The_Info_Web/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md

aliases	title	created	updated	tags	description	category	summary	relations
United States Navy US Navy U.S. Navy USN	U.S. Navy	2025-07-22	2026-10-08	Organization Military USA USNavy OperationUnderworld ProjectCHATTER Parapsychology UAP IranContra USSLiberty	The U.S. Navy is the maritime warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.	U.S. Government	The U.S. Navy is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces, with records in the Luciano, truth drug, psi, UAP, patent, Iran-Contra and USS Liberty clusters.	type with reverse start end role fn employed_by Charles R. Haffenden true 1942 1944 Reserve commander, District Intelligence Office, Third Naval District 1 type with start end role fn participant_in Project CHATTER 1947 1953 sponsoring service of the truth drug program 6 type with reverse start end role fn contractor_to G. Richard Wendt true 1950 1952 University of Rochester psychologist under a $300,000 Navy contract on barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and heroin 6 type with reverse start end role fn employed_by Samuel Thompson true 1951 1953 Navy commander, head of psychiatric research at the Naval Medical Research Institute 6 type with start role fn funded Stanford Research Institute 1976-02-04 Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research and Naval Electronics Systems Command, extending CIA-sponsored parapsychology investigations 13 type with start end role fn participant_in Stargate Project 1975 1979 one of the Defense Department service elements that supported psi research, per a CIA response to Senate Appropriations direction 16 type with start role fn participant_in Tic Tac 2004 carrier air wing and squadron whose F/A-18 pilots intercepted the object 18 type with reverse start role fn employed_by Dave Fravor true 2004 commander, Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (Black Aces) 18 type with reverse start role fn employed_by Ryan Graves true 2014 F/A-18 pilot, Fighter Attack Squadron 11 19 type with reverse role fn employed_by Salvatore Pais true aerospace engineer, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, inventor on Navy-assigned patents 26 type with reverse role fn employed_by John Poindexter true Navy vice admiral, national security adviser from December 4, 1985 31 type with reverse start role fn employed_by Paul B. Thompson true 1983-06 Navy commander detailed to the National Security Council staff 34 type with start role fn participant_in USS Liberty Incident 1967-06-08 operator of the Navy intelligence ship attacked in the incident and convening authority of the Navy Court of Inquiry 37

The U.S. Navy is the maritime warfare service branch of the United States. Its intelligence office, the Office of Naval Intelligence, has its own page. The Navy's records in this vault include a 1942 intelligence arrangement with the imprisoned Lucky Luciano, a 1940s and 1950s truth drug program, psi and parapsychology contracts with the Office of Naval Research and Stanford Research Institute, the UAP encounters of the 2000s and 2010s, patents assigned to the Navy, and a small number of officers in the Iran-Contra affair.

Naval Intelligence and Luciano, 1942 to 1954

In 1942, after the liner Normandie burned at her pier in the North River while being converted to the Navy auxiliary Lafayette, the Navy's intelligence authorities in the Third Naval District suspected sabotage and espionage on the New York waterfront. Commander Charles R. Haffenden, one of the District Intelligence Officer's assistants, was in charge of the section that conducted investigations in the field of sabotage, espionage and counter-espionage, and was made head of the "F" section, which collected strategic intelligence about possible target and invasion areas, in 1943. William B. Herlands, the New York State Commissioner of Investigation, later reported that the aid of Joseph Lanza was first enlisted through Gurfein, and that Lanza then suggested that Luciano be brought in. The matter was discussed by Haffenden and Murray Gurfein of the New York County District Attorney's office, and by Gurfein with District Attorney Frank Hogan. Contact was made with Moses Polakoff, Luciano's attorney, who brought in Meyer Lansky as the chief intermediary between Luciano in prison and his outside associates. Haffenden asked in writing that State Commissioner of Correction John A. Lyons move Luciano from Clinton Correctional Facility at Dannemora to a more accessible prison, and on May 12, 1942, during the administration of Governor Herbert H. Lehman, Luciano was transferred to Great Meadow Correctional Facility at Comstock.¹

