The_Info_Web/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joseph McCarthy.md

category	tags	aliases	summary	born	died	location	created	updated	relations
Political Figure	Person Politician AntiCommunism Censure ArmyMcCarthyHearings LavenderScare WheelingSpeech PermanentSubcommittee	Joseph McCarthy Joseph R. McCarthy Joe McCarthy Senator McCarthy	U.S. Senator known for his anti-communist crusade and frequent visits to Clint Murchison's Hotel Del Charro alongside Nixon and Hoover.	1908-11-14	1957-05-02	Grand Chute, Wisconsin	2025-08-05	2026-10-26	type with role start fn head_of Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chairman 1953 13 type with reverse role start end fn employed_by Roy Cohn true chief counsel 1953-01-15 1954-08-13 16 type with role start end fn participant_in Army-McCarthy hearings subcommittee chairman until stepping aside; Welch exchange of June 9, 1954 1954 1954 37 type with role start end fn subject_of Select Committee to Study Censure Charges subject of the committee's inquiry under S. Res. 301; censure recommended on two categories 1954 1954 39 type with role start end fn subject_of Tydings Committee subject of the subcommittee's inquiry into his Wheeling charges 1950 1950 7

Joseph McCarthy (1908 to 1957) was a Republican United States Senator from Wisconsin who led the anti-communist investigations of the early 1950s. He chaired the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953 and 1954, and the Senate censured him on December 2, 1954.¹ Seymour wrote that Clint Murchison, Sr. was an ardent supporter of McCarthy and that McCarthy was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, which Murchison opened in the early 1950s. Seymour also wrote that McCarthy was often seen there alongside Richard Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover.²

The Wheeling charges and the Tydings subcommittee

On February 9, 1950, McCarthy spoke at a Lincoln Day gathering in Wheeling, West Virginia as the guest of the Ohio County Republican Women's Club, at the Hotel McLure. A tape recording made by the radio station WWVA was certified by its news editor as matching the prepared script of a speech delivered that evening.³ The Wheeling Intelligencer reported the speech on February 10 under the headline "McCarthy Charges Reds Hold United States Jobs," over the byline of Frank Desmond.⁴ In the speech McCarthy said: "I have here in my hand a list of 205," adding that it was "a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members" of the Communist Party.⁵

The State Department denied the charge. In a telegram to Harry S. Truman that McCarthy read into the Senate record on February 20, 1950, he wrote that he had "the names of 57 Communists who are in the State Department at present."⁶ The Senate referred the charges to a subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee under Senate Resolution 231, chaired by Millard Tydings of Maryland. The subcommittee's hearings were printed as State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation.⁷ On July 20, 1950, Tydings presented the subcommittee's majority report to the Senate, with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. filing individual views as a minority member. Summarizing the 81 cases before the subcommittee on the Senate floor, Tydings said of McCarthy's statements: "Then what is there other than a fraud and a hoax and a deceit about this whole matter?"⁸ On July 21, 1950 Senator Irving Ives of New York told the Senate that "yesterday the Senate was treated to the spectacle of a blistering demonstration" meant to prove that a fraud and a hoax had been committed on one of its members, and said that some might feel that if "a fraud and a hoax have been perpetrated on the Senate of the United States and the American people," the perpetration was evident in the subcommittee's disregard of the terms of Senate Resolution 231.⁹ The subcommittee's staff director, Edward P. Morgan, was later among the figures McCarthy attacked in his own subcommittee's hearings, which the record describes as an effort to settle personal scores. The same record states that the Wheeling speech of 1950 had accused the department of harboring known Communists.¹⁰

Homosexuality and the 1950 Hoey report

In 1950 McCarthy denounced "those Communists and queers who have sold 400 million Asiatic people into atheistic slavery," in remarks the New York Times reported on April 21, 1950. He had also complained that the State Department reinstated homosexuals suspended for moral turpitude.¹¹ A subcommittee of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, whose report was submitted by Clyde Hoey, issued an interim report in December 1950 titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government." The report said that "the presence of a sex pervert in a Government agency tends to have a corrosive influence upon his fellow employees," and that homosexuals "are frequently victimized by blackmailers."¹² The report stated that persons who bring disrepute to the Federal service by infamous or scandalous personal conduct "are not suitable for Government positions."¹² The Senate's historical introduction describes its conclusion as being that homosexuals' vulnerability to blackmail made them security risks.¹¹

