrote to a person whose name is redacted that Rostow at the center had asked for his help in finding someone to assist with research.[^27]
In June 1955 [[Nelson Rockefeller]] arranged meetings at [[Quantico, Virginia|Quantico]], Virginia, of a panel of eleven consultants. The panel's report of June 10, 1955 lists Millikan and Rostow, each with the Center of International Studies, MIT, Rostow as panel chairman.[^28]
[[Andreas Lowenfeld]], then of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser, testified before the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee that he had been connected with the center in 1951 and 1952, and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA." Asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, he said: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge, he said Rostow was acting and that Millikan came afterward.[^29]
Oster reported that a 1958 and 1959 study by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, on "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing" Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits, was financed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] at a total of $12,000. Oster placed the study under [[Project MKUltra]].[^7] A CIA memorandum of November 18, 1958, states that MKULTRA Subproject 90 has been approved and that $12,000 of the project's funds has been obligated to cover its expenses. The memorandum does not name the institution.[^30]
Philip G. Strong of the agency's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] wrote a memorandum for the record titled "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." It records Strong's belief that a review of the UFO problem would require "the full backing and support of DCI Smith." The memorandum is cited in the notes to [[Gerald K. Haines]]'s history of the agency's role in UFO study.[^31]
The issue of Time dated February 24, 1967 refers to "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies" and states: "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quotes Millikan, "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," as saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^4]
### The end of the contracts, 1966 and 1967
A clipping in agency files from the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," reports that the [[University of Pennsylvania]] said it "has no knowledge" of any CIA people on its campus or faculty in answer to a charge by Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell]]. Powell said he had received "unverified information" that CIA personnel were associated with the university and with MIT. The clipping states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts, and states that the contracts were for research on international developments, particularly Communism, and China.[^32]
A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^33]
A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead at 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, was sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy. It reads: "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA on the grounds that it was improper for a university to conceal, not only what it was doing, but also who was paying the bill." The writer states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and continues: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms." The writer also states that MIT "properly acted four or five years ago when it adopted the present guidelines."[^34]
### Protests, the Cambridge Project and the Review Panel, 1969 to 1971
The MIT Dean of Humanities and Social Science reported that the center's offices on the fourth floor of the Hermann Building received a mass visit in early October 1969, of perhaps two hundred people, "students, a few staff members, and a substantial but uncertain number of persons without any M.I.T. affiliation," protesting MIT's "alleged complicity in the waging of the Viet Nam war and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy." The visit was described as peaceable. The Hermann Building was closed temporarily before the November Action of that year. The Department of Economics reported demonstrations and confrontations, "many directed at the Center for International Studies." In 1970 to 1971 the Dean reported that the center, "though still the target of a small group of vocal critics," had an essentially peaceful year.[^35][^36] The Tech of October 21, 1969 dates the demonstration at the center to October 10 and reports that Dean Robert L. Bishop was speaking to staff members of the center "to determine whether disciplinary action should be taken against those involved in the peaceful work stoppage at CIS." Everett E. Hagen wrote in a letter printed in the same issue that if any building were entered again with obstructionist intent or effect, he trusted the faculty and students would understand the importance of promptly suspending the students and hauling all participants into court. Another letter under the heading "Two CIS Replies" states: "They really believe that the Center for International Studies does secret work for the Department of Defense. They really believe that Project Cambridge will record information about dissenters."[^37]
In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by [[William F. Pounds]], Dean of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan School]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]]. Johnson's letter asked the panel "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research and in its responsibility for service to the nation." The panel's first report of May 31, 1969 recommended a standing committee on the special laboratories and concluded "that the Poseidon program at this stage of its development is inappropriate for M.I.T. sponsorship." Its final report was due in October 1969.[^38][^39]
The Cambridge Project, a program of computer methods for the behavioral sciences organized by behavioral and computer scientists at MIT and [[Harvard University]], began in June 1969. The MIT Provost's report states that it "has been funded by the Behavioral Sciences Branch of ARPA through the Defense Supply Service of the Army" and that [[Project MAC]] contributed to its planning.[^40] The 1969 to 1970 report states that the project was "supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under a contract in which Professor Joseph C. R. Licklider is principal investigator," and that "During the summer and fall of 1969, the project was the subject of much controversy" at both universities. It lists Pool, who directed the center's communications work, as starting a program called the General Implicator, and Rosemarie S. Rogers and William E. Griffith, both of the center, as testing procedures by which a computer can categorize policy documents.[^41]
The center's annual report for 1968 to 1969 describes four areas of work: economic and political development, international communication, military and foreign policy, and communism, revisionism and revolution. It lists a joint project with Chile's Oficina de Planificacion Nacional under Millikan, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Richard Eckaus; a 1968 seminar on Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act organized "at the request of the Agency for International Development" and chaired by Millikan and [[Lucian Pye]]; Pool's simulations of Soviet communications patterns; political-military exercises by Bloomfield; and a book in progress on communism and guerrilla warfare in Latin America by Halperin.[^42] The 1969 to 1970 report lists a study by [[Daniel Ellsberg]] of the process by which American foreign policy is formulated in periods of crisis, begun in late April 1970, and the 1970 to 1971 report lists work by [[William Bundy]] on "the events that led to the 1965 decision on Vietnam."[^43][^44]
### Directors
Millikan directed the center from 1952. The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56; MIT's archival note for his papers gives February 1, 1952 as the start of his directorship.[^8][^43] The center's history states that during his more than fifteen years as director he urged faculty members to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^2]
The President's report for 1970 to 1971 states that the center worked "under the directorship of Professor Everett E. Hagen," and the Department of Economics report for the same year states that "Professor Everett E. Hagen has become Director of the Center for International Studies."[^44][^45] The report for 1971 to 1972 records that Hagen became Professor Emeritus at the end of the academic year and that [[Eugene Skolnikoff]], head of the Department of Political Science since the fall of 1970, was appointed director to replace him, and that the center ceased to be part of the School of Humanities and Social Science and became "an inter-School center reporting directly to the Provost."[^46] The reports for 1972 to 1973 and 1973 to 1974 describe the center as under Skolnikoff's directorship, with a program on technology and international relations.[^47][^48]
From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had studied engineering and who, according to the center's history, laid the groundwork for further science-related projects on international issues.[^2] In 2002 the center's associate director was [[Stephen Van Evera]], and a symposium marking the center's fiftieth anniversary described Walt Rostow as "co-founder of CIS in 1951."[^49]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 259 and notes 104 to 114, citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18, 36 to 42 and 61 to 63, as cited there. The planning committee report quoted here is Hans Speier, Jerome Bruner, Wallace Carroll, Harold Lasswell, Paul Lazarsfeld, Edward Shils and Ithiel de Sola Pool, Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (Cambridge: Center for International Studies, June 1953), as Bessner cites it. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^2]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^3]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^4]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^5]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^6]: U.S. Senate, "Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book I, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^7]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^8]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 256 and notes 107 to 109, citing Blackmer, The Founding Years, pp. 36 to 42 and 38. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^10]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^11]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^12]: MIT News Office, release of December 6, 1957, announcing the appointment of Daniel Lerner, signed by J. A. Stratton. MIT Institute Archives, AC0069. https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1957/AC0069_195712_012.pdf
[^13]: Ithiel de Sola Pool, "Progress of the International Communications Program," memorandum to the members of the planning committee, February 28, 1955, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/85161
[^14]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 277, on Kecskemeti's 1957 visit, Bloomfield's games, POLEX II in 1960 and the route to the Defense Department through Henry Rowen. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^15]: W. W. Rostow, The Dynamics of Soviet Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1953), xvi, 282 pp., title-page credit as given in the review listing in the American Historical Review 60, no. 1 (1955). https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoviet0000rost
[^16]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP61S00527A000100160017-2, "Review and Consideration of the CENIS Project, Communist Takeover and 'Economic Reshaping' of Eastern Europe by Nicolas Spulber" (undated). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp61s00527a000100160017-2
[^17]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP70-00058R000100030039-5, press item "Man Behind the Soviet Challenge" (undated). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70-00058r000100030039-5
[^18]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal memorandum (undated), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73B00296R000300260135-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73b00296r000300260135-2
[^19]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
[^20]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
[^21]: CIA, memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
[^22]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
[^24]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue 1963 to 1964, Center for International Studies section, pp. 255 to 257, signed Max F. Millikan; the faculty roster lists "MAX FRANKLIN MILLIKAN, Economics (now Director of the Center for International Studies)." https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160044
[^25]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President, 1959 (MIT Bulletin, November 1959), School of Humanities and Social Science, "Comings and Goings," p. 153: "To Cambridge, England - Professor Walt W. Rostow and Assistant Professor Elspeth D. Rostow on a year's leave of absence." https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160021
[^26]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Walt Whittman Rostow," April 11, 1958, paragraphs 4 to 6, CIA reading room document 0001477407. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407
[^27]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^28]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with CIA memorandum of July 25, 1955, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^30]: CIA, memorandum for the Comptroller, "MKULTRA, Subproject No. 90," November 18, 1958, CIA reading room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^31]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), notes 23 to 25, citing Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
[^32]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^33]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
[^34]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. Writer's name redacted in the copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^35]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, Robert L. Bishop, pp. 195 to 196 (demonstration of October 1969; Hermann Building closure) and Department of Economics report, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
[^36]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, p. 175. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
[^37]: The Tech (MIT), vol. 89, Tuesday, October 21, 1969, article by Lee Giguere on the committee investigating the disruption of the Center for International Studies, and letters under "Two CIS Replies." http://tech.mit.edu/V89/PDF/V89-N38.pdf
[^38]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, description of the Review Panel on Special Laboratories formed by President Howard W. Johnson in 1969, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry. https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html
[^39]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (Review Panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds; Johnson's letter; first report of May 31, 1969; recommendations). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
[^40]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Provost (Project MAC section by Joseph C. R. Licklider), pp. 465 to 466. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
[^41]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, report of the Provost, "The Cambridge Project," pp. 31 to 37 ("Organization and Financial Support"). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
[^42]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, Center for International Studies, pp. 321 to 326. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
[^43]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, pp. 218 to 220. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
[^44]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Center for International Studies, pp. 206 to 208. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
[^45]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Department of Economics, p. 185. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071
[^46]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor 1971 to 1972, Center for International Studies (Kepes's section) and Department of Political Science, p. 215. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160087
[^47]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1972 to 1973, Center for International Studies, pp. 59 to 60. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/159994
[^48]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1973 to 1974, Center for International Studies. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160002
[^49]: MIT News, "CIS panels discuss issues of security, human rights," report on the symposium of May 16, 2002, marking the center's fiftieth anniversary. https://news.mit.edu/2002/cis-0522

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---
aliases:
- Congress for Cultural Freedom
- CCF
- Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)
- International Association for Cultural Freedom
- IACF
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- ColdWar
- CulturalColdWar
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- OperationCongress
- FordFoundation
- Encounter
- Preuves
- MelvinLasky
- MichaelJosselson
- FarfieldFoundation
- KatzenbachCommittee
- ChurchCommittee
summary: "International association of intellectuals founded in West Berlin in 1950, financed by the CIA through covert conduits until 1966, and renamed the International Association for Cultural Freedom after its exposure."
start: 1950
end: 1978
location: "West Berlin; Paris"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950-06
end: 1966
role: "principal funder through covert conduits; the executive director told the General Assembly in May 1967 that the support ran from 1950 to the summer of 1966"
fn: 20
- type: funded
with: "[[Farfield Foundation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1953
role: "front foundation that channeled CIA money to the congress; 843,668 dollars recorded for 1958"
fn: 10
- type: funded
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1957-10
end: 1978-03
role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, 250,000 dollars a year through 1962, 7,000,000 dollars six-year grant announced 1966, terminal grant early 1978"
fn: 25
- type: founded
with: "[[Melvin Lasky]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950-06
role: "conceived and organized the Berlin conference; listed as general secretary on the masthead until removed from overt roles in 1950"
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Michael Josselson]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950-06
role: "promoted the Berlin congress idea from late 1949 and became the organization's administrative secretary"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Michael Josselson]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950-11
end: 1967-10
role: "administrative secretary, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967 and was replaced in October 1967"
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[Nicolas Nabokov]]"
reverse: true
role: "secretary general (Langenkamp); president (University of Chicago finding aid); resigned on the reorganization into the IACF"
fn: 23
- type: head_of
with: "[[Shepard Stone]]"
reverse: true
start: 1967-10
role: "president of the International Association for Cultural Freedom"
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[Raymond Aron]]"
reverse: true
start: 1966
end: 1967-05
role: "chair of the new board of directors; resigned in May 1967"
fn: 26
---
The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an association of writers, scholars and artists formed at a conference in [[West Berlin]] in June 1950, with administrative headquarters in [[Paris]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) financed it through covert channels from its founding until the summer of 1966. After the funding was exposed in 1966 and 1967 the organization was renamed the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), which closed its last offices in 1978.[^1]
### Founding in Berlin, 1950
In August 1949 [[Melvin Lasky]], then a 29-year-old journalist and the founding editor of the German-language journal [[Der Monat]], met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in [[Frankfurt]] and hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist left in Berlin the following year. Der Monat was sponsored by the American occupation government.[^1] [[Michael Josselson]], a cultural officer for the occupation government, took up the plan in late 1949. The proposal reached Washington in January 1950. The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) drew up a project proposal with a budget of 50,000 dollars, and [[Frank Wisner]], its head, approved the outline on April 7, 1950 and asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^1]
Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to "Mr. Breckinridge" stated that he would not continue backing the operation "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization." He described the damage resulting from Lasky's conduct as "a major blunder."[^2] The inaugural conference was funded by the CIA through [[Marshall Plan]] counterpart funds.[^3]
The congress opened on June 26, 1950 in the [[Titania Palace]] in Berlin with almost 200 delegates and about 4,000 other attendees.[^1] The University of Chicago finding aid dates the founding conference June 26 to 30.[^4] [[Peter Coleman]] wrote that the opening ceremony took place on Monday, June 25, and the closing rally on Thursday, June 28.[^5] The honorary chairmen were [[John Dewey]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Jacques Maritain]].[^1] American delegates included [[Sidney Hook]], Burnham, [[James T. Farrell]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], [[Robert Montgomery]] and [[David Lilienthal]].[^1] Leadership of the sessions fell to the Italian socialist [[Ignazio Silone]] and to [[Arthur Koestler]]. At the closing rally on June 29, Koestler read the congress's Freedom Manifesto before a crowd the CIA study estimates at 15,000, calling out "Friends, freedom has seized the offensive!"[^1] Coleman, who reprinted the text, wrote that Koestler drafted the manifesto, that it had fourteen numbered paragraphs, and that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] and [[A. J. Ayer]] moved amendments to paragraphs 10, 13 and 14. Trevor-Roper objected to a draft paragraph declaring that totalitarians "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit"; Silone, Lie, Frode Jacobson (as Coleman spelled the names) and Ayer supported him, and Koestler withdrew the paragraph.[^5] The first paragraph reads: "We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the inalienable rights of man." The eleventh reads: "We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of civilised history."[^5]
In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson became its administrative secretary and held that post for 16 years. Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles by then.[^1]
### CIA funding and conduits
The CIA's International Organizations Division, supervised by [[Thomas W. Braden]], earmarked 200,000 dollars in 1951 for the consolidation of the congress, with affiliate committees in London, Oslo, Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Rome, New Delhi, Tokyo and New York.[^3] In his account in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] of May 20, 1967, titled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Braden wrote: "We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of [[Encounter]]."[^6] He also wrote that money for the magazine's publication "came from the CIA."[^6]
In 1964 the House subcommittee on foundations, chaired by [[Wright Patman]], named eight CIA front foundations or funds.[^7] A [[Dallas]] newspaper report of February 1967 listed the Gotham Foundation, the Michigan Fund and the Price, Monroe and Heights funds among them, and named as other believed fronts the Knickerbocker Foundation, the Metropolitan Foundation, the Northcraft Educational Fund and the Victoria Strauss foundation.[^8] A United Press International report of September 1964 said that the Internal Revenue Service had confidentially told Patman that the CIA had contributed money to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]].[^9]
The [[Farfield Foundation]] of New York is the best documented of the conduits. Langenkamp describes it as a front "set up to channel funds to the CIA's target organizations, mainly the CCF," and records 843,668 dollars from it to the congress in 1958.[^10] When [[Nicolas Nabokov]] sought support for a proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists, about 35,000 dollars of its cost was provided by Farfield, according to the same report.[^10] The congress's own records hold Farfield correspondence files for 1953 through 1956.[^4]
The [[Karl Hoblitzelle Foundation]] of Dallas was named in February 1967 as one of several foundations through which the CIA passed funds. The Dallas report gave the foundation's contributions from 1959 to 1965 as 505,700 dollars, of which 250,000 dollars was listed as coming from anonymous donors. A foundation trustee denied knowledge of any CIA money.[^8]
### Publications
Encounter was a magazine of literature, arts and politics published in London from October 1953, edited by [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] and published for the congress. Catalog records list Melvin Lasky as an editor, and the Library of Congress record gives the editors as Spender and Kristol from 1956 and Lasky and Nigel Denis from 1969.[^11] Braden wrote that the CIA paid for its publication.[^6] Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote to the [[New York Times]] on May 10, 1966.[^12] Kristol had been executive secretary of the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's American affiliate. In 1955 [[Michael Harrington]] wrote in [[Dissent]] that Kristol, in that post, had supported Sidney Hook's general outlook on civil liberties.[^13]
[[Preuves]] was a French-language review published in Paris under the title "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," edited by [[François Bondy]]. The Bibliothèque nationale de France dates it 1951 to 1975, and the University of Chicago finding aid describes it as appearing monthly between 1951 and 1969. Its papers are in Series VII of the congress's records.[^14] Der Monat, the German-language journal that Lasky founded, is held in a separate collection of the same archive.[^15] [[Tempo Presente]], directed by [[Nicola Chiaromonte]] and Silone, began with its number 1 of April 1956.[^16] [[Quadrant]], an Australian quarterly review sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and edited by [[James McAuley]], began with its volume 1, number 1 for summer 1956 to 1957.[^17] [[Cuadernos]] (Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura) was a Spanish-language review issued from Paris beginning with a March to May 1953 number.[^18] The finding aid lists folders for Tempo Presente (1956), Quadrant (1961 to 1966), Cuadernos (budget and distribution, 1950 to 1966; a Cuadernos folder for 1963 to 1966 is cross-referenced to the correspondence of [[Julián Gorkin]]), [[Quest]] (1955 to 1968) and [[Mundo Nuevo]] (1965 to 1971).[^15]
The congress's journals also included [[Transition]], published in [[Uganda]], whose editor was arrested and imprisoned for months on a sedition charge in the wake of the 1966 to 1967 disclosures. Mundo Nuevo was a literary journal for Latin American readers, and the [[Ford Foundation]] gave it three years of support.[^19]
### Officers and directors
Josselson ran the congress from Paris for 16 to 17 years. In May 1967 he told the General Assembly that the congress had received CIA support from 1950 to the summer of 1966 and that he had accepted it without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly issued a statement of regret, asked him to stay on, and he agreed.[^20] The New York Times reported in October 1967 that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, had succeeded Josselson, who had resigned.[^21] Josselson said that no one else in the congress had been involved in the CIA arrangement.[^20]
Nabokov, a composer, was the congress's secretary general in the early 1950s.[^22] A University of Chicago finding aid lists him as president and John C. Hunt as executive director of the congress, and records that both resigned when the congress was reorganized and that Stone was named president of the IACF.[^23] In February 1954 [[Shepard Stone]] wrote to [[John J. McCloy]] that "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24]
[[Denis de Rougemont]], the Swiss writer, met Stone and Nabokov in 1954 on the congress's funding. He and Nabokov wrote to the New York Times on May 19, 1966.[^12][^24]
Stone, who had directed the Ford Foundation's international affairs work, became president of the IACF in October 1967.[^21] [[Raymond Aron]], the French sociologist, was asked by Stone to chair the new board of directors in 1966. He resigned in May 1967 when he judged that the organization was moving in the wrong direction.[^25][^26]
### The Ford Foundation, 1957 to 1967
Stone, then in charge of the foundation's international affairs program, asked the trustees to take over the congress's costs. In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the congress's conferences and seminars, and Stone's division then gave 250,000 dollars a year through the end of 1962.[^25] In February 1961 the trustees barred grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other income, and a year later they added institutions receiving funds from undisclosed United States government sources.[^25] Stone then proposed a guarantee of "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years." The proposal failed. A later plan for a consortium of 15 to 20 million dollars over ten years also failed, because the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] would not join without a substantial Ford contribution.[^25]
In 1966, after [[Henry Heald]] was replaced by [[McGeorge Bundy]] as president, Bundy wrote to [[Julius A. Stratton]], the foundation's chairman, on September 23, 1966 that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the congress over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^25] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a 1,500,000 dollar grant "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" and states that the new board of trustees was headed by Aron.[^26]
Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the congress despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]] called the congress "a gamble, but an important one."[^25] In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were cut by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^25]
A foundation evaluation by [[Craufurd Goodwin]] dated November 3, 1977 put the foundation's total grants to the congress and the IACF at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades. Langenkamp's table of grants totals 10,934,750 dollars.[^25]
### Exposure, 1966 and 1967
The New York Times published a series of five articles on the CIA by [[Tom Wicker]], [[John W. Finney]], [[Max Frankel]], [[E. W. Kenworthy]] and other staff members from April 25 to 29, 1966, under the first title "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" The third article, datelined April 26 and published April 27, said that the CIA had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and some of their newspapers and magazines," and described Encounter as an indirect beneficiary of CIA funds.[^25][^27] Josselson told the General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that CIA support had run from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^20]
In March 1967 [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account (pages 29 to 39). It named a "Fairfield Foundation" as "a frequent contributor to the Congress for Cultural Freedom, previously identified in The New York Times as having received CIA funds," and recorded that the Rabb Foundation made a 15,000 dollar grant to that foundation in 1963.[^28] Braden's article of May 20, 1967 defended the program as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts and wrote that Frank Wisner, "in my view, was an authentic American hero."[^6]
On February 15, 1967 President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[John Gardner]] and [[Richard Helms]] to a committee to review government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The committee worked for 43 days. Its recommendation, accepted on March 29, 1967, was that "no federal agency shall provide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the nation's educational or private voluntary organizations."[^7] A May 1967 circular from the CIA's deputy director for plans, [[Desmond FitzGerald]], stated that "covert funding overseas of foreign-based international organizations is permitted."[^7]
On May 13, 1967 the congress's General Assembly held an extraordinary session in Paris. According to the New York Times, the assembly expressed regret that CIA funds had been used to finance the congress and that the executive director had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. It also named a committee to examine the congress's structure and draw up a new charter.[^20]
### The International Association for Cultural Freedom, 1967 to 1978
The congress was renamed the IACF in 1967. Stone left the Ford Foundation after thirteen years to lead it.[^29] Stone was its president from October 1967, and Pierre Emmanuel was its director.[^21] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for Ford money.[^25]
In 1972 the Ford Foundation renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]].[^25] The same year the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the congress.[^30] A terminal grant ran from January 1 to March 31, 1978, and the IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^25]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^2]: Memorandum from F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner) to Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," August 8, 1950, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
[^3]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), introduction and note 12. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^4]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series I and II, Box 134, Folders 3 to 6 (Farfield Foundation correspondence, 1953 to 1956), and Series III, Subseries 1 ("Berlin 1950, June 26-30, Founding Conference"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^5]: Peter Coleman, "Arthur Koestler and the Congress for Cultural Freedom," Polanyiana 2005, nos. 1-2, pp. 192 to 195 (opening on Monday June 25 in the Titania Palace; the fourteen-paragraph Freedom Manifesto reprinted with the Trevor-Roper and Ayer amendments; the closing ceremony on Thursday June 28 before 15,000). https://polanyiana.org/articles/polanyiana-2005-1-2-14_peter-coleman-arthur-koestler-and-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom.pdf
[^6]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14.
[^7]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), sections on the 1964 Patman hearings ("Patman Eight") and the Katzenbach Committee, including the committee's recommendation and FitzGerald's May 1967 circular. The February 15, 1967 appointment date is from the editorial note to Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 33, document 260.
[^8]: "CIA Funds Reported Sent to Dallas Body; Foundation Trustee Denies Knowledge of Any Donations," Dallas News, February 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100140020-7
[^9]: Daniel Rapoport, United Press International report on Patman and the Kaplan Fund, September 1964, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400260004-9
[^10]: Langenkamp, pp. 9 to 10 and note 44 (Farfield as a front set up to channel funds mainly to the CCF; about 35,000 dollars from Farfield for the proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists), and Table 3, "Grants to the CCF, 1958-1959 / 1963-1964" (Farfield Foundation, New York, 843,668 in the 1958 column). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^11]: Library of Congress catalog record for Encounter (issues from October 1953; "Published for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1953-"; editors "<1956-> : Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol; <1969-> : Melvin J. Lasky and Nigel Denis"); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," Spender, Kristol and Lasky as directeurs de publication (ISSN 0013-7073); Eton College Library catalogue record B53860. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k and https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B53860
[^12]: Langenkamp, note 62, citing letters to the New York Times by Nabokov and Rougemont, May 19, 1966, and by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^13]: "On the Committee for Cultural Freedom," Dissent, 1967, reprinting Michael Harrington's article from the Spring 1955 issue. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000100600001-0
[^14]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb343490202, "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," François Bondy, directeur de publication, 1951-1975 (ISSN 0032-7980); University of Chicago Library finding aid, Scope Note, Series VII, "Preuves Papers, 1951-1969." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343490202 and https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^15]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series II, Series VII (Preuves Papers) and the Der Monat, Tempo Presente, Quadrant, Cuadernos, Quest and Mundo Nuevo folders. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^16]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue records cb32631877b and cb319416808, "Tempo presente. Informazione e discussione. [Mensile.] Dir. : Nicola Chiaromonte e Ignazio Silone. Anno I. Num. 1, aprile 1956"; Library of Congress catalog record 7945222 (Chiaromonte and Silone as editors). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32631877b
[^17]: Library of Congress catalog record for Quadrant (Sydney; "Vol. 1, no. 1 (summer 1956-7)"; "Editor: 1957- J. McAuley"; sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and, from winter 1957, the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb32402678d, "Quadrant. An Australian quarterly review. Ed. : James McAuley. Vol. I. N° 1, Summer 1956-57." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32402678d
[^18]: Library of Congress catalog record 11493571, "Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura" ("Began with: No. 1 (marzo/mayo 1953)"; issued by the Congress for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34410523v (1953-1965, ISSN 0590-1502). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34410523v
[^19]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 (the Transition editor's arrest and imprisonment on a sedition charge), and Table 2 (Ford's three-year support for Mundo Nuevo, described as the CCF's literary journal directed to Latin American audiences). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^20]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8
[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5
[^22]: Langenkamp, discussion of the Rockefeller applications for the CCF's 1953 conferences (note 37), identifying Nabokov as CCF secretary general. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^23]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Historical Note (Nabokov as president, John C. Hunt as executive director, Shepard Stone named president of the IACF). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^24]: Langenkamp, note 50, quoting Shepard Stone to John J. McCloy, February 25, 1954, as cited by Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe, p. 223. Rougemont's 1954 meeting with Stone and Nabokov is in the same passage. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^25]: Langenkamp, pp. 13 to 19 and notes 58 to 82 (the 1957 grant and the 250,000 dollar annual payments; the 1961 and 1962 trustee rules; the 2,000,000 dollar guarantee proposal and the 15 to 20 million dollar consortium; Bundy's letter of September 23, 1966 and the 7,000,000 dollar six-year grant; the 1966 review by Ward and Perkins; Sutton's September 1967 recommendation and the reduced installments; Heaps and the 1972 renewal; the 1978 terminal grant; Goodwin's 1977 evaluation with the 8,400,000 dollar total; the April 1966 New York Times articles). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^26]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1966 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34, and grant table, p. 96. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
[^27]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, New York Times series on the Central Intelligence Agency, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (dispatch of April 26), CIA reading room copy of the full series. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1
[^28]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39 (the passage on the Rabb Foundation and the Fairfield Foundation). https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia
[^29]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1967 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
[^30]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the Ford Foundation grant of 50,000 dollars for Encounter's promotion in the United States and the press release of November 16, 1972 on the petition.