For about two years Luciano's friends and their contacts were made available to Naval Intelligence. Herlands reported that the visitors to Great Meadow included Polakoff, Lansky, Lanza, Mike Lascari, Frank Costello, Willie Moretti and Mike Miranda, and that Joe Adonis, Jerry Sullivan, Johnny Dunn and Willie McCabe took part without visiting him. The network reported suspicious waterfront activity, acted as lookouts, obtained union books and cards so that Naval Intelligence agents could be placed in hotels, piers, docks, trucks and factories, and was used on the Brooklyn waterfront against trouble anticipated when Harry Bridges came to the East Coast. According to the Herlands report, numerous Italians of Sicilian birth or background and their relatives were enlisted to give Haffenden and his assistants information about the terrain and harbors of Sicily before the Allied invasion, and "friendly Sicilian natives and evn Sicilian underworld and Mafia personalities" were obtained and "actually used in the Sicilian campaign." The wartime head of the Naval counter-intelligence section told Herlands that the information "turned out to be correct."¹

Luciano's name first appeared publicly in February 1943, when he moved to reduce his sentence before Justice Philip J. McCook, who interviewed Haffenden and Gurfein privately and on February 10, 1943 denied the motion while writing that Luciano was probably aiding the war effort. Luciano petitioned for executive clemency on May 8, 1945. Haffenden's letter of May 17, 1945 to the Governor's counsel described Luciano's assistance to Naval Intelligence, and the Naval authorities declined to allow disclosure of details or to clear an affidavit Gurfein had executed in Paris in June 1945. Governor Thomas E. Dewey commuted the sentence on January 3, 1946, the Board of Parole granted parole solely for deportation in February 1946, and Luciano was deported to Italy on or about February 9, 1946 aboard the SS Laura Keane.²

The Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (the Kefauver Committee) took testimony on the subject in March 1951. George H. White, a supervising narcotics agent of the Treasury Department, testified that Haffenden, a Reserve officer attached to Naval Intelligence in New York, had interested himself in Luciano's case, that the Navy Department later denied it was interested, that part of the basis for the parole was Haffenden's letter to Governor Dewey, and that when he investigated at the time of the Cuban incident the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and the Office of Strategic Services all categorically denied that Luciano had furnished information or services of value. White also testified that Luciano was alleged to have been accompanied aboard the Laura Keane by Costello, Lansky and Albert Anastasia and that a bon voyage party was held on the ship.³

Haffenden himself testified before the committee that he had retired from the Navy in 1946, had been New York City Commissioner of Marine and Aviation under Mayor William O'Dwyer for five or six months before being fired, and that Gurfein had introduced him to Polakoff as the contact to Luciano and that Lanza, the second informant, came to him through the same channels. He said there was never talk of a trade for leniency, that Luciano's value was "hard to say," that there was "no celebrated case or major job," and that he had never met Luciano. Asked whether information about Sicily had been received, he answered that late in the war a new "F" department had sought information about probable targets, that informants identified by number were asked for anything about Sicily before the invasion, and that they supplied information from "men who lived there." He said he wrote the 1945 letter from a hospital bed after returning from the Pacific, that Polakoff was present, and that he probably overevaluated Luciano's services in using the word "great."⁴

On September 17, 1954 Herlands reported to the State of New York on the commutation. Herlands wrote that the question whether Luciano's aid was sought by the armed services in inducing others to provide information about possible enemy attack, and whether he cooperated in such effort, was to be answered "yes" to both, though "the actual value of the information procured is not clear." A letter to Herlands from Rear Admiral Carl F. Espe, Director of Naval Intelligence, dated July 26, 1954, stated that in the spring of 1942 the District Intelligence Officer of the Third Naval District "established many systems of confidential informants, including several having criminal records," that one project was "an approach to certain criminal elements through the District Attorney, New York County," that the District Intelligence Office requested Luciano's transfer from Clinton to Great Meadow, made on May 12, 1942, and that his "influence on other criminal sources resulted in their cooperation with Naval Intelligence which was considered useful to the Navy."¹⁵

