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Intelligence & Government |
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Edwin P. Wilson was a CIA and DIA officer convicted in 1983 of supplying weapons, explosives and training to Libya, whose conviction was overturned in 2003 over false testimony on his CIA status. | 1928-05-03 | 2012-09-10 | Rockland, Idaho |
Edwin P. Wilson was born May 3, 1928, in Rockland, Idaho. He died September 10, 2012. He joined the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950s and built a career primarily in maritime operations and covert logistics, before transitioning to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and ultimately to private arms and intelligence work that brought him into direct conflict with the law. His primary criminal exposure arose from his arms supply relationship with Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, which he maintained while officially employed by a DIA front organization called Task Force 157.1
CIA Career and Shackley Connection
Wilson's CIA career included work in the CIA Office of Security and Operations, with assignments involving maritime surveillance and logistics. He developed professional relationships with Ted Shackley, Tom Clines, and other senior CIA operations officers who formed the core of the network that later became involved in the Safari Club and Iran-Contra private operations. Wilson's logistical and administrative skills made him useful to this network, and he worked on the fringes of large-scale operations without occupying the senior positions held by Shackley or Clines.1
In the mid-1970s, Wilson moved from CIA to Task Force 157, a Navy and DIA intelligence-gathering operation that used commercial cover - specifically, a shipping and offshore oil services company - to collect intelligence and run agents in international ports. Task Force 157 provided Wilson with a business infrastructure that he used for his own commercial arms and services activities.1
Libya Operations
Beginning in the late 1970s, Wilson began providing substantial arms, explosives, and training services to Libya under Muammar Qaddafi. The arrangement included:
- Supply of approximately 20 tons of C-4 plastic explosive, purchased from American sources and shipped to Libya
- Recruitment of former American military and CIA personnel to train Libyan forces in explosives handling, combat, and assassination techniques
- Procurement of arms and military equipment for Libyan forces
- Intelligence and targeting assistance
Frank Terpil, another former CIA officer who had left the agency, was Wilson's primary partner in the Libya operations. Terpil was separately involved in arms supply to Uganda under Idi Amin and to other clients. The Wilson-Terpil partnership was one of several former-CIA officer networks operating in the private arms market of the late 1970s.1
The Libya operations were illegal under American law because they provided material support to a state sponsor of terrorism. CIA Director Stansfield Turner and other senior officials claimed they were unaware of Wilson's activities or had taken steps to prevent them when informed. Wilson consistently maintained that he had been acting with CIA knowledge and authority throughout.1
Nugan Hand Bank
The Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking's report on Nugan Hand, as summarized in The Nation in March 1984, described Wilson as hired in 1973 by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to expand the operations of Task Force 157 by setting up proprietary companies to serve as fronts. One of these was World Marine, with offices at 1425 K Street in Washington, from which Wilson worked until late 1979.2 The report said that Wilson also placed an order for Nugan Hand, for 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons, including machine guns. The weapons were shipped from Boston and diverted to South Africa, and the report concludes that they were received by Michael Hand and shipped to CIA-supported guerrillas in Angola.2 The New York Times reported that Hand was said to have taken part in this transaction and in a 1976 movement of a U.S. Navy spy vessel to Iran, both with Wilson.3 The Nation reported that the Task Force report described Wilson and "Maurice Houghton, an official of Nugan Hand," as having a series of meetings at the end of which Wilson placed Nugan Hand's order.2 Schneider wrote that the report said that on the day Nugan's body was discovered Bernie Houghton arrived at Wilson's office in Geneva, that according to an unidentified witness Houghton left a travel case there, and that in April Tom Clines and Rafael Quintero arrived, opened the bag, removed one document, and Clines said: "We've got to keep Dick's name out of this."3
Arrest, Trial, and Conviction
Wilson was arrested in 1982 after being lured from Libya through an intermediary and traveling to the Dominican Republic, where he was apprehended. He was tried and convicted in multiple proceedings, culminating in a 1983 conviction on charges of illegally transferring arms and explosives to Libya. He received a combined sentence of 52 years.1
At trial, the government presented an affidavit from CIA's director of operations stating that CIA records showed Wilson had had no relationship with the agency after 1971. Wilson maintained that this was false and that he had continued to act under CIA authorization. His attorneys were unable to establish his CIA connections to the jury's satisfaction, and he was convicted.1
Overturned Conviction
While imprisoned, Wilson continued to challenge his conviction based on the government's affidavit. In 2003, Federal Judge Lynn Hughes in Houston reviewed documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests and found that the CIA's 1983 affidavit had been materially false: CIA records showed approximately 80 contacts between Wilson and CIA officers after 1971, not zero as the affidavit stated. The court found that the government had presented false evidence to obtain the conviction and that Wilson had been denied a fair trial.4
Judge Hughes vacated Wilson's conviction in October 2003, finding that "the government had misrepresented to the court, the jury, and Wilson himself" the nature of his CIA relationship. Wilson was released after 22 years in federal prison. The case became a significant precedent in discussions of government disclosure obligations in criminal cases involving intelligence community defendants.4
Network Context
Wilson's case illustrated the structural ambiguities of former-CIA officer networks operating in the private arms market. The network that Wilson, Terpil, Shackley, and Clines represented - former professionals with operational skills, foreign contacts, and residual institutional connections operating outside formal government authorization - was the same network that provided the operational infrastructure for the Safari Club operations and eventually for the Iran-Contra Enterprise. The distinction between authorized covert operations and criminal enterprise was, in this environment, sometimes a matter of bureaucratic records and political protection rather than operational reality.1
Footnotes
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Corn, David. Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades. Simon & Schuster, 1994, pp. 298-330. Mahon, Gigi. "Edwin Wilson's Strange World of Spooks and Hoods." New York Times Magazine, March 13, 1983. ↩︎
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"Dispatches: Australia: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1 ↩︎
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Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7 ↩︎
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United States v. Wilson, No. H-82-139, U.S. District Court, S.D. Texas, Houston Division, Order of Judgment of Acquittal, October 29, 2003. (Judge Lynn Hughes ruling.) ↩︎