vault backup: 2026-10-05 15:16:05
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- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Igor Smirnov]]
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- 2026-10-05T1514 · [[Tom McNear]]
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- 2026-10-05T1513 · [[Bill Ray]]
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- 2026-10-05T1511 · [[Garrison Rapmund]]
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- 2026-10-05T1509 · [[Murray Watt]]
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- 2026-10-05T1509 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
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- 2026-10-05T1509 · [[Kit Green]]
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- 2026-10-05T1507 · [[Waco Siege]]
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- 2026-10-05T1507 · [[Igor Smirnov]]
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- 2026-10-05T1507 · [[Waco Siege]]
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- 2026-10-05T1507 · [[Igor Smirnov]]
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- 2026-10-05T1506 · [[_FOIA_P2]]
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- 2026-10-05T1506 · [[_NOTES_P2]]
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- 2026-10-05T1505 · [[_DELTA_Kit Green_P2]]
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- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Louis Andre]]
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- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Amnon Rubinstein]]
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- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Walter Levy]]
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@ -86,15 +98,3 @@
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[People's Temple]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[BDM Corporation]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Bandbox Theater]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Albert Stubblebine]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Leo Goldstein]]
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- 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Art Carduner]]
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- 2026-10-05T1435 · [[James Forrestal]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Area 51]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Walker's Flying W Ranch]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Thiel Foundation]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Sol Foundation]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Galileo Project]]
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- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
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@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ title: Kit Green
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aliases:
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- Kit Green
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- Christopher Green
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- Christopher C. Green
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- Christopher Canfield Green
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- Richard Kennett
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created: 2026-05-17
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updated: 2026-10-05
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@ -18,12 +20,56 @@ tags:
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- Esalen
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- AATIP
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- LifeSciences
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- GeneralMotors
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- ArmyScienceBoard
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- NationalAcademies
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summary: "Christopher 'Kit' Green was a CIA physician who served as the agency's liaison for the SRI remote viewing program from 1972, handled Uri Geller's tests, and later contributed to AATIP."
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relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
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start: 1969
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end: 1985-03
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role: "analyst, chief of the Biomedical Sciences Branch and deputy chief of the Life Sciences Division; senior division analyst, Office of Scientific and Weapons Intelligence, from 1978"
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fn: 13
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[General Motors]]"
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start: 1985-03
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end: 2004
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role: "head of Automotive Safety and Health Research (department of Biomedical Science), North American Operations Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan, to September 1993; later director of research technology partnerships, executive director of materials research, executive director of technology intelligence, and chief technology officer for Asia Pacific"
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fn: 13
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Board on Army Science and Technology]]"
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start: 1988
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end: 1999
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role: "member from 1988; chairman 1997 to 1999 (the CV also lists a chairmanship from 1990)"
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fn: 13
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Army Science Board]]"
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start: 1985
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end: 1995
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role: "member"
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fn: 13
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- type: director_of
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with: "[[National Institute for Discovery Science]]"
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start: 1995
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end: 1999
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role: "chairman, Science Advisory Board"
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fn: 13
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Fetzer Institute]]"
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start: 1995
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end: 1998
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role: "Committee for Frontier Medicine"
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fn: 13
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Wayne State University School of Medicine]]"
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start: 2003-02
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role: "executive director of emergent technologies research; later professor and assistant dean for Asia Pacific, with appointments at the Detroit Medical Center"
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fn: 13
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[The Aviary]]"
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role: "membership as alleged: listed as Blue Jay in a roster published by Richard J. Boylan"
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fn: 9
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fn: 16
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---
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Christopher "Kit" Green was a physician and neurophysiologist who served in the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s [[Life Sciences Division]], where he functioned as the agency's primary scientific reviewer and liaison for the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] remote viewing program from its inception in 1972. He was among the small number of CIA officers who maintained long-term engagement with anomalous phenomena research, and later continued that work in both academic and government consulting contexts after leaving the agency.
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@ -34,17 +80,17 @@ Green was working in the CIA's Life Sciences Division when physicist [[Hal Putho
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Green served as the primary CIA officer receiving and evaluating SRI's experimental results during the early years of the program, which was organized under various code names before being consolidated as the [[Stargate Project|STAR GATE]] program. In this capacity he reviewed classified experimental data, participated in briefings, and maintained the agency's formal interest in the research while keeping it within the Life Sciences Division's medical and scientific framework rather than the operational framework of the [[Directorate of Operations]].[^2]
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[[Jim Schnabel]] gave Green the pseudonym "Richard Kennett" in *[[Remote Viewers]]* (1997).[^11] In that account Kennett was an analyst in the Office of Scientific Intelligence, in his early thirties, married with two young sons, holding a Ph.D. in neurophysiology and pursuing an M.D.; religion and mysticism "in particular fascinated him," and he spent part of his agency time monitoring the fringes of medicine and psychology. Schnabel placed him as slated to become assistant national intelligence officer for chemical and biological warfare issues. Kennett monitored the work at SRI and later at [[Fort Meade]], tasked viewers against intelligence problems and evaluated their results. Schnabel also recorded Kennett's own anomalous experiences: a precognitive episode connected to [[Uri Geller]] involving a shattered glass globe and a white bulldog, and an encounter with a one-armed man in a gray suit.[^12]
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[[Jim Schnabel]] gave Green the pseudonym "Richard Kennett" in *[[Remote Viewers]]* (1997).[^3] In that account Kennett was an analyst in the Office of Scientific Intelligence, in his early thirties, married with two young sons, holding a Ph.D. in neurophysiology and pursuing an M.D.; religion and mysticism "in particular fascinated him," and he spent part of his agency time monitoring the fringes of medicine and psychology. Schnabel placed him as slated to become assistant national intelligence officer for chemical and biological warfare issues. Kennett monitored the work at SRI and later at [[Fort Meade]], tasked viewers against intelligence problems and evaluated their results. Schnabel also recorded Kennett's own anomalous experiences: a precognitive episode connected to [[Uri Geller]] involving a shattered glass globe and a white bulldog, and an encounter with a one-armed man in a gray suit.[^4]