Project CHATTER and the Navy truth drug program

The Navy ran Project CHATTER, a classified program started in 1947 to develop a drug that would force people to reveal what they knew. Samuel Thompson, a Navy commander, psychiatrist, physiologist and pharmacologist, inherited the program in 1951 when he became head of psychiatric research at the Naval Medical Research Institute. He recalled that Naval Intelligence told him of the need for a truth drug in case "someone planted an A-bomb in one of our cities and we had twelve hours to find out from a person where it was."⁶

At the end of 1950 the Navy gave G. Richard Wendt, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Rochester and a part-time Navy contractor, a $300,000 contract to study barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and heroin, with the money routed through the Secretary of Defense's contingency fund. Navy officials obtained drugs from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which sent the Navy 30 grams of pure heroin and 11 pounds of Mexican marijuana, among other drugs. In the summer of 1952 Wendt announced a compound that he said would answer the truth drug problem. Thompson contacted the Central Intelligence Agency, whose ARTICHOKE team agreed to furnish subjects in Germany under the codename Operation CASTIGATE. Wendt gave five selected subjects combinations that included Seconal, Dexedrine and marijuana, all well-known drugs. Morse Allen, the ARTICHOKE team leader, wrote that he felt he had been the victim of "a fraud or at least a gross misinterpretation" and called the trip "a waste of time and money." Navy officials summoned Wendt to Bethesda, canceled his support and asked for refund of unspent money, and by the end of 1953 the Navy abandoned CHATTER.⁶⁷

The Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the Church Committee) reported that CHATTER "was a Navy program that began in the fall of 1947," that it responded to reports of "amazing results" achieved by the Soviets with truth drugs, that the research included laboratory experiments on animals and human subjects involving Anabasis aphylla, scopolamine and mescaline, that overseas experiments were conducted, and that it expanded during the Korean War and ended in 1953.⁸

Navy money also appears in the record of CIA subproject 54. At the August 3, 1977 joint hearing, Stansfield Turner, the Director of Central Intelligence, testified that the brain concussion project "was canceled, and never carried out," and Richard Schweiker answered that the first year of the project, 1955, was carried out by the Office of Naval Research according to CIA's own backup material, that the ONR experimenter found out about CIA's role and discovered that it was a cover, and that the project was transferred to MKULTRA in 1956.⁹ At the September 20, 1977 hearing Schweiker read into the record the Defense Department's statement that the project "began in October, 1954 and was terminated, at least with respect to the Navy, in December, 1955," that it was performed by a contractor in California, that "the involvement of the Navy was primarily as a conduit of funds from the Central Intelligence Agency to the contractor," that "a small amount of Navy funds may also have been used for this contract," and that it "apparently became subproject 54 in the Project MKUltra" afterward. Schweiker recalled that CIA had earlier said the project "was handled by the Office of Naval Research; it was basically their project." Frank Laubinger of the CIA Office of Technical Service said he had overlooked a January 10, 1956 memorandum showing the proposal was based on prior work funded by the Agency, that "a year's work was done through Navy funding," and, asked whether the Navy had acted as a conduit for the CIA, answered "I think that is correct."¹⁰

Navy psi contracts: Stanford Research Institute, Naval Ocean Systems Center and the Star Gate review

In February 1960 the French magazine Science et Vie published "The Secret of the Nautilus" (The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)), reporting that the U.S. government had used telepathy to communicate with the crew of the The Nautilus under the Arctic ice cap, in a project involving the Navy, the Air Force, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, General Electric, Bell Laboratories and the RAND Corporation. Jim Schnabel writes that an Air Force officer named in the story denied it, that the skipper of the Nautilus insisted the submarine had been in dry dock during the period, that the article's author Gerard Messadie had been fed the story by Jacques Bergier, and that Soviet researchers cited the story as justification for psi research.¹¹

