vault backup: 2026-10-05 15:45:06
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1292 changed files with 3252 additions and 1723 deletions
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@ -45,49 +45,49 @@ relations:
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start: 1951-12
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role: "scientific support contract for UFO reports under the Air Technical Intelligence Center (Project Bear, Project Stork)"
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fn: 5
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Altamira Technologies]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2014-10-03
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role: "ATEP II contract FA860415D7977 (ceiling $2,200,000,000) and NOVASTAR contract FA860422DB005 (28 listed orders, $159,269,313 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 14
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[KBR Wyle Services]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2014-10-03
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role: "ATEP II contract FA860415D7975 (ceiling $1,240,000,000; 149 orders, $285,894,298)"
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fn: 14
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Epsilon C5I]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2022-08-19
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role: "NOVASTAR contract FA860422DB006 (16 listed orders, $63,766,638 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 14
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Xandar LLC]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2022-08-19
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role: "NOVASTAR contract FA860422DB009 (15 listed orders, $50,856,348 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 14
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Ball Aerospace]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2009-07-08
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role: "ATEP I contract FA860409D7976 (217 listed orders, $396,247,022 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 13
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[General Dynamics Mission Systems]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2009-07-08
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role: "ATEP I contract FA860409D7977 (87 listed orders, $120,731,319 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 13
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Northrop Grumman]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2009-07-08
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role: "ATEP I contract FA860409D7975 (14 listed orders, $6,983,794 obligated as of October 4, 2026)"
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fn: 13
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[HII Mission Technologies]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2013-02-01
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@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
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---
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category: "U.S. Government"
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aliases:
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- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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- JPL
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- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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- Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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- Jet Propulsion Lab
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- Jet Lab
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tags:
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- Organization
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- Rocketry
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- Caltech
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- NASA
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- Army
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- Pasadena
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- GALCIT
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- SecurityClearance
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- Space
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summary: "Caltech laboratory in Pasadena that grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in 1944, built Army missiles until 1958, and transferred to NASA on December 3, 1958; its staff figured in several 1950 security cases."
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location: "Pasadena, California"
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relations:
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- type: owned
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with: "[[California Institute of Technology]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1944-06
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role: "laboratory under contract to the Army, then NASA"
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fn: 1
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[United States Army]]"
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start: 1944
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end: 1958-12-03
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role: "developer of the Private, WAC Corporal, Corporal and Sergeant missiles and the Explorer 1 satellite work with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency"
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fn: 2
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[NASA]]"
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start: 1958-12-03
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role: "formally transferred from the Army to NASA"
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fn: 6
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- type: director_of
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with: "[[Frank Malina]]"
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start: 1944-06
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end: 1946
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role: "laboratory directed by Malina"
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fn: 1
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Qian Xuesen]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1944
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end: 1950
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role: "section chief and theoretician, Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
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fn: 3
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Sidney Weinbaum]]"
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reverse: true
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end: 1950-06
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role: "laboratory employee, reported by FBI informants as county organizer of Professional Unit 122"
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fn: 3
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created: 2026-10-05
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updated: 2026-10-05
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---
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The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a laboratory of the [[California Institute of Technology]] in the Arroyo Seco at Pasadena. Its historian, Erik Conway, writes that GALCIT Project No. 1 "officially became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in June 1944," remaining a Caltech organization though not yet a division of the Institute, with [[Theodore von Kármán]] as chair of its executive board.[^1] The project's history is given at [[GALCIT Rocket Research Project]].
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### Army period
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[[Frank Malina]] drew on Caltech faculty and outside hires: the electrical engineer [[William Pickering]] set up guidance and controls, the aeronautics professor [[Louis Dunn]] became assistant director and later director, and [[Homer J. Stewart]] headed research and analysis.[^1] The laboratory built three series of complete rockets: the Private (about eight feet tall, range about ten miles, first complete rocket), the WAC Corporal (first fired October 11, 1945 at [[White Sands Proving Ground]], New Mexico) and the guided Corporal, which the Army in 1950 asked to be made a deployable nuclear-weapon system; in May 1952 the Army ordered 200 Corporal missiles.[^1] Conway records that Malina and [[Qian Xuesen]] enlarged some of the Private's fins into wings, with unsuccessful results.[^1] The Sergeant contract followed in 1954, shortly before Pickering became the third director.[^1] The laboratory worked with the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] at [[Redstone Arsenal]], where Army leaders had settled [[Wernher von Braun]]'s group, and the launch of Explorer 1 took place at about 2:00 a.m. on February 1, 1958.[^2]
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### Security cases of 1950 to 1952
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The laboratory's staff and records appear in the FBI files of 1950 to 1952.