107
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Council on Foreign Relations.md
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@ -40,11 +40,18 @@ relations:
start: 1949 start: 1949
role: "grant for aid to Europe studies, 30,000 dollars in 1949 to 1950" role: "grant for aid to Europe studies, 30,000 dollars in 1949 to 1950"
fn: 9 fn: 9
- type: funded
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1964-10
end: 1965-09
role: "grant of 1,000,000 dollars under the heading American education in world affairs, fiscal year to September 30, 1965"
fn: 10
- type: head_of - type: head_of
with: "[[Allen Dulles]]" with: "[[Allen Dulles]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "president until he joined the Central Intelligence Agency, addressed as president in January 1951; vice-chairman of the board, on leave, in 1952 to 1953" role: "president until he joined the Central Intelligence Agency, addressed as president in January 1951; vice-chairman of the board, on leave, in 1952 to 1953"
fn: 12 fn: 14
- type: director_of - type: director_of
with: "[[Allen Dulles]]" with: "[[Allen Dulles]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
@ -61,7 +68,7 @@ relations:
start: 1953 start: 1953
end: 1971 end: 1971
role: "acting executive director in 1952 to 1953, then executive director" role: "acting executive director in 1952 to 1953, then executive director"
fn: 10 fn: 12
- type: head_of - type: head_of
with: "[[Winston Lord]]" with: "[[Winston Lord]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
@ -79,18 +86,18 @@ relations:
reverse: true reverse: true
end: 2023-06-30 end: 2023-06-30
role: "president, 1,868,393 dollars reportable compensation in the return for the year to June 2023" role: "president, 1,868,393 dollars reportable compensation in the return for the year to June 2023"
fn: 30 fn: 32
- type: head_of - type: head_of
with: "[[David Rubenstein]]" with: "[[David Rubenstein]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "chairman in the return for the year to June 2023" role: "chairman in the return for the year to June 2023"
fn: 30 fn: 32
- type: funded - type: funded
with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]" with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
start: 2002 start: 2002
role: "Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellowship in Business and Foreign Policy, first holder Bennett Freeman" role: "Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellowship in Business and Foreign Policy, first holder Bennett Freeman"
fn: 26 fn: 28
created: 2026-10-01 created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-09 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
@ -117,11 +124,13 @@ A Council table of November 1951, held in the files of the [[Central Intelligenc
The special-studies grants in the same table include 25,000 to 30,000 dollars a year from Carnegie for the Committees on Foreign Relations, newspaper fellowships of 20,000 (1948 to 1950) and 15,000 (1950 to 1951) and 22,500 a year for democracy studies from 1950. The Rockefeller Foundation paid 34,750 dollars a year from 1946 to 1950 for the Langer History Project, 25,000 and 30,000 dollars for studies of aid to Europe in 1948 to 1950, and 16,000 for British-American studies in 1950 to 1951; the [[Ford Foundation]] gave 30,000 dollars for aid to Europe in 1949 to 1950, the [[Sloan Foundation]] 10,000 for the Langer history and the Viking Fund 1,500 for a fellowship. Total research receipts were 159,086 dollars (1946 to 1947), 167,941, 207,160, 244,640 and 200,505, with 194,600 projected for 1951 to 1952.[^9] The special-studies grants in the same table include 25,000 to 30,000 dollars a year from Carnegie for the Committees on Foreign Relations, newspaper fellowships of 20,000 (1948 to 1950) and 15,000 (1950 to 1951) and 22,500 a year for democracy studies from 1950. The Rockefeller Foundation paid 34,750 dollars a year from 1946 to 1950 for the Langer History Project, 25,000 and 30,000 dollars for studies of aid to Europe in 1948 to 1950, and 16,000 for British-American studies in 1950 to 1951; the [[Ford Foundation]] gave 30,000 dollars for aid to Europe in 1949 to 1950, the [[Sloan Foundation]] 10,000 for the Langer history and the Viking Fund 1,500 for a fellowship. Total research receipts were 159,086 dollars (1946 to 1947), 167,941, 207,160, 244,640 and 200,505, with 194,600 projected for 1951 to 1952.[^9]
The foundation's 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the Council under the heading American education in world affairs.[^10] In 1953 the foundation funded a study group on relations between the democratic nations and the Soviet Union, which [[John J. McCloy]] wrote would be "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under [[Henry Roberts]] of [[Columbia University]].[^11]
Corporate contributions to the House Fund of 1945 totaled 34,000 dollars and to the 25th Anniversary Fund for 1946 to 1951 totaled 24,100, for 58,100 in all. The contributors were [[Chase National Bank]] (10,000), [[IBM]] (12,500), [[National City Bank]] (10,000), [[Standard Oil Company (New Jersey)]] (7,500), [[Westinghouse Electric]] (7,500), [[General Electric]] (2,500), [[Socony Vacuum Oil Company]] (2,000), General Motors Overseas Operations (1,500), the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] (1,000), the [[National Cash Register Company]] (1,000), the Underwood Corporation (900), the Macmillan Company (500), National Dairy Products (500), the Texas Company (500), the International Nickel Company (400) and the American Hawaiian Steamship Company (100). A separate page lists forty-five individual contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund for 1946 to 1950 totaling 95,479 dollars, among them [[Frank Altschul]] (5,000), [[E. Roland Harriman]] (4,500), Allen W. Dulles (3,500, "over 5 years"), [[John Foster Dulles]] (1,250, "over 5 years"), [[W. Averell Harriman]] (1,100), [[Henry R. Luce]] (1,000), [[Herbert H. Lehman]] (5,000), [[Caryl P. Haskins]] (8,500), [[Arthur H. Dean]] (10,000) and [[Stephen Clark]] (10,000); a continuation page lists further names including [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]], [[Myron C. Taylor]] and [[Alfred P. Sloan]]. The totals on the continuation page are 114,175 dollars from individuals, 24,100 from corporations and 7,960 in contributions under 500, or 146,235 in all.[^9] Corporate contributions to the House Fund of 1945 totaled 34,000 dollars and to the 25th Anniversary Fund for 1946 to 1951 totaled 24,100, for 58,100 in all. The contributors were [[Chase National Bank]] (10,000), [[IBM]] (12,500), [[National City Bank]] (10,000), [[Standard Oil Company (New Jersey)]] (7,500), [[Westinghouse Electric]] (7,500), [[General Electric]] (2,500), [[Socony Vacuum Oil Company]] (2,000), General Motors Overseas Operations (1,500), the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] (1,000), the [[National Cash Register Company]] (1,000), the Underwood Corporation (900), the Macmillan Company (500), National Dairy Products (500), the Texas Company (500), the International Nickel Company (400) and the American Hawaiian Steamship Company (100). A separate page lists forty-five individual contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund for 1946 to 1950 totaling 95,479 dollars, among them [[Frank Altschul]] (5,000), [[E. Roland Harriman]] (4,500), Allen W. Dulles (3,500, "over 5 years"), [[John Foster Dulles]] (1,250, "over 5 years"), [[W. Averell Harriman]] (1,100), [[Henry R. Luce]] (1,000), [[Herbert H. Lehman]] (5,000), [[Caryl P. Haskins]] (8,500), [[Arthur H. Dean]] (10,000) and [[Stephen Clark]] (10,000); a continuation page lists further names including [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]], [[Myron C. Taylor]] and [[Alfred P. Sloan]]. The totals on the continuation page are 114,175 dollars from individuals, 24,100 from corporations and 7,960 in contributions under 500, or 146,235 in all.[^9]
The annual report of the executive director for 1951 to 1952 records that the Rockefeller Foundation, "in line with its policy of discontinuing support for the general budgets of organizations which it has helped for some years," did not renew a 45,000-dollar grant to the general research program, while continuing 18,500 dollars for a study of the Political Implications of Economic Development (directed by Eugene Staley of the [[Stanford Research Institute]]), 3,500 for a study of German unity and 4,000 for a bibliography. Carnegie gave 35,000 dollars to the general research program, 3,000 to the Committee on Policy and 30,000 to the Committees on Foreign Relations, and had granted 23,000 for three research fellowships in 1952 to 1953. Members and corporations gave 32,787 dollars to the general research program, and a gift of 17,030.86 dollars in memory of Edwin F. Gay, a director from 1921 to 1945, was added. The Board had voted a 10 percent cost-of-living salary increase on December 17, 1951. The combined deficit in the general and research accounts was "the only substantial deficit the Council has ever had."[^4] The annual report of the executive director for 1951 to 1952 records that the Rockefeller Foundation, "in line with its policy of discontinuing support for the general budgets of organizations which it has helped for some years," did not renew a 45,000-dollar grant to the general research program, while continuing 18,500 dollars for a study of the Political Implications of Economic Development (directed by Eugene Staley of the [[Stanford Research Institute]]), 3,500 for a study of German unity and 4,000 for a bibliography. Carnegie gave 35,000 dollars to the general research program, 3,000 to the Committee on Policy and 30,000 to the Committees on Foreign Relations, and had granted 23,000 for three research fellowships in 1952 to 1953. Members and corporations gave 32,787 dollars to the general research program, and a gift of 17,030.86 dollars in memory of Edwin F. Gay, a director from 1921 to 1945, was added. The Board had voted a 10 percent cost-of-living salary increase on December 17, 1951. The combined deficit in the general and research accounts was "the only substantial deficit the Council has ever had."[^4]
On November 16, 1954 the Carnegie Corporation granted 500,000 dollars to be spent over five years from the following August; a Ford Foundation grant had been reported earlier, and Frank Altschul had offered to pay for a new annex, estimated at about 200,000 dollars.[^8] [[George S. Franklin]], who served as acting executive director in 1952 and 1953, is described in the finding aid of the records of the [[Trilateral Commission]] as executive director of the Council from 1953 to 1971.[^10] On November 16, 1954 the Carnegie Corporation granted 500,000 dollars to be spent over five years from the following August; a Ford Foundation grant had been reported earlier, and Frank Altschul had offered to pay for a new annex, estimated at about 200,000 dollars.[^8] [[George S. Franklin]], who served as acting executive director in 1952 and 1953, is described in the finding aid of the records of the [[Trilateral Commission]] as executive director of the Council from 1953 to 1971.[^12]
### Corporations with officers who are members, 1951 ### Corporations with officers who are members, 1951
@ -135,29 +144,29 @@ Membership stood at 927 on August 1, 1951 and 933 on August 1, 1952, in the clas
### Correspondence with Allen Dulles, 1950 to 1960 ### Correspondence with Allen Dulles, 1950 to 1960
Several letters between the Council and Dulles are in Central Intelligence Agency files released between 2002 and 2012. On December 12, 1950, Armstrong sent Harriman, then at the [[White House]], a statement signed by members of a Council group that had studied military, economic and political problems of aid to Europe for about two years. His covering letter says the statement does not represent the views of the Council, which is precluded from taking a position on public matters, and is not for publication, and that Dulles had spoken to Harriman about it that morning.[^11] On January 2, 1951, [[Alan G. Kirk]], writing on Department of State letterhead to "Mr. Allen W. Dulles, President, Council on Foreign Relations," declined an invitation to address the Council on January 15 and proposed instead an hour with "four or five besides myself" at the Council's house on January 17 or 18, in a group whose conversations would be "kept within strictly classified lines." A note on the letter records that Dulles told Kirk's wife on January 11 that he would be away for a week.[^12] Several letters between the Council and Dulles are in Central Intelligence Agency files released between 2002 and 2012. On December 12, 1950, Armstrong sent Harriman, then at the [[White House]], a statement signed by members of a Council group that had studied military, economic and political problems of aid to Europe for about two years. His covering letter says the statement does not represent the views of the Council, which is precluded from taking a position on public matters, and is not for publication, and that Dulles had spoken to Harriman about it that morning.[^13] On January 2, 1951, [[Alan G. Kirk]], writing on Department of State letterhead to "Mr. Allen W. Dulles, President, Council on Foreign Relations," declined an invitation to address the Council on January 15 and proposed instead an hour with "four or five besides myself" at the Council's house on January 17 or 18, in a group whose conversations would be "kept within strictly classified lines." A note on the letter records that Dulles told Kirk's wife on January 11 that he would be away for a week.[^14]
On February 13, 1952 Dulles wrote to [[Gordon Dean]], chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]: "the Council is one of my closest interests and I was President of it until I came down here, but as Director and Vice-Chairman of the Board, on leave, I still spend a good deal of time on its work." The letter also refers to "the matter we discussed when you and Gordon Gray and I were together." The distribution line shows the letter was filed with the papers of the Deputy [[Director of Central Intelligence]].[^13] Letters from Franklin of November 24, 1952, January 27, 1953 and June 19, 1953 sent Dulles Council memoranda, a report on Council activities and the agenda for a Committee on Studies luncheon on February 16, 1953, and the Finance Committee's budget and pension plan, with an announcement that a balanced budget for 1952 to 1953 was assured.[^14] On February 13, 1952 Dulles wrote to [[Gordon Dean]], chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]: "the Council is one of my closest interests and I was President of it until I came down here, but as Director and Vice-Chairman of the Board, on leave, I still spend a good deal of time on its work." The letter also refers to "the matter we discussed when you and Gordon Gray and I were together." The distribution line shows the letter was filed with the papers of the Deputy [[Director of Central Intelligence]].[^15] Letters from Franklin of November 24, 1952, January 27, 1953 and June 19, 1953 sent Dulles Council memoranda, a report on Council activities and the agenda for a Committee on Studies luncheon on February 16, 1953, and the Finance Committee's budget and pension plan, with an announcement that a balanced budget for 1952 to 1953 was assured.[^16]
On a letter to the Council's Membership Committee carrying a distribution notation of April 20, 1955, Dulles, as Director of Central Intelligence, endorsed a proposal by [[William H. Jackson]] to admit a person whose name is redacted in the release, writing that he had known the candidate "for a number of years, particularly during his tenure in this Agency."[^15] On February 16, 1956 Armstrong thanked Dulles for attending the Editorial Advisory Board meeting of the previous night and asked about his expenses so that Foreign Affairs could reimburse him. Dulles replied on March 4 to Mallory: "Don't worry about the expenses of my trip as I was able to combine this visit to New York with plenty of official business, so that it is a proper charge against my own official travel account," and added that he was suggesting the Agency "buy several copies" of the Council's ten-year Foreign Affairs Bibliography "for use here in the Agency."[^16] On a letter to the Council's Membership Committee carrying a distribution notation of April 20, 1955, Dulles, as Director of Central Intelligence, endorsed a proposal by [[William H. Jackson]] to admit a person whose name is redacted in the release, writing that he had known the candidate "for a number of years, particularly during his tenure in this Agency."[^17] On February 16, 1956 Armstrong thanked Dulles for attending the Editorial Advisory Board meeting of the previous night and asked about his expenses so that Foreign Affairs could reimburse him. Dulles replied on March 4 to Mallory: "Don't worry about the expenses of my trip as I was able to combine this visit to New York with plenty of official business, so that it is a proper charge against my own official travel account," and added that he was suggesting the Agency "buy several copies" of the Council's ten-year Foreign Affairs Bibliography "for use here in the Agency."[^18]
On April 25, 1958 Armstrong asked Dulles to second a candidate (name redacted) for membership, "particularly" for the study groups on Far Eastern problems.[^17] On May 2, 1958 Franklin, by then executive director, wrote that Secretary [[Neil McElroy]] had accepted an invitation to the June 6 dinner of the Committees on Foreign Relations: "Thank you a great deal for all you did. You obviously produced the bacon."[^18] On August 20, 1959 Dulles told a correspondent that "Foster consulted me at the time he delivered his original speech on this subject before the Council on Foreign Relations," a reference to the speech on massive retaliation by John Foster Dulles.[^19] On April 25, 1958 Armstrong asked Dulles to second a candidate (name redacted) for membership, "particularly" for the study groups on Far Eastern problems.[^19] On May 2, 1958 Franklin, by then executive director, wrote that Secretary [[Neil McElroy]] had accepted an invitation to the June 6 dinner of the Committees on Foreign Relations: "Thank you a great deal for all you did. You obviously produced the bacon."[^20] On August 20, 1959 Dulles told a correspondent that "Foster consulted me at the time he delivered his original speech on this subject before the Council on Foreign Relations," a reference to the speech on massive retaliation by John Foster Dulles.[^21]
On May 6, 1960 Franklin invited Dulles to a Council dinner for [[Adlai Stevenson]] on Friday, June 3 at 7:30, at which Stevenson would describe his recent trip through [[Latin America]], with [[John J. McCloy]] presiding and representatives of the affiliated Committees on Foreign Relations in twenty-nine cities present. Dulles declined, writing that he could not reach New York on "2 June." A memorandum to Dulles of May 16, 1960, filed with the reply (author redacted), states that the Agency had been in touch with William Benton, who accompanied Stevenson on the trip, that Benton "promised to furnish us with a complete set of the notes maintained during their trip," and that in view of this "no attempt was made to get in touch with Governor Stevenson."[^20] On May 6, 1960 Franklin invited Dulles to a Council dinner for [[Adlai Stevenson]] on Friday, June 3 at 7:30, at which Stevenson would describe his recent trip through [[Latin America]], with John J. McCloy presiding and representatives of the affiliated Committees on Foreign Relations in twenty-nine cities present. Dulles declined, writing that he could not reach New York on "2 June." A memorandum to Dulles of May 16, 1960, filed with the reply (author redacted), states that the Agency had been in touch with William Benton, who accompanied Stevenson on the trip, that Benton "promised to furnish us with a complete set of the notes maintained during their trip," and that in view of this "no attempt was made to get in touch with Governor Stevenson."[^22]
### Discussion group on intelligence, 1968 ### Discussion group on intelligence, 1968
The third meeting of the Council's Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy was held at the Harold Pratt House at 5:00 p.m. on January 8, 1968. The minutes list [[Richard Bissell]] as discussion leader, [[C. Douglas Dillon]] as chairman, [[William J. Barnds]] as secretary and William R. Harris as rapporteur, with these others present: [[George Agree]], Frank Altschul, [[Robert Amory Jr.]], [[Meyer Bernstein]], Col. Sidney B. Berry Jr., Allen W. Dulles, George S. Franklin Jr., [[Eugene Fubini]], [[Julius C. Holmes]], [[Thomas L. Hughes]], [[Joseph Kraft]], [[David W. MacEachron]], [[Philip W. Quigg]], [[Harry Howe Ransom]], [[Theodore C. Sorensen]] and [[David B. Truman]]. Dillon stated that the series was off the record, that the subject of the evening was "especially sensitive," and that problems involving the Agency's relationships with private institutions would be examined at a later meeting.[^21] The third meeting of the Council's Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy was held at the Harold Pratt House at 5:00 p.m. on January 8, 1968. The minutes list [[Richard Bissell]] as discussion leader, [[C. Douglas Dillon]] as chairman, [[William J. Barnds]] as secretary and William R. Harris as rapporteur, with these others present: [[George Agree]], Frank Altschul, [[Robert Amory Jr.]], [[Meyer Bernstein]], Col. Sidney B. Berry Jr., Allen W. Dulles, George S. Franklin Jr., [[Eugene Fubini]], [[Julius C. Holmes]], [[Thomas L. Hughes]], [[Joseph Kraft]], [[David W. MacEachron]], [[Philip W. Quigg]], [[Harry Howe Ransom]], [[Theodore C. Sorensen]] and [[David B. Truman]]. Dillon stated that the series was off the record, that the subject of the evening was "especially sensitive," and that problems involving the Agency's relationships with private institutions would be examined at a later meeting.[^23]
Bissell listed eight forms of covert action (political advice and counsel; subsidies to an individual; support of political parties; support of private organizations "including labor unions, business firms, cooperatives, etc."; covert propaganda; private training and exchange of persons; economic operations; and paramilitary or political action to overthrow or support a regime). On disclosures of private-institution support he said, "it is very clear that we should have had greater compartmenting of operations," that "if the Agency is to be effective, it will have to make use of private institutions on an expanding scale, though those relations which have 'blown' cannot be resurrected," and that "we need to operate under deeper cover, with increased attention to the use of 'cut-outs.'"[^21] Bissell listed eight forms of covert action (political advice and counsel; subsidies to an individual; support of political parties; support of private organizations "including labor unions, business firms, cooperatives, etc."; covert propaganda; private training and exchange of persons; economic operations; and paramilitary or political action to overthrow or support a regime). On disclosures of private-institution support he said, "it is very clear that we should have had greater compartmenting of operations," that "if the Agency is to be effective, it will have to make use of private institutions on an expanding scale, though those relations which have 'blown' cannot be resurrected," and that "we need to operate under deeper cover, with increased attention to the use of 'cut-outs.'"[^23]
[[Victor Marchetti]] and [[John D. Marks]] wrote that the minutes became public in 1971 when students occupying the Harvard Center for International Affairs found them in faculty files, that Harris later admitted privately that the text had been partially edited to remove particularly sensitive material, and that the African Research Group reprinted it. They wrote that Barnds had been with the Agency's Office of National Estimates until he joined the Council's staff in the mid-1960s, and quoted a January 1969 article by Barnds in Foreign Affairs: "The disclosure of intelligence activities in the press in recent years is a clear national liability." They also quoted Amory, in a television interview of February 26, 1967, calling press disclosures of Agency funding of the National Student Association and other private groups "a commentary on the immaturity of our society."[^22] [[Victor Marchetti]] and [[John D. Marks]] wrote that the minutes became public in 1971 when students occupying the Harvard Center for International Affairs found them in faculty files, that Harris later admitted privately that the text had been partially edited to remove particularly sensitive material, and that the African Research Group reprinted it. They wrote that Barnds had been with the Agency's Office of National Estimates until he joined the Council's staff in the mid-1960s, and quoted a January 1969 article by Barnds in Foreign Affairs: "The disclosure of intelligence activities in the press in recent years is a clear national liability." They also quoted Amory, in a television interview of February 26, 1967, calling press disclosures of Agency funding of the National Student Association and other private groups "a commentary on the immaturity of our society."[^24]
Of the participants named in the minutes, Altschul, Dulles and Franklin appear in the 1952 officer and committee lists above, and Hughes and Kraft appear in the 1981 membership list of the Trilateral Commission.[^4][^23] Of the participants named in the minutes, Altschul, Dulles and Franklin appear in the 1952 officer and committee lists above, and Hughes and Kraft appear in the 1981 membership list of the Trilateral Commission.[^4][^25]
### Central Intelligence Agency contacts, 1976 to 1979 ### Central Intelligence Agency contacts, 1976 to 1979
A memorandum of July 26, 1976 from the National Intelligence Officer for China, routed via the Assistant to the Director, the Director of Security and the Chief of the Central Cover Staff, reported an invitation from the Council's program director, Rolland Bushner, to speak to the Nashville Committee on Foreign Relations and possibly to committees in Louisville, Indianapolis and St. Louis. It stated that "as is the custom with the Council my remarks will be on a not-for-attribution basis and there will not be publicity," and that the officer would "use some classified data through Confidential but will blend it in to my talk." A note on the memorandum states that the Director of Security "does not concur in the use of classified material." A memorandum of September 7, 1976 moved the second talk from Louisville to Tampa Bay on September 28.[^24] On September 12, 1979, [[Stansfield Turner]], as Director of Central Intelligence, nominated three associates of the National Foreign Assessment Center for the Council's International Affairs Fellowship for 1980 to 1981.[^25] A memorandum of July 26, 1976 from the National Intelligence Officer for China, routed via the Assistant to the Director, the Director of Security and the Chief of the Central Cover Staff, reported an invitation from the Council's program director, Rolland Bushner, to speak to the Nashville Committee on Foreign Relations and possibly to committees in Louisville, Indianapolis and St. Louis. It stated that "as is the custom with the Council my remarks will be on a not-for-attribution basis and there will not be publicity," and that the officer would "use some classified data through Confidential but will blend it in to my talk." A note on the memorandum states that the Director of Security "does not concur in the use of classified material." A memorandum of September 7, 1976 moved the second talk from Louisville to Tampa Bay on September 28.[^26] On September 12, 1979, [[Stansfield Turner]], as Director of Central Intelligence, nominated three associates of the National Foreign Assessment Center for the Council's International Affairs Fellowship for 1980 to 1981.[^27]
### The Corporate Program, the Campaign and the membership roster, 1984 to 1985 ### The Corporate Program, the Campaign and the membership roster, 1984 to 1985
@ -171,29 +180,29 @@ The individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more included [[Giovanni Agnelli]], [
General fund expenditures were 6,778,300 dollars against total funding of 6,718,900. Nonrecurring grants made up 49.8 percent of funding in the fiscal year to June 1972 and 13.8 percent in 1984 to 1985; the International Affairs Fellowship Program, at 346,200 dollars, was paid for by the Ford, MacArthur and Mellon foundations and the National Endowment for the Humanities.[^1] General fund expenditures were 6,778,300 dollars against total funding of 6,718,900. Nonrecurring grants made up 49.8 percent of funding in the fiscal year to June 1972 and 13.8 percent in 1984 to 1985; the International Affairs Fellowship Program, at 346,200 dollars, was paid for by the Ford, MacArthur and Mellon foundations and the National Endowment for the Humanities.[^1]
The report lists as directors, at press time, Harold Brown, Stanley Hoffmann, Nicholas Katzenbach, Lane Kirkland, Juanita Kreps, Robert Scalapino, [[Brent Scowcroft]], Stephen Stamas, Philip Geyelin, McColough, Donald McHenry, Peterson, William D. Rogers, Vance, Marina Whitman, Walter Wriston, Graham Allison, Warren Christopher, Richard Gelb, Alan Greenspan, [[Bobby Ray Inman]], Jeane Kirkpatrick, Lewis Preston and Clifton Wharton. Of these twenty-four, Brown, Allison, Christopher, Kirkland, Greenspan, Kreps and Whitman appear in the Trilateral Commission's North American roster of July 1981.[^1][^23] A letter from McCloy dated June 27, 1985, printed in the report, refers to David Rockefeller's "44 years of close and active association with the Council" and to his "relinquishment of his leadership on the Board."[^1] The report lists as directors, at press time, Harold Brown, Stanley Hoffmann, Nicholas Katzenbach, Lane Kirkland, Juanita Kreps, Robert Scalapino, [[Brent Scowcroft]], Stephen Stamas, Philip Geyelin, McColough, Donald McHenry, Peterson, William D. Rogers, Vance, Marina Whitman, Walter Wriston, Graham Allison, Warren Christopher, Richard Gelb, Alan Greenspan, [[Bobby Ray Inman]], Jeane Kirkpatrick, Lewis Preston and Clifton Wharton. Of these twenty-four, Brown, Allison, Christopher, Kirkland, Greenspan, Kreps and Whitman appear in the Trilateral Commission's North American roster of July 1981.[^1][^25] A letter from McCloy dated June 27, 1985, printed in the report, refers to David Rockefeller's "44 years of close and active association with the Council" and to his "relinquishment of his leadership on the Board."[^1]
### The Bernard L. Schwartz fellowship and the Greenberg Center, 2002 ### The Bernard L. Schwartz fellowship and the Greenberg Center, 2002
On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^26] On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^28]
Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^27] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^28] Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^29] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^30]
### Foreign Affairs ### Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^29] Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^31]
### Recent filings ### Recent filings
The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^30] The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^32]
[[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^30] [[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^32]
Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^31] Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^33]
### Jeffrey Epstein ### Jeffrey Epstein
Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^32] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^33] Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^34] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^35]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -206,27 +215,29 @@ Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|E
[^7]: The Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1946 (New York, 1947): The Social Sciences, sections Council on Foreign Relations and Council on Foreign Relations, History of World War II, pp. 186 to 189, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1946 [^7]: The Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1946 (New York, 1947): The Social Sciences, sections Council on Foreign Relations and Council on Foreign Relations, History of World War II, pp. 186 to 189, https://archive.org/details/the-rockefeller-foundation-annual-report-1946
[^8]: Letter, Council on Foreign Relations (catalogued as from Walter H. Mallory, Executive Director) to Allen W. Dulles, December 17, 1954, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200030019-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200030019-0 [^8]: Letter, Council on Foreign Relations (catalogued as from Walter H. Mallory, Executive Director) to Allen W. Dulles, December 17, 1954, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200030019-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200030019-0
[^9]: Council on Foreign Relations, Receipts (1946-1951), Research Budget, with Contributions of Corporations, Individual Contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund and Corporations with Officers who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, November 1951, 8 pages, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170005-1 [^9]: Council on Foreign Relations, Receipts (1946-1951), Research Budget, with Contributions of Corporations, Individual Contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund and Corporations with Officers who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, November 1951, 8 pages, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170005-1
[^10]: Rockefeller Archive Center, The Trilateral Commission (North America) Records, finding aid by Robert Battaly, April 2011, Institutional History, p. 2, https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/2KaqPEr3JRZv5WBQsf9mKn (text read from the copy at https://archive.org/download/one-world-order-new-world-order/Trilateral%20Commission%20records%20%28Rockefeller%20Archives%29.pdf) [^10]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^11]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to W. Averell Harriman, December 12, 1950, CIA-RDP80R01731R003100010004-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100010004-7 [^11]: John J. McCloy to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2
[^12]: Letter, Alan G. Kirk (Department of State) to Allen W. Dulles, January 2, 1951, with note of January 11, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170026-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170026-8 [^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, The Trilateral Commission (North America) Records, finding aid by Robert Battaly, April 2011, Institutional History, p. 2, https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/2KaqPEr3JRZv5WBQsf9mKn (text read from the copy at https://archive.org/download/one-world-order-new-world-order/Trilateral%20Commission%20records%20%28Rockefeller%20Archives%29.pdf)
[^13]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Gordon Dean, February 13, 1952, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010035-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200010035-4 [^13]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to W. Averell Harriman, December 12, 1950, CIA-RDP80R01731R003100010004-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100010004-7
[^14]: Letters, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, November 24, 1952 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010002-0), January 27, 1953 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020051-5) and June 19, 1953 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020027-2), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200010002-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020051-5 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020027-2 [^14]: Letter, Alan G. Kirk (Department of State) to Allen W. Dulles, January 2, 1951, with note of January 11, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170026-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170026-8
[^15]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to the Membership Committee, Council on Foreign Relations, distribution notation 20 Apr 55 (ER 6-9539/A), CIA-RDP80R01731R001200030009-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200030009-1 [^15]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Gordon Dean, February 13, 1952, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010035-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200010035-4
[^16]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Walter H. Mallory, March 4, 1956 (ER 7-9374/A), with letter of Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Dulles, February 16, 1956, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060049-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060049-1 [^16]: Letters, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, November 24, 1952 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010002-0), January 27, 1953 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020051-5) and June 19, 1953 (CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020027-2), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200010002-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020051-5 and https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020027-2
[^17]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Allen W. Dulles, April 25, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060009-5 [^17]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to the Membership Committee, Council on Foreign Relations, distribution notation 20 Apr 55 (ER 6-9539/A), CIA-RDP80R01731R001200030009-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200030009-1
[^18]: Letter, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, May 2, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060012-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060012-1 [^18]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Walter H. Mallory, March 4, 1956 (ER 7-9374/A), with letter of Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Dulles, February 16, 1956, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060049-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060049-1
[^19]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Ferdinand Lathrop Mayer, August 20, 1959, CIA-RDP80R01731R000300010083-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000300010083-1 [^19]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Allen W. Dulles, April 25, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060009-5
[^20]: Letter, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, May 6, 1960; reply of Allen W. Dulles to Franklin, May 1960; memorandum for Mr. Dulles, May 16, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R004100010066-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004100010066-6 [^20]: Letter, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, May 2, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000060012-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000060012-1
[^21]: Minutes of the third meeting of the Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, Harold Pratt House, January 8, 1968 (reproduced by Public Intelligence as "Minutes of the 1968 Bissell Meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations"), https://info.publicintelligence.net/CFR-BissellMeeting.pdf [^21]: Letter, Allen W. Dulles to Ferdinand Lathrop Mayer, August 20, 1959, CIA-RDP80R01731R000300010083-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000300010083-1
[^22]: Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (Dell paperback ed., 1975), "Covert-Action Theory," pp. 55 to 56, and "Controlling the CIA," pp. 332 to 333 (note on p. 332), https://archive.org/details/ciacultofintelli00marc_1 [^22]: Letter, George S. Franklin Jr. to Allen W. Dulles, May 6, 1960; reply of Allen W. Dulles to Franklin, May 1960; memorandum for Mr. Dulles, May 16, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R004100010066-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004100010066-6
[^23]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "As of July 1, 1981," reprinted in Congressional Research Service, The Trilateral Commission, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981), https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19810501_IP0092_2d3ea09e2c6068af730f41d315f4ea490bc91878.pdf [^23]: Minutes of the third meeting of the Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, Harold Pratt House, January 8, 1968 (reproduced by Public Intelligence as "Minutes of the 1968 Bissell Meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations"), https://info.publicintelligence.net/CFR-BissellMeeting.pdf
[^24]: Memoranda, National Intelligence Officer for China to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for National Intelligence, July 26, 1976 (NIO 1215-76) and September 7, 1976 (NIO 1426-76), CIA-RDP83B00100R000100130019-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00100r000100130019-2 [^24]: Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (Dell paperback ed., 1975), "Covert-Action Theory," pp. 55 to 56, and "Controlling the CIA," pp. 332 to 333 (note on p. 332), https://archive.org/details/ciacultofintelli00marc_1
[^25]: Letter, Stansfield Turner to Alton Frye, Director, International Affairs Fellowships, Council on Foreign Relations, September 12, 1979, CIA-RDP80B01554R003300220008-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01554r003300220008-8 [^25]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "As of July 1, 1981," reprinted in Congressional Research Service, The Trilateral Commission, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981), https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19810501_IP0092_2d3ea09e2c6068af730f41d315f4ea490bc91878.pdf
[^26]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign [^26]: Memoranda, National Intelligence Officer for China to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for National Intelligence, July 26, 1976 (NIO 1215-76) and September 7, 1976 (NIO 1426-76), CIA-RDP83B00100R000100130019-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00100r000100130019-2
[^27]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt [^27]: Letter, Stansfield Turner to Alton Frye, Director, International Affairs Fellowships, Council on Foreign Relations, September 12, 1979, CIA-RDP80B01554R003300220008-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01554r003300220008-8
[^28]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b [^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign
[^29]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct [^29]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt
[^30]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml) [^30]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b
[^31]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1 [^31]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct
[^32]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf [^32]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml)
[^33]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf [^33]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1
[^34]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf
[^35]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf

38
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/First Intercontinental Development Corporation.md
View file

@ -10,8 +10,20 @@ tags:
- NSA - NSA
- PROMIS - PROMIS
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
updated: 2026-10-08 updated: 2026-10-09
summary: "First Intercontinental Development Corporation was a company whose board of directors included prominent figures with ties to government and intelligence, and it was reportedly a National Security Council cutout." summary: "First Intercontinental Development Corporation was a company whose board of directors included prominent figures with ties to government and intelligence, and it was reportedly a National Security Council cutout."
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[George K. Pender]]"
reverse: true
start: 1970
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[George K. Pender]]"
reverse: true
role: "director"
start: 1983
fn: 3
--- ---
First Intercontinental Development Corporation (FIDCO) was a company whose board of directors included prominent figures with ties to government and intelligence, and it was reportedly a [[National Security Council|NSC]] cutout. It figures in [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation.[^1] First Intercontinental Development Corporation (FIDCO) was a company whose board of directors included prominent figures with ties to government and intelligence, and it was reportedly a [[National Security Council|NSC]] cutout. It figures in [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation.[^1]
@ -22,7 +34,7 @@ The Board of Directors of FIDCO consisted of individuals with significant backgr
* [[Robert Maheu]], Sr.: Vice President, Director; former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent and former CEO of Howard Hughes Operations.[^1] * [[Robert Maheu]], Sr.: Vice President, Director; former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent and former CEO of Howard Hughes Operations.[^1]
* [[Michael A. McManus]]: Director, Vice President, and General Counsel to FIDCO; former Assistant to President [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[White House]].[^1] * [[Michael A. McManus]]: Director, Vice President, and General Counsel to FIDCO; former Assistant to President [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[White House]].[^1]
* [[Robert Booth Nichols]]: Director, Senior Vice President, and Chairman of Investment Committee; CEO of R.B.N. Companies, International, involved in high technology electronics, real estate, construction, and international finance.[^1] * [[Robert Booth Nichols]]: Director, Senior Vice President, and Chairman of Investment Committee; CEO of R.B.N. Companies, International, involved in high technology electronics, real estate, construction, and international finance.[^1]
* [[George K. Pender]]: Director; former Director of [[Pacific Ocean]] area of Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering and construction corporation.[^1] * [[George K. Pender]]: founder (1970) and president and chief executive officer according to his 1999 obituary;[^2] listed among the directors as of January 11, 1983 in a 2016 FOIA request;[^3] Seymour wrote that he was a Director and a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area of Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering and construction corporation.[^1]
* [[Kenneth A. Roe]]: Director; Chairman and President of Burns & Roe, Inc., involved in major projects like the [[United States|U.S.A.]] Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor Plant.[^1] * [[Kenneth A. Roe]]: Director; Chairman and President of Burns & Roe, Inc., involved in major projects like the [[United States|U.S.A.]] Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor Plant.[^1]
* [[Frances T. Fox]]: Vice President and Director; former General Manager of L.A. International Airport and Director of Aviation for Howard Hughes Nevada operations (now Summa Corporation).[^1] * [[Frances T. Fox]]: Vice President and Director; former General Manager of L.A. International Airport and Director of Aviation for Howard Hughes Nevada operations (now Summa Corporation).[^1]
* [[Clint W. Murchison, Jr.]]: Director; owner of the Dallas Cowboys NFL football team, with family ties to powerful political and organized crime figures.[^1] * [[Clint W. Murchison, Jr.]]: Director; owner of the Dallas Cowboys NFL football team, with family ties to powerful political and organized crime figures.[^1]
@ -31,19 +43,27 @@ The Board of Directors of FIDCO consisted of individuals with significant backgr
### Activities and Allegations ### Activities and Allegations
FIDCO was reportedly used as a NSC cutout in [[Lebanon]] to arrange the release of a prisoner. [[Peter Zokosky]] told Seymour in 2001 that FIDCO was an "NSA front corporation used in Lebanon," that its directors "contracted" with Nichols, and that he had been on it "briefly."[^2] According to Seymour, letters of the summer of 1983 between Michael A. McManus and George K. Pender concerned FIDCO's role in Lebanon. A follow-up letter from George K. Pender to [[Amin Gamayel]], the president of Lebanon, indicated that transactions could be telexed to Robert Booth Nichols' address. The Arab Bank Limited in Amman, [[Jordan]], responded positively to a potential financial transaction of "US$ three billion or more" for the reconstruction of Lebanon.[^1] FIDCO was reportedly used as a NSC cutout in [[Lebanon]] to arrange the release of a prisoner. [[Peter Zokosky]] told Seymour in 2001 that FIDCO was an "NSA front corporation used in Lebanon," that its directors "contracted" with Nichols, and that he had been on it "briefly."[^4] According to Seymour, letters of the summer of 1983 between Michael A. McManus and George K. Pender concerned FIDCO's role in Lebanon. A follow-up letter from George K. Pender to [[Amin Gamayel]], the president of Lebanon, indicated that transactions could be telexed to Robert Booth Nichols' address. The Arab Bank Limited in Amman, [[Jordan]], responded positively to a potential financial transaction of "US$ three billion or more" for the reconstruction of Lebanon.[^1]
[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed that FIDCO was a NSC corporate cutout and that he was a technical advisor for the organization. He also stated that FIDCO had a companion company called Euramae Trading, which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, allegedly as a NSC-directed operation.[^1] The FBI reported no responsive documents on a 2016 FOIA request for FIDCO records, and the no-records finding was affirmed on appeal.[^3]
An FBI Los Angeles airtel of December 3, 1990, captioned "Front Door; Major Case 90," reported that searches of FBI indices on George K. Pender, "Chairman of First Intercontinental Development Cooperation," produced three references, that investigation "revealed PENDER to be a self-employed consulting engineer," and that "The case was closed without any interview of PENDER."[^5] An [[INSLAW]] memorandum to the record dated July 18, 1990, reported [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s statement that for a 1980 mission to [[Iran]] [[Earl Brian]] "liaised with George Pender, whom we have later discovered was Chairman of the First Intercontinental Development Corporation (FIDCO)," and that Mr. and Mrs. Reagan owned shares in FIDCO through proxies held by Pender, his daughter or Michael McManus.[^6]
Michael Riconosciuto claimed that FIDCO was a NSC corporate cutout and that he was a technical advisor for the organization. He also stated that FIDCO had a companion company called Euramae Trading, which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, allegedly as a NSC-directed operation.[^1]
Robert Booth Nichols used FIDCO to verify his credibility in proposed arms projects, including the construction of an R&D facility for weapons systems on the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. Michael Riconosciuto also claimed that Robert Booth Nichols was involved in illicit activities through FIDCO, including attempting to take embargoed technology out of the United States.[^1] Robert Booth Nichols used FIDCO to verify his credibility in proposed arms projects, including the construction of an R&D facility for weapons systems on the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. Michael Riconosciuto also claimed that Robert Booth Nichols was involved in illicit activities through FIDCO, including attempting to take embargoed technology out of the United States.[^1]
### Nevada Charter Record ### Nevada Charter Record
The filing index of Nevada charter C417-1961 lists an amendment on August 7, 1984 under the name First Intercontinental Development Corporation, with authorized stock of 10,000,000 shares at one cent par. The same charter's earlier amendments read Nevada Real Estate Investment Corporation (1972), Harbor Resources Incorporated (1979) and Western Smelting & Refining, Inc. (1982); its current record is under the name [[Meridian International Logistics]], Inc., Robert Booth Nichols's holding company, with annual lists filed from 1998 to 2002, a 1992 registered agent in Las Vegas, and the status "Permanently Revoked."[^3] A separate California stock corporation named First Intercontinental Development Corporation (number 0871867) shows Franchise Tax Board suspensions in 1983, 1994 and 2000.[^4] The filing index of Nevada charter C417-1961 lists an amendment on August 7, 1984 under the name First Intercontinental Development Corporation, with authorized stock of 10,000,000 shares at one cent par. The same charter's earlier amendments read Nevada Real Estate Investment Corporation (1972), Harbor Resources Incorporated (1979) and Western Smelting & Refining, Inc. (1982); its current record is under the name [[Meridian International Logistics]], Inc., Robert Booth Nichols's holding company, with annual lists filed from 1998 to 2002, a 1992 registered agent in Las Vegas, and the status "Permanently Revoked."[^7] A separate California stock corporation named First Intercontinental Development Corporation (number 0871867) shows Franchise Tax Board suspensions in 1983, 1994 and 2000.[^8]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Sole source. [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001. Sole source. [^2]: College of the Holy Cross, *Holy Cross Magazine*, "In Memoriam," Summer 1999, entry for George K. Pender (died Jan. 6, 1999). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20040812105331/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer99/in_memoriam/1927.html
[^3]: OpenCorporates, record and filing list for Meridian International Logistics, Inc., Nevada company C417-1961 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_nv/C417-1961/filings [^3]: Best, Emma. FOIA request "FIDCO," submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation through MuckRock, submitted February 9, 2016 (FBI number 1344462-000; appeal DOJ-AP-2016-002797, final disposition June 21, 2016). The board list as of January 11, 1983 is as stated in the request text. https://web.archive.org/web/20191224043712/https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/fidco-23873/
[^4]: OpenCorporates, record for First Intercontinental Development Corporation, California company 0871867 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0871867 [^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001.
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, airtel to the Director, "Front Door; Major Case 90," December 3, 1990, released June 2019 in FBI file 1344385-002. https://cdn.muckrock.com/foia_files/2019/07/01/6-24-19_MR23694.pdf (pages 6 and 7)
[^6]: INSLAW, Inc., Memorandum to the Record, July 18, 1990, in "Inslaw - Press Releases," Internet Archive item InslawPressReleases. https://archive.org/details/InslawPressReleases
[^7]: OpenCorporates, record and filing list for Meridian International Logistics, Inc., Nevada company C417-1961 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_nv/C417-1961/filings
[^8]: OpenCorporates, record for First Intercontinental Development Corporation, California company 0871867 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0871867

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---
aliases:
- Ford Foundation
- The Ford Foundation
- Ford Foundation of Michigan
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- FordFoundation
- Philanthropy
- ColdWar
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- KatzenbachCommittee
- ChurchCommittee
- RandCorporation
- CenterForAdvancedStudyBehavioralSciences
- EastEuropeanFund
- TaxReformAct1969
- DurbanConference
- ParapsychologyResearch
summary: "Michigan foundation chartered by Edsel Ford in 1936 that the CIA approached for cover funding from 1951 and that financed the Congress for Cultural Freedom both before and after its 1966 to 1967 exposure."
start: 1936
location: "New York City; chartered in Michigan"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Edsel Ford]]"
reverse: true
start: 1936-02
role: "chartered in Michigan with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Paul G. Hoffman]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950-11
end: 1953-03
role: "president"
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[H. Rowan Gaither]]"
reverse: true
start: 1953-03
end: 1956-10
role: "president"
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[Henry T. Heald]]"
reverse: true
start: 1956-10
end: 1965-12
role: "president"
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[McGeorge Bundy]]"
reverse: true
start: 1966-03
end: 1979-05
role: "president"
fn: 3
- type: director_of
with: "[[John J. McCloy]]"
reverse: true
start: 1959
end: 1965-12
role: "chairman of the board of trustees (trustee from 1953)"
fn: 27
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Richard Bissell]]"
reverse: true
start: 1952-01
end: 1954
role: "staff member from January 1952, described as a consultant by Langenkamp"
fn: 21
- type: funded
with: "[[Fighting Group against Inhumanity]]"
start: 1951-04
role: "grant of 150,000 dollars, channeled through the National Committee for a Free Europe"
fn: 14
- type: funded
with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1957-10
end: 1962-12
role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, then 250,000 dollars a year through 1962"
fn: 37
- type: funded
with: "[[International Association for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1966-09
end: 1978-03
role: "grant of 7,000,000 dollars announced 1966; renewed 1972 at 400,000 dollars a year"
fn: 46
- type: funded
with: "[[Rand Corporation]]"
start: 1948-05
role: "interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars after RAND's separation from Douglas Aircraft; loan extended to 1,000,000 dollars in 1950"
fn: 66
- type: funded
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
start: 1952-04
role: "grant of 875,000 dollars to the Center for International Studies in spring 1952"
fn: 62
- type: funded
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1964-10
end: 1965-09
role: "grant of 1,000,000 dollars under American education in world affairs in fiscal 1965"
fn: 69
- type: owned
with: "[[East European Fund]]"
role: "subsidiary, per Langenkamp"
fn: 71
- type: funded
with: "[[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]]"
start: 1954
role: "helped establish the center at Stanford University; grant of 3,411,590 dollars for five years in fiscal 1954"
fn: 74
---
The Ford Foundation is a philanthropic foundation chartered in Michigan in 1936 by [[Edsel Ford]] with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars.[^1] Ford Motor Company stock valued at 417 million dollars passed to it after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and [[Henry Ford]] in 1947. By New Year's Eve 1950 the endowment stood at 492 million dollars, and its assets dwarfed those of the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the two largest American foundations until then.[^2] From April 1951 the foundation's officers were approached by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the [[U.S. Department of State]] about channeling Cold War projects through the foundation. It financed the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF) from 1957 until the successor organization, the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), was dissolved in March 1978.
### Founding and the Gaither study
The foundation's presidents were Edsel Ford, from February 1936 to June 1943; [[Henry Ford II]], from July 1943 to November 1950; [[Paul G. Hoffman]], from November 1950 to March 1953; [[H. Rowan Gaither]], from March 1953 to October 1956; [[Henry T. Heald]], from October 1956 to December 1965; and [[McGeorge Bundy]], from March 1966 to May 1979.[^3]
Henry Ford II commissioned a blue-ribbon panel led by Gaither to explore the foundation's future. The panel advised that the foundation become a national and international philanthropy, and its recommendations were approved unanimously in 1950.[^4] The Henry Ford museum's collection of foundation papers lists a "Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy, 1949."[^5] Gaither had helped turn the [[Rand Corporation]] from an Air Force branch into an independent think tank and served as a RAND trustee until 1959. Henry Ford II had brought him in during 1947 to help set the foundation's priorities.[^6]
### Hoffman's first contacts with the CIA, 1951
On April 3, 1951 Hoffman and his associates met Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]], who assured them that his department would put its liaison machinery "into high gear" for exchanges with the foundation.[^7] The same day they met CIA Director [[Walter Bedell Smith]] and [[Allen Dulles]], who was soon to be promoted to Smith's deputy as director of plans. After instructing their hosts "never to refer to [this meeting] as long as we lived," Smith and Dulles raised the agency's plans. These included the rehabilitation of defectors and the settlement of exiles from the Soviet bloc, medical and laboratory equipment for the [[University of Tehran]], and "area centers" to study regions open to Soviet overtures.[^8]
A memorandum dated April 2, 1951 and signed by [[Max Millikan]] as the agency's assistant director for research and reports listed projects the agency wanted the foundation to support. The list named area studies of Indonesia, Indochina, India, Pakistan and Iraq, and an analysis of the nature, validity and scope of Soviet statistics and statistical methods.[^9]
On April 13, 1951 staff delegations from the State Department and the agency met the foundation in New York. The foundation was told that it might receive project proposals backed by both. The first projects it was asked to support "unqualified and urgent" were the [[Free University of Berlin]], a university for Soviet bloc exiles near Strasbourg, the [[International Federation of War Veterans' Organizations]], and a study of Soviet tactics in the Far East under the auspices of the [[National Committee for a Free Asia]], which the agency had created.[^10]
On April 30, 1951 [[Sidney Hook]] applied for 1,000,000 dollars over three years for the CCF.[^11] [[Joseph McDaniel]], the foundation's Pasadena officer, questioned the CCF's usefulness and advised that the CIA take on full sponsorship. [[Robert M. Hutchins]] found Hook "contentious and erratic" and regarded the CCF's purpose as "mere propaganda." The Pasadena office voted against the proposal "as a matter of policy." On June 27, 1951 the foundation notified Hook that it could not comply.[^12] The outcome was communicated to the agency by [[James Burnham]], who had acted as liaison between the CCF and the agency.[^13]
### The Fighting Group and the National Committee for a Free Europe
In April 1951 the foundation obtained a grant of 150,000 dollars for the Fighting Group against Inhumanity, a West Berlin anti-Communist group. [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] had pressed Hoffman to take an interest in the group, with the approval of the State Department and the CIA. Hoffman required that the money be used for humanitarian activities, namely locating arrested and missing people in the Soviet zone and aiding victims of Soviet injustice, and he stated that "we cannot contribute to subversive activities." The grant was therefore channeled through the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] (NCFE), which Langenkamp describes as a CIA proprietary set up to carry out covert refugee assistance and counterpropaganda, including the work of [[Radio Free Europe]].[^14]
Foundation officers later became alarmed by the group's "more aggressive action in fields and by means not entirely consistent with the purposes of the Foundation" and moved to suspend the final allotment. [[Bernard Gladieux]], who was still acting as a liaison with the CIA, persuaded his colleagues that cancellation would "completely disrupt the present relations between the NCFE and the Fighting Group."[^15] In 1954 Gladieux acknowledged his continuing relationship with the CIA at a hearing of the [[Reece Committee]].[^16]
In 1952 Hoffman told the trustees that the foundation was not to support activities "which would destroy its effectiveness in working for peace" by appearing as a tool for combating Soviet power.[^17] A proposed "Free University in Exile," an NCFE project, was sidetracked by Hutchins and others on the ground that the NCFE was "a cold war propaganda organization rather than an educational institution." The NCFE's president, [[DeWitt C. Poole]], regarded that reasoning as tenuous, given that the foundation had granted 1,309,500 dollars to the Free University of Berlin.[^18]
By early 1954 the foundation's leadership had adopted, in the words of [[Don K. Price]], the position that "we're just not going to mix in with these action agencies" like the CCF. A renewed request for 500,000 dollars for the CCF's publication activities, submitted by both the CCF and the CIA in March 1954, faced rejection, according to Langenkamp.[^19]
### Hoffman's departure and the Gaither years
In February 1953 Henry Ford II, a staunch supporter of Gaither, forced Hoffman to resign. At the same trustees' meeting Gaither was elected president, director and trustee.[^20] Langenkamp describes the two men's approaches as diverging, with Hoffman favoring international dialogue and Gaither a harder line in the Cold War.[^20]
### Richard Bissell and the staff of 1952
The Eisenhower Presidential Library's finding aid for the papers of [[Richard Bissell]] states that he joined the foundation's staff in January 1952 after leaving the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] (later the [[Mutual Security Agency]]) and, after a brief tenure, resigned in 1954.[^21] Langenkamp describes Bissell as a consultant to the foundation who left in 1954 to become special assistant to Allen Dulles.[^22] Langenkamp also cites [[Burton Hersh]] for an account in which Bissell, as Dulles's special assistant, helped [[Franklin A. Lindsay]] on an "internal, no-holds-barred study of techniques that could be used to roll back the Communists in Europe."[^23] Langenkamp describes Lindsay as a CIA operative whom the foundation took on after his return from Europe, where he had helped set up the network of counter-front groups that included the CCF.[^23]
### Shepard Stone, John McCloy and the European program
[[John J. McCloy]], the former United States High Commissioner for Germany, had been brought in as a consultant by Henry Ford II. McCloy pressed the foundation to add a full European program, and [[Shepard Stone]], McCloy's former public affairs director at the High Commission, became its director.[^24] On December 31, 1951, as he left Germany, McCloy wrote to Hoffman urging the foundation to "help to carry on certain operations which the future [US] Embassy may find difficult to continue, but which are of great significance to United States objectives in Germany."[^25] Stone regarded the CCF as "the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders."[^26]
The foundation's 1965 annual report states that McCloy served on the board of trustees from 1953 and as its chairman from 1959, retiring on December 31, 1965, and that [[Julius A. Stratton]], president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and a trustee since 1955, was elected chairman to replace him.[^27] By 1962, when Stone proposed a guarantee for the CCF, McCloy was chairman of the board.[^28]
On April 29, 1953 McCloy wrote to Allen W. Dulles that he was "delighted to have a report from Shep Stone" that Dulles would participate in a study group. The group would be "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under [[Henry Roberts]], then on leave from [[Columbia University]]. "Though the group will be entirely unofficial, its findings will be made available to our government," McCloy wrote.[^29]
On February 25, 1954 Stone wrote to McCloy about the CCF's funding. "You know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know," he wrote.[^30] Stone later told the foundation's oral history project that he never held a security clearance, but that he would from time to time approach Dulles for information about Eastern Europe.[^31]
### Price's rule and the CIA arrangement, 1954 to 1962
A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by Don K. Price set the foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs. Such projects could be recommended, infrequently, if they were "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and only with the prior approval of three trustees: "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'"[^32] Langenkamp writes that Price and McCloy later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the CIA's access to foundation officers and grantees.[^33] In McCloy's words, the foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" if it closed the door on the agency completely. Price had warned Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]] sternly: "The first time you meddle with our boys," he said, "we'll quit this whole program."[^33]
[[Thomas Braden]], the CIA officer in charge of its public and private relations, recalled in an interview that the agency "never used the large and genuine American foundations like the Rockefeller, Ford or Carnegie, except once in the case of the Ford Foundation." Langenkamp notes that it is not clear whether the statement is true, or for which project it would apply.[^34]
Dulles repeatedly sought to recruit the foundation's fellows. In 1958 he invited several foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on agency operations. In the early 1960s Heald repeated the foundation's position to [[John A. McCone]], then the CIA director, without effect.[^35]
In February 1961 the trustees disallowed grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other sources of income. In 1962 they added that institutions receiving funds from "undisclosed United States Government sources" did not qualify.[^36]
### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1957 to 1967
In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.[^37] Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.[^38]
In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.[^39] In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.[^40]
An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. [[Michael Josselson]], the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."[^41]
In 1964 [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."[^42]
### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures and the International Association for Cultural Freedom
From April 25 to 29, 1966 the [[New York Times]] published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine [[Encounter]].[^43] [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.[^44] Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]], president of [[Cornell University]], wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."[^45]
On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^46] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.[^47]
In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account.[^48] In April 1967 [[Jason Epstein]] published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the [[New York Review of Books]]. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.[^49]
On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.[^50] [[Raymond Aron]], whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.[^51]
The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^52]
Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and [[Pierre Emmanuel]] became its director.[^53] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.[^54] In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]], renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^54]
In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, [[Craufurd Goodwin]] called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.[^55]
In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.[^56]
### The Katzenbach Committee and the end of covert grants, 1967
After the 1967 disclosures, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] established a committee composed of [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], Under Secretary of State, [[John W. Gardner]], Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and [[Richard Helms]], the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The [[Church Committee]] describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.[^57] The committee's report, as printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.[^58]
On June 4, 1968 [[Dean Rusk]] advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."[^59] The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and [[Radio Liberty]].[^60]
### Grants to Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^61] The [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to [[Daniel Bessner]].[^62] The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^63]
The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."[^64] The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^64][^65]
### Grants to RAND Corporation
After RAND separated from [[Douglas Aircraft]] on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.[^66] In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, [[Hans Speier]], director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."[^67] Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."[^68]
### Grants to the Council on Foreign Relations
The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] under the heading American education in world affairs.[^69]
### Grants to the International Institute for Strategic Studies
The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.[^70]
### The East European Fund and Columbia University
Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the [[East European Fund]], was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. [[George F. Kennan]] proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.[^71]
Langenkamp notes that [[Philip E. Mosely]] advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.[^72]
### Behavioral sciences and the Center for Advanced Study
The foundation helped establish the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].[^73] The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.[^74]
### Parapsychology
The [[Parapsychology Foundation]] was founded in 1951 by [[Eileen Garrett|Eileen J. Garrett]] with the support of [[Frances P. Bolton]], and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.[^75]
### The 1969 tax reform hearings
In 1969 the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.[^76] McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.[^76]
The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."[^77] Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of [[Carl Stokes]], and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the [[Southern Regional Council]] offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1969]], Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."[^78]
### The 2001 Durban conference
In 2003 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] published a two-month investigation by [[Edwin Black]], the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in [[Durban]].[^79] It reported that the [[Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment]], known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the [[Palestinian NGO Network]] received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.[^79]
The foundation's communications vice president, [[Alex Wilde]], initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."[^80]
### Records at the Rockefeller Archive Center
The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).[^81]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), 1936 entry, stating that the foundation is chartered in Michigan by Edsel Ford with an initial gift of $25,000. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
[^2]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), note 1 (Ford Motor Company stock valued at $417 million after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947; endowment of $492 million by New Year's Eve 1950; the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations named as the two largest until then). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^3]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), list of presidents: Edsel Ford, February 1936 to June 1943; Henry Ford II, July 1943 to November 1950; Paul G. Hoffman, November 1950 to March 1953; H. Rowan Gaither Jr., March 1953 to October 1956; Henry T. Heald, October 1956 to December 1965; McGeorge Bundy, March 1966 to May 1979. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
[^4]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), 1947 and 1950 entries, describing the blue-ribbon panel led by H. Rowan Gaither that Henry Ford II commissioned, its advice that the foundation become a national and international philanthropy, and the trustees' unanimous approval of its recommendations. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
[^5]: The Henry Ford, Ford Foundation Collection, Acc. 923, finding aid, listing "Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy, 1949." https://findingaids.thehenryford.org/xtf/data/pdf/923_FordFoundationCollection.pdf
[^6]: Langenkamp, note 10 (Gaither's role in transforming RAND from an Air Force branch into an independent think tank, his trusteeship until 1959, and Henry Ford II's hiring of him in 1947 to help set the foundation's priorities). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^7]: Langenkamp, p. 2 and note 2, on the April 3, 1951 meeting with Acheson and the assurance that the State Department would put its liaison machinery "into high gear." https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^8]: Langenkamp, pp. 2 to 3 and notes 3 to 5, on the meeting with Walter Bedell Smith and Allen Dulles on April 3, 1951, including the "never to refer" instruction and the agency's proposals; citing the Robert M. Hutchins oral history (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618, Box 36, Folder 187) and H. Rowan Gaither's notes of the conference (Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 1).
[^9]: CIA, Assistant Director, Research and Reports (Max F. Millikan), memorandum "Suggestions on kinds of projects we would like to see the Ford Foundation support," April 2, 1951. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000100060036-2
[^10]: Langenkamp, pp. 2 to 3, on the April 13, 1951 follow-up meeting, the requests for the Free University of Berlin, the Strasbourg university, the International Federation of War Veterans' Organizations and the National Committee for a Free Asia, described as CIA-created and later the Asia Foundation. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^11]: Langenkamp, pp. 4 to 5 and notes 14 and 15, on Hook's application for $1,000,000 over three years and Gladieux's report to McDaniel. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^12]: Langenkamp, pp. 4 to 6 and notes 16 to 18 (McDaniel's advice that the CIA better take on full sponsorship; Hutchins's characterization of Hook as "contentious and erratic" and of the CCF's purpose as "mere propaganda"; Gladieux to Hook, June 27, 1951; the Pasadena vote "as a matter of policy"). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^13]: Langenkamp, note 18, citing James Burnham's memorandum 02.446 of July 5, 1950 (Hoover Institution Archives, James Burnham Papers, Box 11, Folder 5) on his role as liaison between the CCF and the agency.
[^14]: Langenkamp, pp. 6 to 7 and notes 24 to 26, on the Fighting Group against Inhumanity, the $150,000 grant of April 1951, Eleanor Roosevelt's role, Hoffman's humanitarian condition and "we cannot contribute to subversive activities," and the channeling through the NCFE, described as a CIA proprietary (citing Eric Thomas Chester, "Covert Network," pp. 84 to 96, and the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file 05100034, FA732E). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^15]: Langenkamp, pp. 6 to 7 and notes 27 and 28, on the suspension of the final allotment, the "more aggressive action" language, and Gladieux's argument to McDaniel that cancellation would "completely disrupt the present relations between the NCFE and the Fighting Group" (Gladieux to McDaniel, May 23, 1952, Grant File 05100034, FA732E).
[^16]: Langenkamp, note 27, citing Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Third Congress, Second Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 1198, on Gladieux's acknowledgment of his continuing CIA relationship.
[^17]: Langenkamp, p. 8 and note 28, quoting Hoffman's 1952 statement to the trustees (Hoffman, Report to the Trustees, February 4, 1952).
[^18]: Langenkamp, note 29, citing Yorke Allen, Jr., memorandum "National Committee for Free Europe," March 20, 1952 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller Records, FA326), for the sidetracking of the Free University in Exile application and DeWitt C. Poole's regard for the reasoning as "rather tenuous" in light of the foundation's grant of $1,309,500 to the Free University in West Berlin. The sidetracking account is Langenkamp's reading of this memorandum.
[^19]: Langenkamp, pp. 7 to 8, quoting Don K. Price's statement that "we're just not going to mix in with these action agencies," and the renewed request for $500,000 for the CCF's publication activities. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^20]: Langenkamp, note 22 and p. 5 (in February 1953 Henry Ford II forced Hoffman to resign; Gaither was elected president, director and trustee at the same trustees' meeting; the contrast between Hoffman's international dialogue and Gaither's harder line).
[^21]: Eisenhower Presidential Library, Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Ford Foundation Series finding aid, series description ("Richard Bissell joined the staff of the Ford Foundation in January 1952 after leaving the Economic Cooperation Administration (later the Mutual Security Agency). After a brief tenure he resigned in 1954."). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/ford-foundation-series.pdf
[^22]: Langenkamp, note 8, describing Richard M. Bissell, Jr. as a consultant to the foundation who in 1954 left to become Dulles's special assistant.
[^23]: Langenkamp, note 8, citing Burton Hersh, "The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA" (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), p. 319, for Bissell's study with Franklin A. Lindsay, and describing Lindsay's role. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^24]: Langenkamp, pp. 11 to 12 and note 49, on McCloy's insistence on a full European program, its direction by Shepard Stone, and McCloy's role as a consultant brought in by Henry Ford II.
[^25]: Langenkamp, note 49, citing McCloy to Hoffman, December 31, 1951, quoted in Kai Bird, "The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 358.
[^26]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and note 50, on Stone's view of the CCF as "the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders."
[^27]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening review by the president, on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 ("as a member of the Board since 1953 and as chairman since 1959") and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^28]: Langenkamp, p. 13 (by the time of Stone's 1962 proposal McCloy "in the meantime having assumed the chairmanship of the board of trustees").
[^29]: John J. McCloy to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2
[^30]: Langenkamp, note 50, citing Stone to McCloy, February 25, 1954, quoted in Volker R. Berghahn, "America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe: Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 223.
[^31]: Langenkamp, note 50, citing the transcript of the Shepard Stone oral history interview of December 12, 1972, pp. 25 to 27 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618).
[^32]: Langenkamp, note 56, citing Don K. Price's memorandum of May 21, 1954, quoted in the text on the three-trustee approval requirement (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618).
[^33]: Langenkamp, note 56, citing Price's oral history of June 22, 1972, p. 70, and McCloy's interview with Kai Bird (Bird, "The Chairman," p. 427), for the defense of the arrangement, the "shirts clean" remark and Price's warning to Dulles and Wisner.
[^34]: Langenkamp, note 21, quoting Braden as cited in Joel Kotek, "Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War," in The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945-1960, ed. Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 152, and Langenkamp's remark that it is not clear whether the statement is true.
[^35]: Langenkamp, note 57, citing 1958 and 1959 CIA correspondence (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, General Correspondence, FA735), John B. Howard's oral history of February 15, 1973, and Henry T. Heald's oral history of February 25, 1972, pp. 26 to 27 (Box 35, Folder 180), for the 1958 Washington briefing and Heald's repetition of the position to McCone.
[^36]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 58, citing the Executive Committee minutes of February 10, 1961 in the Shepard Stone Papers (Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College), as cited by Berghahn, p. 227, and the 1962 addition.
[^37]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962).
[^38]: Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant").
[^39]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure.
[^40]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years.
[^41]: Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal.
[^42]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^43]: Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article.
[^44]: Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3).
[^45]: Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University).
[^46]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences.
[^47]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
[^48]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38.
[^49]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967.
[^50]: Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret.
[^51]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179).
[^52]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000.
[^53]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf
[^54]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978).
[^55]: Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation.
[^56]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review.
[^57]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^58]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260
[^59]: Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1).
[^60]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^61]: Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade.
[^62]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^63]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^64]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^65]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^66]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^67]: Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3).
[^68]: Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations.
[^69]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^70]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^71]: Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^72]: Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744).
[^73]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf
[^74]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^75]: Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/
[^76]: James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
[^77]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762).
[^78]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/
[^79]: Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
[^80]: Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists
[^81]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf

8
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/G-Force nightclub.md
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@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ tags:
- Marc_Dutroux - Marc_Dutroux
- Spartacus_Network - Spartacus_Network
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
summary: "The G-Force was an Amsterdam nightclub frequented by Marc Dutroux and Robbie Van Der Plancken and owned by American John Edward Mullaney, identified in Morkhoven Workgroup dossiers as a node in the Belgian-Dutch child abuse network." summary: "Amsterdam nightclub owned by American John Edward Mullaney, named in Morkhoven Workgroup dossiers as frequented by Marc Dutroux and Robbie Van Der Plancken."
location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands" location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands"
--- ---
The G-Force was a nightclub in [[Amsterdam]] frequented by [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]], according to a dossier compiled by the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]]. The club was owned by an American identified as John Edward Mullaney. Mullaney could be linked to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] through a company called Korper and Korver, as well as to [[Karel Maasdam]] through another company called Adonis. The bar at the G-Force was operated by an individual named Gerda Lamere.[^1] The G-Force was a nightclub in [[Amsterdam]] frequented by [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]], according to a dossier compiled by the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]]. The Morkhoven Workgroup dossier, as reported by S. Dovey, identified the club's owner as an American named John Edward Mullaney and linked him through a company called [[Korper and Korver]] to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and through a company called [[Adonis]] to [[Karel Maasdam]].[^1] The Dutch commercial register lists a J.E. Mullaney Holding B.V. (Chamber of Commerce number 33304101), registered in Amsterdam and now inactive; the initials match the name given in the dossier and the register entry does not state who held the company.[^2] The register also lists a Korper B.V. (65922646) and an Adonis B.V. (09208081), both active; no officer is shown for any of the three.[^2] The bar at the G-Force was operated by a bar manager.[^1]
According to witness Robert Jan Warmerdam, who frequented the small sadomasochist scene in [[Amsterdam]] for about 15 years, [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux]] had meetings at the G-Force on regular dates with a certain Nordholt, who was an official in the Amsterdam police, as well as with a certain Peter De Groot, who worked in a clinical laboratory. Warmerdam claimed he had often been at table with them and that [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux]] had said he expected problems and was going to go to prison for a short time. Warmerdam also stated he met [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] at the G-Force and later in [[Rotterdam|Rotterdam, Netherlands]]. The dossier linking [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux]] to the G-Force and Amsterdam child trafficking networks was compiled by [[Marcel Vervloesem]] for prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and formed the basis for a series of 2004 media reports.[^1] According to witness Robert Jan Warmerdam, who frequented the small sadomasochist scene in Amsterdam for about 15 years, Dutroux had meetings at the G-Force on regular dates with an Amsterdam police official, as well as with a laboratory worker. Warmerdam claimed he had often been at table with them and that Dutroux had said he expected problems and was going to go to prison for a short time. Warmerdam also stated he met Robbie Van Der Plancken at the G-Force and later in [[Rotterdam|Rotterdam, Netherlands]]. The dossier linking Dutroux to the G-Force and Amsterdam child trafficking networks was compiled by [[Marcel Vervloesem]] for prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and formed the basis for a series of 2004 media reports.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: Kamer van Koophandel, Handelsregister, entries 33304101, 65922646 and 09208081. https://opencorporates.com/companies/nl/33304101

2
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gay Palace.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The Gay Palace was a club at 44 Spuistraat in [[Amsterdam]], managed by [[Warwic
A Scotland Yard informant claimed to have seen films screened at the Gay Palace showing boys aged eleven to fourteen in bondage being raped by masked men, and stated that Spinks was selling copies of a "special videotape" for 4,000 pounds showing a boy being tortured.[^2][^3] A different informant named "Frank" described another film Spinks had shown him of a boy being tortured with needles, castrated, and cut open with a knife inside a barn.[^2] A Scotland Yard informant claimed to have seen films screened at the Gay Palace showing boys aged eleven to fourteen in bondage being raped by masked men, and stated that Spinks was selling copies of a "special videotape" for 4,000 pounds showing a boy being tortured.[^2][^3] A different informant named "Frank" described another film Spinks had shown him of a boy being tortured with needles, castrated, and cut open with a knife inside a barn.[^2]
The Gay Palace operated across the street from Boys Club 21, managed by [[Alan Williams]]. S. Dovey wrote that together the two establishments formed the core of British-run child trafficking operations in Amsterdam's Spuistraat district, investigated under [[Operation Framework]] in 1992-93, that the establishments were presented as legitimate gay businesses, providing cover for their actual function as trafficking hubs, and that clients included prominent figures from across Europe.[^2] The Gay Palace operated across the street from Boys Club 21, managed by [[Alan Williams]]. S. Dovey wrote that together the two establishments formed the core of British-run child trafficking operations in Amsterdam's Spuistraat district, investigated under [[Operation Framework]], that the establishments were presented as legitimate gay businesses, providing cover for their actual function as trafficking hubs, and that clients included prominent figures from across Europe.[^2]
### Address ### Address

11
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@ -9,12 +9,15 @@ tags:
- Child_Pornography - Child_Pornography
- Operation_Framework - Operation_Framework
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
summary: "Gero-Video was a video distribution company based in Dusseldorf, Germany, identified as one of the largest distributors of homosexual pornography in Europe." summary: "Gero-Video was a video distribution company based in Dusseldorf, Germany, described by Der Spiegel in 1998 as one of the largest distributors of homosexual pornography in Europe."
location: "Dusseldorf, Germany" location: "Dusseldorf, Germany"
--- ---
Gero-Video was a video distribution company based in Dusseldorf, Germany, identified as one of the largest distributors of homosexual pornography in Europe. The company was linked to [[TAG Films]], the Amsterdam-based video production company operated by Welsh pedophiles [[Alan Williams]], [[John Gay]], and [[Lee Tucker]]. A raid by German authorities on Gero-Video's premises followed the [[Operation Framework]] investigation into suspected snuff films produced by British nationals in Amsterdam. The raid was triggered by the discovery that TAG Films' productions were being distributed through Gero-Video to customers across Europe.[^1] Gero-Video Produktions GmbH of Dusseldorf was, in the words of Der Spiegel in August 1998, "einem der größten Vertriebe für Homosexuellen-Pornos in Europa." Spiegel reported that investigators had so far found nothing punishable at the company and that several proceedings had been discontinued; that Uwe Tomek had owned it since the end of 1994 and said he had removed about 340 videos "mit jüngeren Models" from the market; and that the Zandvoort finds had brought the company into discussion.[^1] S. Dovey wrote that the company was linked to [[TAG Films]], the Amsterdam video production company of [[Alan Williams]], [[John Gay]] and [[Lee Tucker]], that a raid by German authorities on its premises followed the [[Operation Framework]] investigation into suspected snuff films produced by British nationals in Amsterdam, and that the raid was triggered by the discovery that TAG Films' productions were distributed through it.[^2] [[Nick Davies]] wrote in 2000 that TAG Films sold its films "through distributors in the United States and Germany" and that Bristol detectives, following Lee Tucker and John Gay, "led German police to raid a video distributor in Dusseldorf," without naming the distributor.[^3]
[[Robbie Van Der Plancken]], who was imprisoned in Italy for the murder of [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]], appeared in at least five Gero-Video films. A video distributed by Gero-Video called "The Poison Dwarf" was identified during the investigation. Gero-Video changed ownership in 1994 when a man named Uwe Tomek took over the company. The company was also identified as a child porn distributor in a dossier provided by [[Karel Maasdam]]'s accountant to Dutch intelligence services as part of the [[Rolodex Investigation]].[^1] [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]], who was jailed in Italy on suspicion of shooting his partner [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]], appears in at least five Gero-Video films (Spiegel: "in mindestens fünf Gero-Streifen"); Tomek said the films were bought in 1993 from a Dutch production company, before his time, and that to his knowledge Gero-Video had no personal contact with Van Der Plancken.[^1] Spiegel named the former owner as Georg G., who received a two-year suspended sentence in spring 1998 for sex with 15-year-old boys, and who still received royalties from the company.[^1] Dovey wrote that a video distributed by Gero-Video called "The Poison Dwarf" was identified during the investigation, and that a dossier provided by [[Karel Maasdam]]'s accountant to Dutch intelligence services identified the company as a distributor of child pornography as part of the [[Rolodex Investigation]].[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^1]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 3, 1998. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187
[^2]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^3]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/

87
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md
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@ -18,35 +18,35 @@ tags:
- JeffreyEpstein - JeffreyEpstein
summary: "Cambridge university whose Center for International Studies appears in MKULTRA Subproject 90 and 1953 CIA UFO planning, which divested the Draper laboratory in 1973 and took Jeffrey Epstein's money after 2008." summary: "Cambridge university whose Center for International Studies appears in MKULTRA Subproject 90 and 1953 CIA UFO planning, which divested the Draper laboratory in 1973 and took Jeffrey Epstein's money after 2008."
created: 2026-10-05 created: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-05 updated: 2026-10-09
relations: relations:
- type: contractor_to - type: contractor_to
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]" with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90" role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90"
start: 1958-11 start: 1958-11
fn: 12 fn: 16
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]" with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel" role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel"
fn: 18 fn: 23
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]" with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "professor of mechanical engineering" role: "professor of mechanical engineering"
fn: 21 fn: 26
- type: head_of - type: head_of
with: "[[James Killian]]" with: "[[James Killian]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board" role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board"
fn: 17 fn: 22
- type: funded - type: funded
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]" with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017" role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017"
start: 2002 start: 2002
end: 2017 end: 2017
fn: 21 fn: 26
- type: contractor_to - type: contractor_to
with: "[[State Department]]" with: "[[State Department]]"
role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)" role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)"
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ relations:
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967" role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967"
start: 1951 start: 1951
fn: 4 fn: 6
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]" with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
@ -74,66 +74,75 @@ In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects,
### The Center for International Studies ### The Center for International Studies
The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2] The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2] The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^4] The Ford Foundation's annual report for fiscal 1965 lists a grant of 400,000 dollars to MIT for the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^5]
Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^4] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^5] Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^6] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^7]
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^6] Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^8]
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^7] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953. A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files states that on April 26 Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were "subject to misinterpretation."[^9] A letter of April 21, 1971 to [[Richard Helms]] on the center's letterhead, from a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and that "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^10]
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^8] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^9] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^10] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^8] A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^11] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^12] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^13] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^14] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^12]
### MKULTRA Subproject 90 ### MKULTRA Subproject 90
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^11] A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^15]
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^12] The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^16]
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^13] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation. The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^17] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
### MIT's 1979 committee report ### MIT's 1979 committee report
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^14] An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^18]
### The special laboratories ### The special laboratories
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^15] The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^19]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^16] In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by Dean [[William F. Pounds]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory. The panel was asked "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research."[^20]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^21]
### Advisory boards ### Advisory boards
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^17] The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^22]
### The Vela panel ### The Vela panel
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^18] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^19] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^20] The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^23] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^24] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^25]
### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020 ### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^21] The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^26]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html [^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
[^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. [^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history [^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^4]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 [^4]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^5]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 [^5]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 [^6]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^7]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7 [^7]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^8]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 [^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission. [^9]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^10]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 [^10]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested. [^11]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
[^12]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493 [^12]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
[^13]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960). [^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission.
[^14]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6 [^14]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802
[^15]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/). [^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
[^16]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8 [^16]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^17]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0 [^17]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
[^18]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test [^18]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
[^19]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20. [^19]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
[^20]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers. [^20]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry, https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html ; and Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds), https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053
[^21]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf [^21]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
[^22]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
[^23]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^24]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20.
[^25]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
[^26]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf

63
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Nugan Hand Bank.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
- Nugan Hand Bank - Nugan Hand Bank
- Nugan Hand Ltd - Nugan Hand Ltd
created: 2026-05-17 created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
tags: tags:
- Organization - Organization
@ -15,10 +15,27 @@ tags:
- GoldenTriangle - GoldenTriangle
- 1970s - 1970s
- 1980s - 1980s
summary: "Australian merchant bank (1973-1980) that functioned as what investigators described as a CIA financial network, with branches in thirteen countries staffed by American military and intelligence veterans, collapsing after Frank Nugan was found shot dead in January 1980 and Michael Hand disappeared." summary: "Australian merchant bank (1973-1980) described by investigators as a CIA financial network, with branches in thirteen countries, which collapsed after Frank Nugan was found shot dead and Michael Hand disappeared."
start: 1973-01-01 start: 1973-01-01
end: 1980-06-01 end: 1980-06-01
location: "Sydney, Australia" location: "Sydney, Australia"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Michael Hand]]"
reverse: true
start: 1973
fn: 6
- type: founded
with: "[[Frank Nugan]]"
reverse: true
start: 1973
fn: 6
- type: director_of
with: "[[Michael Hand]]"
reverse: true
role: chairman
start: 1980
fn: 9
--- ---
Nugan Hand Bank was an Australian merchant bank founded in Sydney in 1973 by [[Michael Hand]], an American Green Beret and Vietnam veteran, and Frank Nugan, an Australian lawyer. It operated internationally for seven years before collapsing in 1980 following Nugan’s death and Hand’s disappearance, leaving approximately $50 million in debts. Australian government investigations and journalist [[Jonathan Kwitny]]’s *The Crimes of Patriots* (W.W. Norton, 1987) documented the bank’s alleged function as a conduit for CIA financial operations, drug money laundering, and covert military funding across Southeast Asia, the [[Middle East]], and the Pacific.[^1] Nugan Hand Bank was an Australian merchant bank founded in Sydney in 1973 by [[Michael Hand]], an American Green Beret and Vietnam veteran, and Frank Nugan, an Australian lawyer. It operated internationally for seven years before collapsing in 1980 following Nugan’s death and Hand’s disappearance, leaving approximately $50 million in debts. Australian government investigations and journalist [[Jonathan Kwitny]]’s *The Crimes of Patriots* (W.W. Norton, 1987) documented the bank’s alleged function as a conduit for CIA financial operations, drug money laundering, and covert military funding across Southeast Asia, the [[Middle East]], and the Pacific.[^1]
@ -29,12 +46,14 @@ Michael Hand was a U.S. Army Special Forces veteran who served in Vietnam and La
Frank Nugan was a Sydney lawyer from a fruit-farming family in Griffith, New South Wales - a region long associated with organized crime and drug trafficking in Australian criminology. Nugan brought Australian legal and financial access to the partnership. Together, Hand and Nugan established Nugan Hand Ltd. (later Nugan Hand Bank) to provide offshore banking, currency trading, and financial services to American military and intelligence personnel in the Pacific region.[^1] Frank Nugan was a Sydney lawyer from a fruit-farming family in Griffith, New South Wales - a region long associated with organized crime and drug trafficking in Australian criminology. Nugan brought Australian legal and financial access to the partnership. Together, Hand and Nugan established Nugan Hand Ltd. (later Nugan Hand Bank) to provide offshore banking, currency trading, and financial services to American military and intelligence personnel in the Pacific region.[^1]
In 1969 Nugan and Hand got their start as a business team by forming [[Australasian and Pacific Holding]], which the New York Daily News described as a "tourism" company. Four of its shareholders gave their business address as [[Air America]], the CIA-owned airline.[^2] Kwitny wrote that the list of thirty-seven shareholders of Australasian and Pacific Holdings filed with the government in May 1970 showed four with the address "c/o Air America, A.P.O. San Francisco," one with the address "c/o Continental Air Service," and five reachable through the U.S. Agency for International Development.[^3] CBS reported on September 22, 1982 that four of the original stockholders were Americans who listed their addresses as Air America, Army Post Office, San Francisco.[^4] The Progressive reported in December 1980 that the bank had been founded in 1973 by Hand and several others "listing their addresses as 'c/o Air America, San Francisco'."[^5] The Australian Dictionary of Biography gives the bank's nominal paid-up capital as $1 million.[^6] ProPublica gave the starting capital as $80.[^7] Bob Bottom wrote in Connections 1 that in 1970 Nugan and Hand formalised their relationship by establishing Yorkville Nominees Pty Ltd, an investment advisory company, and launched Nugan Hand Ltd in 1973 with paid-up capital of $1 million, increased to $2 million four years later.[^8]
### Operations and CIA Personnel ### Operations and CIA Personnel
What distinguished Nugan Hand from conventional offshore banks was the composition of its board of directors and senior personnel. Among those who held positions at Nugan Hand or served as consultants were: What distinguished Nugan Hand from conventional offshore banks was the composition of its board of directors and senior personnel. Among those who held positions at Nugan Hand or served as consultants were:
- Admiral Earl "Rex" Yates (former Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet), president of Nugan Hand’s Hawaii office and later the bank itself - Admiral [[Earl P. Yates]], retired from the Navy and formerly head of planning for the U.S. Pacific Command, who headed the Washington, D.C. office in 1980 and was described by the Task Force report as then president of the bank[^9][^10][^11]
- General Edwin "Ed" Black, a veteran of Army intelligence and later a government representative in Thailand, who ran the bank’s Bangkok branch - General [[Edwin Black]], former commander of U.S. forces in Thailand, who became president of Nugan Hand, Inc., Hawaii, and acted as the bank's representative there; John Owen, who ran the bank's Bangkok branch, claimed in his book that Black was approached to join the bank and declined[^2][^3][^9][^11]
- General Earle Cocke Jr., a former president of the [[American Legion]] and Korean War veteran, who handled the bank’s Washington connections - General Earle Cocke Jr., a former president of the [[American Legion]] and Korean War veteran, who handled the bank’s Washington connections
- Walter McDonald, a former CIA Deputy Director for Economic Research, who served as a consultant - Walter McDonald, a former CIA Deputy Director for Economic Research, who served as a consultant
- Dale Holmgren, a former CIA officer and Air America pilot, who managed the Taiwan office - Dale Holmgren, a former CIA officer and Air America pilot, who managed the Taiwan office
@ -42,6 +61,10 @@ What distinguished Nugan Hand from conventional offshore banks was the compositi
The presence of senior American military and intelligence officials in bank positions - receiving salaries for what appeared to be minimal work - was later characterized by investigators as providing a combination of access, legitimacy, and protection from regulatory scrutiny.[^1] The presence of senior American military and intelligence officials in bank positions - receiving salaries for what appeared to be minimal work - was later characterized by investigators as providing a combination of access, legitimacy, and protection from regulatory scrutiny.[^1]
The Wall Street Journal reported in May 1980 that the bank's Washington, D.C. office was headed by Admiral Yates and that Donald Beazley was president of U.S. operations. Beazley had resigned by May 1980.[^9] A former Green Beret friend of Hand, [[George Farris]], worked in the Washington office, according to the Daily News.[^2] Former CIA director William Colby "confirmed that he had done legal work for Mr. Nugan but said that was the extent of their relationship."[^9]
The Progressive reported in December 1980 that Walter McDonald, described as a twenty-five-year consultant to the CIA, was "a close friend" of [[John Paisley]], a former CIA analyst of Soviet arms developments who died in September 1978, and that Paisley's telephone diary had McDonald's name in it.[^5] The Atlanta Journal reported in September 1981 that Paisley had been "particularly preoccupied" with the bank's operations in August and September 1978.[^12]
### Financial Operations ### Financial Operations
Australian government investigators and Kwitny’s reporting identified several categories of Nugan Hand’s activities: Australian government investigators and Kwitny’s reporting identified several categories of Nugan Hand’s activities:
@ -52,21 +75,47 @@ The journalist Jonathan Kwitny wrote that the bank laundered proceeds from [[Gol
The bank also handled financial transfers for covert operations. Kwitny documented that Nugan Hand managed accounts for clients in multiple countries who appeared to be receiving or disbursing funds for intelligence-related purposes. The specific operations are difficult to fully document because the bank’s records were largely destroyed or disappeared after its collapse.[^1] The bank also handled financial transfers for covert operations. Kwitny documented that Nugan Hand managed accounts for clients in multiple countries who appeared to be receiving or disbursing funds for intelligence-related purposes. The specific operations are difficult to fully document because the bank’s records were largely destroyed or disappeared after its collapse.[^1]
The Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking reported that the bank had offices and mail drops in 13 countries in two hemispheres during its seven years in business, and named 26 reputed drug dealers.[^13] Kwitny wrote in the Journal in August 1983 that Nugan Hand "participated in at least two U.S. government covert action operations, and had stronger links to the U.S. intelligence community than was previously known," a picture he said emerged from the Australian government report and from the Journal's own reporting.[^10] The New York Times reported that the Task Force was told by an American witness that Hand was involved in a 1976 shipment of 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons, which was delivered to U.S.-supported forces in [[Angola]], and that Hand and the bank took part in a 1976 movement of a U.S. Navy spy ship to [[Iran]] with [[Edwin Wilson]].[^13]
### Collapse ### Collapse
On January 27, 1980, Frank Nugan was found shot to death in his car near Bowenfels, New South Wales, with a rifle beside him. His death was ruled suicide. Near his body was a business card for former CIA Director [[William Colby]], who was serving in the bank’s legal advisory capacity. Australian police found Nugan’s body with a bible containing what appeared to be personal notes referencing senior American political and intelligence figures.[^1] On January 27, 1980, Frank Nugan was found shot to death in his car near Bowenfels, New South Wales, with a rifle beside him. His death was ruled suicide. Near his body was a business card for former CIA Director [[William Colby]], who was serving in the bank’s legal advisory capacity. Australian police found Nugan’s body with a bible containing what appeared to be personal notes referencing senior American political and intelligence figures.[^1]
The news of Nugan’s death triggered a run on the bank and rapid dissolution of its operations. Michael Hand convened an emergency meeting of the bank’s staff and reportedly spent days attempting to organize the removal and destruction of bank records before investigators could secure them. Australian Securities Commission investigators who arrived found that substantial records had been removed or destroyed.[^1] The news of Nugan’s death triggered a run on the bank and rapid dissolution of its operations. Michael Hand convened an emergency meeting of the bank’s staff and reportedly spent days attempting to organize the removal and destruction of bank records before investigators could secure them. New South Wales [[Corporate Affairs Commission]] investigators who arrived found that substantial records had been removed or destroyed.[^11] The Royal Commission recorded that its work was hampered by "the concealment or destruction of a number of relevant documents immediately following the death of Nugan."[^14]
Hand disappeared from Australia on June 14, 1980. According to Kwitny’s reporting, an American identified in sources only as "Charlie" - a former Special Forces soldier and CIA operative - assisted Hand in obtaining a false identity and departing on a flight to Fiji. Hand has not been located by Australian authorities since. A separate Australian police investigation in later years reportedly established that Hand had relocated to the United States under an assumed identity and had been protected by American intelligence community connections.[^1] Hand disappeared from Australia on June 14, 1980. According to Kwitny’s reporting, an American identified in sources only as "Charlie" - a former Special Forces soldier and CIA operative - assisted Hand in obtaining a false identity and departing on a flight to Fiji. Hand has not been located by Australian authorities since. A separate Australian police investigation in later years reportedly established that Hand had relocated to the United States under an assumed identity and had been protected by American intelligence community connections.[^1]
A Sydney butcher and friend of Hand, who was granted immunity from prosecution in 1981, told the Task Force that in late February 1980 he met [[Bernie Houghton]] and bank director George Shaw at the bank's headquarters at 55 Macquarie Street, that Shaw filled about fifteen boxes with records from an office in room 1709 of the AMP Centre in Bridge Street, and that the boxes were moved to a flat in Ultimo and later to a cold store. He said Hand asked him not to tell Hand where the records were kept.[^11] A Task Force investigator, [[Kevin Woods]], told the butcher that Hand had stated in his Corporate Affairs Commission cross-examination that he helped remove the records.[^11] The butcher described Hand's departure on a long weekend in June 1980, by way of Fiji and Honolulu to Vancouver.[^11]
### Investigations ### Investigations
The Stewart Royal Commission, established by the Australian government in 1980 under Justice Donald Stewart, investigated Nugan Hand’s operations and the circumstances of Nugan’s death and Hand’s disappearance. The commission’s work was significantly hampered by the destruction of records, Hand’s disappearance, and the refusal of American officials and military personnel to provide information. The commission’s final report noted significant unresolved questions about the bank’s CIA connections without reaching definitive legal findings.[^2] The [[Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking]], whose terms of reference under Mr Justice [[Donald Stewart]] were extended on March 28, 1983 to cover the Nugan Hand Group, investigated Nugan Hand’s operations and the circumstances of Nugan’s death and Hand’s disappearance. The commission’s work was significantly hampered by the destruction of records, Hand’s disappearance, and the refusal of American officials and military personnel to provide information. The commission's final report, tabled in November 1985, found that the allegations of CIA involvement lacked substance and that there was no objective evidence that the CIA used or was used by the group, and recorded that its work had been hampered by the concealment or destruction of documents after Nugan's death and by the absence of evidence from Hand.[^14][^15] The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that the 1983 to 1985 royal commission "uncovered little new information," and the New York Times reported that the 1985 report disputed some Task Force conclusions.[^6][^13]
On February 24, 1983 the Prime Minister announced that the life of the Royal Commission had been extended to March 28, 1983 and that the Commonwealth was discussing terms of reference for an inquiry into Nugan Hand.[^16] The first interim report was presented on October 13, 1983 and tabled on December 6, 1983, the second was presented on December 13, 1984 and tabled on March 20, 1985, and the final report was tabled on November 27, 1985.[^14]
The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1982 that a cabinet minister had called the Task Force material "compelling evidence" of widespread criminal activity, and that the report found "strong grounds to believe" the bank's officers were involved with U.S. and Australian intelligence agencies, but not "conclusive proof" that the bank was connected to an intelligence operation.[^17] The Corporate Affairs Commission reported in 1983 that Frank Nugan had been involved in "massive international and local fraud" and had deliberately falsified the bank's accounts to conceal debt.[^6]
[[Neil Evans]], a former bank executive given immunity from prosecution, told a CBS broadcast on September 22, 1982: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^4] The CIA's response was a terse "no comment" in February 1981.[^2] The Nation reported in March 1984 that the agency flatly denied any connection with the bank and refused to cooperate with the Australian investigation.[^18]
Kwitny’s *The Crimes of Patriots* (W.W. Norton, 1987) provided the most comprehensive reconstruction of the bank’s operations, based on interviews with numerous participants, Australian court and regulatory records, and documents that survived the post-Nugan records destruction.[^1] Kwitny’s *The Crimes of Patriots* (W.W. Norton, 1987) provided the most comprehensive reconstruction of the bank’s operations, based on interviews with numerous participants, Australian court and regulatory records, and documents that survived the post-Nugan records destruction.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987. [^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987.
[^2]: Stewart Royal Commission. *Report of the Royal Commission on the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group*. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1985. [^2]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
[^3]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots*. W.W. Norton, 1987 (Touchstone edition, 1988), pp. 42, 73, 85, 159.
[^4]: CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," Evening News segment, September 22, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^5]: "December Briefing" (items "Fighting words" and "Troubled waters"), The Progressive, December 1980, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820041-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820041-4
[^6]: Farrell, Frank. "Nugan, Francis John (1942-1980)." Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, 2000. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nugan-francis-john-11266
[^7]: Bonner, Raymond. "Decades After Disappearing From Australia, a CIA-Linked Fugitive Is Found in Idaho." ProPublica, November 10, 2015. https://www.propublica.org/article/after-disappearing-from-australia-a-cia-linked-fugitive-found-in-idaho
[^8]: Bottom, Bob. *Connections 1*, excerpt "The Nugan Hand Connection," Sydney Crime Museum. https://sydneycrimemuseum.com/crime-stories/the-nugan-hand-connection/
[^9]: "An Australian Bank Faces Many Charges in Fiction-Like Case" (subhead "Nugan Hand Chairman Found Dead, Accused of Stealing; CIA Link Is Alleged"). Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820048-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820048-7
[^10]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1
[^11]: Stannard, Bruce. "Nugan Hand from the Inside." The Bulletin (Sydney), June 5, 1984, pp. 22-27, and Sykes, Trevor, "Unsafe as a bank could possibly be," p. 27; reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Part 1. https://archive.org/details/Nugan-Hand
[^12]: Burstein, Daniel. "A CIA Tale of Blood and Intrigue." Atlanta Journal, September 20, 1981. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000404610014-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000404610014-3
[^13]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^14]: Young, Michael. Ministerial statement on the final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, November 27, 1985, pp. 3784-3786 (reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, archive.org item Nugan-Hand, Part 2).
[^15]: Stewart Royal Commission. *Report of the Royal Commission on the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group*. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1985.
[^16]: Fraser, Malcolm. Prime Minister's media release, February 24, 1983. PM Transcripts, Transcript 6034. https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00006034.pdf
[^17]: "Australian Probe Links Nugan Hand to Illegalities." Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510003-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510003-9
[^18]: "Dispatches: Australia: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1