The 1972 DIA report records that "the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic testing on atomic submarines."¹² Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder write that the Navy denied the story "in tones of demi-horror" and quote its position as "No one in the Navy has anything to do with telepathy."¹³ Martin Ebon wrote that when he sought confirmation the Navy denied that such a test had taken place.¹⁴ The Nautilus's first captain, William R. Anderson, told This Week in 1963 that on the date the French account gave the ship was "high and dry in dock at Portsmouth, N. H., undergoing her first major overhaul," and the Navy's own history of the ship records that she entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in May 1959 for her first complete overhaul.¹⁵¹⁶ In 1982 Roger A. Beaumont wrote that the reports were "denied forthwith by the Navy."¹⁷

In 1973 Ingo Swann and, to a far greater extent, Pat Price described details of a secret facility near Sugar Grove, West Virginia, ostensibly a U.S. Navy communications base staffed by NSA cryptographers. Schnabel writes that the data was accurate enough to prompt a hostile security investigation of Richard Kennett, that Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ were interrogated, and that agents of the Defense Investigative Service questioned their neighbors.¹⁸

A CIA memorandum of February 4, 1976, on the Stanford Research Institute investigation into parapsychology states that "the Department of the Navy, the Office of Naval Research and Naval Electronics System Command have also independently decided to support SRI in extensions of the CIA sponsored investigations."¹⁹ An undated SRI research summary in the CIA files lists tasks that include shielded rooms, an extra-low-frequency model and a "submarine tracking" effort. It states that "arrangements have also been made for use of special shielded rooms at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California," that a "cooperative effort" with Naval Ocean Systems Center personnel was planned for submarine tracking experiments, and that "negotiation for access to a deeper diving submersible is underway between the sponsor and the CNO's office (OPS 23)."²⁰

In September 1978 the Commander of the Naval Intelligence Command replied to the Defense Intelligence Agency about a proposed Defense Department remote viewing program, writing that he was "unable at this time to pledge a specific level of funding support."²¹

An undated CIA response to a Senate Appropriations request for a retrospective review of the Stargate Project lists the Defense Department service elements that supported psi research between 1975 and 1979. Of the Navy it says: "The U.S. Navy program was to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive remote visual stimuli. This effort was to answer the question whether the phenomena exist. No additional information is on file regarding the Navy program."²²

At the Fort Meade remote viewing unit, Frederick Atwater received a tasking from the Pentagon, passed through Major Stone, saying only that a Navy A-6 attack aircraft had been lost somewhere in the world. Ken Bell described a wooded area, trees and bushes and the charred remains of plane and crew, and kept picking up the word "bald." Atwater later learned that the aircraft had crashed into a hill in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia named Bald Knob.²³

UAP encounters and Navy reporting

Commander Dave Fravor testified on July 26, 2023, before a House Oversight subcommittee that in 2004 he commanded Strike Fighter Squadron 41, the Black Aces, assigned to Carrier Air Wing 11 aboard the USS Nimitz, which had begun a two-month workup cycle off California. He said controllers told the squadron that the objects had been observed for over two weeks, coming down from over 80,000 feet to 20,000 feet. He described a white object with a longitudinal axis, moving abruptly over the water, with no rotors, rotor wash or visible control surfaces, which shifted its axis to align with his aircraft and began to climb. He called it the "Tic Tac" in the testimony.²⁴

Ryan Graves testified at the same hearing that in 2014 he was an F-18 pilot in Fighter Attack Squadron 11, the Red Rippers, at NAS Oceana, Virginia, and that after radar upgrades the squadron began detecting unknown objects. He described a training mission in Warning Area W-72, ten miles off Virginia Beach, in which two Super Hornets were split by an object that came within 50 feet of the lead aircraft, a dark gray or black cube inside a clear sphere estimated at five to 15 feet across. He said the squadron submitted a safety report and received no official acknowledgement.²⁵