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The FBI's Los Angeles reports on [[Sidney Weinbaum]], a Jet Propulsion Laboratory employee, record Informant T-2 as stating that he was a member of Professional Unit 122 of the Communist Party in Pasadena and its county organizer, and that Qian, then section chief at the laboratory, had been entertained at the Weinbaum home and had corresponded with the Weinbaums before Weinbaum's hiring.[^3] The report also notes that "as of a recent date" Weinbaum had been terminated from the laboratory; he was arrested for perjury on June 16, 1950, the same date on which the "denial of consent" to Qian dated June 6, 1950 was delivered to Caltech.[^3] Weinbaum was convicted.[^3]
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When the FBI recovered seven GALCIT Project No. 1 reports from [[Jack Parsons]] in December 1950, the laboratory advised the FBI by letter of December 29, 1950 that, in the present active sense, three were confidential, one restricted and three unclassified, and that all could be downgraded to unclassified; it stated that it had no authority to downgrade them because the Air Force had sponsored the research. The FBI recorded a statement that security regulations at the laboratory during Parsons's employment had been lax, with no charge-out system for reports.[^4] The Army's Counter Intelligence Division advised in 1951 that the work had continued under the administrative direction of the Army Chief of Ordnance and that some papers contained proprietary information of [[Aerojet]] and [[Thiokol]].[^4]
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Malina, the laboratory's first director, was the subject of the 1952 sealed indictment described on his page.[^5]
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### Transfer to NASA
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The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed July 29, did not change the status of JPL or the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]]. Pickering and the NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan wanted the laboratory moved into [[NASA]], the Army resisted, and JPL was formally transferred on December 3, 1958. Pickering said the principal consideration for Caltech was the opportunity to leave classified military research for space science.[^6]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Conway, Erik M., "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," Engineering & Science (Caltech), no. 4 (2007), pp. 4-8, calteches.library.caltech.edu/702/2/Spacecraft.pdf.
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[^2]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), pp. 8-10.
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[^3]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien," Los Angeles file 65-4857, reports of 1949 and 1950 (Informant T-2; Weinbaum; denial of consent letter of June 6, 1950; Weinbaum arrest June 16, 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1 and Part2).
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[^4]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2 (reports of December 1950 and January 1951; Army and Air Force memoranda of 1951), archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
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[^5]: FBI, "Frank J. Malina," Los Angeles file 100-8196, memoranda of 1952 and 1953, archive.org/details/FrankMalina (Frank Malina 02).
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[^6]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), p. 10.
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@ -16,48 +16,50 @@ alias:
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location: "Redstone Arsenal, Alabama"
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summary: "Defense Intelligence Agency element at Redstone Arsenal whose 2025 briefing traces it to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in 1956, which analyzes and exploits foreign weapon systems with contractor support."
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relations:
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- type: subsidiary_of
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1992
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role: "transferred to the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1992"
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fn: 1
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- type: subsidiary_of
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Army Intelligence Agency]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1985
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end: 1992
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role: "intelligence community element of the Army Intelligence Agency from 1985"
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fn: 1
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Dynetics]]"
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start: 2015-01
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role: "$172 million support contract reported January 26, 2015 (work expected complete January 25, 2020); HHM402-19-D-0023, $737,992,267 ceiling, reported November 6, 2019"
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fn: 16
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Parsons Government Services]]"
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start: 2018-05
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role: "HHM402-18-D-0004, $164,693,682 ceiling; Parsons Corporation 2026 position on COMET announced August 25, 2026"
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fn: 3
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]"
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start: 2016-09-28
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role: "potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract announced September 28, 2016"
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fn: 17
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]"
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start: 2021-09-28
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role: "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications contract HHM402-21-D-0151; total contract ceiling value stated as $217,439,429.92 in the justification dated August 31, 2023"
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fn: 22
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Science Applications International Corporation]]"
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start: 2026-08-31
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role: "position on COMET stated in Form 8-K exhibit of August 31, 2026"
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fn: 9
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Integration Innovation]]"
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start: 2026-09-08
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role: "announced Small Business position on COMET"
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fn: 11
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- type: contracted_with
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]]"
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start: 2026-09-17
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role: "announced prime position on COMET"
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