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### Uri Geller and the SRI Experiments
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Green served as the CIA's primary handler and scientific overseer during [[Uri Geller]]'s testing at SRI in 1972-1973. Geller, an [[Israel|Israeli]] entertainer claiming psychokinetic and clairvoyant abilities, underwent a series of formal laboratory tests under the direction of Puthoff and [[Russell Targ]]. Green was responsible for reviewing the experimental protocols, receiving the results, and assessing their implications for the agency. He administered or oversaw medical evaluations of Geller, including neurological and psychological assessments designed to identify physiological correlates of the claimed abilities.[^2]
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Green served as the CIA's primary handler and scientific overseer during Uri Geller's testing at SRI in 1972-1973. Geller, an [[Israel|Israeli]] entertainer claiming psychokinetic and clairvoyant abilities, underwent a series of formal laboratory tests under the direction of Puthoff and [[Russell Targ]]. Green was responsible for reviewing the experimental protocols, receiving the results, and assessing their implications for the agency. He administered or oversaw medical evaluations of Geller, including neurological and psychological assessments designed to identify physiological correlates of the claimed abilities.[^2]
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Green's assessment of the Geller results was qualified: he acknowledged that the experiments produced results he could not explain through conventional means while maintaining that the data did not constitute proof of psychic ability as conventionally understood. He was skeptical of organized programs to train multiple personnel as psychic operatives, believing the evidence supported only that a small number of individuals produced anomalous results under controlled conditions.[^2]
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### Sugar Grove and Sensitive Facility Remote Viewing
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Green was the CIA officer informed of and involved in evaluating the [[Sugar Grove, West Virginia|Sugar Grove]] incident, in which [[Pat Price]] and [[Ingo Swann]] were provided geographic coordinates corresponding to a classified [[NSA]] signals intelligence facility at Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], and independently produced detailed descriptions of the installation. The accuracy of the descriptions, which included internal organizational details not publicly available, created significant concern within the NSA about whether the remote viewing program represented a security vulnerability for highly classified facilities. Green managed the CIA's response to NSA's concerns about the implications of the result.[^2] In Schnabel's version, Puthoff contacted Kennett in May 1973 about Swann's coordinate scheme; doubtful of it, Kennett asked for a target unknown even to himself and obtained coordinates from the CIA officer [[Bill O'Donnell]], meant to locate O'Donnell's summer cabin. The descriptions matched the nearby NSA station instead, and a security investigation followed.[^12]
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Green was the CIA officer informed of and involved in evaluating the [[Sugar Grove, West Virginia|Sugar Grove]] incident, in which [[Pat Price]] and [[Ingo Swann]] were provided geographic coordinates corresponding to a classified [[NSA]] signals intelligence facility at Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], and independently produced detailed descriptions of the installation. The accuracy of the descriptions, which included internal organizational details not publicly available, created significant concern within the NSA about whether the remote viewing program represented a security vulnerability for highly classified facilities. Green managed the CIA's response to NSA's concerns about the implications of the result.[^2] In Schnabel's version, Puthoff contacted Kennett in May 1973 about Swann's coordinate scheme; doubtful of it, Kennett asked for a target unknown even to himself and obtained coordinates from the CIA officer [[Bill O'Donnell]], meant to locate O'Donnell's summer cabin. The descriptions matched the nearby NSA station instead, and a security investigation followed.[^4]
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### Esalen and the Soviet Exchange Program
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@ -54,37 +100,53 @@ Green's name appears in CIA documents related to monitoring of the [[Esalen Inst
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After several scientists at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] reported unusual perceptual experiences following their involvement with Geller and the broader SRI program, Green investigated the reports. His conclusion was that the experiences were most likely the result of a sophisticated psychological operation directed at the scientists, possibly by a foreign intelligence service or a domestic entity with access to the scientists' vulnerabilities, rather than genuine paranormal phenomena. The investigation was not publicly disclosed during Green's CIA tenure.[^2]
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Two accounts of the episode exist. Annie Jacobsen placed it in the winter of 1975, during sanctioned classified tests of Geller held in a former World War II barracks with an [[Atomic Energy Commission]] security officer present; after the second day [[Ron Robertson]] telephoned Green, reporting objects flying across rooms, flashing lights and a six-inch ball of light rolling down a hallway, and Green first suspected hallucination.[^2] Schnabel placed it in late 1974, after unofficial off-hours tests of Geller by a Livermore group that included Robertson; members saw monochrome flying saucers and fantastic animals in their homes and laboratories, an audiotape played back a metallic voice pronouncing the code name of a classified project unknown to the group, and the physicist he called [[Peter Crane]] telephoned Kennett. Kennett met the group, including the physicist he called [[Mike Russo]], and after [[Don Curtis]] and his wife saw a hovering one-armed man in a gray suit with a hook for a hand, demanded a meeting with Puthoff and [[Russell Targ]]. The apparitions ended after the group stopped its work with Geller.[^12]
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Two accounts of the episode exist. Annie Jacobsen placed it in the winter of 1975, during sanctioned classified tests of Geller held in a former World War II barracks with an [[Atomic Energy Commission]] security officer present; after the second day [[Ron Robertson]] telephoned Green, reporting objects flying across rooms, flashing lights and a six-inch ball of light rolling down a hallway, and Green first suspected hallucination.[^2] Schnabel placed it in late 1974, after unofficial off-hours tests of Geller by a Livermore group that included Robertson; members saw monochrome flying saucers and fantastic animals in their homes and laboratories, an audiotape played back a metallic voice pronouncing the code name of a classified project unknown to the group, and the physicist he called [[Peter Crane]] telephoned Kennett. Kennett met the group, including the physicist he called [[Mike Russo]], and after [[Don Curtis]] and his wife saw a hovering one-armed man in a gray suit with a hook for a hand, demanded a meeting with Puthoff and Russell Targ. The apparitions ended after the group stopped its work with Geller.[^4] A CIA staff report filed with a Reuters item of November 4, 1974 records a telephone call of October 23, 1974 from an Atomic Energy Commission security officer at Livermore reporting two days of testing Geller with forty AEC scientists; other paragraphs of the same report concern "LSD personnel."[^5] Green's curriculum vitae gives one of his CIA posts as "Chief of the Biomedical Sciences Branch/LSD."[^6]
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### Post-CIA Career
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Following his departure from CIA, Green continued academic and research work in neurophysiology and forensic medicine. He was associated with [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]], where he worked in forensic pathology and neurological research.[^2]
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Green contributed as a consultant and scientific advisor to the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), the Pentagon's UAP research program that operated from approximately 2007 to 2012 under the direction of [[Luis Elizondo]]. His contribution included review of reported physical and physiological effects on individuals claiming proximity to anomalous aerial phenomena. He published research examining injuries reported by people claiming UAP encounters (a category he termed "exotic wounds"), applying forensic neurological analysis to the reported symptom patterns. This work represented the extension of his long-standing interest in the medical and physiological dimensions of anomalous phenomena from the SRI era into the post-AATIP period.[^3]
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Green contributed as a consultant and scientific advisor to the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), the Pentagon's UAP research program that operated from approximately 2007 to 2012 under the direction of [[Luis Elizondo]]. His contribution included review of reported physical and physiological effects on individuals claiming proximity to anomalous aerial phenomena. He published research examining injuries reported by people claiming UAP encounters (a category he termed "exotic wounds"), applying forensic neurological analysis to the reported symptom patterns. This work represented the extension of his long-standing interest in the medical and physiological dimensions of anomalous phenomena from the SRI era into the post-AATIP period.[^7]