Luis Elizondo wrote that in 2015 Jay Stratton received emails from senior leaders of Navy Fleet Forces Command in Norfolk, Virginia, about encounters involving the aircraft carrier USS Roosevelt, which had already embarked on a ten-month deployment to the Persian Gulf. According to Elizondo, during pre-deployment workups in late 2014, in the waters off Virginia and down to Florida, the aircrew had twenty-two separate encounters with unidentified aerial phenomena after radar upgrades to the Hornets, and Elizondo and Stratton later received from Fleet Forces Command two videos taken by pilots of the Roosevelt carrier strike group with the ATFLIR pod, one of which he identified as the video later known as GoFast.²⁶

An internal Navy public affairs response-to-query document of April 2019 gives a statement attributed to Joseph Gradisher, spokesperson for the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare: "There have been a number of reports of unauthorized and/or unidentified aircraft entering various military-controlled ranges and designated air space in recent years." It continues that the Navy "is updating and formalizing the process by which reports of any such suspected incursions can be made to the cognizant authorities," that "a message to the fleet details the steps for reporting each incident," and that Navy officials had given congressional members and staff "a series of briefings by senior Naval Intelligence officials as well as aviators who reported hazards to aviation safety." A statement updated at 1525 on April 24, 2019 cited the proliferation of inexpensive unmanned aerial systems, said that guidelines were being updated "to be more aircraft specific" and "to help better remove any stigmas from reporting anything unknown in the airspace," and said security considerations precluded disclosure of them. The question-and-answer section states that sightings "have increased in frequency from 2014 until now" and that the Navy constitutes "anything unknown or unidentified in the airspace as a sighting." The statement also refers to a number of lasing events near Naval Air Station Oceana in 2012 in which the Navy, working with law enforcement, "identified and prosecuted the individual responsible."²⁷

Gradisher told the Washington Post on April 24, 2019, "Since 2014, these intrusions have been happening on a regular basis." The Post reported that the Navy was drafting formal procedures for pilots to document encounters and that unidentified aircraft had recently entered military-designated airspace as often as multiple times per month.²⁸ On September 18, 2019, the Navy told reporters that it considers the phenomena in the three videos that had circulated since 2017 to be unidentified, and that it had not released characterizations, hypotheses or conclusions about the objects.²⁹

On April 27, 2020, a Department of Defense spokesperson, Susan Gough, announced the authorized release of three unclassified Navy videos, "one taken in November 2004 and the other two in January 2015," which had circulated after unauthorized releases in 2007 and 2017. The statement said the department had determined after review that the release "does not reveal any sensitive capabilities or systems." A Pentagon spokesperson added that "the aerial phenomena observed in the videos remain characterized as 'unidentified.'"³⁰

Navy patents on propulsion and gravity

Salvatore Pais, an aerospace engineer at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division at Patuxent River, Maryland, is named as inventor on patents and applications assigned to the Department of the Navy, including "Craft Using An Inertial Mass Reduction Device," a "High Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator," an electromagnetic field generator, and "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor."³¹

US 10,144,532 B2, "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device," was filed on April 28, 2016 (application 15/141,270) and granted on December 4, 2018, with the Department of the Navy as original assignee; Google Patents lists it as expired for failure to pay maintenance fees effective January 9, 2023.³² US 10,135,366 B2, "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field," was filed on July 24, 2015 (application 14/807,943) and granted on November 20, 2018.³³ US 10,322,827 B2, "High frequency gravitational wave generator," was filed on February 14, 2017 (application 15/431,823) and granted on June 18, 2019.³⁴ Application 15/678,672, "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor," was filed on August 16, 2017 and published on February 21, 2019 as US 2019/0058105 A1; Google Patents lists its status as abandoned.³⁵

The War Zone reports that Dr. James Sheehy, Chief Technical Officer of the Naval Aviation Enterprise, wrote a letter dated December 15, 2017 supporting an appeal of the inertial mass reduction application and stating that "China is already investing significantly in this area."³¹