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--- ---
created: 2025-07-22 created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2025-07-22 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Parapsychological Association title: Parapsychological Association
aliases:
- PA
- Parapsychological Association (PA)
tags: tags:
- organization - Organization
- parapsychology - Parapsychology
- research - ConventionHistory
- PsiResearch
- Stargate
description: The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of parapsychology. description: The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of parapsychology.
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
summary: "The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of Parapsychology." summary: "The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of parapsychology, formed at Duke University in 1957 and affiliated with the AAAS since 1969."
start: 1957 start: 1957
location: "Durham, North Carolina, USA" location: "Durham, North Carolina, USA"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[J. B. Rhine]]"
start: 1957
role: "proposed the formation of the association at a workshop at the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert A. McConnell]]"
start: 1957
end: 1958
role: "president of the founding council"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]"
start: 1969
role: "affiliated organization"
fn: 5
--- ---
The [[Parapsychological Association]] is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of [[Parapsychology]]. In 1969, after a rousing conference speech by the anthropologist [[Margaret Mead]], the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] voted to admit the Parapsychological Association to its ranks of approved disciplines. Her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to the field of parapsychology, which had long struggled for scientific acceptance.[^1] The [[Parapsychological Association]] is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of [[Parapsychology]]. It was formed at [[Duke University]] on June 19, 1957, and has held an annual convention each year since 1958. It became an affiliated organization of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in December 1969. Its conventions of the 1980s and 1990s included papers by researchers of [[SRI International]] and [[Science Applications International Corporation]] whose reports are in the [[Stargate Project]] collection.
Despite this recognition, the field of parapsychology, and the Association, continued to face an "informal system of scientific apartheid." Parapsychologists were officially allowed to call themselves scientists but were largely kept out of the mainstream scientific community, often ignored and forced to rely on private funding and publish in their own specialized journals. This was largely due to the fact that their work, while statistically significant, often lacked tangible, real-world applications that could convince skeptics. The [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]] is an example of a research institution whose work contributed to the field of parapsychology.[^1] ### Formation at Duke, 1957
--- On June 19, 1957, a professional parapsychological society was formed at Duke University, with the purpose of advancing parapsychology as a science by serving as "an international meeting ground" for those engaged in research in the field. The announcement was published in the December 1957 issue of the [[Journal of Parapsychology]].[^1] The association states that it was created in [[Durham, North Carolina]] on June 19, 1957, and that its formation was proposed by [[J. B. Rhine]], director of the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]], at a workshop held in that laboratory.[^2]
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. The founding council of seven was elected at the organizational meeting. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh was president. [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] of the City College of New York was vice-president, [[Rhea White]] of Duke University was secretary, and [[Remi J. Cadoret]] of Duke University was treasurer. The councilmen were [[Karlis Osis]] of the [[Parapsychology Foundation]], [[Margaret Anderson]] of Duke University, and [[W. G. Roll]] of Oxford University.[^1] Membership had two classes, Members and Associates, each admitted by a vote of the council after nomination. The Journal was affiliated with the association, and members received a subscription to it. Annual dues were $10 for Members and $6 for Associates resident in the United States.[^1]
### Presidents and convention sites
The association held an annual convention each year from 1958, with a president listed for each convention year through 2017.[^3] The March 1958 Journal announced the first annual convention at the [[City College of New York]] for September 4 to 6, 1958, and set June 19, 1958, as the closing date for membership applications that would make applicants charter members.[^4] The association's convention table lists the 1958 convention at Duke University in Durham, with Margaret Anderson as program chair.
| Year | President | Convention site |
|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Robert A. McConnell | Durham, North Carolina (Duke University) |
| 1959 | Gertrude Schmeidler | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1960 | [[J. Gaither Pratt]] | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1961 | Karlis Osis | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1962 | Margaret Anderson | Durham, North Carolina (Jack Tar Durham Hotel) |
| 1963 | [[Carroll B. Nash]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1964 | William G. Roll | Oxford, England (Christ Church) |
| 1965 | [[Ramakrishna Rao]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1966 | [[Montague Ullman]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1967 | [[E. Douglas Dean]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1968 | [[Ian Stevenson]] | Freiburg, Germany (University of Freiburg) |
| 1969 | [[Hans Bender]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1970 | [[Robert Van de Castle]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1971 | Gertrude Schmeidler | Durham, North Carolina (Durham Hotel and Motel) |
| 1972 | [[John Beloff]] | Edinburgh, Scotland (University of Edinburgh) |
| 1973 | [[Rex Stanford]] | Charlottesville, Virginia (University of Virginia) |
| 1974 | [[Robert L. Morris]] | Jamaica, New York |
| 1975 | [[Charles Honorton]] | Santa Barbara, California |
| 1976 | [[Martin Johnson]] | Utrecht, Netherlands |
| 1977 | [[Charles Tart|Charles T. Tart]] | Washington, D.C. |
| 1978 | Ramakrishna Rao | St. Louis, Missouri |
| 1979 | [[John Palmer]] | Moraga, California |
| 1980 | Ian Stevenson | Reykjavik, Iceland |
| 1981 | [[Irvin Child]] | Syracuse, New York |
| 1982 | John Beloff | Cambridge, England |
| 1983 | [[Stanley Krippner]] | Madison, New Jersey |
| 1984 | Rhea A. White | Dallas, Texas |
| 1985 | Robert L. Morris | Medford, Massachusetts (Tufts University) |
| 1986 | [[Debra H. Weiner]] | Rohnert Park, California |
| 1987 | [[Richard S. Broughton]] | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| 1988 | [[Dean Radin]] | Montreal, Canada |
| 1989 | [[Hoyt Edge]] | San Diego, California |
| 1990 | Ramakrishna Rao | Chevy Chase, Maryland |
| 1991 | [[Steven E. Braude]] | Heidelberg, Germany |
| 1992 | John Palmer | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| 1993 | Dean Radin | Toronto, Canada |
| 1994 | [[Deborah L. Delanoy]] | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| 1995 | [[Carlos Alvarado]] | Durham, North Carolina |
| 1996 | Richard S. Broughton | San Diego, California |
| 1997 | [[Edwin May|Edwin C. May]] | Brighton, England |
| 1998 | Dean Radin | Halifax, Canada |
| 1999 | Dean Radin | Palo Alto, California |
| 2000 | [[Marilyn Schlitz]] | Freiburg, Germany |
| 2001 | [[Nancy L. Zingrone]] | New York City |
| 2002 | [[Mario Varvoglis]] | Paris, France |
| 2003 | Carlos Alvarado | Vancouver, Canada |
| 2004 | [[Nancy Zingrone]] | Vienna, Austria |
| 2005 | [[Caroline Watt]] | Petaluma, California |
| 2006 | Dean Radin | Stockholm, Sweden |
| 2007 | Rex Stanford | Halifax, Canada |
| 2008 | [[Roger Nelson]] | Winchester, England |
| 2009 | [[Etzel Cardeña]] | Seattle, Washington |
| 2010 | [[David Luke]] | Paris, France |
| 2011 | David Luke | Curitiba, Brazil |
| 2012 | [[Alejandro Parra]] | Durham, North Carolina |
| 2013 | Alejandro Parra | Viterbo, Italy |
| 2014 | [[James C. Carpenter]] | Concord, California |
| 2015 | James C. Carpenter | London, England |
| 2016 | [[Chris A. Roe]] | Boulder, Colorado |
| 2017 | Chris A. Roe | Athens, Greece |
The convention banquet speakers listed in the same table include [[John C. Lilly]] (1969), [[Arthur Koestler]] (1972), [[Willis Harman]] (1975), [[Karl Pribram]] (1979), [[Claiborne Pell]] (1988, Montreal) and [[Michael Crichton]] (1989, San Diego).[^3]
Dean's report, published in 2015, states that he was elected president in 1966, and its editor's note gives his term as 1967 to 1969. Dean also wrote that in 1968 he became the association's secretary and that in 1969 he was elected to the board, tied on votes with John Beloff, who lost the draw by lot. The convention table lists Dean for 1967, Ian Stevenson for 1968 and Hans Bender for 1969.[^3][^5]
### Application for AAAS affiliation, 1963 to 1969
Dean wrote that the association reached the five-year minimum required for an application in 1963, and that its president, Carroll B. Nash, made the first attempt that year. The application was refused.[^5] Dean promised to try again and was elected president in 1966. His 1967 application passed the first hurdle, a recommendation from the AAAS committee on new affiliations, in November 1967. The committee's statement said it would gladly support scientific research in parapsychology but did not wish to assert that this proved extrasensory perception.[^5]
Dean wrote that the second hurdle was the AAAS Board of Directors, which met on December 26. He wrote that some of the eminent scientists on the board regarded the idea that parapsychology could count as science as preposterous and refused to let the application proceed to a third hurdle. He wrote that on December 30 a stormy controversy produced a board motion that the matter be put to a yes-or-no vote in 1968, and that the board dissolved the entire committee on new affiliations, ostensibly for other reasons.[^5]
In 1968 Dean filed a further application with the AAAS Committee on Council Affairs. He described the AAAS president, [[Walter Orr Roberts]], as sympathetic to the association's request, and wrote that Roberts spoke in its favor before the committee but was outvoted, so that the application failed at the first hurdle. The committee also decided to rewrite the criteria for new affiliations, which Dean again described as ostensibly for other reasons.[^5]
Dean wrote that in 1969 he considered holding back to avoid hostility to the new criteria expected in 1970, and that [[Robert A. McConnell]] advised him to apply in 1969 regardless. A letter from the AAAS office in Washington told him that the committee would most likely defer an application made in 1969 until the revised criteria were in force. The association's board backed his decision, and the fourth application went in. Each application cost about $150 in advance. The committee's twelve scientists each received about four pounds of reprints, the association's constitution and rules, and encyclopedia articles, together with twenty typed pages of argument, answers to six procedural questions and seven questions on the admission criteria, and the results of a survey of members. Dean wrote that about two thirds of the members who replied already belonged to the AAAS as individuals, that nine members were AAAS Fellows, that two of three members held doctorates, and that a list of about fifty master's and doctoral theses on parapsychology accompanied the application. In the autumn McConnell mailed literature on parapsychology to all 530 delegates to the AAAS Council.[^5]
Dean wrote that the application was reviewed by the first committee in the second half of November 1969, that he learned in mid-December that it had passed, and that it stood as Item 7 on the agenda of the Council. A typographical error listed four association members as AAAS Fellows instead of nine. Dean traveled to the AAAS annual meeting in Boston, found Roberts as he came out of a television studio, and was told that the error could be corrected and that the Board of Directors had approved the application. The Council vote remained.[^5]
A proposal submitted by [[Edgar Mitchell]] and prepared by [[Henry Puharich]] gives the words of [[Bentley Glass]], the 1969 AAAS president, on the Committee on Council Affairs: that it had considered the association's work for a very long time, concluded that the association investigated controversial or non-existent phenomena, found it open in membership to critics and agnostics, and was satisfied that it used scientific methods of inquiry, so that its investigation could be regarded as scientific.[^6]
### The December 1969 Council vote
The AAAS Council met on December 30, 1969, in the ballroom of the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Boston, under the chairmanship of Glass. Attendance was 210 members in the morning session and 172 in the afternoon session. Committee reports were not presented orally, and "Upon recommendation of the Committee on Council Affairs and the Board of Directors, Council voted to grant affiliation to the American Orthopsychiatric Association and to the Parapsychological Association."[^7]
Dean watched from a roped-off observers' gallery at the back of the hall. He wrote that [[Athelstan Spilhaus]], who was to preside, and Roberts were both absent, and that Glass called Item 7 at about noon: the affiliation applications of the [[American Orthopsychiatric Association]] and the association. Glass took the two separately. The orthopsychiatric application was moved, seconded and passed by voice vote without discussion. When Glass called for a motion on the association's application there was a silence of about ten seconds before a voice said yes, and a further silence of about five seconds before a second. Dean wrote that Glass had tried through a friend to arrange a mover and that the attempt appeared to have failed.[^5][^8]
Dean wrote that a man whose name he did not catch objected that the phenomena of parapsychology did not exist, that scientific research on them was therefore impossible and that the association was a null science, and that a woman member said the Council was not familiar with parapsychology and was not qualified to vote on the association. Dean wrote that this was not wholly accurate because McConnell had mailed literature to all 530 delegates. Glass then gave the committee's conclusion, and added that nine AAAS Fellows, not four, were members of the association.[^5][^8]
Dean recorded that [[Margaret Mead]] spoke after Glass asked for further comments. In his report she said that for the previous ten years the Council had been discussing what science and scientific method are and which societies make use of them, and had changed its rules as a result of those debates, that the association used statistical methods, blinding, placebos, double-blind procedures and other standard methods, and that the history of scientific progress was full of scientists who investigated phenomena the scientific establishment held not to exist. She proposed that the Council vote in favor of the society's work.[^5]
Dean wrote that Glass called a show of hands, which he estimated at 160 to 180 in favor, and that the opposed numbered approximately 30 to 35. Glass said the motion appeared to be carried and that he would call for a count if anyone insisted. No one did, and Glass declared the motion carried and moved to Item 8.[^5]
### Wheeler's 1979 appeal
On Monday, January 8, 1979, at the AAAS annual meeting in Houston, the physicist [[John Archibald Wheeler]] spoke at a session on science and consciousness, on a panel with [[Eugene Wigner]] and several parapsychologists. Martin Gardner wrote that the panel included [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]] and Charles Honorton of [[Maimonides Medical Center]].[^9] Wheeler, then director of the Center for Theoretical Physics at the University of Texas, wrote to [[William D. Carey]] at the AAAS as a concerned member of the AAAS, a former member of its board of directors and a former president of the [[American Physical Society]]. He asked that the board and the Council jointly appoint a five-member committee to review the AAAS section of parapsychology. The committee was to determine whether the field had produced any "battle tested result," to report on the advantage workers in the field gained in fund raising from their association with the AAAS and on the effect on the public image of the AAAS, and to advise whether the section should be left as it was, suspended or deleted. Wheeler wrote in the letter: "I know that the views of our late and beloved Margaret Mead were strong in getting parapsychology admitted to the AAAS. I was present at the meeting where it happened." He added that Admiral [[Hyman G. Rickover]] had telephoned to support his position.[^10]
Gardner wrote in the [[New York Review of Books]] of May 17, 1979, that Wheeler had asked the AAAS to reconsider its decision, "made ten years ago at the insistence of Margaret Mead." Gardner reprinted two appendices by Wheeler under the heading "Drive the Pseudos Out of the Workshop of Science," together with the letter.[^9] In the appendix Wheeler wrote that as a member of the AAAS Board of Directors he had "voted against the majority of the much larger Council at that time" and against the admission of "parapsychology" as a new division at the Boston meeting in 1969. He wrote of "pretentious pseudo-science" and of the name "AAAS-Affiliate," which he said gave solicitations "an air of legitimacy," and he put parapsychology's fund raising in the United States at between $1 million and $20 million a year.[^9] Wheeler wrote that he did not propose to stop anyone working in the field or to restrict publication in journals such as the [[International Journal of Parapsychology]] and the Journal of Parapsychology.[^9]
In a letter of September 27, 1979, Wheeler gave references on extrasensory perception and quantum mechanics, among them [[C. E. M. Hansel]]'s ESP: A Scientific Evaluation.[^11] In the issue of June 26, 1980, the physicists [[Olivier Costa de Beauregard]], [[Richard D. Mattuck]], [[Brian Josephson]] and [[Evan Harris Walker]] wrote that Wheeler had "violently attacked parapsychology" and that they were physicists who had for some years researched a possible connection between quantum mechanics and parapsychology. Gardner replied in the same issue.[^12]
### Schnabel's account of the field's standing
[[Jim Schnabel]] wrote that in 1969, after a rousing conference speech by Mead, the AAAS voted to admit the association to its ranks of approved disciplines, and that her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to a field that had long struggled for scientific acceptance. He wrote that the field and the association continued to face an "informal system of scientific apartheid": parapsychologists were officially allowed to call themselves scientists but were largely kept out of the mainstream, often ignored, and forced to rely on private funding and to publish in their own specialized journals. Schnabel attributed this in part to work that was statistically significant but lacked tangible, real-world applications that could convince skeptics. He named the Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory as an example of a research institution whose work contributed to the field.[^13]
### Conventions and government-linked research, 1979 to 1990
The association's newsletter, PSI News, reported in October 1979 that a grant of $500,000 from [[James S. McDonnell]], chairman of [[McDonnell Douglas]], had established a parapsychology laboratory at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] under the physicist [[Peter R. Phillips]], and that McDonnell was an honorary member of the association.[^14]
At the 1982 annual meeting of the association, [[Ray Hyman]] and Honorton debated the results of the psi ganzfeld experiments. Each had analyzed all known ganzfeld experiments and reached very different conclusions. Their arguments appeared in the March 1985 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology, and in December 1986 they published a joint article.[^15] A chronology of Chinese interest in exceptional functions of the human body in the STARGATE collection records that H. E. Puthoff of SRI International reported at the 1985 convention an attempt to repeat experiments reported by researchers from the People's Republic of China at the association's 1982 convention, and that the repetition was partially successful, with smaller magnitude than the Chinese results.[^16]
The 28th convention, at [[Tufts University]] in Medford, Massachusetts, in August 1985, carried several papers by SRI staff, cited in SRI reports in the collection. Hubbard, May and Puthoff presented "Possible Production of Photons During a Remote Viewing Task: Preliminary Results" (proceedings pp. 355-372), and [[Jessica Utts]] and May presented "An Exact Method for Combining P-values" (pp. 431-439).[^17][^18] May, Humphrey and Mathews presented "A Figure of Merit Analysis for Free-Response Material" (pp. 343-354), Radin, May and Thomson "Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: Meta-Analysis Part 1" (pp. 199-234), and May, Radin, Hubbard, Humphrey and Utts "Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: An Informational Model" (pp. 237-266).[^19] The convention table lists Robert L. Morris as president for 1985 and Dean Radin as program chair.[^3]
At the 29th convention, at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California, in August 1986, Radin and May presented "Testing the Intuitive Data Sorting Model with Pseudorandom Number Generators: A Proposed Method" (pp. 539-554).[^20] At the 31st convention in Montreal in August 1988, Humphrey, May and Utts presented "Fuzzy Set Technology in the Analysis of Remote Viewing" (pp. 378-394), and May and S. J. P. Spottiswoode presented "A Michelson Interferometer Schrodinger Cat: The Death of the Observation Theories."[^21] At the 33rd convention, at the National 4-H Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland, in August 1990, May, Luke, Trask and Frivold presented "Observation of Neuromagnetic Fields in Response to Remote Stimuli" (pp. 168-185), cited in a report of Science Applications International Corporation, and Lantz, May and Piantanida presented "Remote Viewing: From what Time Frame Does the Information Originate?" (pp. 138-150), cited in a compilation of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory.[^22]
### Research endowment and current organization
The association's website, archived in 2016, describes the Parapsychological Association Research Endowment, created from a donation by Schmeidler. Its grants are administered by the board through a committee, for scholarships and grants-in-aid, usually for projects costing between $2,000 and $5,000. The 2016 site also describes the association as a non-profit, non-adjudicating organization that endorses no ideologies or beliefs other than the value of rigorous scientific and scholarly inquiry.[^23][^24] The association also administers the [[Gilbert Roller]] Fund for field investigation of macroscopic psychokinesis.[^25]
The association's current website lists [[Gerhard Mayer]] as president for 2025 and 2026, with Erika A. Pratte as vice-president, Jacob Glazier as secretary and Diane Hennacy as treasurer.[^26]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Announcement of Formation of the Parapsychological Association," *Journal of Parapsychology* 21, no. 4 (December 1957), pp. 315-316. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1957-12_21_4
[^2]: Parapsychological Association, "About," parapsychological.org/about/, accessed October 9, 2026. https://parapsychological.org/about/
[^3]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, listing president, convention city, dates, program chair and banquet speaker for 1958 to 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
[^4]: "The Parapsychological Association, First Annual Convention," *Journal of Parapsychology* 22, no. 1 (March 1958). https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1958-03_22_1
[^5]: E. Douglas Dean, "Die Parapsychological Association, affiliiertes Mitglied der American Association for the Advancement of Science. Parapsychologie ist jetzt eine anerkannte Wissenschaft. Wie es dazu kam," *Zeitschrift für Anomalistik* 15 (2015), pp. 47-54. Dean took part in the events he describes. https://www.anomalistik.de/images/pdf/zfa/zfa2015_12_047_dean.pdf
[^6]: Proposal submitted by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, USN, prepared by Henry (Andrija) Puharich, M.D., "Direct Brain Perception" research program, undated, citing Dr. Glass, the 1969 AAAS president, in note 24. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2
[^7]: Dael Wolfle, "AAAS Council Meeting, 1969," *Science* 167, no. 3921 (February 20, 1970), pp. 1151-1153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3921.1151
[^8]: English typescript of the account of the December 1969 AAAS Council session that Dean published in German in 2015, in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040024-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040024-0
[^9]: Martin Gardner, "Quantum Theory and Quack Theory," *New York Review of Books*, May 17, 1979, including the appendices and letter of John Archibald Wheeler. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/quantum-theory-and-quack-theory/
[^10]: John Archibald Wheeler, letter to William D. Carey, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "'A Decade of Permissiveness'," *New York Review of Books*, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/a-decade-of-permissiveness/
[^11]: John Archibald Wheeler, "The Superluminal," letter, *New York Review of Books*, September 27, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/09/27/the-superluminal-2/
[^12]: Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Richard D. Mattuck, Brian D. Josephson and Evan Harris Walker, with a reply by Martin Gardner, "Parapsychology: An Exchange," *New York Review of Books*, June 26, 1980. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1980/06/26/parapsychology-an-exchange/
[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997.
[^14]: "McDonnell Establishes Laboratory for Psychic Research," *PSI News* (Parapsychological Association) 2, no. 4 (October 1979), by Peter R. Phillips. CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080029-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080029-3
[^15]: "Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers*," STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, describing the 1982 debate and the ganzfeld meta-analysis, and crediting Edwin C. May of SRI International. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
[^16]: "Chronology of Recent Interest in Exceptional Functions of the Human Body in the People's Republic of China," STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300011-9, entry for August 1985. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400300011-9
[^17]: SRI International, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations*, final report, December 1988, covering November 1983 to October 1985, references A-10 (Hubbard, May and Puthoff; Utts and May). CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200400001-3
[^18]: Utts and May, "An Exact Method for Combining P-values," *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 28th Annual Convention*, pp. 431-439, in a bibliography in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170001-8. The Hubbard, May and Puthoff paper appears with pp. 355-372 in CIA-RDP96-00789R002200190001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200170001-8
[^19]: STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000300150001-4 (May, Humphrey and Mathews, pp. 343-354) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000300300001-7 (Radin, May and Thomson, pp. 199-234; May, Radin, Hubbard, Humphrey and Utts, pp. 237-266), citing the *Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association*, Tufts University, August 1985. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300300001-7
[^20]: SRI International report, STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200220001-3, citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers of the 29th Annual Parapsychological Association Convention*, Sonoma State University, August 1986. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200220001-3
[^21]: Cognitive Sciences Laboratory compilation, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4 (Humphrey, May and Utts, pp. 378-394), and a STARGATE bibliography, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170001-8 (May and Spottiswoode), citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 31st Annual Convention*, Montreal, August 1988. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
[^22]: SAIC report, STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000300310001-6 (May, Luke, Trask and Frivold, pp. 168-185), and Cognitive Sciences Laboratory compilation, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4 (Lantz, May and Piantanida, pp. 138-150), citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual Convention*, National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, Maryland, August 1990. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300310001-6
[^23]: Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, "First established in 1957, the PA has been an affiliated organization of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) since 1969," and the non-profit, non-adjudicating statement. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/8/parapsychological_association.aspx
[^24]: Parapsychological Association Research Endowment page, archived December 29, 2016, describing the Schmeidler donation, the award process and the $2,000 to $5,000 range. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/8/parapsychological_association.aspx
[^25]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page, archived December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx
[^26]: Parapsychological Association, "About," current board listing for 2025-2026. https://parapsychological.org/about/