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Elizondo's acknowledgments in 2024 thank "everyone else who worked with and supported AAWSAP/AATIP, especially Dr. Hal Puthoff, Dr. [[Eric Davis]], Dr. Christopher 'Kit' Green, [[Garry Nolan|Dr. Garry Nolan]]," Bigelow and others. The body of the book does not otherwise mention Green by name, and it does not describe his role.[^10]
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Elizondo's acknowledgments in 2024 thank "everyone else who worked with and supported AAWSAP/AATIP, especially Dr. Hal Puthoff, Dr. [[Eric Davis]], Dr. Christopher 'Kit' Green, [[Garry Nolan|Dr. Garry Nolan]]," Bigelow and others. The body of the book does not otherwise mention Green by name, and it does not describe his role.[^8]
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A [[Defense Electronics]] article of July 1993 in the CIA's Star Gate files, on closed briefings by the Russian scientist [[Igor Smirnov]] on "a computerized acoustic device allegedly capable of implanting thoughts in a person's mind," held from March 17 in [[Northern Virginia|northern Virginia]] and later at the [[University of Kansas Medical Center]], lists among "the non-military attendees" "Dr. [[Richard Nakamura]] of the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] and Dr. Christopher Green, director of [[General Motors]] Corp. (GM) biomedical research department in [[Detroit]]"; whether this is the Green of this page the article does not say.[^4]
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A [[Defense Electronics]] article of July 1993 in the CIA's Star Gate files, on closed briefings by the Russian physician [[Igor Smirnov]] on "a computerized acoustic device allegedly capable of implanting thoughts in a person's mind," held from March 17 in [[Northern Virginia|northern Virginia]] and later at the [[University of Kansas Medical Center]], lists among "the non-military attendees" "Dr. [[Richard Nakamura]] of the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] and Dr. Christopher Green, director of [[General Motors]] Corp. (GM) biomedical research department in [[Detroit]]." A GM spokesman told the magazine that Green "attended the Smirnov briefings in his capacity as a member of a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel on 21st Century Army technologies," and that "this has no connection to anything being done by GM."[^9] Green's curriculum vitae of November 20, 2007 lists him as head of Automotive Safety and Health Research at General Motors' North American Operations Research and Development Center in Warren, Michigan, from March 1985 to September 1993, directing "the independent department of Biomedical Science."[^6] The National Research Council's 1992 report *STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century* names "Christopher C. Green, General Motors Research Labs" both as a member of its Study Committee on STAR and as lead expert of its Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group,[^10] and the same CV lists him as chairman of the National Research Council "Committee on Biotechnology in the Year 2020 (STAR/BAST)" from 1989 to 1992.[^6] A 2012 National Research Council committee roster gives the same person a career with the CIA from 1969 to 1985 "as a senior division analyst and assistant national intelligence officer for science and technology" and, at General Motors, "head of biomedical sciences research."[^11]
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### General Motors and Army Advisory Boards
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Green's curriculum vitae of November 20, 2007 gives his Central Intelligence Agency service as 1969 to March 1985, in the Life Sciences Division (analyst, chief of the Biomedical Sciences Branch and deputy division chief) and from 1978 as senior division analyst in the Office of Scientific and Weapons Intelligence, and records that he holds the President's National Intelligence Medal, awarded in 1985 for work on a project from 1979 to 1983. Among his CIA duties it lists chairmanship of the DCI Interagency Working Group on Chemical Weapons Use, the Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group on Soviet Submarine Drag Reduction Research and Development, work on the Glomar Explorer project, an interagency program to examine non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation "including foreign equipment and devices" and a research program "to evaluate biological effects of microwaves from certain devices" (1973 to 1976), and service as manager of an analytical effort in support of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1973 to 1975).[^6]
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From March 1985 to September 1993 he headed Automotive Safety and Health Research at General Motors' North American Operations Research and Development Center in Warren, Michigan, directing a department of Biomedical Science in "a modern 100,000-sq. ft. research facility," with 80 physicians, pharmacologists, physiologists, physicists, engineers, toxicologists, microbiologists and biochemists and an "extensive extra-mural research effort with about one-dozen medical schools and private contractors." The CV lists the department's programs as including the health effects of new manufacturing materials, trauma and toxicology (forensic applications), neurophysiology and cardiovascular injury, toxicology of chemical and biological particulates and aerosols, biotechnology applied to hazardous material control, crash and blast injury, "stress/hazard protection of operators in certain tactical military vehicle operations," and "radiofrequency and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation."[^6]
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His later General Motors positions, as listed in the CV, were director of research technology partnerships (October 1993 to October 1995), executive director of materials research and technology business development and chief technology officer for China (to June 1998), executive director of technology intelligence (July 1998 to November 1999), and executive director of technology policy in the Public Policy Center and chief technology officer for Asia Pacific (November 1999 to February 2003). It lists General Motors boards and strategic committees for 1985 to 2004, among them the Asia Pacific Strategy Board, the Advanced Technology Committee, a role as co-founder of a General Motors-Israel technology joint venture and as founding director of the Pan Asian Technology Automotive Center in Shanghai, and a vice-presidency of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation. The CV states that in February 2003 he became executive director of the Emergent Technologies Research Division of the Detroit Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine.[^6]
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The same CV lists Army and academy advisory service: member of the Army Science Board, 1985 to 1995; member of the National Research Council's Board on Army Science and Technology from 1988, with the CV giving chairmanships of the board as 1990 to 1999 in one entry and 1997 to 1999 in another; chairman of the Committee on Biotechnology in the Year 2020 (STAR/BAST), 1989 to 1992; chairman of an Independent Science Panel in the Office of the Undersecretary of the Army, Operations Research, from 1989; member of the Air Force Studies Board (1995 to 1997); member of the Institute of Medicine commission on Persian Gulf mystery illness (1998); and scientific advisor to the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence and to the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. It also lists chairmanship of the Science Advisory Board of the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (1995 to 1999), membership of the Committee for Frontier Medicine of the [[Fetzer Institute]] (1995 to 1998), and, among current clients in 2007, the Department of Defense, the CIA, the Defense Intelligence Agency, General Motors, Ford, the Fetzer Institute, the [[Institute for Advanced Physics]], [[EarthTech International]] and the [[Potomac Institute for Policy Studies]].[^6]
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The report *STAR 21* (National Academy Press, 1992) of the Board on Army Science and Technology lists Green, of General Motors Research Labs, as lead expert of the Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group, with Joseph F. Soukup of [[Science Applications International Corporation]], Bertram W. Maidment Jr. of the Midwest Research Institute and Gregory A. Petsko of [[Brandeis University]], and as one of the members of the Study Committee on STAR chaired by Walter B. LaBerge, formerly of [[Lockheed Corporation]].[^10]
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### UFO-Related Contacts, 1986 to 1997
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[[Mark Pilkington]] wrote in *[[Mirage Men]]* of a meeting with Green, whose interest in UFOs, he wrote, went back "some three decades to his time as the CIA's 'keeper of the weird' at the Office for Science and Technology," adding: "Really he was a senior science analyst, but a small part of his work involved intelligence to do with remote viewing (RV), UFOs and other hot paranormal topics of the 1970s." Pilkington described Green as "a close and long-standing friend of Rick Doty" ([[Richard Doty]]), whom he "talked about with unguarded warmth and respect." Asked about silver spheres from [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], Green said, in Pilkington's account, "We have reconnaissance craft that fit that description," and of quiet helicopters "disguised" as UFOs to probe security and nuclear installations, "I'm pretty sure that it happened." Pilkington wrote that at a Denny's restaurant "back in 1986" Green, Puthoff and [[Jacques Vallee]] "distilled what they knew about the subject into what has become known as the 'core story,'" and quoted Green as stating the core story: "The ETs came here, maybe once, maybe a few times. Either through accident or design, the US government acquired one of their craft. The only problem was that the physics that powered the craft were so advanced that for decades we humans have struggled to understand it or to replicate it." He described "paraphrenia," a delusion a person can "confine and control," as the category into which many believers fall.[^5]