Early Navy UFO reporting

A Navy UFO fact sheet states that "there is no central office or activity in the Department of the Navy assigned the mission of collecting and maintaining information on UFO phenomenon." It records that from 1947 to 1969 the Air Force investigated reported sightings under Project Blue Book.³⁶ The same document set includes an Office of Naval Research information sheet, dated 03/29/99, on the "Philadelphia Experiment." That sheet traces the story to Morris K. Jessup's 1955 book The Case for the UFO and to correspondence from Carlos Allende, and says that in 1956 a copy of Jessup's book, with handwritten comments on UFOs, was mailed anonymously to ONR.³⁶

Iran-Contra

Two Navy officers held National Security Council posts during the Iran-Contra Affair. Navy Vice Admiral John Poindexter was appointed President Reagan's national security adviser on December 4, 1985, succeeding Robert McFarlane, and left the White House on November 25, 1986, when he was forced to resign after public disclosure of the diversion.³⁷ Poindexter was indicted on March 16, 1988 on seven felony charges, was found guilty on April 7, 1990 on all five counts on which he was tried, and was sentenced on June 11, 1990 by Judge Harold H. Greene to six months in prison on each count. A three-judge appeals panel reversed the convictions on November 15, 1991 on the ground that his immunized testimony may have influenced the trial testimony of witnesses, and the indictment was dismissed in 1993 on the motion of the Independent Counsel.³⁸ Lawrence Walsh concluded that the President's most senior advisers and the Cabinet members on the National Security Council participated in a strategy to make National Security Council staff members McFarlane, Poindexter and North the scapegoats whose sacrifice would protect the administration in its final two years.³⁹ Paul B. Thompson, a Navy commander, was detailed to the National Security Council staff in June 1983, became military assistant to McFarlane in January 1985 and also became NSC general counsel in June 1985, holding the dual post under Poindexter.⁴⁰

Oliver North was a Marine lieutenant colonel assigned to the National Security Council staff from 1981 until he was fired on November 25, 1986.⁴¹

USS Liberty

On June 8, 1967, Israeli aircraft and torpedo boats attacked the Navy intelligence ship USS Liberty Incident in the Eastern Mediterranean, killing 34 crewmen and wounding 171. Seymour Hersh writes that Walworth Barbour, the American ambassador to Israel, urged Washington to downplay the attack, and cites a declassified cable on file in the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library in which Barbour, hours after the incident, reported that Israel did not intend to admit it and added: "Urge strongly that we too avoid publicity. [Liberty's] proximity to scene could feed Arab suspicions of U.S.-Israel collusion. . . . Israelis obviously shocked by error and tender sincere apologies." Hersh also reports that Clark Clifford, at a National Security Council meeting the next day, said according to the NSC notes: "My concern is that we're not tough enough. Handle as if Arabs or USSR had done it."⁴²

Admiral John S. McCain Jr., Commander in Chief of U.S. Naval Forces Europe, ordered a Court of Inquiry on June 10, 1967 consisting of Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd Jr. as president and Captains Bernard J. Lauff and Bert M. Atkinson Jr. as members, with Captain Ward Boston Jr. and Lieutenant Commander Allen Feingersch as counsel and assistant counsel. The court met for the first time at 2314 on June 10 in closed session, and before closing on June 16 to deliberate it had taken the testimony of 19 witnesses and received 49 exhibits. McCain's first endorsement, dated June 18, 1967, described the attack as "an unprovoked attack by Israeli air and naval forces in international waters off the coast of the United Arab Republic," and stated: "The foregoing comments by the convening authority lead to an overall conclusion that the attack was in fact a mistake."⁴³ The sixth endorsement, by the Commander, Naval Communications Command, dated January 5, 1968, concurred in the findings of fact pertaining to communications except finding number 40, stating that subsequent investigation had indicated that FBIS messages did not contribute to message delays.⁴³

The Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, headed by Major General Joseph R. Russ, USA, states in its report that "interference with the Naval Court of Inquiry was avoided," and that the team accepted the information the Navy Court of Inquiry had been able to deduce, as provided by the senior member of the court. The team's roster of persons visited lists Rear Admiral I. C. Kidd (Chairman, Board of Inquiry) and Captain B. M. Atkinson (Member) on June 15, 1967.⁴⁴

The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," in a less redacted version of a document first released in 1999, and on July 2, 2003 released three Hebrew-language recordings, English transcripts and three follow-up reports. The history states that within an hour of learning that the Liberty had been torpedoed, the Director of NSA sent a message to intercept sites requesting a special search for communications that might reflect the attack, and that one of the airborne platforms, a Navy EC-121, had collected voice conversations between Israeli helicopter pilots and the control tower at Hazor Airfield near Tel Aviv, in which the tower told helicopter 815 at 1431 hours that a warship "there which we attacked" had men in the water.⁴⁵

---

1. William B. Herlands, Commissioner of Investigation, State of New York, report on the commutation of the sentence of Charles Luciano, September 17, 1954, introduction, "The Questions Answered," and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 to 8, Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Series 13, University of Rochester Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf ↩︎

2. Herlands report, September 17, 1954, introduction and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 and 8 to 9. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf ↩︎

3. U.S. Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Hearings, 82nd Congress, 1st session, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey), testimony of George H. White, pp. 1182 to 1183. https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit ↩︎

4. Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Part 7, testimony of Charles R. Haffenden, pp. 1187 to 1198 (taken at the March 1951 New York sessions). https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit ↩︎

5. Rear Admiral Carl F. Espe, Director of Naval Intelligence, letter to William B. Herlands, Ser 9934P92, July 26, 1954, reproduced in the Herlands report, "Official Confirmation of the War-Aid Project," p. 11. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf ↩︎

6. John D. Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control, Times Books, 1979, chapter 2, pp. 35 to 36 (pagination of the Allen Lane/Penguin printing). ↩︎

7. Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, chapter 2, pp. 37 to 43 (same printing). ↩︎

8. U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2nd session (1976), chapter XVII, p. 387. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf ↩︎

9. Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, colloquy of Admiral Turner and Senator Schweiker on subproject 54 (PDF pp. 44 to 45). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf ↩︎

10. Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, on S. 1893, September 20 and 21, 1977, pp. 130 to 131 (running headers of the reprint). https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/human_drug_testing_by_the_cia_1977_hearings_before_us_senate.pdf ↩︎

11. Jim Schnabel, Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research). ↩︎

12. LaMothe, John D. Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR, ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972, Section II, para. 3, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2. Its ref. 77 is Messadie, G., "Du Nautilus," Science et Vie, Number 509, February 1960. ↩︎

13. Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 7. ↩︎

14. Ebon, Martin. Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion? McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 22-25. ↩︎

15. Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. ↩︎

16. "History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)," Submarine Force Library and Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/subforce/about-us/history.html ↩︎

17. Beaumont, Roger A. "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," Signal, January 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. ↩︎

18. Schnabel, Remote Viewers, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973). ↩︎

19. Central Intelligence Agency, OTS/CB Memo #76-18, memorandum for the record, "Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Investigation into Parapsychology," February 4, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090006-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200090006-7 ↩︎

20. Stanford Research Institute, undated research summary on psychoenergetic processes, with tasks including shielded rooms, submarine tracking and physical effects, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010004-6 (undated; its references run to 1977 publications). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010004-6 ↩︎

21. Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, Ser 01/8116, memorandum to Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, "DoD Program on Remote Viewing," September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200410025-8 ↩︎

22. Central Intelligence Agency, response to Senate Appropriations Committee congressionally directed action on STAR GATE, undated, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900010001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900010001-9 ↩︎

23. Schnabel, Remote Viewers, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking). ↩︎

24. David Fravor, oral statement, in Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, House of Representatives, July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm ↩︎