15
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rand Corporation.md
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The project's first phase (mid-1964 through early 1965) was led by [[John Donnel
### Phase II: Goure and the Air Power Thesis ### Phase II: Goure and the Air Power Thesis
Phase II (early 1965 through April 1967) was controlled by [[Leon Goure|Leon Gouré]], head of Rand's Social Science Department, previously a Soviet civil defense expert. Gouré redirected the study's emphasis toward identifying which specific weapons and tactics, particularly air power, most eroded VC morale. His published reports concluded that continued bombing pressure would be effective, that VC morale was declining under air assault, and that forces would surrender under sufficient sustained pressure. These conclusions were consumed favorably at senior levels. Walt Rostow, National Security Advisor to President Johnson, drew on Gouré's work in preparing optimistic briefings. Robert McNamara was described by colleagues as reading Gouré's reports "like good scotch." Gouré briefed General Westmoreland, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the NSC. Even Westmoreland later found Gouré's optimism excessive.[^1] Phase II (early 1965 through April 1967) was controlled by [[Leon Goure|Leon Gouré]], head of Rand's Social Science Department, previously a Soviet civil defense expert. Gouré redirected the study's emphasis toward identifying which specific weapons and tactics, particularly air power, most eroded VC morale. His published reports concluded that continued bombing pressure would be effective, that VC morale was declining under air assault, and that forces would surrender under sufficient sustained pressure. These conclusions were consumed favorably at senior levels. [[Walt Rostow]], chairman of the State Department Policy Planning Council in 1965 and from April 1966 the President's special assistant for national security affairs, drew on Gouré's work in preparing optimistic briefings.[^9] Robert McNamara was described by colleagues as reading Gouré's reports "like good scotch." Gouré briefed General Westmoreland, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the NSC. Even Westmoreland later found Gouré's optimism excessive.[^1]
Field analyst [[Anthony Russo]], who arrived in Saigon in February 1965 and conducted interviews across the country, found the interview data so diverse that "it could be used to argue anything." He documented that Gouré's published conclusions required systematic selection of responses supporting his air power thesis while suppressing contradictory material. He also prepared a separate report documenting systematic torture of VC prisoners at detention sites where Rand's interviews were conducted, a document Ellsberg later described as "the first to document American complicity in the routine use of torture." Gouré instituted an informal censorship policy by which interview transcripts were sanitized before analysis, removing all mentions of torture or mistreatment of detainees by US forces and their allies. In February 1966, Gouré signed Russo's and Scott's names to a memorandum promoting increased air strikes, Agent Orange use for population displacement, and refugee generation without their knowledge or permission.[^1] Field analyst [[Anthony Russo]], who arrived in Saigon in February 1965 and conducted interviews across the country, found the interview data so diverse that "it could be used to argue anything." He documented that Gouré's published conclusions required systematic selection of responses supporting his air power thesis while suppressing contradictory material. He also prepared a separate report documenting systematic torture of VC prisoners at detention sites where Rand's interviews were conducted, a document Ellsberg later described as "the first to document American complicity in the routine use of torture." Gouré instituted an informal censorship policy by which interview transcripts were sanitized before analysis, removing all mentions of torture or mistreatment of detainees by US forces and their allies. In February 1966, Gouré signed Russo's and Scott's names to a memorandum promoting increased air strikes, Agent Orange use for population displacement, and refugee generation without their knowledge or permission.[^1]
@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ Rand's Santa Monica headquarters is described in accounts from the period as res
### Remote Viewing Era References ### Remote Viewing Era References
In accounts of the 1970s parapsychology research milieu, Rand is noted as larger and more prestigious than the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] among scientific think tanks, and it figures in the French accounts of 1959 and 1960 of a [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|USS Nautilus]] telepathy experiment, which the U.S. Navy denied and which a 1975 DIA study called rumors.[^9][^10] In accounts of the 1970s parapsychology research milieu, Rand is noted as larger and more prestigious than the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] among scientific think tanks, and it figures in the French accounts of 1959 and 1960 of a [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|USS Nautilus]] telepathy experiment, which the U.S. Navy denied and which a 1975 DIA study called rumors.[^10][^11]
In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that at the beginning of 1957 the Rand Corporation laid before [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] a report proposing telepathy for communicating with submarines, particularly under the polar ice cap, and that the report had no effect for a year. In the same chapter they list Rand among the organizations with parapsychology study laboratories, and a footnote cites a "Rapport de la Rand Corporation, 31 août 1958" in connection with a statement that the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission proposed in 1958 to use clairvoyants to guess where Russian bombs would fall.[^11] A report to Soviet Defense Minister [[Rodion Malinovsky]] of March 1960, as quoted by [[I. V. Tsykunov]], says that from the end of 1957 Rand, Westinghouse and Bell Telephone had been working intensively on telepathy.[^12] In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that at the beginning of 1957 the Rand Corporation laid before [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] a report proposing telepathy for communicating with submarines, particularly under the polar ice cap, and that the report had no effect for a year. In the same chapter they list Rand among the organizations with parapsychology study laboratories, and a footnote cites a "Rapport de la Rand Corporation, 31 août 1958" in connection with a statement that the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission proposed in 1958 to use clairvoyants to guess where Russian bombs would fall.[^12] A report to Soviet Defense Minister [[Rodion Malinovsky]] of March 1960, as quoted by [[I. V. Tsykunov]], says that from the end of 1957 Rand, Westinghouse and Bell Telephone had been working intensively on telepathy.[^13]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that
[^6]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 note 76. [^6]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 note 76.
[^7]: RAND RM-365, Jean M. Hungerford, The Exploitation of Superstitions for Purposes of Psychological Warfare (April 14, 1950; ASTIA ATI 210637), full text at https://archive.org/details/1950-hungerford-exploitation-of-superstitions-for-purposes-of-psychological-warfare; rand.org record https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM365.html. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 201 note 128 (dates it April 15, 1950). [^7]: RAND RM-365, Jean M. Hungerford, The Exploitation of Superstitions for Purposes of Psychological Warfare (April 14, 1950; ASTIA ATI 210637), full text at https://archive.org/details/1950-hungerford-exploitation-of-superstitions-for-purposes-of-psychological-warfare; rand.org record https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM365.html. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 201 note 128 (dates it April 15, 1950).
[^8]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 205-207 and notes 145-150, citing Goldhamer, The 1951 Korean Armistice Conference: A Personal Memoir, and Robert C. Tucker's memoir for the Joy detail. [^8]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 205-207 and notes 145-150, citing Goldhamer, The 1951 Korean Armistice Conference: A Personal Memoir, and Robert C. Tucker's memoir for the Joy detail.
[^9]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^9]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume II, Vietnam, January-June 1965*, document 121, memorandum from Rostow as "Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," February 15, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d121 ; *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume IV, Vietnam, 1966*, document 115, memorandum from "the President's Special Assistant (Rostow)," April 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d115
[^10]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2. [^10]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^11]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141. [^11]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2.
[^12]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^12]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141.
[^13]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rex Productions.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands"
--- ---
Rex Productions was a hardcore pornography studio in [[Amsterdam]] linked to [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]'s trafficking network through [[Marleen De Cokere]]. Rex Productions was operated by Didier Pellerin, a transvestite born in [[Paris|Paris, France]], who sold production through the Rex Product and Rox Film Product companies from the Netherlands. Pellerin had several charges for false documents and incentive to debauch. According to a police report, [[Jean-Michel Nihoul|Nihoul]] could have participated in sadomasochistic shoots at the studio. Pellerin hosted monthly buffet evenings at her premises for initiation to sadomasochism. The report noted that [[Marleen De Cokere]] had worked as a secretary at the studio, and an anonymous witness reported seeing photographs of children chained or in handcuffs at the premises, which appeared in a press book. Pellerin reportedly stated that the trade in pedophile videos was very lucrative in Belgium but dangerous.[^1] Rex Productions was a hardcore pornography studio in [[Amsterdam]] linked to [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]'s trafficking network through [[Marleen De Cokere]]. Rex Productions was operated by Didier Pellerin, a transvestite born in [[Paris|Paris, France]], who sold production through the Rex Product and Rox Film Product companies from the Netherlands. Pellerin had several charges for false documents and incentive to debauch. According to a police report, [[Jean-Michel Nihoul|Nihoul]] could have participated in sadomasochistic shoots at the studio. Pellerin hosted monthly buffet evenings at her premises for initiation to sadomasochism. The report noted that [[Marleen De Cokere]] had worked as a secretary at the studio, and an anonymous witness reported seeing photographs of children chained or in handcuffs at the premises, which appeared in a press book. Pellerin reportedly stated that the trade in pedophile videos was very lucrative in Belgium but dangerous.[^1]
Rex Productions was mentioned alongside [[Roxanne Films]] in the dossier compiled by the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] that linked [[Marc Dutroux]] to child traffickers in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul|Nihoul]] was charged as an accomplice in the kidnapping of [[Laetitia Delhez]] along with [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]], who was linked to the hardcore child pornography studios [[Roxanne Films]] and Rex Productions in [[Amsterdam]]. The [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] dossier described [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux]] as having frequented the studios as part of his connections to the Amsterdam-based child trafficking network.[^1] Rex Productions was mentioned alongside [[Roxanne Films]] in the dossier compiled by the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] that linked [[Marc Dutroux]] to child traffickers in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul|Nihoul]] was charged as an accomplice in the kidnapping of a 14-year-old girl along with [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]], who was linked to the hardcore child pornography studios [[Roxanne Films]] and Rex Productions in [[Amsterdam]]. The [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] dossier described [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux]] as having frequented the studios as part of his connections to the Amsterdam-based child trafficking network.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar. [^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Brothers Fund.md
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
- Policy - Policy
summary: "Foundation established in 1940 by the five Rockefeller brothers whose Special Studies Project of 1956-61, directed by Henry Kissinger until 1958, produced the Rockefeller Panel Reports on security, economy and foreign policy." summary: "Foundation established in 1940 by the five Rockefeller brothers whose Special Studies Project of 1956-61, directed by Henry Kissinger until 1958, produced the Rockefeller Panel Reports on security, economy and foreign policy."
created: 2026-06-05 created: 2026-06-05
updated: 2026-09-23 updated: 2026-10-09
relations: relations:
--- ---
@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ In the 1950s, the RBF became a vehicle for policy development. A trustee of the
The RBF's most consequential initiative was the Special Studies Project, launched in 1956 under Nelson Rockefeller's direction. The project convened six separate panels of experts from government, business, academia, and the military to study major challenges facing the United States. The RBF's most consequential initiative was the Special Studies Project, launched in 1956 under Nelson Rockefeller's direction. The project convened six separate panels of experts from government, business, academia, and the military to study major challenges facing the United States.
The panels produced a series of influential reports between 1958 and 1961, collectively known as the "Prospect for America" reports and published in a compiled volume as *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961). Individual panel papers were circulated to government officials before the consolidated publication. Their recommendations on nuclear weapons, military strategy, economic growth, and foreign policy substantially shaped the policy frameworks of both the final Eisenhower years and the early Kennedy administration. Veterans of the Special Studies Project who moved into the Kennedy White House included [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Walt Rostow]], [[Roswell Gilpatric]], and [[Edward Lansdale]].[^2] The panels produced a series of influential reports between 1958 and 1961, collectively known as the "Prospect for America" reports and published in a compiled volume as *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961). Individual panel papers were circulated to government officials before the consolidated publication. Their recommendations on nuclear weapons, military strategy, economic growth, and foreign policy substantially shaped the policy frameworks of both the final Eisenhower years and the early Kennedy administration. Veterans of the Special Studies Project who moved into the Kennedy White House included [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Walt Rostow]] (listed in Prospect for America among the "Consultants and Authors"),[^2] [[Roswell Gilpatric]], and [[Edward Lansdale]].[^3]
### Panel II: International Security (Kissinger) ### Panel II: International Security (Kissinger)
[[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] of Harvard's Center for International Affairs was director of the Special Studies Project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, and thereafter a consultant; the report of Panel II, *International Security: The Military Aspect,* was prepared under his direction. Panel IV dealt with the American economy.[^3] The panel's work on nuclear strategy and limited war doctrine reflected the [[Rockefeller family]]'s long-standing interest in "flexible response" military capabilities as an alternative to massive nuclear retaliation. [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] of Harvard's Center for International Affairs was director of the Special Studies Project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, and thereafter a consultant; the report of Panel II, *International Security: The Military Aspect,* was prepared under his direction. Panel IV dealt with the American economy.[^2] The panel's work on nuclear strategy and limited war doctrine reflected the [[Rockefeller family]]'s long-standing interest in "flexible response" military capabilities as an alternative to massive nuclear retaliation.
Kissinger's panel work through the RBF gave him the intellectual platform and Rockefeller family connections that launched his career as a foreign policy adviser. After the Special Studies Project, Kissinger continued to serve as Nelson Rockefeller's foreign policy consultant through the 1960s.[^4] Kissinger's panel work through the RBF gave him the intellectual platform and Rockefeller family connections that launched his career as a foreign policy adviser. After the Special Studies Project, Kissinger continued to serve as Nelson Rockefeller's foreign policy consultant through the 1960s.[^4]
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Nelson Rockefeller used the RBF's national security framework to promote bomb sh
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 25, Appendix A. [^1]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 25, Appendix A.
[^2]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25, 27. [^2]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and introduction to the report of Panel II. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961
[^3]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and introduction to the report of Panel II. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961 [^3]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25, 27.
[^4]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25, 27. [^4]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25, 27.
[^5]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25. [^5]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 25.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Round Table Foundation.md
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@ -1,24 +1,140 @@
--- ---
created: 2025-07-23 created: 2025-07-23
updated: 2025-07-23 updated: 2026-10-09
title: Round Table Foundation title: Round Table Foundation
aliases:
- Round Table Foundation
- Round Table Foundation Laboratory
- Round Table Laboratory of Experimental Electrobiology
- Round Table Foundation, Glen Cove, Maine
tags: tags:
- organization - Organization
- research - PrivateOrganization
- private - Research
description: The Round Table Foundation was a research facility founded by Andrija Puharich in Maine, dedicated to the study of psychic phenomena. - Parapsychology
- Psi
- RoundTableFoundation
- Maine
- 1940s
- 1950s
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
start: 1948 start: 1948
end: 1958
location: "Glen Cove, Maine" location: "Glen Cove, Maine"
summary: "The Round Table Foundation was a research facility founded by Andrija Puharich in Glen Cove, Maine, in the late 1940s." summary: "The Round Table Foundation was a privately funded parapsychology laboratory that Andrija Puharich founded in Maine, which operated until 1957 or 1958 and tested psychics inside a Faraday cage."
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Andrija Puharich]]"
reverse: true
start: 1948
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Andrija Puharich]]"
reverse: true
role: "director of research"
start: 1949
end: 1958
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Alice Astor Bouverie]]"
reverse: true
start: 1948
end: 1956
fn: 8
- type: funded
with: "[[Marcella Miller du Pont]]"
reverse: true
fn: 8
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Arthur M. Young]]"
reverse: true
start: 1952
end: 1953
fn: 11
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Eileen Garrett]]"
reverse: true
fn: 12
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Peter Hurkos]]"
reverse: true
start: 1956
end: 1956
fn: 15
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Harry Stump]]"
reverse: true
fn: 12
--- ---
The [[Round Table Foundation]] was a research facility founded by [[Andrija Puharich]] in Glen Cove, Maine, in the late 1940s. It was dedicated to the study of [[Parapsychology|psi]] phenomena, particularly [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis]], and was funded by a group of wealthy patrons interested in the paranormal, including [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]].[^1] The [[Round Table Foundation]] was a privately funded parapsychology laboratory that [[Andrija Puharich]] founded in Maine. It studied [[Parapsychology|psi]] phenomena, principally [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis]], and tested gifted subjects inside a [[Faraday cage]]. Its patrons included [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]], and the laboratory drew visits from [[Aldous Huxley]].[^1]
The foundation was housed in a 45-room mansion called the Warrenton Estate, and it was here that Puharich conducted his early research, including experiments with psychics like [[Eileen Garrett]] in a [[Faraday cage]]. The foundation also explored other areas of research, such as audio waves and human hearing.[^1] ### Founding and Maine laboratory
The Round Table Foundation attracted the attention of the U.S. government, and Puharich was eventually called back into military service. The foundation's work, though often blending science with mysticism, played a role in the early history of U.S. government interest in psychic phenomena.[^1] Puharich's curriculum vitae, filed in the trial record and also held in [[Central Intelligence Agency]] files, states that he held the position of director of research at the foundation from 1948 to 1958, "except for a two-year leave of absence for military duty (1953-55)," and that he "helped to found" the non-profit foundation at [[Glen Cove, Maine]].[^2] His sworn testimony in the patent litigation gives the directorship as 1949 to 1958.[^1] The curriculum vitae describes the first years as animal research under a three-year fellowship from the [[General Foods Corporation]], recording electrical responses of dogs and cats to taste, and a collaboration from 1949 to 1952 with the ear surgeon [[Samuel Rosen]] on the stapes surgery that Rosen later extended to humans.[^2] The [[Warrenton Estate]], a 45-room mansion in Glen Cove, is described as the foundation's home and laboratory.[^3]
--- A [[Portland Press Herald]] story datelined [[Camden, Maine|Camden]] on January 9, 1949 described the "Round Table Foundation Laboratory of experimental electrobiology" as set up in a converted barn on the Bald Mountain retreat near Camden, close to the home of [[Zlatko Balokovic]] and his wife [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]].[^4] The 1949 story places it at Camden, the curriculum vitae and trial testimony at Glen Cove, and the [[Down East]] magazine account at Rockport, while describing the estate as at Glen Cove.[^3] The Down East account states that the foundation "formally shut down in 1957" and that the estate became a Bible school in 1959.[^3]
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. ### Army service and the 1952 Pentagon paper
Puharich testified that the [[Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare]] of the [[U.S. Army]] approached him in 1952 and early 1953 to run a test, which consisted of photographs sealed in opaque envelopes that a subject held and described, and that the results "were given in confidence to the Department of the Army people who were involved."[^5] The paper he presented, "An Evaluation of the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare," is dated November 23, 1952 in his curriculum vitae, for a conference on psychological warfare at the Pentagon.[^2]
A 1977 article in the CIA's journal [[Studies in Intelligence]] by [[Kenneth A. Kress]] states that "in 1952 the Department of Defense was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare." Its footnote to that sentence names Puharich's "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare," "delivered to a 1952 Pentagon conference," and cites [[The Washington Post|The Washington Post]] of August 7, 1977. The article's reference list gives a Post item of that date as J. Wilhelm, "Psychic Spying?", Outlook section.[^6] Kress's next paragraph states that parapsychology "induced one of the earliest U. S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the CIA's Office of Technical Service became interested in ESP, and that [[Stephen I. Abrams]], director of the parapsychological laboratory at [[Oxford University]], then prepared under [[Project ULTRA]] a review article "which claimed ESP was demonstrated but not understood or controllable." The article cites that work as Abrams, "Extrasensory Perception," draft report, December 14, 1965.[^6]
From 1953 to 1955 Puharich served as a captain in the Medical Corps and chief of the outpatient service at the [[U.S. Army Dispensary]] of the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in Maryland. He testified that there he "conducted biological and radiological warfare research."[^5] His curriculum vitae lists "specialized training in chemical, radiological and biological warfare and classified responsibilities therefrom."[^2] [[Roger A. Beaumont]] wrote in the January 1982 issue of [[Signal (magazine)|Signal]] that Puharich's connections with the military and intelligence communities "go back to the early 1950s," when he "worked in the Army's Chemical and Biological Warfare Center at Ft. Detrick, Md."[^7]
Jacobsen wrote that a Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare, who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich and recalled him to military service in March 1953.[^8] The trial record and the curriculum vitae confirm the Army's approach and the 1953 service, but neither names Stanley.[^2][^5]
The CIA's interest in Puharich continued after the Army years. A January 24, 1973 memorandum from the agency's Office of Research and Development, reviewing the [[Stanford Research Institute]] film of [[Uri Geller]], states that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^9] A 1967 report by the Czech parapsychologist [[Milan Ryzl]] on parapsychology in Eastern Europe states that Soviet interlocutors showed interest in the work and theories of Puharich.[^10]
### Faraday cage and the subjects
The laboratory's principal apparatus was a Faraday cage used to test whether shielding enhanced ESP scores. Jacobsen wrote that Puharich built it with the inventor [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]].[^8] The trial photographs show the cage as used in the Glen Cove laboratory in 1952 and 1953 and possibly into 1955.[^1] [[Arthur M. Young]], who met Puharich in 1952, testified that his own [[Foundation for the Study of Consciousness]], chartered in 1952, took over the guidance of the Round Table's research while Puharich was drafted, covering late 1952 and 1953. Young's job was to locate sensitive subjects and bring them to Maine for tests in the cage.[^11]
Puharich testified that he used nine principal subjects at the foundation, among them [[Peter Hurkos]], [[Harry Stump]], [[Eileen Garrett]] and [[D. G. Vinod]].[^12] Of Garrett, Puharich testified that inside the treated cage her results gave a probability against chance of 5.5 times ten to the minus seventh, while a control subject outside the cage scored at chance expectation (probability .64). In a run with the cage uncharged her score was at the .28 level.[^13]
Puharich testified that in a test before the Psychic Research Society of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] the percipient in the treated cage scored 18 hits out of 50, "which gives a probability of about 5.5 times 10 to the minus 7 against chance occurrence."[^14] The demonstrations of September 29 and 30, 1956 at the foundation were recorded in an 11-page report that Puharich entered in the record as Plaintiff's Exhibit 7.[^15] The report lists five MIT student observers, among them a Charles Tart, and lists Mrs. Balokovic among others present; [[Charles Tart]], later a parapsychologist, had studied at MIT before transferring to [[Duke University]].[^15] The report describes split Matching Abacus Test series in which Peter Hurkos and a second subject, written "Mr. Stone" in the report, sat in separate Faraday cages about 18 feet apart. Most runs scored at chance. For Demonstration No. 11 (50 trials, 18 on-target hits) the report states that the results "were considered evidence for the existence of telepathic interaction on the part of Mr. Stone and Mr. Hurkos."[^15] Puharich's counsel described the series in the appellate brief as "a clear demonstration of a telepathic interaction between one Peter Hurkos and one Harry Stone."[^16] The testimony spells the second subject's name "Harry Stump."[^12]
The Stanford Research Institute grant application of 1972 by [[Russell Targ]] describes "privately-circulated material" by Puharich on experiments in which subjects were placed in separate Faraday cages, or one subject in a copper-sheet cage while the other sat in a car a mile from the laboratory, and states that scoring fell back to ordinary levels when the shielding or the ground connection was broken.[^17] An anonymous mid-1960s paper in the CIA's files, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," states that Puharich "was director of a nonprofit foundation in Maine for several years where he studied various sensitives under 'scientific' conditions" and "was responsible for bringing Peter Hurkos to this country."[^18]
### Patrons and visitors
Jacobsen wrote that Alice Astor Bouverie, the only daughter of [[John Jacob Astor IV]], provided an initial check of $106,000 in 1948 and served as the foundation's first vice president.[^8] The Down East account states that Bouverie wrote the check that launched the foundation and that she died unexpectedly in July 1956.[^3] Jacobsen also wrote that Marcella Miller du Pont was a principal patron who was called the "mother of magic" within the organization, and that Library of Congress documents show she brought the foundation to the attention of [[John E. Gingrich]], director of security and intelligence at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]].[^8] Jacobsen names [[Henry Belk]] as a later investor who brought Peter Hurkos to Maine in the fall of 1956.[^8]
Huxley visited the laboratory in August 1955 for about two weeks, according to the Down East account, which states that he arrived by commuter plane at Owls Head and went on by taxi, quotes him describing Puharich as "a lively bird," and quotes a letter in which he wrote of the visit, "It was all very lively . . . and, I really think, promising."[^3] Puharich's curriculum vitae records that he sat on a 1960 symposium at Rancho La Puerta in Tecate, Mexico, moderated by Huxley.[^2] Jacobsen wrote that Huxley was present in August 1955 when Puharich gave Stump the mushroom [[Teonanacatl|teonanácatl]] without Stump's knowledge, and that Huxley objected and insisted that an antidote be given.[^8]
### Mushroom research
Puharich's curriculum vitae lists membership in the Mycological Society of San Francisco from 1959.[^2] From 1958 to 1961 he worked at the U.S. Army Hospital at Fort Ord, California, and in his testimony he described himself as a special consultant in mycology and mushroom poisoning.[^1] A 1960 expedition he led into the Chatino country of Oaxaca, Mexico, was sponsored by the [[U.S. Army Chemical Corps|Army Chemical Corps]], the [[University of Washington]] and the [[Aluminum Company of America]].[^2] Puharich's book *The Sacred Mushroom: Key to the Door of Eternity* was published by Doubleday in 1959.[^19]
Jacobsen wrote that the CIA, through an officer named James Moore, bypassed Puharich and approached [[R. Gordon Wasson]] directly about the mushroom for [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]], and that Puharich was sidelined from it.[^8] Jacobsen also wrote that a trance by Stump in June 1954, in which Stump drew a mushroom that Puharich identified as [[Amanita muscaria]], gave the CIA a key lead in its search.[^8]
### Patent litigation
Puharich filed patent application Serial No. 291,096 on June 27, 1963, for a "Method and Apparatus for Creating a Controlled Condition for the Observation of the Sensory Abilities of a Human Subject." The Patent Office examiner finally rejected the claims on February 16, 1965, and the Board of Appeals affirmed on June 30, 1966.[^1] Puharich sued under 35 U.S.C. section 145 against [[Edward J. Brenner]], Commissioner of Patents. The district court entered judgment for the Commissioner, and Young testified for the plaintiff at the trial.[^1] On June 25, 1969 the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] affirmed in an opinion by Circuit Judge [[Leventhal]], which describes the device as "a kind of cage" with electrical installations in the screen casing and declines to disturb the district court's findings.[^2]
### Closing and later record
The curriculum vitae ends the directorship in 1958, the trial testimony gives 1958, and the Down East account gives 1957.[^1][^2][^3] From 1961 Puharich was president and director of medical research of the [[Intelectron Corporation]] in New York, which he testified was formed "to develop and market certain of my ideas and patents in the field of hearing."[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Transcript of Record, Appendix, *Puharich v. Brenner*, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), testimony of Henry K. Puharich on direct examination (Appx. 22a-23a, 58a-67a) and testimony of Arthur M. Young (Appx. 36a-37a), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner.
[^2]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae, Appendix to the record in *Puharich v. Brenner* (above), and CIA Reading Room document "Direct Brain Perception/Action," submitted by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, USN, prepared by Henry (Andrija) Puharich, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2. Also *Puharich v. Brenner*, 415 F.2d 979 (D.C. Cir. 1969), Leventhal, J., https://static.case.law/f2d/415/cases/0979-01.json.
[^3]: Down East, "When a Shadowy Maine Estate Was an Epicenter of Psychics and Psychedelics," https://downeast.com/history/psych-out.
[^4]: Jim Moore, "Secrets Of Life," *Portland Press Herald* (Portland, Me.), January 9, 1949, p. 61, https://www.newspapers.com/image/848421406/.
[^5]: Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, Appx. 66a-67a (Army approach, confidential results) and Appx. 23a (Army Chemical Center service).
[^6]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence*, vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200030040-0. Footnote 1 and the reference list.
[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," *Signal*, January 1982, p. 39, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3.
[^8]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017).
[^9]: Memorandum, Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400070029-2.
[^10]: Milan Ryzl, "Report on the Situation in Parapsychology in Eastern Europe," summer 1967, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400010036-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400010036-0.
[^11]: Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, Appx. 36a-37a, testimony of Arthur M. Young on the 1952 meeting, the charter of the Foundation for the Study of Consciousness and the 1952 to 1953 guidance of research.
[^12]: Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, Appx. 66a-67a, testimony of Henry K. Puharich listing the nine principal subjects.
[^13]: Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, testimony of Henry K. Puharich on cross-examination, Appx. 73a-74a, describing the Garrett control experiments and the probabilities reported for the treated and control runs.
[^14]: Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, Appx. 61a-63a, direct testimony of Henry K. Puharich on the Psychic Research Society test.
[^15]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Puharich report, Transcript of Record, *Puharich v. Brenner*, Appendix, section 8.80 and following (laboratory demonstration for the Psychic Research Society of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 29 and 30, 1956; split Matching Abacus Test series between Peter Hurkos and Harry Stone). Exhibit 7 is at Appx. p. 178a.
[^16]: Brief for Appellant, *Puharich v. Brenner*, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), bound with the Transcript of Record at https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner.
[^17]: Russell Targ, Public Health Service grant application "Techniques To Enhance Extraordinary Human Perception," Stanford Research Institute, project period October 1, 1972 to October 1, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100150001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100150001-6.
[^18]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," anonymous typescript by a behavioral scientist, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1.
[^19]: Andrija Puharich, *The Sacred Mushroom: Key to the Door of Eternity* (Doubleday, 1959), as listed in a bibliography in CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology.md
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@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had financed a research project at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents. The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. The research, "which relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was conducted by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with MIT's [[Center for International Studies]] and later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], whom the article called "apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." It described the Society as "the now defunct Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, A New York-based CIA front set up in the 1950s to provide a legitimate cover for CIA research projects, including some involving 'brainwashing.'" A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there said that "Given a model or prototype [of a scientist], it is desired that guidance be provided as regards the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated."[^17] [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had financed a research project at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents. The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. The research, "which relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was conducted by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with MIT's [[Center for International Studies]] and later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], whom the article called "apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." It described the Society as "the now defunct Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, A New York-based CIA front set up in the 1950s to provide a legitimate cover for CIA research projects, including some involving 'brainwashing.'" A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there said that "Given a model or prototype [of a scientist], it is desired that guidance be provided as regards the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated."[^17]
A CIA memorandum of November 18, 1958, addressed to the Comptroller under the heading "MKULTRA, Subproject No. 90," states that the subproject has been approved and that $12,000 of the overall MKULTRA project funds has been obligated to cover its expenses. The memorandum does not name the institution that performed the work.[^18]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Marks, John. *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9 ("The Proprietaries") - primary account of the Society's structure and funding relationships using surviving MKULTRA documents. "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977. [^1]: Marks, John. *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9 ("The Proprietaries") - primary account of the Society's structure and funding relationships using surviving MKULTRA documents. "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
@ -140,3 +142,4 @@ The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and
[^15]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977). [^15]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977).
[^16]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 . [^16]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 .
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 [^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^18]: CIA, memorandum for the Comptroller, "MKULTRA, Subproject No. 90," November 18, 1958, CIA reading room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/TAG Films.md
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@ -9,12 +9,17 @@ tags:
- Child_Pornography - Child_Pornography
- Snuff_Films - Snuff_Films
category: "Private Organization" category: "Private Organization"
summary: "TAG Films was a video production company established in Amsterdam by three Welsh pedophiles: Alan Williams, John Gay, and Lee Tucker." summary: "TAG Films was an Amsterdam video production company that S. Dovey described as established by Alan Williams, John Gay and Lee Tucker; Nick Davies wrote it sold through US and German distributors."
location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands" location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands"
--- ---
TAG Films was a video production company established in Amsterdam by three Welsh pedophiles: [[Alan Williams]], [[John Gay]], and [[Lee Tucker]]. Williams managed [[Boys Club 21]] in Amsterdam's Spuistraat district and worked closely with [[Warwick Spinks]], who managed the [[Gay Palace]] nightclub across the street. A Scotland Yard informant named "Frank" described how the group produced a snuff film inside a barn belonging to a German man who frequented the boy brothels managed by Williams and Spinks. The investigation into TAG Films was part of [[Operation Framework]], the joint Scotland Yard and Dutch authorities inquiry conducted between 1992 and 1993 targeting suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals in Amsterdam.[^1] TAG Films was a video production company in Amsterdam. S. Dovey wrote that it was established by three Welsh pedophiles, [[Alan Williams]], [[John Gay]] and [[Lee Tucker]].[^1] [[Nick Davies]] wrote in 2000 that Williams, known as the Welsh Witch, arrived in Amsterdam in 1988 and managed [[Boys Club 21]] at 21 Spuistraat, and that across the road at number 44 [[Warwick Spinks]] ran a similar club, the [[Gay Palace]]; Davies wrote that both men "had much wider and crueller interests," and that Williams introduced Lee Tucker and John Gay, who "set up TAG Films."[^2] In a 1998 article Davies described Spinks as working at Boys For Men at 44b Spuistraat, and Williams as managing Boys Club 21 "across the road."[^3] The two Davies accounts name different clubs for Spinks; both are attributed. Dovey wrote that a Scotland Yard informant named "Frank" described how the group produced a snuff film inside a barn belonging to a German man who frequented the boy brothels managed by Williams and Spinks, and that the investigation into TAG Films was part of [[Operation Framework]], the joint Scotland Yard and Dutch authorities inquiry conducted between 1992 and 1993 targeting suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals in Amsterdam.[^1]
TAG Films was linked to a German distribution company in Dusseldorf called [[Gero-Video]]. A raid by German authorities on Gero-Video's premises followed the Dutch investigation. Gero-Video was identified as one of the largest distributors of homosexual pornography in Europe. [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]], who was imprisoned in Italy for the murder of [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]], appeared in at least five Gero-Video films. Gero-Video changed ownership in 1994 and was also identified as a child porn distributor in a dossier provided by [[Karel Maasdam]]'s accountant to Dutch intelligence services.[^1] Dovey wrote that TAG Films was linked to the Dusseldorf distributor [[Gero-Video]] and that a German raid on Gero-Video followed.[^4] Davies wrote that TAG Films sold its films "through distributors in the United States and Germany" and that German police raided "a video distributor in Dusseldorf" after Bristol detectives followed Tucker and Gay, without naming it.[^2] Der Spiegel reported in 1998 that investigators had found nothing punishable at Gero-Video and that proceedings had been discontinued.[^5]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000. https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/
[^3]: Nick Davies, "Paedophile network trafficks young boys across Europe," nickdavies.net, dated October 1, 1998. https://www.nickdavies.net/1998/10/01/paedophile-network-trafficks-young-boys-across-europe/
[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^5]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 3, 1998. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187