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[[Mark Pilkington]] wrote in *[[Mirage Men]]* of a meeting with Green, whose interest in UFOs, he wrote, went back "some three decades to his time as the CIA's 'keeper of the weird' at the Office for Science and Technology," adding: "Really he was a senior science analyst, but a small part of his work involved intelligence to do with remote viewing (RV), UFOs and other hot paranormal topics of the 1970s." Pilkington described Green as "a close and long-standing friend of Rick Doty" ([[Richard Doty]]), whom he "talked about with unguarded warmth and respect." Asked about silver spheres from [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], Green said, in Pilkington's account, "We have reconnaissance craft that fit that description," and of quiet helicopters "disguised" as UFOs to probe security and nuclear installations, "I'm pretty sure that it happened." Pilkington wrote that at a Denny's restaurant "back in 1986" Green, Puthoff and [[Jacques Vallee]] "distilled what they knew about the subject into what has become known as the 'core story,'" and quoted Green as stating the core story: "The ETs came here, maybe once, maybe a few times. Either through accident or design, the US government acquired one of their craft. The only problem was that the physics that powered the craft were so advanced that for decades we humans have struggled to understand it or to replicate it." He described "paraphrenia," a delusion a person can "confine and control," as the category into which many believers fall.[^12]
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Vallee wrote in May 1986 that he intended to present "strong comments about the Secret Onion project" to Green; Vallee's name for the project is the [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]] of [[John B. Alexander]]. According to the [[Loose Threads Report|Loose Threads]] authors, Puthoff said Green received an invitation to the group's meetings but did not attend, and Green told Vallee in 1989 that he was reluctant to take part unless the initiative had an official funding stream. In an entry of August 1990 Vallee recorded Green as dismissing [[Howard Blum]]'s 1987 account of a secret UFO group as an allusion to the proposal of Alexander and [[Ron Blackburn]] that "went nowhere," adding that he had gone to see [[Jack Vorona]], who "told me, 'They never let me in on it!'" In February 1990 Vallee wrote that Blackburn "had co-organized a national panel on UFOs" with Green, "who never told me about this." Green's 2007 curriculum vitae, as quoted by the authors of the Loose Threads Report, lists him as chairman of an "Independent Science Panel, Office of the Undersecretary, Operations Research, DO Army (1989 to present)" and as a member of the [[National Research Council]] Committee on Biotechnology in the Year 2020 from 1989 to 1992.[^6]
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Vallee wrote in May 1986 that he intended to present "strong comments about the Secret Onion project" to Green; Vallee's name for the project is the [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]] of [[John B. Alexander]]. According to the [[Loose Threads Report|Loose Threads]] authors, Puthoff said Green received an invitation to the group's meetings but did not attend, and Green told Vallee in 1989 that he was reluctant to take part unless the initiative had an official funding stream. In an entry of August 1990 Vallee recorded Green as dismissing [[Howard Blum]]'s 1987 account of a secret UFO group as an allusion to the proposal of Alexander and [[Ron Blackburn]] that "went nowhere," adding that he had gone to see [[Jack Vorona]], who "told me, 'They never let me in on it!'" In February 1990 Vallee wrote that Blackburn "had co-organized a national panel on UFOs" with Green, "who never told me about this." Green's 2007 curriculum vitae, as quoted by the authors of the Loose Threads Report, lists him as chairman of an "Independent Science Panel, Office of the Undersecretary, Operations Research, DO Army (1989 to present)" and as a member of the [[National Research Council]] Committee on Biotechnology in the Year 2020 from 1989 to 1992.[^13]
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An April 15, 1993 transcript of a call between [[Ronald Pandolfi]] and [[C. B. Scott Jones]] has Pandolfi say, of the briefing prepared for [[Laurance Rockefeller]]'s visit to the [[White House]] science adviser [[John Gibbons|John H. Gibbons]], "Kit was supposed to meet with Jack yesterday and supposed to give us some guidance today if there is any additional follow-up or what his reactions were." The person who supplied the transcript to the White House called it "purported."[^7] In a letter of March 29, 1997 [[Richard Farley|C. Richard Farley Jr.]] wrote to Gibbons that Green "terms 'myth-making'" the efforts of "cultists and culture-change agents employed in ongoing efforts by Laurance Rockefeller, with his attorney [[Henry L. Diamond|Henry Diamond]] and former Pell aide (and intelligence 'rogue') C.R. 'Scott' Jones."[^8] [[Richard J. Boylan]] listed Green as Blue Jay in a roster of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]].[^9]
|
||||
An April 15, 1993 transcript of a call between [[Ronald Pandolfi]] and [[C. B. Scott Jones]] has Pandolfi say, of the briefing prepared for [[Laurance Rockefeller]]'s visit to the [[White House]] science adviser [[John Gibbons|John H. Gibbons]], "Kit was supposed to meet with Jack yesterday and supposed to give us some guidance today if there is any additional follow-up or what his reactions were." The person who supplied the transcript to the White House called it "purported."[^14] In a letter of March 29, 1997 [[Richard Farley|C. Richard Farley Jr.]] wrote to Gibbons that Green "terms 'myth-making'" the efforts of "cultists and culture-change agents employed in ongoing efforts by Laurance Rockefeller, with his attorney [[Henry L. Diamond|Henry Diamond]] and former Pell aide (and intelligence 'rogue') C.R. 'Scott' Jones."[^15] [[Richard J. Boylan]] listed Green as Blue Jay in a roster of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]].[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Puthoff, Harold E. Letter to Christopher Green, CIA, June 27, 1972. CIA FOIA Reading Room, cia.gov/readingroom. CIA document CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030006-8 (released). Kripal, Jeffrey J. *Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion*. University of Chicago Press, 2007, pp. 381-385.
|
||||
[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
|
||||
[^3]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^4]: "DoD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims," July 1993, reprinted from *Defense Electronics,* CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. The article gives no CIA affiliation.
|
||||
[^5]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^6]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosure to Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf.
|
||||
[^8]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 75, same collection.
|
||||
[^9]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source.
|
||||
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Acknowledgments, p. 250.
|
||||
[^11]: Cook, Nick. "The Light Beyond The Mountains (Chapter 22: UFO Medico)." *Rogue Icons*, January 6, 2025, https://nickcook.substack.com/p/the-light-beyond-the-mountains-500.
|
||||
[^12]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
[^3]: Cook, Nick. "The Light Beyond The Mountains (Chapter 22: UFO Medico)." *Rogue Icons*, January 6, 2025, https://nickcook.substack.com/p/the-light-beyond-the-mountains-500.
|
||||
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
[^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
|
||||
[^6]: Green, Christopher Canfield. *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007 (sections: General Motors North American Operations Research and Development Center, 3/85 to 9/93; Research and Development Center, 10/93 to 6/98; Research and Development and Planning, 7/98 to 11/99; Public Policy Center and GM Asia Pacific, 11/99 to 2/03; Central Intelligence Agency, 1969 to March 1985; External Medical/Scientific Boards and Activities). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf The CV's account of his own career; sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Acknowledgments, p. 250.
|
||||
[^9]: "DoD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims," July 1993, reprinted from *Defense Electronics,* CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. The article gives no CIA affiliation.
|
||||
[^10]: National Research Council, Board on Army Science and Technology. *STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century*. Washington: National Academy Press, 1992, appendix of contributors (Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group; Study Committee on STAR). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1888/chapter/12
|
||||
[^11]: National Research Council. *Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future*. Washington: National Academies Press, 2012, Appendix A, "Biographic Sketches of Committee Members" (Christopher C. Green). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13480/chapter/9
|
||||
[^12]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosure to Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf.
|
||||
[^15]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 75, same collection.
|
||||
[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
110
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md
Normal file
110
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Russia
|
||||
- Psychotronics
|
||||
- Psychocorrection
|
||||
- Subliminal
|
||||
- MindControl
|
||||
- Waco
|
||||
- Stargate
|
||||
- NonLethalWeapons
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- Igor Smirnov
|
||||
- Igor V. Smirnov
|
||||
- Igor Viktorovich Smirnov
|
||||
- Igor Smirnoff
|
||||
- I. V. Smirnov
|
||||
- Dr. Igor Smirnov
|
||||
- Игорь Викторович Смирнов
|
||||
summary: "Russian physician of the Moscow Medical Academy who developed EEG-mapped subliminal 'psycho-correction' and in March 1993 briefed FBI, CIA, DIA and ARPA officials on using it against David Koresh at Waco."
|
||||
location: "Moscow, Russia"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Moscow Medical Academy]]"
|
||||
start: 1980
|
||||
role: "head of the laboratory, later Department, of Psycho-Correction"
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Psychotechnology Research Institute]]"
|
||||
role: "Moscow institute housed at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, run after his death by Elena Rusalkina"
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Waco Siege]]"
|
||||
start: 1993-03-17
|
||||
role: "briefed FBI and other officials in closed meetings in northern Virginia on using a computerized acoustic device against David Koresh"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Psychotechnologies Corp.]]"
