The_Info_Web/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ian Smart.md

aliases	category	tags	created	updated	summary	born	died	relations
Ian Michael Henry Smart I. M. H. Smart Ian M. H. Smart	Intelligence & Government	Person Diplomat Dimona Israel UnitedKingdom NuclearProliferation IISS ChathamHouse Energy	2026-10-09	2026-10-09	Ian Michael Henry Smart was a British diplomat, third secretary in Tel Aviv from 1958 to 1961, who told Hersh he reported the Dimona reactor, and later served at the IISS and Chatham House.	1935	2008	type with role start end fn employed_by Foreign Office Diplomatic Service officer; third secretary, Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961; first secretary, Washington, 1966 to 1969 1958-10-06 1969 1 type with role start end fn employed_by International Institute for Strategic Studies assistant director, 1969 to 1973; seconded from the Foreign Office in 1965 1969 1973 4 type with role start fn employed_by Royal Institute of International Affairs deputy director and director of studies 1974 5 type with role start fn head_of Ian Smart Ltd chairman 1982 37 type with role start end fn director_of Imperial War Museum Trading Company director 1999-03-08 2000-07-31 45 type with role fn participant_in Atlantic Institute for International Affairs contributor, Energy and the Power of Nations, in Global Insecurity, 1982 37

Ian Michael Henry Smart (February 28, 1935 to August 30, 2008) was a British Foreign Office diplomat who served as third secretary at the British embassy in Tel Aviv from October 1958 to January 1961.¹² He told Seymour Hersh in an interview in New York on July 23, 1989, for The Samson Option (GFE), that in his last year there he was reporting a suspicion that the construction at Dimona looked like a nuclear reactor.³ He was assistant director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1969 to 1973, then deputy director and director of studies of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and published on nuclear weapons and energy policy.⁴⁵

Foreign Office career

Smart served with British Armed Forces from 1956 to 1958.⁶ He was appointed a member of the Foreign Service on October 6, 1958, and went to Tel Aviv on October 28, 1958.¹ He was third secretary at the Tel Aviv embassy under the ambassador, Francis Rundall.² He was transferred to the Foreign Office in January 1961 and promoted second secretary on February 28, 1962.⁷

From 1962 to 1964 he was private secretary to the parliamentary under-secretary of state, first Peter Smithers and then Robert Mathew, who succeeded Smithers in that post.⁸ From 1964 to 1965 he was private secretary to the minister of state for foreign affairs; the 1965 list names the minister as George Thomson.⁸ He was promoted first secretary in 1965 and seconded to the International Institute for Strategic Studies that year.⁶ In 1966 he became first secretary at the British embassy in Washington, D.C., and he was still there in 1967.⁹ He resigned from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 "on approved employment."¹⁰ He married in 1964.¹¹

Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961

As the pace and intensity of construction grew, Beersheba "inevitably became an international city," Hersh wrote. "The French presence was palpable, as upward of 2,500 French men, women, and children made their life in the Negev." Hersh also wrote that the top scientists were provided with double pay and subsidized seven-room apartments in Beersheba, which those who stayed long enough were eventually given.¹² Foreign diplomats and military attachés in Tel Aviv reported on these matters, Hersh wrote. "There were constantly recurring rumors of the bomb," but the cover stories, "usually revolving around seawater desalinization or agricultural research, somehow held."¹²

Hersh described Smart as a young diplomat on his first foreign assignment, as third secretary of his country's "small embassy in Tel Aviv." Hersh wrote that Smart "would go on to become an international expert in nonproliferation," and that in those years he "was merely curious" and suspicious.¹³

Smart recalled that there was "a lot of talk by the end of 1960 about Dimona," prompted "for one thing, by the sheer progress of the site. It was already very apparent on the skyline. And from the road you could see the cooling tower base of the [reactor] dome and the beginning of the rib structure." The second cause was the French presence in Beersheba, where, in his words, "There was an apartment block they used with a lot of Renault Dauphins about ... all carrying French registration."¹³

Hersh wrote that the Israeli government, when officially asked about activity at Dimona, gave the British embassy a series of explanations. Smart recalled that one early claim was that the area was a desert grasslands research institute. He heard a second while driving with a group of Israeli Defense Force troops in the Negev. When he pointed out the cooling tower, an officer replied, "Ah yes. That's the new manganese-processing plant."¹³