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@ -127,35 +127,37 @@ The conclusion asked for "some single authority concerned with political warfare
Hooker, of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], sent a memorandum to Nitze on March 26, 1951. It said that "The Troy Report almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense. It deserves the most serious consideration." Hooker found that the principles and techniques for political warfare laid down in the report, "with few exceptions, seem worthy of adoption."[^10] The same day Armstrong, of the Department, wrote to Barrett that the report showed "its appreciation of the nature of political warfare," while criticizing its "over-all substantive approach."[^10] Hooker, of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], sent a memorandum to Nitze on March 26, 1951. It said that "The Troy Report almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense. It deserves the most serious consideration." Hooker found that the principles and techniques for political warfare laid down in the report, "with few exceptions, seem worthy of adoption."[^10] The same day Armstrong, of the Department, wrote to Barrett that the report showed "its appreciation of the nature of political warfare," while criticizing its "over-all substantive approach."[^10]
Nitze's memorandum to Webb of April 9, 1951 rejected the use of the report as a frame of reference for a new board. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information." He wrote that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^14] Barrett's memorandum of March 29, 1951 had described the board's jurisdiction "as recommended by the Troy group."[^14] Nitze's memorandum to Webb of April 9, 1951 rejected the use of the report as a frame of reference for a new board. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information." He wrote that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^14] Nitze wrote that Barrett's memorandum of March 29, 1951 envisaged the board "as operating as a central authority on political warfare" "as recommended by the Troy group."[^14]
Bessner reports that State officials praised the report as an "extraordinary piece of work" that "blazed important new paths," a phrase he takes from [[Allan Needell]].[^15] Bessner reports that State officials praised the report as an "extraordinary piece of work" that "blazed important new paths," a phrase he takes from [[Allan Needell]].[^15]
### The Psychological Strategy Board ### The Psychological Strategy Board
President Truman's directive of April 4, 1951 established the Psychological Strategy Board to promote "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations." The board consisted of the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of [[Department of Defense]] and the Director of Central Intelligence, and it reported to the [[National Security Council]]. [[Gordon Gray]] was its first director.[^16] The State Department had argued that a department member should chair the board. Webb wrote on March 15 that it was "impossible … to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^16] President Truman's directive of April 4, 1951 established the Psychological Strategy Board to promote "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations." The board consisted of the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of [[Department of Defense]] and the Director of Central Intelligence, and it reported to the [[National Security Council]]. [[Gordon Gray]] was its first director.[^16] The directive also stated that "This directive does not authorize the Board nor the Director to perform any 'psychological operations'."[^16] The State Department had argued that a department member should chair the board. Webb wrote on March 15 that it was "impossible … to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^16]
Daniel Bessner argues that Speier's Troy participation gave him a channel into State Department policy, and that PSB directive D-31 of November 26, 1952 endorsed three of Speier's arguments about the Soviet political structure.[^17] D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program," called for increasing "suspicion [between Soviet and communist elites] to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions." Bessner says the paper also described breeding distrust as a way to "disrupt the system" of Soviet rule.[^17] Daniel Bessner argues that Speier's Troy participation gave him a channel into State Department policy, and that PSB directive D-31 of November 26, 1952 endorsed three of Speier's arguments about the Soviet political structure.[^17] D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program," called for increasing "suspicion [between Soviet and communist elites] to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions." Bessner says the paper also described breeding distrust as a way to "disrupt the system" of Soviet rule.[^17]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 recorded that the CIA "has been assigned the project of a continuing study in this field" of balloons and "has also been instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^9] In February 1953 CIA memoranda discussed a "Friendship-Balloon Lift," which Bessner cites from the files of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^18] The third progress report on NSC 59/1 recorded that the CIA "has been assigned the project of a continuing study in this field" of balloons and "has also been instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^9] In February 1953 CIA memoranda discussed a "Friendship-Balloon Lift," which Bessner cites from the files of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^18]
On November 1, 1951 Gordon Gray, as Director of the Board, wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] that Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]] of MIT would present the program of the Center of International Studies to the Board and its staff on November 7, and that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report."[^19]
### The Center for International Studies ### The Center for International Studies
Bessner writes that the Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, "emerged from Project TROY." James Killian, pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase with four research initiatives. One of them concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to one that [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the report.[^19] CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951. MIT's biographical note for the papers of its first director states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^5] In February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^19] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^20] Bessner writes that the Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, "emerged from Project TROY." James Killian, pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase with four research initiatives. One of them concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to one that [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the report.[^20] CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951. MIT's biographical note for the papers of its first director states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^5] In February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^20] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^21]
Millikan's CIA service is recorded in agency documents. In a letter stamped January 30, 1951 he wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," whose mission had been "focused much more sharply on economic matters."[^21] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion of psychological intelligence with State Department officers, including the intelligence support to be given to the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] in the psychological field, and records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^22] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, sent to the intelligence chiefs of State, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force "for the Director of Central Intelligence," carries his typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^23] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," on a leave of absence from MIT.[^24] A letter he signed as AD/RR on November 26, 1951 tells its addressee, whose name is redacted, that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^25] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^26] Millikan's CIA service is recorded in agency documents. In a letter stamped January 30, 1951 he wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," whose mission had been "focused much more sharply on economic matters."[^22] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion of psychological intelligence with State Department officers, including the intelligence support to be given to the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] in the psychological field, and records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^23] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, sent to the intelligence chiefs of State, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force "for the Director of Central Intelligence," carries his typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^24] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," on a leave of absence from MIT.[^25] A letter he signed as AD/RR on November 26, 1951 tells its addressee, whose name is redacted, that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^26] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^27]
A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." It records Millikan's statement that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, also recorded Millikan's account of an earlier Board under Barrett, with [[Frank Wisner]] of the Office of Policy Coordination, Admiral Stevens from the Pentagon and others, and a staff called "IFIS" located in State.[^6] A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." It records Millikan's statement that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, also recorded Millikan's account of an earlier Board under Barrett, with [[Frank Wisner]] of the Office of Policy Coordination, Admiral Stevens from the Pentagon and others, and a staff called "IFIS" located in State.[^6]
Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When Speier learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^19] Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When Speier learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^20]
Funding from the CIA is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that "The Central Intelligence Agency secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents." The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. It named the researcher as [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency," and said Wiener, later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], "was apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." The research, which "relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was financed by the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], which the article called "a New York-based CIA front." A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there gave the purpose as guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated," and said the projects would "sharpen our sights and methods as respects the spotting, development and recruitment of selected types of citizens."[^27] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967, in a passage on the agency's use of university specialists, reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quoted Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^28] Asked by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee whether he had ever been connected with the CIA, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, answered: "Not in any direct way. The reason that I hesitate in my answer is that I was connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT." Asked the period, he said: "That was 1951-1952. And they had some kind of contract with the CIA. So that it is conceivable that I was cleared with them." He added: "But I never formally worked for them." Asked "Did you know that the Center for International Studies was a CIA operation?" he answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge when he was there, he answered: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came. I worked for Mr. Rostow, yes." He described himself as a staff member, one of "only three or four staff members" at first, who "worked on various projects having to do with Russia and Eastern Europe."[^29] Funding from the CIA is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that "The Central Intelligence Agency secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents." The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. It named the researcher as [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency," and said Wiener, later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], "was apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." The research, which "relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was financed by the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], which the article called "a New York-based CIA front." A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there gave the purpose as guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated," and said the projects would "sharpen our sights and methods as respects the spotting, development and recruitment of selected types of citizens."[^28] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967, in a passage on the agency's use of university specialists, reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quoted Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^29] Asked by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee whether he had ever been connected with the CIA, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, answered: "Not in any direct way. The reason that I hesitate in my answer is that I was connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT." Asked the period, he said: "That was 1951-1952. And they had some kind of contract with the CIA. So that it is conceivable that I was cleared with them." He added: "But I never formally worked for them." Asked "Did you know that the Center for International Studies was a CIA operation?" he answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge when he was there, he answered: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came. I worked for Mr. Rostow, yes." He described himself as a staff member, one of "only three or four staff members" at first, who "worked on various projects having to do with Russia and Eastern Europe."[^30]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^30] In February 1961 Allen W. Dulles wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^31]
### Lexington and related studies ### Lexington and related studies
The historian Daniel Bessner describes Troy as an outgrowth of earlier summer studies. He names an Air Force summer study codenamed LEXINGTON, which examined a nuclear-powered airplane, and a Navy study codenamed HARTWELL, which examined how the United States could avoid Soviet submarines.[^31] James Killian's 1954 statement at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] gives a different account of Lexington. He called it "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director. The same statement describes a 1952 summer study of the [[Lincoln Laboratory]], in which Oppenheimer briefed the group on atomic warfare, and whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^32] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^33] The historian Daniel Bessner describes Troy as an outgrowth of earlier summer studies. He names an Air Force summer study codenamed LEXINGTON, which examined a nuclear-powered airplane, and a Navy study codenamed HARTWELL, which examined how the United States could avoid Soviet submarines.[^32] James Killian's 1954 statement at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] gives a different account of Lexington. He called it "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director. The same statement describes a 1952 summer study of the [[Lincoln Laboratory]], in which Oppenheimer briefed the group on atomic warfare, and whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^33] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^34]
### Declassification ### Declassification
@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State
[^5]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722 [^5]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722
[^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0 [^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^7]: CIA, "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 (Top Secret; "Approved For Release 2000/08/29"). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 [^7]: CIA, "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 (Top Secret; "Approved For Release 2000/08/29"). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^8]: Sonya Lynn Finley, "Recommending Political Warfare: The Role of Eisenhower's Presidential Committee on International Information Activities in the United States' Approach to the Cold War" (PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2016), citing Needell, Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (1993), p. 400, and Krugler (2000). Secondary account; the Ring Plan details are Finley's. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fad04742-5d02-47ca-8d6c-44f692d790a6/content [^8]: Sonya Lynn Finley, "Recommending Political Warfare: The Role of Eisenhower's Presidential Committee on International Information Activities in the United States' Approach to the Cold War" (PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2016), citing Needell, Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (1993), p. 400, and Krugler (2000). The Ring Plan details are Finley's. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fad04742-5d02-47ca-8d6c-44f692d790a6/content
[^9]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated), paragraph 8 and its footnote 5 on the Troy report, and paragraph 12 on balloons. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 [^9]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated), paragraph 8 and its footnote 5 on the Troy report, and paragraph 12 on balloons. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^10]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Robert J. Hooker to Paul Nitze, March 26, 1951, with the highlights of the Troy report and its annexes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 [^10]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Robert J. Hooker to Paul Nitze, March 26, 1951, with the highlights of the Troy report and its annexes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
[^11]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 92 (Webb memorandum, November 8, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d92 [^11]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 92 (Webb memorandum, November 8, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d92
@ -180,21 +182,22 @@ The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State
[^13]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59, Annex 12 (Defectors), with the bracketed "not declassified" notations in the same passage. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 [^13]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59, Annex 12 (Defectors), with the bracketed "not declassified" notations in the same passage. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
[^14]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951), and the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 quoted in it ("as recommended by the Troy group"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62 [^14]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951), and the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 quoted in it ("as recommended by the Troy group"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62
[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 239 and note 49, quoting Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 413 to 414. [^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 239 and note 49, quoting Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 413 to 414.
[^16]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 60 (PSB directive of April 4, 1951) and its editorial note citing Webb's memorandum to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60 [^16]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16, Directive by the President to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence, April 4, 1951, pp. 58-60. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d16 Also Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60, editorial note, citing Webb to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 17 (Speier's influence on PSB tactical directives), and pp. 240 and note 52 (PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, RG 59, S/S-NSC Files, Lot 62 D 333). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 17 (Speier's influence on PSB tactical directives), and pp. 240 and note 52 (PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, RG 59, S/S-NSC Files, Lot 62 D 333). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^18]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and note 50 (CIA memoranda of February 10, 17 and 25, 1953 on "The Friendship-Balloon Lift," Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, National Security Council Staff Papers, PSB Central Files, Box 28, PSB 452.4). [^18]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and note 50 (CIA memoranda of February 10, 17 and 25, 1953 on "The Friendship-Balloon Lift," Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, National Security Council Staff Papers, PSB Central Files, Box 28, PSB 452.4).
[^19]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 255 (CENIS and the Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Marquis and Annex 11, and the fall 1951 start), pp. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the Ford grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 36 to 42 and p. 38, as cited there. [^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter from Gordon Gray, Director, Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0
[^20]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history [^20]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 255 (CENIS and the Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Marquis and Annex 11, and the fall 1951 start), pp. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the Ford grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 36 to 42 and p. 38, as cited there.
[^21]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped "JAN 30 1951" (addressee illegible in the reading-room copy), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1 [^21]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^22]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1 [^22]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped "JAN 30 1951" (addressee illegible in the reading-room copy), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^23]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, signed "For the Director of Central Intelligence" by Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3 [^23]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^24]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2 [^24]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, signed "For the Director of Central Intelligence" by Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^25]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6 [^25]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^26]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5 [^26]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^27]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 [^27]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^28]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16 (the opening words of the sentence on the $300,000 fall at the foot of p. 15), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8, passage on the center. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 [^28]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Office of Legal Adviser, State Department (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 [^29]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16 (the opening words of the sentence on the $300,000 fall at the foot of p. 15), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8, passage on the center. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^30]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. Dulles's note of February 16, 1961, which acknowledges the letter of January 23, and Millikan's letter of March 2, 1961 thanking Dulles for it, are in CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160036-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 [^30]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Office of Legal Adviser, State Department (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40 (Troy as an outgrowth of the Air Force and Navy summer studies, LEXINGTON and HARTWELL). [^31]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. Dulles's note of February 16, 1961, which acknowledges the letter of January 23, and Millikan's letter of March 2, 1961 thanking Dulles for it, are in CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160036-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^32]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 [^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40 (Troy as an outgrowth of the Air Force and Navy summer studies, LEXINGTON and HARTWELL).
[^33]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 [^33]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
[^34]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802

48
30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Framework.md
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@ -13,64 +13,52 @@ tags:
- ChildTrafficking - ChildTrafficking
- SnuffFilms - SnuffFilms
category: "Crime Investigation" category: "Crime Investigation"
summary: "Joint Scotland Yard and Dutch investigation (1992-1993) into suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals operating in Amsterdam's boy brothels." summary: "Scotland Yard investigation, set up after negotiations with Dutch counterparts, into informant reports of snuff films made by British nationals in Amsterdam's boy brothels; it ended with Warwick Spinks's arrest in Hastings."
start: 1992-01-01
end: 1993-12-31
location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands" location: "Amsterdam, Netherlands"
--- ---
Operation Framework was a joint investigation between Scotland Yard and Dutch authorities conducted between 1992 and 1993 into suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals operating in Amsterdam. The investigation targeted a group of foreign British pedophiles who were trafficking boys into Amsterdam boy brothels that masqueraded as gay nightclubs in the city's Spuistraat district.[^1] Operation Framework was a [[Scotland Yard]] investigation, set up after negotiations with Dutch counterparts, into suspected snuff pornography produced by British nationals operating in Amsterdam. The investigation targeted a group of foreign British pedophiles who were trafficking boys into Amsterdam boy brothels that masqueraded as gay nightclubs in the city's Spuistraat district.[^1]
### Background and Initiation ### Background and Initiation
The investigation began in 1990 as a Scotland Yard inquiry into the possibility that the murder of Jason Swift had been filmed by [[Sidney Cooke]] and his gang. This initial inquiry evolved into a broader investigation into snuff pornography, and by 1992 it had expanded into a joint operation with Dutch authorities targeting British foreign nationals in Amsterdam.[^2] [[Nick Davies]] wrote that by October 1990 detectives on the [[Obscene Publications Squad]] at Scotland Yard were receiving informant reports that [[Alan Williams]] was trafficking boys into Amsterdam and that [[Warwick Spinks]] was selling a video of a boy being abused and tortured. He wrote that in 1993 an informant called Frank, who had gone to Amsterdam in July 1990, told the same officers that Spinks had shown him in the Canary Islands a video of a boy of about twelve being attacked with needles, castrated and cut open, and that after long negotiations within Scotland Yard and with their counterparts in Holland the detectives set up Operation Framework.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that Scotland Yard investigated the possibility that [[Sidney Cooke]] and his gang had filmed the deaths of boys, an inquiry Dovey linked to the murder of Jason Swift.[^3]
The focus on Amsterdam was deliberate, as the city had become a hub for international child trafficking due to its relatively permissive attitude toward the adult sex industry and its strategic location within Europe. British traffickers like [[Warwick Spinks]] had established operations there, exploiting the legal environment and infrastructure of the red light district to facilitate their criminal activities.[^1] The focus on Amsterdam was deliberate, as the city had become a hub for international child trafficking due to its relatively permissive attitude toward the adult sex industry and its strategic location within Europe. British traffickers like Warwick Spinks had established operations there, exploiting the legal environment and infrastructure of the red light district to facilitate their criminal activities.[^1]
### Key Targets and Suspects ### Key Targets and Suspects
The primary targets of Operation Framework were Warwick Spinks and his close associates. [[Nick Davies]] wrote that Spinks managed the [[Gay Palace]] on Spuistraat in the late 1980s, where he sold alcohol and young men to tourists.[^3] Its lawful business was a bar with adult male prostitutes, and an informant told [[Scotland Yard]] he had watched videos of boys aged eleven to fourteen being abused by masked men there.[^4] Another key target was [[Alan Williams]], a Welsh pedophile known as "The Welsh Witch" who managed Boys Club 21, another venue in the same district investigated for its role in child trafficking.[^5] The primary targets of Operation Framework were Warwick Spinks and his close associates. Nick Davies wrote that Spinks managed the [[Gay Palace]] on Spuistraat in the late 1980s, where he sold alcohol and young men to tourists.[^4] Its lawful business was a bar with adult male prostitutes, and an informant told Scotland Yard he had watched videos of boys aged eleven to fourteen being abused by masked men there.[^2] Another key target was Alan Williams, a Welsh pedophile known as "The Welsh Witch" who managed Boys Club 21, another venue in the same district investigated for its role in child trafficking.[^2]
Williams, along with two other Welsh pedophiles named [[John Gay]] and [[Lee Tucker]], operated a film production company called TAG Films. Davies wrote that TAG Films sold its films through distributors in the United States and Germany, and that the Bristol detectives, following Tucker and Gay, led German police to raid a video distributor in Dusseldorf.[^4] Williams, along with two other Welsh pedophiles named [[John Gay]] and [[Lee Tucker]], operated a film production company called TAG Films. Davies wrote that TAG Films sold its films through distributors in the United States and Germany, and that the Bristol detectives, following Tucker and Gay, led German police to raid a video distributor in Dusseldorf.[^2]
### Snuff Film Allegations and Evidence ### Snuff Film Allegations and Evidence
Multiple informants provided detailed accounts of films showing boys being tortured and murdered. One informant named "Frank" described a film Spinks had shown him, shot inside a barn, featuring a boy being tortured with needles, then castrated and cut open with a knife.[^3][^4] A Bristol informant, not named, told the [[Avon and Somerset Police]] detectives that in 1989 he had found in a flat belonging to one of the key figures on the Amsterdam scene a video showing a murder. Davies noted that Frank described a video shot in a barn and the Bristol informant one shot in a flat.[^4] A third informant named "Edward" claimed to have seen at least five such snuff films, alleging they were produced by Spinks and his associates at various locations including a house in Hoofddorp, a second house where he said Spinks lived, a lake where he said bodies were dumped, and one video shot on a boat.[^3][^6] Multiple informants provided detailed accounts of films showing boys being tortured and murdered. One informant named "Frank" described a film Spinks had shown him, shot inside a barn, featuring a boy being tortured with needles, then castrated and cut open with a knife.[^2][^4] A Bristol informant, not named, told the [[Avon and Somerset Police]] detectives that in 1989 he had found in a flat belonging to one of the key figures on the Amsterdam scene a video showing a murder. Davies noted that Frank described a video shot in a barn and the Bristol informant one shot in a flat.[^2] A third informant named "Edward" claimed to have seen at least five such snuff films, alleging they were produced by Spinks and his associates at various locations including a house in Hoofddorp, a second house where he said Spinks lived, a lake where he said bodies were dumped, and one video shot on a boat.[^4]
### Investigative Methods and Challenges
Operation Framework faced significant challenges due to the nature of the alleged crimes. Traditional law enforcement sting operations run into a conundrum when investigating human trafficking and especially murder for pornography. If an undercover agent makes a purchase order for a person, and something happens to that person in transit, the enforcement agency becomes culpable.[^2]
Spinks himself revealed the limited distribution model used for snuff films during an undercover operation, stating they were "limited editions" with only 10 copies made for wealthy American clients paying $5,000 each. This distribution model made obtaining evidence through traditional law enforcement methods extremely difficult.[^6]
### International Cooperation and Raids ### International Cooperation and Raids
The investigation involved unprecedented cooperation between British and Dutch authorities. Davies wrote that Dutch police confirmed Spinks had been living at one of the houses Edward identified,[^3] and that Scotland Yard's detectives could not justify sending officers to Amsterdam, where they lacked police powers.[^4] [[Der Spiegel]] reported in August 1998 that investigators had found nothing punishable at [[Gero-Video]] Produktions GmbH, a Düsseldorf distributor, that several proceedings against it had been discontinued, and that [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] appears in at least five Gero-Video films, which the firm's owner said it bought in 1993 from a Dutch production company.[^7] The investigation involved unprecedented cooperation between British and Dutch authorities. Davies wrote that Dutch police confirmed Spinks had been living at one of the houses Edward identified,[^4] and that Scotland Yard's detectives could not justify sending officers to Amsterdam, where they lacked police powers.[^2] [[Der Spiegel]] reported in August 1998 that investigators had found nothing punishable at [[Gero-Video]] Produktions GmbH, a Düsseldorf distributor, that several proceedings against it had been discontinued, and that [[Robbie Van Der Plancken]] appears in at least five Gero-Video films, which the firm's owner said it bought in 1993 from a Dutch production company.[^5]
### Undercover Operations and Informant Testimony ### Undercover Operations and Informant Testimony
Undercover officers played a crucial role in Operation Framework. Davies wrote in 1997 that the tapes of Spinks had been secretly recorded by an undercover police officer in Holland,[^3] and in 2000 that the officer had been recruited "to pose as a child abuser and to befriend Warwick Spinks in England."[^4] Spinks said: "They're not six grand," and continued: "I know, well I knew some people who were involved in making snuff movies and how they did it was, they only sold them in limited editions, made ten copies or something, ten very rich customers in America, who paid $5,000 each or something like that - which is a lot of money to watch some kids being snuffed."[^3] Undercover officers played a crucial role in Operation Framework. Davies wrote in 1997 that the tapes of Spinks had been secretly recorded by an undercover police officer in Holland,[^4] and in 2000 that the officer had been recruited "to pose as a child abuser and to befriend Warwick Spinks in England."[^2] Spinks said: "They're not six grand," and continued: "I know, well I knew some people who were involved in making snuff movies and how they did it was, they only sold them in limited editions, made ten copies or something, ten very rich customers in America, who paid $5,000 each or something like that - which is a lot of money to watch some kids being snuffed."[^4]
Spinks went on to describe a specific case: "I know the person who made the film. I felt sorry for this boy, it was a German boy." Asked "How old?", Spinks replied: "About 13, 15. He thought he was going to make 200 guilders and ended up being dead."[^3] Spinks went on to describe a specific case: "I know the person who made the film. I felt sorry for this boy, it was a German boy." Asked "How old?", Spinks replied: "About 13, 15. He thought he was going to make 200 guilders and ended up being dead."[^4]
### Connection to Other Investigations ### Connection to Other Investigations
Operation Framework was one of three major interlinked investigations into child trafficking networks in the Netherlands during the 1990s. Along with the [[HIK Investigation]] (1994) and the [[Rolodex Investigation]] (1997-98), Operation Framework revealed a pattern of sophisticated trafficking operations that exploited legal jurisdictional boundaries and enjoyed protection from powerful individuals.[^8] Davies wrote that in September 1994 Rotterdam police set up a team to investigate [[Lothar Glandorf]] and to find [[Manuel Schadwald]], and that the team produced a report entitled De Handel In Kinderen, known as the [[HIK Investigation|HIK report]].[^6]
The investigation also connected to broader inquiries into child abuse in the UK, including investigations into the Elm Guest House and other VIP pedophile rings.[^1]
### Investigation Outcomes and Limitations ### Investigation Outcomes and Limitations
Despite the extensive evidence gathered, Operation Framework faced significant limitations in achieving successful prosecutions. The primary challenge was the difficulty of obtaining physical evidence of the alleged snuff films. While informant testimony was compelling, the absence of physical evidence made securing convictions difficult. Additionally, the international nature of the operation created jurisdictional challenges that complicated prosecution efforts.[^2] Davies wrote that the Dutch police investigated Edward's claims and said they could find no evidence to support them. He wrote that when detectives from Avon and Somerset Police took a second informant's account to Amsterdam in the autumn of 1998, the Dutch said they would not investigate, and that the Bristol force had neither the funds nor the legal power to run an inquiry in Holland.[^2]
Davies reported that Operation Framework "ended in frustration": Spinks "divulged no more about the video and failed to produce a copy of it," and without more evidence the detectives could not justify the expense of keeping the undercover officer or of sending officers to Amsterdam, where they lacked police powers. The detectives arrested Spinks in [[Hastings]] and charged him with abducting two homeless boys from the streets of [[London]] and selling one of them into a Spuistraat brothel. In February 1995 he was jailed at [[Lewes Crown Court]] for seven years, reduced on appeal to five.[^4] Davies reported that Operation Framework "ended in frustration": Spinks "divulged no more about the video and failed to produce a copy of it," and without more evidence the detectives could not justify the expense of keeping the undercover officer or of sending officers to Amsterdam, where they lacked police powers. The detectives arrested Spinks in [[Hastings]] and charged him with abducting two homeless boys from the streets of [[London]] and selling one of them into a Spuistraat brothel. In February 1995 he was jailed at [[Lewes Crown Court]] for seven years, reduced on appeal to five.[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: 'When sex abuse can lead to murder', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 27 2000; 'A terraced street in suburbia that shrouded a guilty secret', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 25 2000 [^1]: 'When sex abuse can lead to murder', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 27 2000; 'A terraced street in suburbia that shrouded a guilty secret', Nick Davies, The Guardian, November 25 2000
[^2]: 'Britons killed boys in Dutch porn movies', The Guardian, April 5 1997; Scotland Yard investigative methods reports, 1992-1993 [^2]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000, https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/ Davies's April 5, 1997 article gives March 1995 for the Lewes sentence.
[^3]: Nick Davies, "A paedophile ring in Amsterdam," The Guardian, April 5, 1997, https://www.nickdavies.net/1997/04/05/a-paedophile-ring-in-amsterdam/ [^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^4]: Nick Davies, "Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart," The Guardian, November 27, 2000, https://www.nickdavies.net/2000/11/27/paedophilia-is-easy-2-how-a-paedophile-murder-inquiry-fell-apart/ [^4]: Nick Davies, "A paedophile ring in Amsterdam," The Guardian, April 5, 1997, https://www.nickdavies.net/1997/04/05/a-paedophile-ring-in-amsterdam/
[^5]: 'Paedophilia is easy 2: how a paedophile murder inquiry fell apart', The Guardian, November 27 2000; 'Nur die kleinen Fische'(Only the small fish), Der Spiegel, August 2 1998 [^5]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 2, 1998, https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187
[^6]: 'Britons killed boys in Dutch porn movies', The Guardian, April 5 1997 [^6]: Nick Davies, "Paedophile network trafficks young boys across Europe," dated October 1, 1998 and marked "Previously unpublished," https://www.nickdavies.net/1998/10/01/paedophile-network-trafficks-young-boys-across-europe/
[^7]: "Nur die kleinen Fische," Der Spiegel 32/1998, August 2, 1998, https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nur-die-kleinen-fische-a-fc226181-0002-0001-0000-000007956187
[^8]: Summary of interlinked Netherlands investigations, 1992-1998; Dutch police investigation files and media reports