|
||||
start: 1993-03
|
||||
role: "agreement, as described in the company's memorandum, to commit the Russian psycho-correction technologies and know-how to the Richmond firm in exchange for stock"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
created: 2026-10-05
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-05
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Igor Viktorovich Smirnov (April 5, 1951 to November 5, 2004) was a Russian physician and the head of the Department of Psycho-Correction at the [[Moscow Medical Academy]], where from the early 1980s he developed a method that paired [[Electroencephalography|electroencephalograph]] readings of a subject's responses to subliminal words and images with taped, noise-masked audio "psycho-correction" programs.[^1] In March 1993 he briefed officials of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and representatives of other agencies in northern Virginia on the technique while the [[Waco Siege|Waco siege]] was in progress, an episode reported in 1993 and 1994 by *[[Defense Electronics]]*, *[[Newsweek]]*, the *[[Village Voice]]* and the *[[Moscow Times]]*.[^2][^3][^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Soviet Institutions
|
||||
|
||||
A 2024 article in a Belarusian medical journal gives his dates as April 5, 1951 to November 5, 2004.[^1] A 2022 Russian popular article (republishing material of the site Russian Semyorka) states that he was the son of [[Viktor Abakumov]], the Soviet Minister of State Security, and "for understandable reasons" took his mother's surname.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
According to the same article, his career began on February 2, 1980, when the Presidium of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] and the [[State Committee for Science and Technology (USSR)|USSR State Committee for Science and Technology]] approved research on "physical fields of biological objects, modulated by a semantic signal," with the [[Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University|Sechenov Medical Institute]] and its department of non-drug therapy among the executors; the department became a laboratory of psycho-correction headed by Smirnov, then 28. It dates the first programs on domestic computers to 1982 and a first "psychosounding" session, held "under conditions of complete secrecy," to 1984.[^5] The *[[Moscow]] Times* gave the same outline from Smirnov's own account in July 1994: the Department of Psycho-Correction was established in 1980 to develop non-drug psychotherapy, and by 1984 its staff were applying the computerized method to psychiatric patients, substance abusers and psychosomatic cases. Smirnov declined to discuss the center's earlier years beyond confirming that it had been a well-funded state program.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
In September 1983 the American parapsychologists [[Russell Targ]] and [[Keith Harary]], invited to the [[Soviet Union]] by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, met "Dr. Igor Smirnoff and two other researchers" in an equipment-crowded basement laboratory at the First Moscow Medical Institute. The group had "just completed" a Soviet experiment in "rat telepathy" and told the visitors that it failed when groups of rats fought in the stressful conditions; the physicist [[Konstantin Gubarev]] (spelled "Goubarev" by the authors) was involved in the experiment, and the delegation's host there was a Professor Andriankyn, whose "main concern" was the non-drug treatment of mental patients, including experimental low-frequency electric and magnetic fields. The passage appears in the "Authors' Note" of Targ and Harary's *The Mind Race* (1984), a copy of which is in the [[CIA]] [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] files.[^6] The [[Defense News]] account of January 1993 described the Moscow Medical Academy's Department of Psycho-Correction as "government-funded."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
In his Moscow Times interview Smirnov said the method had helped a team of Soviet women skiers cross [[Antarctica]] in 1988 without psychological breakdowns.[^4] A CIA-held record of a 1991 visit to his institute (see below) gives the skiers' trip as an "arctic" one involving "six women" and says the team was assembled using the computer-aided analysis.[^8] [[Elena Rusalkina]], his widow and collaborator, told the journalist [[Sharon Weinberger]] in 2006 that the Soviet military had used his psychotechnology in the war in [[Afghanistan]]: "It was used for combating the [[Mujahideen]], and also for treating post-traumatic stress syndrome" in Russian soldiers. An anonymous participant in the March 1993 Virginia meetings told *Defense Electronics* that "there is evidence the [[Soviet Army]]'s [[Special Forces]] used the technology during the conflict in Afghanistan" and that the intelligence agencies "had been tracking Smirnov for years."[^2][^9] Weinberger described his former office at the institute as lined with "his once-secret patents, his awards from the Soviet government, and a calendar from the [[KGB]]'s cryptographic section."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Method
|
||||
|
||||
In the demonstration reported to a delegation in 1991, the subject wears an EEG cap and watches a screen on which words (in that demonstration, a personal list of names) are flashed too briefly to be consciously recognized; the recorded brain responses are filtered and passed through factor and cluster analysis on an IBM-compatible 80386 computer to produce a map of the subject's attitudes. Smirnov and his colleagues said the output could reveal "actual memory content of a person (including information that the individual tried to hide)," motives such as "addictions, criminal and antisocial desires," and could be used to select personnel, forecast behavior in extreme situations and analyze truthfulness at jury trials; the delegation was told that "while a polygraph detected lies, the computer-aided process developed by Dr. Smirnov detected truth."[^8] Smirnov said the same procedure was used to build the "psychocorrective" tapes: subliminal messages placed in audio, for example through a ventilation pipe to workmen outside, who after 15 to 30 minutes came to the laboratory door and asked what they were supposed to do, and a tape he said he made for his dying mother-in-law to block cancer pain.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
The July 1993 *Defense Electronics* report described the technology as "a computerized acoustic device allegedly capable of implanting thoughts in a person's mind without that person being aware of the source of the thought," and quoted the Psychotechnologies memorandum on its stated purpose: to "determine whether psycho-correction technologies represent a present or future threat to U.S. national security in situations where inaudible commands might be used to alter behavior." The same memorandum listed possible uses of interest to [[Department of Defense]] officials, among them embassy protection, military training and "non-violently 'clearing areas of potential enemies, snipers, etc.'"[^2] A 1993 English translation in the Star Gate files of a paper "received from Dr. Igor Smirnov," titled "Experimental Test of the Possibility of Developing and Using a Semantic Driver" (file number LN169-93), presents a cybernetic model of human memory, with conscious and subconscious layers, buffers, a "priority generator" and a "semantic field of the universe," and an annotated bibliography of Soviet physiology literature.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1991 Visit and the U.S. Global Strategy Council
|
||||
|
||||
A trip report in the Star Gate files, filed under the heading "Computer Psychotechnology, Dr. I. V. Smirnov" on letterhead of [[Chris Morris|C. C. Morris]], research director of the [[U.S. Global Strategy Council]] (1800 K Street, N.W., Washington), records that on Wednesday, November 20, 1991, at about 9:00 p.m., "three members of the team" went to Smirnov's institute in Moscow, which the writer described as "about 200 people who live and work together in what begs to be described as a commune situation," dedicated to the work and "very concerned that the technology that they have developed not fall into the hands of people or organizations that would abuse it." One team member volunteered for a test session on names; the results showed a strongly negative response to one name, which "turned out" to be the volunteer's own, and the volunteer then produced a business card bearing initials instead of given names. The writer closed with the assessment that the work was "a technological advance somewhat like that of the atomic bomb," and recorded a Russian colleague's answer that it was "much worse because at least when an atomic bomb goes off you know it." The report's author is not named in the released pages and a further page is withheld as exempt.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
Weinberger reported in 2007 that the movement of Smirnov's technology toward the United States began in 1991 at a KGB-sponsored conference in Moscow intended to market once-secret Soviet technology, where his claims "piqued the interest" of Chris Morris and [[Janet Morris]], writers turned Pentagon consultants widely credited as founders of the "non-lethal" weapons concept. Chris Morris told her that he accompanied Smirnov to his lab and let him wire his head to an EEG, after which Smirnov "divined" details of his subconscious "like Morris' dislike of his own first name," and that he thought "the guys back at home have got to see this." The Morrises, Weinberger wrote, "shopped the technology around to a few military agencies, but found no one willing to put money into it."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