Smart told Hersh that throughout the last year of his posting he was "reporting the 'suspicion' that this looked like a nuclear reactor. But how do you get more than a suspicion without putting a U-2 over it?"¹³ Hersh added, in his own narration, that the Eisenhower administration, "as Smart could not know," was in its third year of U-2 overflights of Dimona by 1960.¹³

Dimona in the official record

The draft post-mortem on the intelligence community's failure to recognize the reactor, dated January 1961, records that on May 25, 1959 the United States naval attaché in Tel Aviv reported a British source as saying that the resignation of General Dan Tolkowsky on April 26, 1959 was due to his opposition to the atomic weapons effort of Shimon Peres. The attaché was unable to confirm the account.¹⁴ The post-mortem states that "collaboration with the French on this project had been initiated by 1957."¹⁵

On June 5, 1959, an official of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, Olaf Solli, told William M. Fullerton of the Atomic Energy Commission that an agreement between Norway and Israel, considered "Secret" by both governments, provided for safeguards and inspection rights in connection with the sale of heavy water from NORATOM to Israel.¹⁶ The post-mortem records that the State Department and the Atomic Energy Commission had the information in July 1959, and that it was not disseminated to the intelligence community until December 13, 1960.¹⁷

The Fullerton memorandum records that Solli said "appropriate U.K. officials had been informed of the agreement with Israel and wished also to inform the U.S. Government." It states that NORATOM "purchased heavy water from the U.K. (which had originally been sold to the U.K. by Noratom)" and "shipped the heavy water from the U.S." so that no Norwegian export license was needed.¹⁶ Cohen and Burr describe the route differently: the heavy water "was shipped directly from the UK to Israel," with NORATOM as the seller.¹⁸ Cohen and Burr also write that London ultimately did not share the information with Washington, citing British press reports of 2005 and 2006 based on newly declassified British archives.¹⁹

The post-mortem's chronology lists a British Joint Intelligence Committee statement on the atomic energy site near Beersheba, transmitted from London in a document dated October 27, 1960, and a "British photograph" of the site, its source given as "UK," acquired on August 30, 1960 and available to the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee on November 8, 1960.²⁰ The paragraph on the cables states that the United Kingdom believed a reactor was under construction near Beersheba, and that ground photography of the possible site "was received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November."²⁰ The unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 says that the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv forwarded on August 2, 1960 a report from a U.S. nuclear engineer that the Israelis were constructing a major reactor with French assistance, and that "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels." That information resulted in a statement of the committee on December 7, 1960.²¹

Paragraph 38 of the post-mortem states that information received from the United Kingdom in the first week of December 1960 through atomic energy intelligence liaison channels "revealed to the JAEIC members for the first time that Norway had furnished about 20 tons of heavy water to Israel in 1959 and 1960." The same paragraph records that the Department of State asked the U.S. Embassy in Oslo on December 12, 1960 for further information on the agreement, and that the embassy reported on December 22 and 30 on its status and on Norway's reluctance to exercise its inspection safeguards.²²

The National Archives at Kew catalogues Foreign Office files on Israel's atomic energy programme for these years: FO 371/142379, "Research into atomic energy in Israel" (1959); FO 371/149586, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel" (1960); and FO 371/157284 to FO 371/157286, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel" (1961). The Prime Minister's file PREM 11/3399 is titled "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert" (1960 to 1961).²³²⁴ None of these files is digitised.²³ Smart's posting ran from October 1958 to January 1961, which covers the 1959 and 1960 entries.¹⁷

Later career and publications

Geoffrey Kemp places Smart in the spring of 1969 as "then based in Washington" in the introduction to his Adelphi Paper 106.²⁵ Smart was assistant director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1969 to 1973.⁴ The Institute published his Adelphi Papers no. 63, Advanced Strategic Missiles, in 1969, a 31-page study.²⁶ Adelphi Paper no. 78, Future Conditional, appeared in 1971 with 45 pages.²⁷ The series also includes, under his name, an item titled "I. Introduction" in its August 1971 issue and a report titled "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies" in December 1973.²⁸ With Geoffrey Kemp he wrote "SALT and European Nuclear Forces" for the 1973 volume SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s, and he wrote "Perspectives from Europe" for SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond (1974).²⁹ With A. N. Oppenheim he wrote the chapter "The British diplomat" in The Management of Britain's External Relations (1973), edited by Robert Boardman and A. J. R. Groom.³⁰