5
30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Azorian.md
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ start: 1969-07-01
end: 1975 end: 1975
location: "Pacific Ocean" location: "Pacific Ocean"
created: 2026-09-21 created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-21 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Project Azorian was the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s attempt to lift the Soviet Golf II submarine K-129, which sank in March 1968 with three nuclear ballistic missiles about 1,560 miles northwest of [[Hawaii]], from a depth of 16,500 feet. The ship built for the purpose, the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]], raised part of the hull in August 1974. The agency's own history of the project, written about 1978, was released with deletions in 2010.[^1] Project Azorian was the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s attempt to lift the Soviet Golf II submarine K-129, which sank in March 1968 with three nuclear ballistic missiles about 1,560 miles northwest of [[Hawaii]], from a depth of 16,500 feet. The ship built for the purpose, the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]], raised part of the hull in August 1974. The agency's own history of the project, written about 1978, was released with deletions in 2010.[^1]
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ A CIA security memorandum of July 28, 1975, records: "In November of 1974 it was
### Exposure ### Exposure
A story in the [[Los Angeles Times]] ran on February 8, 1975, under the headline "U.S. Reported After Russian Submarine," after what the CIA's history calls "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles"; the history states that "extraordinary efforts by DCI Colby and others were able to contain the spread of the story for a time." [[Jack Anderson]] broadcast the story on March 18 and [[Seymour Hersh]] published it in [[New York Times|The New York Times]] the next day. At the [[White House]] that day [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[James Schlesinger]] recommended acknowledging the "bare facts." Colby, recalling that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]'s admission of the U-2 flight had deepened the crisis of 1960, argued that confirmation would put Moscow under "pressure to respond," and President [[Gerald Ford]] took his advice.[^1] A story in the [[Los Angeles Times]] ran on February 8, 1975, under the headline "U.S. Reported After Russian Submarine," after what the CIA's history calls "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles"; the history states that "extraordinary efforts by DCI Colby and others were able to contain the spread of the story for a time." [[Jack Anderson]] broadcast the story on March 18 and [[Seymour Hersh]] published it in [[New York Times|The New York Times]] the next day.[^3] At the [[White House]] that day [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[James Schlesinger]] recommended acknowledging the "bare facts." Colby, recalling that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]'s admission of the U-2 flight had deepened the crisis of 1960, argued that confirmation would put Moscow under "pressure to respond," and President [[Gerald Ford]] took his advice.[^1]
When the journalist [[Harriet Ann Phillippi]] asked under the [[Freedom of Information Act]] for records of the agency's efforts to discourage the reporting, the CIA replied that it could "neither confirm nor deny" any connection with the ship. The court of appeals upheld the answer in Phillippi v. CIA in 1976. The formula has since been known as the Glomar response. In 2010 a retired officer who had served aboard, [[David Sharp]], wrote that the agency's review board still refused to clear a third of his manuscript on the project.[^1] When the journalist [[Harriet Ann Phillippi]] asked under the [[Freedom of Information Act]] for records of the agency's efforts to discourage the reporting, the CIA replied that it could "neither confirm nor deny" any connection with the ship. The court of appeals upheld the answer in Phillippi v. CIA in 1976. The formula has since been known as the Glomar response. In 2010 a retired officer who had served aboard, [[David Sharp]], wrote that the agency's review board still refused to clear a third of his manuscript on the project.[^1]
@ -48,3 +48,4 @@ When the journalist [[Harriet Ann Phillippi]] asked under the [[Freedom of Infor
[^1]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, February 12, 2010, with "Project Azorian: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," *Studies in Intelligence,* Fall 1985, and White House memoranda of conversation, February 7 and March 19, 1975. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm [^1]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, February 12, 2010, with "Project Azorian: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," *Studies in Intelligence,* Fall 1985, and White House memoranda of conversation, February 7 and March 19, 1975. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm
[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf [^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf
[^3]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, National Security, 1973-1976, document 197, editorial note: "On March 18, 1975, syndicated columnist Jack Anderson mentioned the Glomar Explorer on his national radio show, and declared his intention to reveal more details about the operation. The next day, several major newspapers ... published front-page stories." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/d197

38
30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Center Lane.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ start: 1982-12-03
end: 1985-03-07 end: 1985-03-07
location: "Fort Meade, Maryland" location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
created: 2026-09-21 created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-10-08 updated: 2026-10-09
relations: relations:
- type: funded - type: funded
with: "[[DARPA]]" with: "[[DARPA]]"
@ -33,17 +33,27 @@ Center Lane was the name under which [[United States Army Intelligence and Secur
An INSCOM information paper of February 21, 1983 states that Center Lane is the Army portion of the Department of Defense Grill Flame project, and that "the new Army name is for security purposes in light of the exposure generated during the BG Dozier project." The paper lists the objectives of Mr. Hurwitz, Director of the GDIP Program, as keeping the SRI team intact, keeping the Army INSCOM team intact and bringing INSCOM back under GDIP, and states that Hurwitz wrote the January 19, 1983 memorandum of the Under Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering) that lifted the prohibition on the use of P6 funds for Grill Flame.[^4] An INSCOM information paper of February 21, 1983 states that Center Lane is the Army portion of the Department of Defense Grill Flame project, and that "the new Army name is for security purposes in light of the exposure generated during the BG Dozier project." The paper lists the objectives of Mr. Hurwitz, Director of the GDIP Program, as keeping the SRI team intact, keeping the Army INSCOM team intact and bringing INSCOM back under GDIP, and states that Hurwitz wrote the January 19, 1983 memorandum of the Under Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering) that lifted the prohibition on the use of P6 funds for Grill Flame.[^4]
An undated Army memorandum from the DAMI-ISH office, referring to the end of fiscal 1983, describes a funding initiative routed from [[DARPA]]. It states that DIA asked whether the Army would continue research efforts DIA had scheduled for fiscal 1984 and part of fiscal 1985, with funding anticipated from the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, and that "Contact with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the actual source of the funds, resulted in a decision to move the money covertly through DCSRDA, if approved." It also records that the Congressional prohibition against use of National Foreign Intelligence Program or NFIP-derived funds "has been discussed with DARPA, but will be reiterated," and that the Under Secretary's office would be informed when contracting and transfer of the funds to SRI was complete.[^5] An undated Army memorandum from the DAMI-ISH office, referring to the end of fiscal 1983, describes a funding initiative routed from [[DARPA]]. It states that [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] asked whether the Army would continue research efforts DIA had scheduled for fiscal 1984 and part of fiscal 1985, with funding anticipated from the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, and that "Contact with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the actual source of the funds, resulted in a decision to move the money covertly through DCSRDA, if approved." It also records that the Congressional prohibition against use of National Foreign Intelligence Program or NFIP-derived funds "has been discussed with DARPA, but will be reiterated," and that the Under Secretary's office would be informed when contracting and transfer of the funds to SRI was complete.[^5]
An INSCOM information paper of February 28, 1983 records that INSCOM was preparing a request that the assistant chief of staff for intelligence establish Center Lane as a formal Special Access Program, and asks whether the Army's projects at SRI would receive the same priority, given that "DIA has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA."[^6] An INSCOM information paper of February 28, 1983 records that INSCOM was preparing a request that the assistant chief of staff for intelligence establish Center Lane as a formal Special Access Program, and asks whether the Army's projects at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] would receive the same priority, given that "DIA has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA."[^6]
DIA's Grill Flame Project Report of October 19, 1983, on the three-year program that ended with fiscal 1983, states that funding for the SRI contract "was provided jointly by DIA and the Army Intelligence Security Command with a small portion also provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency," and its funding appendix lists $962K from DIA, $313.5K from Army INSCOM and $200K from DARPA, a total of $1,475.5K (fiscal 1981, $418.5K; 1982, $518K; 1983, $539K).[^7]
### The Special Access Program ### The Special Access Program
The assistant chief of staff for intelligence wrote to Stubblebine in April 1983 that "OPSEC should again be of great concern and I applaud your efforts to establish a Special Access Program. Some linkage to your former, similar program will be inevitable, but must be minimized. I suggest that instead of being part of a joint DOD program INSCOM is now engaged in a similar, cooperative effort of its own initiative," adding that the director of DIA had written of "the need to preserve the fragile, painstakingly constructed experience factor." The Secretary of the Army, [[John Marsh]], approved the special access program on June 15, 1983, and continued participation on September 1; the compartment was called "Center Lane Level 4." The chronology records briefings in 1983 of the vice chief of staff, General [[John Wickham|Wickham]], the under secretary [[James Ambrose]], Marsh, the Army Science Board, and the Vice President, [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]], "for thirty minutes concerning CENTER LANE related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA." Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]] was project manager until Captain [[Frederick Atwater]] took over as acting manager in the summer of 1983 and Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] on August 15. On August 26 Buzby, Atwater, and Chief Warrant Officer [[Joe McMoneagle]] briefed Stubblebine on the project and the [[Monroe Institute]]; the general "directed me to expand the program with quality people, develop a screening program to identify qualified people for the project; and employ advance techniques for intelligence collection." The unit's mission statement now ran to "psychoenergetic communication and psychokinesis."[^1][^2][^7] The assistant chief of staff for intelligence wrote to Stubblebine in April 1983 that "OPSEC should again be of great concern and I applaud your efforts to establish a Special Access Program. Some linkage to your former, similar program will be inevitable, but must be minimized. I suggest that instead of being part of a joint DOD program INSCOM is now engaged in a similar, cooperative effort of its own initiative," adding that the director of DIA had written of "the need to preserve the fragile, painstakingly constructed experience factor." The Secretary of the Army, [[John Marsh]], approved the special access program on June 15, 1983, and continued participation on September 1; the compartment was called "Center Lane Level 4." The chronology records briefings in 1983 of the vice chief of staff, General [[John Wickham|Wickham]], the under secretary [[James Ambrose]], Marsh, the Army Science Board, and the Vice President, [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]], "for thirty minutes concerning CENTER LANE related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA." Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]] was project manager until Captain [[Frederick Atwater]] took over as acting manager in the summer of 1983 and Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] on August 15. On August 26 Buzby, Atwater, and Chief Warrant Officer [[Joe McMoneagle]] briefed Stubblebine on the project and the [[Monroe Institute]]; the general "directed me to expand the program with quality people, develop a screening program to identify qualified people for the project; and employ advance techniques for intelligence collection." The unit's mission statement now ran to "psychoenergetic communication and psychokinesis."[^1][^2][^8]
The chronology records that the Secretary of the Army approved the establishment of a Special Access Program for Center Lane on June 15, 1983, and that Captain Frederick Atwater assumed duties as acting project manager on July 7, 1983, ahead of Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby on August 15, 1983.[^9] The Secretary's information memorandum to the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, "Report of Establishment of Special Access Program (U)," is dated June 15, 1983.[^10]
### Operations and Training ### Operations and Training
Between March 21 and April 20, 1984, the unit ran eleven sessions for the CIA on the kidnapped Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]]; the agency's memorandum of May 1 described itself as "a customer" with "no Agency people or funds assigned," and asked "to continue to call upon CENTER LANE." A contract "with Mr. [[Robert Monroe]] for 'One-on-One' training of CENTER LANE operative" was signed on July 19, 1983; "RAPT Training established" on November 10; a second group began coordinate remote viewing training at SRI on January 15, 1984. On March 13, 1984, the director of the Army staff, Lieutenant General Brown, "directs cancellation of RAPT as CENTER LANE personnel screening vehicle." An Army inspector general team was briefed on April 10, and on May 9 "dialogue initiated with [[McDonnell Douglas]] Astronautics Company, Huntington Beach, CA to comply with directive to obtain second contractor." Congressional staff heard Vorona's case for restoring the program to the National Foreign Intelligence Program on October 7, 1983, and answered "that there was no security in the NFIP, and since P-6 money is available, it could be dangerous to reintroduce the subject to the Congressional Committees."[^1][^8][^9] Between March 21 and April 20, 1984, the unit ran eleven sessions for the CIA on the kidnapped Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]]; the agency's memorandum of May 1 described itself as "a customer" with "no Agency people or funds assigned," and asked "to continue to call upon CENTER LANE." A contract "with Mr. [[Robert Monroe]] for 'One-on-One' training of CENTER LANE operative" was signed on July 19, 1983; "RAPT Training established" on November 10; a second group began coordinate remote viewing training at SRI on January 15, 1984. On March 13, 1984, the director of the Army staff, Lieutenant General Brown, "directs cancellation of RAPT as CENTER LANE personnel screening vehicle." An Army inspector general team was briefed on April 10, and on May 9 "dialogue initiated with [[McDonnell Douglas]] Astronautics Company, Huntington Beach, CA to comply with directive to obtain second contractor." Congressional staff heard Vorona's case for restoring the program to the National Foreign Intelligence Program on October 7, 1983, and answered "that there was no security in the NFIP, and since P-6 money is available, it could be dangerous to reintroduce the subject to the Congressional Committees."[^1][^11][^12]
### Coordinate remote viewing training
The training plan of the Center Lane office for October 1 to December 31, 1984 states that the project "will be transferred to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)," and that it "ceased psychoenergetic intelligence collection activities on 30 September 1984." It states that the project was nonetheless "authorized to continue psychoenergetic training," and lists [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]], the method of [[Ingo Swann]]: "CRV is a contracted form of training in psychoenergetic perception provided by a SRI-International (SRI-1) subcontractor, Ingo Swann, who coined the term CRV. Training is conducted at SRI-International facilities in Menlo Park, CA and New York, NY."[^13] Four Center Lane personnel were then being trained in "CRV Stages I, II, and III," and one trainee who had completed Stages I, II, III, IV and VI was in Stage V.[^13] The plan was signed by CPT Frederick H. Atwater, MI, OPS/TNG Officer.[^13] It also records two Center Lane personnel in an in-house phase of CRV training applying "basic principles drawn from the Ingo Swann CRV methodology."[^13]
A February 1984 information paper lists, among the project's planned actions, "Initiation of CRV training for four new source personnel."[^14] A Center Lane training and applications procedures document submitted on June 6, 1984 lists CRV training as a contracted SRI service of 12 to 18 months at Menlo Park, New York and Washington, D.C.[^15]
### Transfer ### Transfer
@ -51,12 +61,18 @@ Brigadier General [[Harry Soyster]], the new commander of INSCOM, was briefed on
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; the scan's table columns are reflowed by OCR and some dates are uncertain. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^1]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
[^2]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^2]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9).
[^3]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to Senator Wallop, 5 October 1983," October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270015-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^3]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to Senator Wallop, 5 October 1983," October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270015-0.
[^4]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H-S, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf [^4]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H-S, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf
[^5]: Department of the Army memorandum DAMI-ISH, "CENTER LANE DAMI-ISH Funding Initiative," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3.pdf [^5]: Department of the Army memorandum DAMI-ISH, "CENTER LANE DAMI-ISH Funding Initiative," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3.pdf
[^6]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H, "Information for ACSI-INSCOM Meeting," February 28, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5.pdf [^6]: INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H, "Information for ACSI-INSCOM Meeting," February 28, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5.pdf
[^7]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^7]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME Project Report," October 19, 1983, background section and Appendix III, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6.pdf.
[^8]: Buzby, Brian, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," January 5, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^8]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8.
[^9]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum on the briefing of Congressional intelligence committee staff of October 7, 1983, October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270017-8; "ITAOPS Fact Sheet, Inputs for MG Stubblebine," April 10, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220021-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^9]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.pdf. A cleaner copy of the same table is the attachment to CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.
[^10]: Action memorandum, "Sponsorship of Special Access Program (SAP) CENTER LANE," reference a, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090012-5, cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090012-5.pdf.
[^11]: Buzby, Brian, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," January 5, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2.
[^12]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum on the briefing of Congressional intelligence committee staff of October 7, 1983, October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270017-8; "ITAOPS Fact Sheet, Inputs for MG Stubblebine," April 10, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220021-8.
[^13]: Memorandum for record, IAGPA-F-SD, "Training Plan 1 October 1984 - 31 December 1984," October 22, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0.pdf. A second copy carries the signature of CPT Frederick H. Atwater, MI, OPS/TNG Officer (CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0).
[^14]: "Center Lane Information Papers," February 25, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500070003-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500070003-7.pdf.
[^15]: Memorandum, IAGPA-F-SD, to the Chairperson, INSCOM Human Technology Review Board, "INSCOM CENTER LANE Project Training and Applications Procedures," June 6, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500040003-0.pdf.

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---
aliases:
- GONDOLA WISH
- Project Gondola Wish
category: "Psi Research Program"
tags:
- Program
- GondolaWish
- Parapsychology
- OPSEC
- INSCOM
- MonroeInstitute
- Stargate
summary: "The 902d Military Intelligence Group's 1977 and 1978 plan to train three intelligence personnel in out-of-the-body experience at the Monroe Institute, cancelled in September 1978 and followed by Grill Flame."
start: 1977-09
end: 1978-09
location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[902d Military Intelligence Group]]"
reverse: true
start: 1977-09
end: 1978-09
role: "CI Studies Section of the OPSEC Support Division ran the program"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Frederick Atwater]]"
reverse: true
start: 1978-05
end: 1978-09
role: "second lieutenant, CI Studies Section; project officer"
fn: 7
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Monroe Institute]]"
reverse: true
start: 1978-05
end: 1978-09
role: "agreed on May 3, 1978 to train three military intelligence personnel for $2,000"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[John A. Smith Jr.]]"
reverse: true
start: 1978-07-19
end: 1978-09-26
role: "Deputy Commander for Security, INSCOM; approved the $2,000 fee on July 19, 1978"
fn: 6
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Robert Keenan]]"
reverse: true
start: 1978-09-25
end: 1978-09-25
role: "lieutenant colonel, 902d Military Intelligence Group; signed the cancellation memorandum"
fn: 9
---
Gondola Wish was the unclassified title of a plan by the [[902d Military Intelligence Group]] at [[Fort Meade]] to train military intelligence personnel in out-of-the-body experience at the [[Monroe Institute]] of Applied Sciences in Afton, Virginia. The Army staff cancelled it on September 25, 1978, and the Army's parapsychology work continued as [[Grill Flame]].
### The 902d's threat assessment, 1977
The 902d's assessment report of August 25, 1978 states that its office "has been investigating the intelligence threat posed by Soviet state-of-the-art parapsychology since September 1977," through liaison with the [[Medical Intelligence and Information Agency|Medical Information and Intelligence Agency]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Foreign Technology Division]] of the Air Force.[^1] The INSCOM chronology lists "GONDOLA WISH established" under September 1977.[^2] A staff paper of the group's CI Studies Section states the problem as the integration of the Soviet and East European parapsychology intelligence collection threat into the all-source operations security support scenario, and states that the 902d "is the only intelligence organization with the ability and the mission capable of providing meaningful security support to counter the Soviet parapsychology threat."[^3] The assessment describes the plan as training military intelligence personnel so that they can "mimic Soviet collectors in an operations security (OPSEC) support effort."[^1]
### Selection of the Monroe Institute, 1978
The assessment records that the name of [[Robert Monroe]] surfaced in March 1978 in an open-source document on the psychiatrist [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]], who had said she completed a training in out-of-the-body experiences conducted by Monroe. Officials at DIA told the 902d that CIA had shown interest in Monroe in 1973 and 1974 and had no present interest, and that CIA called Monroe "OK" from a security standpoint. Scientists at the Foreign Technology Division said they were interested in Monroe's work but had not yet evaluated it. [[Russell Targ]] and [[Hal Puthoff]] of [[Stanford Research Institute]] told DIA that they knew Monroe personally and believed him credible. The assessment adds that [[Thelma Moss]] of the University of California at Los Angeles was aware of Monroe's work, that researchers at the [[Menninger Foundation]] had validated the concepts behind his technique, and that [[Charles Tart]], who had investigated Monroe under laboratory conditions, recommended the institute to anyone wishing to learn about out-of-the-body experience.[^1]
Monroe was interviewed at the institute on April 6, 1978. On May 3, 1978 he received a security indoctrination and agreed to train three military intelligence personnel in October and November 1978 for a fee of $2,000, on a confidential basis and without discussing the Army's involvement with other institute members, the press or other agencies.[^1]
### The training plan
A May 1978 memorandum signed by Second Lieutenant [[Frederick Atwater|Frederick H. Atwater]] schedules the first training phase to begin on October 24, 1978, for four consecutive weeks on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. It describes the training as advanced biofeedback techniques coupled with brain hemisphere synchronization, states that the first phase would be directed at recovering word information from nonwitting subjects, in this case computer access passwords, and provides that the project officer would observe, so that a trainee in an altered state would not discuss classified information.[^4] On May 17, 1978 the institute interviewed the volunteer trainees in the presence of the project officer and recommended them, pending psychological testing; the institute's fee covered four three-day training sessions at one-week intervals, with brain hemisphere synchronization tapes, a tape recorder, earphones and a workbook supplied to the trainees.[^5]
On July 19, 1978 the 902d's commander requested a one-time payment of $2,000 from the Intelligence Contingency Fund, writing that funds for the training were "not otherwise available due to the classified nature of the training and the embarrassment which would be suffered by both the US Army and the training organization, should US Army Intelligence involvement with this type of training be disclosed." [[John A. Smith Jr.]], Brigadier General and Deputy Commander for Security of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]], approved the request the same day.[^6] Atwater attended a seminar by Tart on July 29, 1978 and reported on it as project officer.[^7] A management-by-objectives chart names "LT ATWATER, CI Studies Sec., OPSEC Support DIV." as action officer for the objective of training military intelligence personnel to collect sensitive information by parapsychological techniques by January 1, 1979.[^8]
### Cancellation
A 902d memorandum of September 25, 1978, signed by Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Keenan|Robert E. Keenan]], records a meeting with Colonel Capps of the Army staff office DAMI-ISH and states that "the 902d's concept, unclassified title GONDOLA WISH, is cancelled," that "Monroe Institute not cleared," and that a contract regarding training involving "experiements [sic] with the mind" must be cleared through an office at the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. It records that the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command held an ongoing contract with Stanford Research Institute on which the training could be placed, with $15,000 from the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence and $50,000 from INSCOM.[^9] A status report of September 26, 1978 to General Smith records that the 902d had been told the week before to stop planning, that [[Edmund Thompson|Major General E. R. Thompson]] "did not want to go that route until the legal ramifications were thoroughly examined," and that $65,000 had been provided to the command for training under the SRI contract.[^10]
An information paper of October 27, 1978 over Thompson's name states that the institute "was briefly considered earlier this year to train three or four INSCOM Subjects," that the only Army individual known to the staff to have spoken with Monroe was the Gondola Wish project officer, and that the institute "was rejected as a training possibility" because its technique involved sensory deprivation and rhythmic sounds, the subject underwent interrogation in the altered state, CIA would not permit its people to train there, a federal statute covered experimentation on human beings, and neither Monroe nor the institute held a clearance.[^11]
### Later contacts with the Monroe Institute
INSCOM's October 1983 briefing to the Secretary of the Army states that by the end of 1980 the unit "BEGAN AN ADVANCED TRAINING PROGRAM USING THE HEMISPHERIC SYNCHRONIZATION PROCESS DEVELOPED BY ROBERT A. MONROE AND USED AT THE MONROE INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE IN VIRGINIA."[^12] An INSCOM request of 1981 asked the Army's human-use committee to review adding the institute's relaxation tapes to the INSCOM Grill Flame protocol.[^13] The chronology lists Grill Flame operatives attending Gateway training at the institute in June 1982 and November 1982, a contract signed on July 19, 1983 with Monroe for "One-on-One" training of a [[Center Lane]] operative, and further Gateway training in August 1983.[^2] The Center Lane funding paper of March 7, 1985 lists $24.4K in fiscal 1983 for consultant services under an agreement with Monroe.[^14]
[^1]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, GONDOLA WISH assessment report, August 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3.pdf
[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.pdf
[^3]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, CI Studies Section, staff paper "GONDOLA WISH (U)," 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160011-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160011-2.pdf
[^4]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum for Chief, OPSEC Support Division, "Gondola Wish. (U)," May 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, 2LT, MI, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160003-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160003-1.pdf
[^5]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum for Chief, OPSEC Support Division, "GONDOLA WISH (U)," May 18, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, 2LT, MI, CI Studies Section, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7.pdf
[^6]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, disposition form, July 19, 1978, request for $2,000 in support of GONDOLA WISH, approved by Brigadier General John A. Smith Jr., CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160004-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160004-0.pdf
[^7]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum, "Attendance at Scientific Seminar in Support of GONDOLA WISH (U)," July 31, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, Project Officer, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0.pdf
[^8]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, "Management by Objective for GONDOLA WISH (U)," 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160012-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160012-1.pdf
[^9]: 902d Military Intelligence Group memorandum, "GRILL FLAME," September 25, 1978, signed Robert E. Keenan, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2.pdf
[^10]: Memorandum IAGPA-CO, "GRILL FLAME Status Report," to Brigadier General Smith, September 26, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240001-3.pdf
[^11]: Department of the Army, DAMI-ISH, information paper "GRILL FLAME," October 27, 1978, signed E.R. Thompson, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210021-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210021-9.pdf
[^12]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command briefing script for the Secretary of the Army, October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1.pdf
[^13]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM GRILL FLAME Protocol (U)," 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.pdf
[^14]: Center Lane information papers for the Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 7, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.pdf

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