*Defense News* reported on January 11, 1993 that "acoustic psycho-correction," pioneered by the government-funded Department of Psycho-Correction at the Moscow Medical Academy, "may soon be shared with U.S. military, medical and political officials," and that Russian senior research scientists, diplomats, military officers and officials of the Russian [[Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology Policy]] "are beginning to provide limited demonstrations for their U.S. counterparts." Janet Morris of the Global Strategy Council, "a key U.S. liaison between Russian and U.S. officials," said in a December 15 interview that she and the [[Richmond, Virginia]]-based [[International Healthline Corp.]] had briefed senior U.S. intelligence and [[Army]] officials; she said Army officials were concerned about the capability being directed against armored systems and personnel through electronic communications links, and that U.S. countermeasures could include sound cancellation. An undated paper by a Moscow-based group affiliated with the department, with authors including [[George Kotov]], "a former KGB general now serving in a senior government ministry post," listed software and hardware associated with the program that could be procured for as little as $50,000 and proposed a bilateral Center for Psycho-technologies. The article reported that the Army's [[Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center]] had awarded a one-year study of acoustic beam technology to [[Scientific Applications & Research Associates]] of [[Huntington Beach, California]]; that Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Donald Atwood]] had rejected repeated plans for Army visits to the former Soviet Union; and that International Healthline's president, Jim Hovis, planned to bring a team of Russian specialists to the United States within months. [[Raymond Garthoff]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] was quoted as saying "This is not something that strikes me as requiring high-level attention."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### March 1993: Virginia and Waco
|
||||
|
||||
*Defense Electronics* reported in July 1993 that "in a series of closed meetings beginning March 17 in suburban Northern Virginia with Dr. Igor Smirnov of the Moscow Medical Academy, FBI officials were briefed" on his decade of research, "a few weeks before" the April 19 fire at Waco. An unnamed participant said "it was suggested to us [by other federal officials] that they bring in the FBI, which was looking for a viable option to deal with Koresh." The account, which the article said was confirmed by an executive summary memorandum of [[Psychotechnologies Corp.]], a Richmond, Virginia firm owning the American rights to the technology, described the siege as "an ongoing domestic hostage situation." After several meetings the FBI officials, who "repeatedly expressed fears" that [[David Koresh]] and his followers were suicidal, asked for a proposal describing requirements and procedures for use at Waco. "They wanted the Russians to promise zero risk," the participant said, "but the Russians wouldn't do that"; and Smirnov had brought only "entry-level equipment," with more sophisticated hardware to be "rushed over from Russia." Officials of the CIA, the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] were also present, according to the source; spokesmen for those agencies did not return calls.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Non-military attendees at the Virginia meetings and at a series of later briefings by "the two Russians" at the [[University of Kansas Medical Center]] in [[Topeka]] included [[Richard Nakamura]] of the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] and "Dr. Christopher Green, director of General Motors Corp. (GM) biomedical research department in [[Detroit]]." A GM spokesman said Green attended in his capacity as a member of a National Academy of Sciences panel on 21st-century Army technologies and that "this has no connection to anything being done by GM." Dr. [[Fowler Jones]] of the University of Kansas Medical Center's psychology division said the session was "really more of a presentation than an actual demonstration because, unfortunately, a lot of the software we couldn't get going," and that he and colleagues were seeking funding to test the technology in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions.[^2] The Green named in the article is identified in the page for [[Kit Green]].
|
||||
|
||||
The memorandum described an agreement made in March in which "the Russian side agreed to commit the psycho-correction technologies still in Russia and all related know-how to the U.S. company in exchange for stock," with the Russian side to "provide all support necessary to recreate current [psycho-correction] capability in the U.S."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
*Newsweek* reported in its issue of August 1994 (online August 21) that "Experts from the FBI Counter-Terrorism Center secretly met in Arlington, Va., with a long-haired Russian Dr. Strangelove called Igor Smirnov," whose plan was "piping subliminal messages from sect members' families through the phone lines during negotiations," and that "for David Koresh, the self-appointed prophet, the FBI had a special voice in mind: God, as played by Charlton Heston." It added: "The FBI backed out of Smirnov's Waco strategy, and the crisis ended in blazing disaster."[^3] The Moscow Times reported in July 1994 that Smirnov said the FBI had explored his methods during the standoff, that a *Village Voice* article of that year had quoted an FBI official as saying the agency "had wanted to use Smirnov's technology to subconsciously alter the behavior of cult leader David Koresh by sending a subliminal message over the telephone while the FBI was negotiating with him," that the deal collapsed because Smirnov could not guarantee safety without a controlled trial, and that the FBI did not comment.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Weinberger recorded Chris Morris's account that the FBI "was put off by Smirnov's cavalier response to questions": asked what would happen if the subliminal signals did not work, Smirnov replied that Koresh's followers might slit each other's throats. Rusalkina told her: "With Smirnov, the FBI was either demanding a yes or a no, and therefore our methods weren't put to use, unfortunately."[^9] The 2022 Russian article gives Smirnov's proposal as coding the voices of the besieged group's relatives calling them to return home, and says U.S. officials instead broadcast the appeals uncoded; it adds that in 1993 Americans offered him a move to the United States, which he refused, and quotes him: "I am Russian. I do not want to live abroad. I do not trade the secrets of the Motherland" (translated).[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Newsweek, 1994
|
||||
|
||||
The Newsweek article, by [[Dorinda Elliott]] in Moscow with [[John Barry]] in Washington, describes the basement laboratory of the "Institute of Psycho-Correction" in Moscow, where Smirnov and other Russian psychiatrists were working with schizophrenics, drug addicts and cancer patients. It quotes him: "A knife can be used to cut sausage, or cut your throat." Smirnov said government funding had been generous in Soviet times but that he now received "only $20,000 a year," that he hoped to attract Western investment, and that Russian gangsters came to see him asking for help in getting business partners to sign unfavorable contracts, which he refused as "unethical." A heroin addict named Slava was shown with electrodes on his chest and shaved head while Smirnov tried "to stimulate the child-rearing cluster" of his brain. [[Howard Shevrin]] of the [[University of Michigan]], who had also studied brain responses and the unconscious, said: "I'm not sure this should be tampered with." After the reporter's visit, two men in suits and diamond rings came to Newsweek's Moscow office asking questions about Smirnov and said they were in business with him; he said he did not know them.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later Work and Death
|
||||
|
||||
The Moscow Times reported in July 1994 that the center had moved to small basement offices of the Moscow Medical Academy with state funding gone ("kopecks"), a staff of about 20 and about 15 patients a week, mostly referred from the academy's psychiatric clinic. It said Smirnov refused offers from Russian companies for subliminal advertising campaigns on ethical grounds, and described his method as a "truth detector": "Our machine reveals hidden information that sometimes is not realized by the person himself." The paper reported that he remarked that Americans trust Russian techniques more than their own.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
By 2006 the Psychotechnology Research Institute was housed in a concrete building at the [[Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]] in Moscow, where Rusalkina showed Weinberger a windowless circular room containing a chair facing a monitor, used for human testing, and said the institute had worked "out a program with (a psychiatric facility) to study criminals." Visitors were asked to watch a half-hour television program about Smirnov, "called the father of 'psychotronic weapons,'" and Weinberger described him as "a Rasputin-like character often portrayed in the media as having almost mystical powers of persuasion." Rusalkina said the institute used the technology to treat alcoholics and drug addicts and that Russian special forces had contacted it during the Moscow theater hostage siege. [[Vladimir Lopatin]], a member of the State Duma in the late 1990s who pushed to restrict mind control weapons, cited Smirnov's work to Weinberger as proof that such weapons are real.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Weinberger wrote that Smirnov died in November 2004; a photograph caption in the same article says he "died of a heart attack in 2005." The 2022 Russian article says he died suddenly in 2004 "under unclear circumstances."[^9][^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The institute's Semantic Stimuli Response Measurements Technology (SSRM Tek), marketed in the West as MindReader 2.0, was distributed in North America by the Canadian firm [[Northam Psychotechnologies]], headed by [[Semyon Ioffe]], which sought U.S. partners and went to [[SRS Technologies]] (by then part of [[ManTech International]]). In May 2007 the [[Department of Homeland Security]] announced plans to award a sole-source contract for the first U.S. government testing of SSRM Tek for airport screening. A California contractor, [[DownRange G2 Solutions]], told Weinberger it lost interest when Northam declined to make the software available for testing.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Semenenya, I. N., and V. A. Pereverzev. "Unique technologies for ..." (computer psychotechnologies, psychoecology, psychosounding and psychocorrection). *Meditsinskii zhurnal* (Belarusian State Medical University), 2/2024. DOI 10.51922/1818-426X.2024.2.52. https://medmag.bsmu.by/upload/iblock/da5/3h3w7y0d709gn20ijtztel64b05wjuou/52.pdf (gives Smirnov's years as 05.04.1951 to 05.11.2004).