In August 1974 The New York Times printed an article by Smart on the effect of the Cyprus crisis on NATO, which identified him as "deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." The Central Intelligence Agency reproduced the article in its internal clipping publication News, Views and Issues, no. 12, dated August 23, 1974.³¹ The authors of a 1975 study by the Royal Institute of International Affairs thanked "Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House," for comments on their drafts, and a 1976 volume on oil describes him as "deputy director and director of studies" of the Institute.⁵ The Royal Institute's 1977 book The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent, number 1 in its British Foreign Policy to 1985 series, ran to 82 pages.³² His article of the same title appeared in the International Institute for Strategic Studies journal Survival in January 1978 (volume 20, issue 1, pages 21 to 24).³³ A memorandum submitted by Smart appears in the sixth report of the House of Commons Expenditure Committee for the 1978-79 session on the future of the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons policy, and the report lists him with Lawrence Freedman as a witness on January 23, 1979.³⁴

HM Stationery Office published Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 1980 as Energy Paper 43, 77 pages.³⁵ Johns Hopkins University Press published World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence, edited by Smart, in 1982.³⁶ Global Insecurity (1982), developed from a research project sponsored by the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs and published by Houghton Mifflin, names Daniel Yergin and Martin Joseph Hillenbrand among its creators and includes the chapter "Energy and the power of nations" by Ian Smart. Its contributor note describes him as "an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and as formerly deputy director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.³⁷ A second 1982 volume lists him as "now a consultant," and a third states that he "was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities."³⁸ His essay "A Defective Dream," on the Atoms for Peace policy, appears in a 1985 volume whose editor describes him as "an international energy policy expert."³⁹ Volume two of Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991) credits Smart with a contribution in chapter 1.⁴⁰

Articles under the name Ian Smart appear in Energy Policy from 1984 to 1986, including "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations" (1984) and "World uranium market" (1985). They appear in International Affairs in 1975 and 1989, including "Nuclear Proliferation Problems" (1975) and "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics" (1989), and in Nature in 1980, with "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate." Records found do not establish whether these items are by the diplomat; their subjects match his other work.⁴¹

The Canadian Institute of International Affairs published International Terrorism in 1987 and The World in Flux in 1990, the latter as volume 48, number 1 of its Behind the Headlines series.⁴²

Death and obituary

The Times published an obituary headlined "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy" in September 2008.⁴³ A London Gazette notice of November 27, 2008 gives his date of death as August 30, 2008, his last address as Leominster, and his occupation as "Diplomat (Retired)."⁴⁴ Between March 8, 1999 and July 31, 2000 an Ian Michael Henry Smart, born February 1935 and living at Leominster, was a director of the Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited.⁴⁵

Same-name records

A second Foreign Office officer, Alexander Basil Peter Smart, was a first secretary in 1967. Records found do not establish any connection between him and Ian Michael Henry Smart.⁴⁶

A different Ian Smart, born 1944, wrote on Caribbean literature, including a 1990 study of the poet Nicolás Guillén. Records found do not establish any connection to this page.⁴⁷

A 1975 volume, The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas, was published by Universitetsforlaget under the names of Martin Sæter and Ian Smart, under the auspices of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Its subject matches the energy work above, and records found do not establish whether the co-author is the diplomat.⁴⁸

Footnotes

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1. Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1960, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": appointed a member of the Foreign Service October 6, 1958; transferred to Tel Aviv October 28, 1958. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1960 ↩︎

2. Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1959, Tel Aviv embassy staff list: Ambassador Sir Francis Rundall; "3rd Secretary I. M. H. Smart." https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1959 ↩︎

3. Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House, 1991. Chapter 5, "Internal Wars," notes, p. 325: "Ian Smart was interviewed in New York on July 23, 1989. He was then living in London." ↩︎

4. Nuclear Non-Proliferation: An Agenda for the 1990s, 1987, contributors: "Ian Smart Assistant Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969-73" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearnonprolif0000unse_n6w3); SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s, 1973, contributors: "Ian Smart is Assistant Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies" (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte). The Diplomatic Service List 1970 records his resignation from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 (note 10). ↩︎