The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1953

McCarthy's chairmanship of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, a unit of the Committee on Government Operations, held its hearings from February 16, 1953 to March 10, 1954.¹³ For chief counsel he considered Robert Morris, Robert Kennedy and John J. Sirica.¹⁴ In December 1952 he offered the post to Roy Cohn, then twenty-six years old, who had briefly served in 1952 as special assistant to Attorney General James McGranery. In that post Cohn prepared a perjury indictment against Owen Lattimore, and he had taken part in the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.¹⁵ Cohn served as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.¹⁶

The subcommittee's roster listed G. David Schine as chief consultant, Karl Baarslag as director of research, Francis P. Carr as executive director and Ruth Young Watt as chief clerk. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts appeared on the full Committee on Government Operations roster.¹⁶ In July 1953 a dispute over the chairman's ability to hire staff without consultation caused the three Democrats on the subcommittee to resign, and they did not return until January 1954.¹⁷ McCarthy named J. B. Matthews executive director in June 1953. Matthews's article "Reds in Our Churches," published in the American Mercury, caused a public uproar, and Matthews resigned voluntarily. McCarthy then appointed Carr.¹⁸

Schine, the subcommittee's only unpaid staff member, went with Cohn on a much-publicized April 1953 tour of United States information libraries in Europe. Schine was inducted into the U.S. Army in November 1953, an event that led to the chairman's confrontation with the Army the following year.¹⁹ Robert F. Kennedy resigned as assistant counsel in August 1953 after coming to blows with Cohn, telling the chairman the subcommittee was "headed for disaster." He returned as minority counsel in 1954.²⁰ Later in the 1950s Kennedy served as chief counsel of a special committee on labor racketeering formed by members and staff of the subcommittee together with the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee.²¹ The term "McCarthyism" was coined by the Washington Post cartoonist Herblock in 1950.²²

The subcommittee held most of its hearings in Room 357 of the Senate Office Building, held extensive hearings in New York City at the Foley Square federal courthouse and the Waldorf-Astoria, and held other executive sessions at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and in Boston.²³

The State Department, the Voice of America and the overseas libraries

The closed hearings moved to two subsidiaries of the State Department, the Voice of America and the United States information libraries overseas. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles regarded the Voice of America as an unwanted appendage to the department and was not unsympathetic to some housecleaning. The Eisenhower administration came to worry that McCarthy's effort to clean out the "left-wing debris" was disrupting its own reorganization of the government.²⁴ The subcommittee subpoenaed the authors of books in the overseas libraries rather than calling the officials who administered them. Cohn complained that "we subpoena maybe fifty and five show up."²⁵ Investigators also examined State Department personnel files. A security officer, John E. Matson, reported in 1953 that personnel files had been "looted" of derogatory information, and McCarthy contended that the files had been manipulated.²⁶

Testimony in the closed sessions also reached the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A State Department file-room employee, identified in the record as Mrs. Balog, testified that an FBI agent had come to ask for the file of Frank Schuler, a young Foreign Service officer whom Owen Lattimore had requested as his representative for the Office of War Information in the Far East. The agent asked whether the file was complete.²⁷ Assistant counsel Robert F. Kennedy also staffed a separate investigation into the illegal trade with the People's Republic of China.²⁵

William P. Bundy and the CIA, 1953

In July 1953 McCarthy wrote to the Central Intelligence Agency about William P. Bundy, then an agency employee. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had contributed $400 to the defense of Alger Hiss and had been a member of the United Public Workers of America.²⁸ On July 27, 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the subcommittee, wrote to Allen Dulles that the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," given the agency's work in detecting people such as Hiss.²⁹

The CIA reply, signed by Alba W. Doan as director, stated that Bundy had disclosed the $400 contribution on his March 1951 application for employment, and that the reasons he gave for it were not in accord, in certain respects, with those in McCarthy's letter. It recorded that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the Library of Congress, attended one meeting and resigned after two months. It said the three allegations had been the subject of a complete field investigation, a personal interview and favorable determinations by the CIA Loyalty Board and the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission. Bundy had been attached to the agency's Office of Estimates since joining in 1951. The reply deferred further comment on the reasons Bundy gave until the re-evaluation of his case under Executive Order 10450 was complete, and said that the record did not indicate that he had belonged to any other organization within the scope of McCarthy's third question.²⁸