|
||||
[^2]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings; the Psychotechnologies Corp. memorandum is described but not reproduced.
|
||||
[^3]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150002-4. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766
|
||||
[^4]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious
|
||||
[^5]: "Какое психотропное оружие изобрел сын Виктора Абакумова" [What psychotropic weapon the son of Viktor Abakumov invented]. Rambler Weekend, citing Russian Semyorka (russian7.ru), December 6, 2022. https://weekend.rambler.ru/people/49822355-kakoe-psihotropnoe-oruzhie-izobrel-syn-viktora-abakumova/ Sole source for the passages so cited (parentage, the February 2, 1980 approval, the 1982 and 1984 dates, the account of the Waco proposal, the American offer to relocate him, and the circumstances of his death).
|
||||
[^6]: Targ, Russell, and Keith Harary. *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities*. New York: Villard Books, 1984, "Authors' Note," pp. 261-263 (excerpt), in the CIA Star Gate files, document CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^7]: Opall, Barbara. "U.S. Explores Russian Mind-Control Technology" and "U.S., Russia Hope To Safeguard Mind-Control Techniques." *Defense News*, January 11-17, 1993, pp. 4 and 29. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^8]: "Computer Psychotechnology, Dr. I. V. Smirnov," trip report on letterhead of C. C. Morris, Research Director, U.S. Global Strategy Council, 1800 K Street N.W., Suite 1102, Washington, D.C., describing a visit of November 20, 1991. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8 (approved for release August 11, 2000). https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^9]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read in the copy posted to the Infowarrior list, https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). The Waco exchange is Chris Morris's account, recounted to the author, and Rusalkina's statements; sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: "Experimental Test of the Possibility of Developing and Using a Semantic Driver," received from Dr. Igor Smirnov, English translation LN169-93 (1993). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5_djvu.txt
|
||||
103
40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md
Normal file
103
40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Crime Investigation"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Event
|
||||
- Waco
|
||||
- BranchDavidians
|
||||
- ATF
|
||||
- FBI
|
||||
- 1990s
|
||||
- DomesticTerrorism
|
||||
- Siege
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- Waco Siege
|
||||
- Siege at Waco
|
||||
- Waco siege
|
||||
- Waco
|
||||
- Waco Tragedy
|
||||
- Mount Carmel Siege
|
||||
- Mt. Carmel Confrontation
|
||||
- 1993 Waco Siege
|
||||
- Branch Davidian Siege
|
||||
- Waco Incident
|
||||
summary: "The February 28, 1993 ATF raid on the Branch Davidians' Mount Carmel Center near Waco, Texas, the 51-day FBI siege that followed, and the April 19 fire that killed more than 70 people."
|
||||
start: 1993-02-28
|
||||
end: 1993-04-19
|
||||
location: "Mount Carmel Center, near Waco, Texas"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[David Koresh]]"
|
||||
start: 1992-05
|
||||
role: "ATF investigation of firearms and explosives violations, culminating in the February 28, 1993 search and arrest warrants"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[Department of the Treasury]]"
|
||||
start: 1993-04-29
|
||||
end: 1993-09
|
||||
role: "Waco Administrative Review of the ATF investigation, directed by Assistant Secretary Ronald K. Noble"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[John Danforth]]"
|
||||
start: 1999-09-09
|
||||
end: 2000-11-08
|
||||
role: "Special Counsel investigation of the April 19, 1993 events under Attorney General Order No. 2256-99"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
created: 2026-10-05
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-05
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Waco siege was the confrontation between federal law enforcement and the [[Branch Davidians]], a religious group led by [[David Koresh]] (born Vernon Wayne Howell on August 17, 1959) at the [[Mount Carmel Center]] near [[Waco, Texas|Waco]], [[Texas]]. It began with a failed raid by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] (ATF) on February 28, 1993, in which four ATF agents were killed and more than 20 were wounded; it continued as a 51-day standoff under the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], and ended on April 19, 1993 when the complex burned after the FBI inserted tear gas.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### ATF Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
According to the Special Counsel's statement of facts, the [[McLennan County Sheriff's Department]] told ATF in May 1992 that Koresh had received large shipments of firearms, inert grenades and black powder at a small structure known as the [[Mag Bag]], about six miles from the main living quarters, and ATF investigation found [[United Parcel Service]] deliveries of suspicious firearms components and possible explosive precursor materials. After internal meetings in December 1992, ATF began an undercover operation, rented a house about 325 yards from the complex, and began surveillance on January 11, 1993; ATF special agent [[Robert Rodriguez]], posing as a student, made contact with Koresh in late January and visited the complex up to and including February 28.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
ATF sought aerial reconnaissance and other support from the [[Department of Defense]] and the [[Texas National Guard]] beginning in December 1992. A representative of the department told ATF on December 4 that support would be reimbursable unless the investigation had a "drug nexus"; ATF said there was none, and its later requests to the Guard referred to possible methamphetamine production at the complex. The Texas National Guard flew a UC-26 thermal-imaging mission on January 6, 1993, followed by flights on January 14 ([[Alabama National Guard]]) and February 3, 6, 18 and 25.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 25, 1993, [[Dennis Green]], United States Magistrate Judge for the [[Western District of Texas]], issued an arrest warrant for Koresh and a warrant to search the Mag Bag and the complex, on an affidavit sworn by ATF case agent [[David Aguilera]] that had been prepared with Assistant United States Attorneys [[Bill Johnston]] and [[John Phinizy]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### February 28, 1993
|
||||
|
||||
A force of 76 ATF agents attempted to execute the warrants. The Treasury Department's September 1993 report states that a cameraman from the Waco station [[KWTX-TV]], sent to cover the expected raid, became lost on roads near the complex and told a letter carrier, a follower of Koresh, about the impending raid; the letter carrier warned Koresh while the undercover agent was inside, and the agent left, reported that Koresh had said "the ATF and the National Guard were coming," and was told to proceed. The entry teams, concealed in cattle trailers, arrived more than 40 minutes after Koresh received the tip. Gunfire erupted as the agents left the trailers, and the exchange continued for almost 90 minutes before a cease-fire was arranged.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The agents killed were Conway C. LeBleu, Todd W. McKeehan, Robert J. Williams and Steven D. Willis.[^1] The Special Counsel's figure of "at least 82" Davidian dead for the whole confrontation includes six Davidians killed on February 28 and excludes two unborn children.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The FBI Siege
|
||||
|
||||