25. Ryan Graves, oral statement, same hearing, July 26, 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm ↩︎

26. Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145. ↩︎

27. U.S. Navy Chief of Information and N2/N6 Public Affairs, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena RTQ," internal working document, statement attributed to Joseph Gradisher, April 2019 (updated April 24, 2019, 1525), released through The Black Vault. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/RTQ_Unidentified-Aerial-Phenomen.pdf ↩︎

28. Deanna Paul, "How frustrated pilots got the Navy to stop dismissing their UFO sightings," The Washington Post, April 25, 2019, reprinted by the Anchorage Daily News: https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/04/25/how-frustrated-pilots-got-the-navy-to-stop-dismissing-ufo-sightings/ ↩︎

29. "Navy Confirms UFO Videos Posted by Blink 182 Rocker Are Real and Should Not Have Been Released," NBC San Diego, September 18, 2019, quoting Navy spokesman Joseph Gradisher. https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/national-international/navy-confirms-ufo-videos-are-real-and-should-not-have-been-released/1965555/ ↩︎

30. Susan Gough, Department of Defense spokesperson, statement on release of three Navy videos, April 27, 2020, as quoted in "Pentagon declassifies Navy videos that purportedly show UFOs," ABC News, April 28, 2020: https://abc7ny.com/navy-ufo-videos-aliens-alien-caught-on-video-sightings/6134626/ ↩︎

31. Brett Tingley and Tyler Rogoway, "Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances," The War Zone, updated June 28, 2019: https://twz.com/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances ↩︎

32. US Patent 10,144,532 B2, "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of Navy (assignment record: Department of the Navy, Maryland), application 15/141,270, filed April 28, 2016, granted December 4, 2018. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en ↩︎

33. US Patent 10,135,366 B2, "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field," inventor Salvatore Pais, assignee US Department of the Navy, application 14/807,943, filed July 24, 2015, granted November 20, 2018. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10135366B2/en ↩︎

34. US Patent 10,322,827 B2, "High frequency gravitational wave generator," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of the Navy, application 15/431,823, filed February 14, 2017, granted June 18, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322827B2/en ↩︎

35. US Patent Application Publication 2019/0058105 A1, "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of the Navy, application 15/678,672, filed August 16, 2017, published February 21, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190058105A1/en ↩︎

36. Department of the Navy, "UFO Fact Sheet," and Office of Naval Research Information Sheet, "Philadelphia Experiment; UFO's," dated 03/29/99, PDF mirrored at https://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/dod174.pdf ↩︎

37. Lawrence E. Walsh, Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, chapter 3, "United States v. John M. Poindexter," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_03.htm ↩︎

38. Walsh, Final Report, vol. I, summary of prosecutions, entry for Poindexter, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/summpros.htm ↩︎

39. Walsh, Final Report, vol. I, executive summary, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm ↩︎

40. Walsh, Final Report, vol. I, chapter 4, "Paul B. Thompson," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_04.htm ↩︎

41. Walsh, Final Report, vol. I, chapter 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm ↩︎

42. Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes. ↩︎

43. U.S. Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 8 June 1967, with endorsements, as released by the Judge Advocate General: summary of events (PDF pp. 8 to 10), CINCUSNAVEUR first endorsement of June 18, 1967 (PDF pp. 34 to 38, paragraphs 2 and 15), and Naval Communications Command sixth endorsement (PDF p. 3). https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf (the original is held by the U.S. Government; a photocopy is held as Liberty (Ship) Court of Inquiry records, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, collection 86041, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4p30341f). ↩︎

44. Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, "USS Liberty Incident," June 1967, introduction and roster of persons visited. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/liberty/173.pdf ↩︎

45. National Security Agency, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," U.S. Cryptologic History, Special Series, Crisis Collection, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 34 to 35 (declassified November 8, 2006, MDR 51712), copy at the National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa10.pdf; release summary at https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-s-liberty-attack/ ↩︎