Allen Drury reported on August 4, 1953 that in the exchange of letters Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation for the contribution.³⁰ Dulles replied on August 1, 1953; the reply, as quoted in the newspaper report of August 4, read: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and Dulles declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.³⁰ McCarthy's reply of August 3 argued that Bundy's contacts with and contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.³¹ The letter called Dulles's insistence that Congress was not entitled to that information "extremely revealing," wrote that the head of the CIA would be "the last man in the world" to protect and hide the facts about an officer's "contributions to a convicted traitor," and said that the full matter would be submitted to his subcommittee and to the Senate when it returned.³¹

An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent he would not permit CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee, that the White House supported the position, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information.³² Antony C. Sutton wrote that McCarthy "wanted to call William Bundy as a witness before the Committee and found the establishment strongly arrayed against this idea."³³

The dispute widened to the printing of CIA material. On August 11, 1953 the CIA's Office of Legislative Counsel recorded that Cohn had telephoned about testimony that CIA classified material had been printed in the main Government Printing Office plant.³⁴ On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." He said the agency's legislative counsel, Walter Fforzheimer, had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, and he asked that the letter be placed in the record.³⁵

The Marshall speech, 1951

On June 14, 1951 McCarthy addressed the Senate on the career of General George C. Marshall, then Secretary of Defense and formerly Secretary of State. The printed speech has sections headed "The Gospel of Fear," "They Planned It That Way," "Infamy So Black" and "Review of Marshall's Activities." It states: "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government are concerting to deliver us to disaster? This must be the product of a great conspiracy, a conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." It names Dean Acheson as one of those who "must be high on the roster" of the conspiracy.³⁶

The Army-McCarthy hearings, 1954

The Army alleged that McCarthy had sought special treatment for one of his former staff members. The subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges involving Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel, McCarthy, Cohn and Carr. The Army-McCarthy hearings ran from March 16 to June 17, 1954 and were broadcast on national television. McCarthy temporarily stepped down as chairman and as a member, Karl Mundt presided as acting chairman, and Henry Dworshak was seated in McCarthy's place. The Senate report on the hearings was dated August 31, 1954.³⁷

On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel Joseph Welch told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the National Lawyers Guild membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy. Immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."³⁸

Censure, 1954

The Senate created the Select Committee to Study Censure Charges under Senate Resolution 301, chaired by Arthur V. Watkins of Utah, with Edwin C. Johnson as vice chairman and members including John C. Stennis, Frank Carlson, Francis Case and Sam J. Ervin Jr..³⁹ The committee's report divided the charges into five categories. It recommended censure on the category of contempt of the Senate or a senatorial committee and on the category concerning the treatment of Ralph W. Zwicker, a brigadier general of the Army. It recommended against censure on the other three categories.³⁹

The contempt category arose from McCarthy's dealings with the subcommittee on privileges and elections of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, which had acted on a resolution introduced in 1951 by William Benton and on the 1950 Maryland senatorial election. The Senate had voted 60 to 0 in Senate Resolution 300 to affirm that subcommittee's jurisdiction and the integrity of its members.⁴⁰ On the category concerning classified information, the committee found that McCarthy had offered, in the course of his defense before the subcommittee, to make public a document bearing the markings of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Personal and Confidential via Liaison," concerning possible espionage at a defense installation. It found that the 2¼-page document had been taken in part from a 15-page interdepartmental memorandum from the FBI to the Army dated January 15, 1951, marked confidential, and that McCarthy knew in May 1953, when he acquired it, that it had been extracted in part from a document containing security information.⁴¹ The committee wrote that McCarthy "committed grave error" in offering to make public a classified document, but that "[t]hese mitigating circumstances are such that we do not recommend censure on the specifications included in category III."⁴²

On the Zwicker category the committee concluded that "the conduct of Senator McCarthy toward General Zwicker was reprehensible, and that for this conduct he should be censured by the Senate."⁴³ The Senate condemned McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22 on December 2, 1954, for abuse and noncooperation with the subcommittee on privileges and elections.⁴⁴

Footnotes

---

1. U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," Senate Historical Office, identifying McCarthy as Wisconsin Republican (R-WI), the subcommittee chairmanship and the censure of December 2, 1954. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm ↩︎

2. Seymour, Cheri. The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. ↩︎

3. Affidavit of the news editor of radio station WWVA certifying the tape recording of McCarthy's speech at the Hotel McLure, Wheeling, West Virginia, on February 9, 1950, reproduced in U.S. Senate, Hearings, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), 81st Cong., 2d sess. (Washington: GPO, 1950), p. 1763. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit ↩︎