The FBI took control of the scene. [[Jeffrey Jamar]], Special Agent in Charge of the San Antonio office, became on-scene commander; Supervisory Special Agent [[Byron Sage]] was sent to Waco on February 28 as a negotiator, the FBI later assigned [[Gary Noesner]] to lead the negotiation team, and several weeks later [[Clinton Van Zandt]] replaced him; [[Richard Rogers]] commanded the [[FBI Hostage Rescue Team]]. Over the 51 days more than 40 law enforcement officers took part in negotiations, which the Special Counsel's report says relied "upon behavioral psychologists and religious experts for advice"; on March 3 the behavioral psychologist [[Park Dietz]] advised that Koresh would not leave the complex. Between February 28 and March 23 Koresh allowed 35 people to leave, and only two after March 23.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Tactical measures during the standoff included cutting off the electricity, moving vehicles unpredictably, using seven to 10 flashbangs, and "the use of disturbing sounds around the complex"; some negotiators believed these actions interfered with their efforts. The active duty armed forces supplied equipment and advice, including [[Special Forces]] personnel who provided thermal imaging equipment and training, and the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] supplied television jamming equipment that contractors operated briefly. A member of the British [[Special Air Service]] was present as an observer early in the standoff.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The FBI's tear gas planning is dated in the Special Counsel's report from early March: a "Proposed Operations Plan" of March 10, a Revision 2 of March 14, an e-mail of March 16 from Deputy Assistant Director [[Danny Coulson]] to Assistant Director [[Larry Potts]], a negotiation-team memorandum of March 22 indicating willingness to consider tactical use of tear gas, a March 23 request by Rogers to implement the plan, and a Revision 3 initialed by Jamar on March 27.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Consultation with Igor Smirnov
|
||||
|
||||
In a series of closed meetings that began on March 17, 1993 in suburban northern Virginia, the Russian physician [[Igor Smirnov]] of the [[Moscow Medical Academy]] briefed FBI officials on a computerized acoustic "psycho-correction" device. *[[Defense Electronics]]*, citing an unnamed participant and a memorandum of the Richmond firm [[Psychotechnologies Corp.]], reported in July 1993 that the FBI, "which was looking for a viable option to deal with Koresh," asked after several meetings for a proposal on requirements and procedures for using the device at Waco; that officials "wanted the Russians to promise zero risk," which the Russians would not do; and that Smirnov had brought only "entry-level equipment." Representatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] were also said to be present.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
*[[Newsweek]]* reported in August 1994 that "Experts from the FBI Counter-Terrorism Center secretly met in Arlington, Va." with Smirnov, whose plan was "piping subliminal messages from sect members' families through the phone lines during negotiations," and that "the FBI backed out of Smirnov's Waco strategy."[^4] Smirnov told the [[Moscow Times]] in July 1994 that the FBI had explored using his methods, and the paper reported that a *[[Village Voice]]* article had quoted an FBI official to the same effect.[^5] The writer [[Sharon Weinberger]] recorded [[Chris Morris]]'s account that the FBI was put off when Smirnov answered a question about failure by saying that Koresh's followers might slit each other's throats.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Decision to Gas
|
||||
|
||||
The negotiators began to lose hope in late March, and on March 27 Davidian [[Steve Schneider]] told them that the FBI should set the building on fire. On April 7 and 8 FBI deputy director [[Floyd Clarke]] and Potts traveled to Waco and, after meetings with Jamar and Rogers, agreed that a tactical resolution was appropriate. On April 12 the FBI presented Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] with a briefing book; on April 14 Director [[William Sessions]] convened a meeting at which military experts, among them General [[Peter Schoomaker|Schoomaker]] and a Department of Defense toxicologist, answered her questions. The materials prepared for Reno included Dietz's written opinion that negotiations were unlikely to resolve the crisis and that Koresh would probably continue to abuse the children. On April 14 Koresh also told negotiators that he would surrender once he had finished writing an interpretation of the [[Seven Seals]] of Revelation. Reno approved the plan at about 7:00 p.m. Waco time on April 17 and told President [[Bill Clinton]] on April 18.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### April 19, 1993
|
||||
|
||||
The FBI's combat engineering vehicles (CEVs) approached the complex at 6:00 a.m.; Sage telephoned in, told Schneider that a tactical operation was beginning that was "not an assault," and announced through a public address system that tear gas was being inserted. At 6:05 a.m. HRT sniper [[Lon Horiuchi]] radioed "compromise," meaning that the FBI was taking fire from the complex; the Special Counsel found that the FBI did not return fire. The Special Counsel also found that an FBI agent fired three pyrotechnic tear gas rounds at 8:08 a.m. at a concrete construction pit about 75 feet from the living quarters.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The last statement captured by a listening device in the complex, at 11:54 a.m., was "Keep that fire going . . . keep it." At 12:06 p.m. an FBI agent saw a man in a gas mask near the front door; at 12:07 p.m. forward-looking infrared tape shows a fire signature in a second-floor room at the southeast corner, at 12:08 p.m. another in the dining room area, and then one at the rear of the chapel stage. Davidians [[David Thibodeau]], [[Derek Lovelock]], [[Jamie Castillo]] and [[Clive Doyle]] left the chapel, and nine Davidians in all left the building; [[Graeme Craddock]] later said he had seen a man pouring Coleman fuel in the chapel area. The Treasury report states that "more than 70 residents died."[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Inquiries
|
||||
|
||||
President Clinton directed the Departments of the Treasury and Justice to review the actions of ATF and the FBI. The Treasury [[Waco Administrative Review Team]], established on April 29, 1993 under Assistant Secretary [[Ronald K. Noble]] with [[Edwin O. Guthman]] and [[Lewis C. Merletti]], issued its report on the ATF investigation of Koresh in September 1993.[^1] Joint hearings of the [[House Judiciary Committee]]'s Subcommittee on Crime and the Government Reform and Oversight Committee's Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice were held beginning July 19, 1995.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
In August 1999 FBI and Justice Department officials disclosed that the FBI had fired pyrotechnic tear gas rounds on April 19. On September 9, 1999 Reno appointed former Senator John C. Danforth as Special Counsel under Order No. 2256-99 to determine whether government agents started or contributed to the fire, directed gunfire at the complex, used an incendiary or pyrotechnic device, illegally used the armed forces, or made false statements or withheld or destroyed evidence. His final report of November 8, 2000 concluded that government agents "did not start or materially contribute to the spread of the fire," that the Davidians spread accelerants and started fires in several locations, that the Davidians fired at FBI agents and killed some of their own people, including at least five children, and that the pyrotechnic rounds "did not start the fire"; it also concluded that certain FBI and Justice Department officials failed to disclose information about the pyrotechnic rounds until August 1999 and that some of them obstructed the investigation. The Special Counsel did not review whether the ATF raid or the gas insertion plan reflected good judgment.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. Department of the Treasury. *Report of the Department of the Treasury on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Investigation of Vernon Wayne Howell also known as David Koresh*. September 1993 (introduction; chronology of the investigation and the February 28 raid). https://archive.org/details/reportofdepartme00unit
|
||||
[^2]: Danforth, John C. *Final Report to the Deputy Attorney General Concerning the 1993 Confrontation at the Mt. Carmel Complex, Waco, Texas*. November 8, 2000, Introduction, Conclusions, and Statement of Facts paras. 1-10, 27-29, 37-50, 54, 60, 67-69, 92-98 and footnote 3. https://www.policinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Danforth-Report-Waco-1993-Incident_11-8-2000.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings.
|
||||
[^4]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766
|
||||
[^5]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious
|
||||
[^6]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read at https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). Chris Morris's account as recounted to the author; sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. House of Representatives. *Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch Davidians (Part 1)*. Joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary and the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, 104th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 20, 21 and 24, 1995. Washington: GPO, 1996. https://archive.org/details/activitiesoffede01unit
|
||||
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