4. Frank Desmond, "McCarthy Charges Reds Hold United States Jobs," Wheeling (W. Va.) Intelligencer, February 10, 1950, reprinted in State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), p. 1756. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit ↩︎

5. McCarthy speech at Wheeling, February 9, 1950, as reproduced in State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), pp. 1761 and 1765. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit ↩︎

6. Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 2, February 20, 1950, Senate proceedings, "Communists in Government Service," McCarthy's remarks including the text of his telegram to President Truman, beginning at p. 1952. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_february-03-march-04-1950_96 ↩︎

7. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), cover page and committee roster, Subcommittee Appointed Under Senate Resolution 231, Chairman Millard E. Tydings, Committee on Foreign Relations, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (1950). https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit ↩︎

8. Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 8, July 20, 1950, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator Millard E. Tydings on the report of the subcommittee under S. Res. 231. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_july-12-31-1950_96 ↩︎

9. Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 8, July 21, 1950, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator Irving M. Ives on the majority report and the individual views of Senator Lodge, p. 10773. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_july-12-31-1950_96 ↩︎

10. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (2003), historical introduction by Donald A. Ritchie, pp. XIX (Morgan, Tydings subcommittee) and XXIV (Wheeling speech). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

11. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV, including note 23 citing New York Times, April 21, 1950, and the report Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (1950). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

12. Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, Interim Report, S. Doc. 241, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (December 15, 1950), pp. 2 to 3 of the printed report. https://archive.org/details/glassgovernment-senate-doc-241-hoey-1950 ↩︎

13. U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," listing the McCarthy hearings as February 16, 1953 to March 10, 1954 and the subcommittee chairmanship. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm ↩︎

14. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

15. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVI. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

16. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, committee and subcommittee rosters (Committee on Government Operations; Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Chief Counsel Roy M. Cohn, Chief Consultant G. David Schine, Director of Research Karl H. W. Baarslag) and the appendix "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Cohn, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

17. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

18. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVIII, citing G. F. Goodwin, "Joseph Brown Matthews," Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 8 (1988). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

19. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

20. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

21. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXVIII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

22. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVIII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

23. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

24. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

25. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXVI, including note 26 and the investigation of the illegal trade with the People's Republic of China staffed by Robert F. Kennedy. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

26. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV, citing "The Raided Files," Newsweek, February 16, 1953. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

27. Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, testimony of Mrs. Balog in the closed session, p. 191 of the printed volume (questioning by Donald A. Surine on the file of Frank Schuler and the Owen Lattimore letter). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf ↩︎

28. Letter from Alba W. Doan, Director, Central Intelligence Agency, to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6 ↩︎

29. Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7 ↩︎

30. Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4 ↩︎

31. Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9 ↩︎

32. Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison ↩︎

33. Antony C. Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (Trine Day, 2002 edition), section "William P. Bundy," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones ↩︎

34. CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry for Tuesday, August 11, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00682R000200090091-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00682r000200090091-4 ↩︎

35. Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2 ↩︎

36. Congressional Record, vol. 97, pt. 5, June 14, 1951, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator McCarthy on General Marshall, passage "Infamy So Black" at p. 6602. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-28-june-27-1951_97 ↩︎

37. U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," describing the Army allegation, the Special Senate Investigation, the hearing dates of March 16 to June 17, 1954, the broadcast, Mundt as acting chairman, Dworshak's seating and the August 31, 1954 report. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm ↩︎

38. Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations, 83d Cong., 2d sess., Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit ↩︎

39. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, S. Rept. 83-2508, 83d Cong., 2d sess. (1954), roster and recommendations pursuant to S. Res. 301. Copy in CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00965R000500040014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7 ↩︎

40. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category I, Part A and Part B (findings on Senate Resolution 187, introduced by Senator Benton on August 6, 1951, and Senate Resolution 300, adopted 60 to 0). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7 ↩︎

41. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, Category III, Parts B and C (document with FBI markings; 15-page FBI memorandum of January 15, 1951), pp. 42 to 44. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7 ↩︎

42. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category III and its conclusions, pp. 44 to 45 ("grave error" on p. 44, "[t]hese mitigating circumstances" on p. 45). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7 ↩︎

43. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category V, Conclusions, p. 61, concerning Brigadier General Ralph W. Zwicker. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7 ↩︎

44. U.S. Senate, "Senate Censure Table," entry for Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI), December 2, 1954, condemned 67 to 22, with the stated charge of abuse and noncooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/censure.htm ↩︎