5. Connelly and Perlman, The Politics of Scarcity: Resource Conflicts in International Relations, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Oxford University Press, 1975, preface: "commentary on our final drafts by Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House" (https://archive.org/details/politicsofscarci00conn); Oil, the Arab-Israel Dispute, and the Industrial World: Horizons of Crisis, 1976, contributors: "IAN SMART, deputy director and director of studies, the Royal Institute of International Affairs" (https://archive.org/details/oilarabisraeldis0000unse); The Finnish Dilemma, 1976, acknowledgments: "Ian Smart, Deputy Director and Director of Studies of the Institute" (https://archive.org/details/finnishdilemmane0000maud); Kevin P. Cummings, The New British Deterrent, Naval Postgraduate School thesis, October 1982: "In October 1977, Ian Smart, then Deputy Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House)" (https://archive.org/details/newbritishdeterr00cumm); Africa South of the Sahara 1978-79, Royal Institute of International Affairs entry: "Dir. of Studies IAN SMART." ↩︎

6. Diplomatic Service List 1966, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": H.M. Forces 1956-58; Third Secretary Tel Aviv 1958-61; Foreign Office 1961; Private Secretary to Parliamentary Under-Secretary 1962-64; seconded to the Institute for Strategic Studies 1965; First Secretary 1965. https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1966 ↩︎

7. Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": transferred to the Foreign Office January 1961; promoted Second Secretary February 28, 1962. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963 ↩︎

8. Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963 ("Peter Smithers, v.R.D., M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"); 1964 ("Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Robert Mathew, M.P." followed by "Private I. M. H. Smart"; the 1964 list records Mathew as succeeding Smithers); 1965 ("George Thomson, M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"). https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1964 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965 ↩︎

9. Diplomatic Service List 1967, Washington mission staff under Ambassador Sir Patrick Dean: "First Secretary: I. M. H. Smart"; biographical entry "First Secretary Washington since 1966." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967 ↩︎

10. Diplomatic Service List 1970, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": "First Secretary; Resigned 1969 (on approved employment)." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1970 ↩︎

11. Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1965, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": born February 28, 1935; married 1964. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965 ↩︎

12. Hersh, The Samson Option, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," pp. 62 to 63 (the Beersheba passage, the French presence, the apartments, the reports of diplomats and attachés in Tel Aviv, and the cover stories). ↩︎

13. Hersh, The Samson Option, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," p. 63 (Smart's account; quotations from Smart; the Israeli officer's reply; the Eisenhower passage and the description of Smart as "an international expert in nonproliferation" are Hersh's narration). Smart's remarks come from the interview cited in note 3. ↩︎

14. Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, April 15, 2015, Document 27A, "Post-Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60," draft for USIB approval, January 1961, paragraph 22 (British source reported by the U.S. naval attaché in Tel Aviv, May 25, 1959). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf ↩︎

15. Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 3 (French collaboration "initiated by 1957"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf ↩︎

16. Fullerton, William M., memorandum, "Conversation of June 5, 1959," June 9, 1959, SECRET, pages 1 and 2 (Atomic Energy Commission, Division of International Affairs; reproduced in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 2A). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%202A.pdf ↩︎

17. Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 23 and paragraph 38 (information of July 1959 at the Department of State and the AEC, "paragraph 23 above"); chronology table, item 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf ↩︎

18. Cohen and Burr, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, introduction: "The heavy water was shipped directly from the UK to Israel, without safeguards"; "In June 1959 Israel and Norway signed a secret agreement"; "on 25 February 1959 the two countries exchanged documents on the heavy water sale"; main text: the 20 tons Norway sold to Israel "upon an agreement signed in Oslo on 25 February 1959"; Olaf Solli on British officials wishing to "inform" Washington. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/ ↩︎

19. Press items cited in the briefing book's introduction, note 13: BBC News, "UK Helped Israel Get Nuclear Bomb," August 4, 2005; David Leigh, "US kept in the dark as secret nuclear deal was struck," The Guardian, August 3, 2005; "Britain's dirty secret: Exclusive: Secret papers show how Britain helped Israel make the A-bomb in the 1960s," The New Statesman, March 13, 2006; Foreign Office statement, March 9, 2006, BBC Two. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/ ↩︎

20. Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), chronology table, item 8 ("British photograph received," source "UK," acquired 30 Aug, available to the committee 8 Nov), preceded by item 6 ("Transmittal of JIC (British) statement on AE site near Beersheba," document of 27 Oct) and item 7 ("British information on photograph," 3 Nov); paragraph 29 (cables from CIA/London dated October 27 and November 3, 1960, received November 2 and 3, 1960; ground photography "received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf ↩︎

21. Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), page 8, unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 (U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv dispatch of August 2, 1960; "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels"; JAEIC statement of December 7, 1960). ↩︎

22. Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 38 (information from the United Kingdom, first week of December 1960; Department of State request to the U.S. Embassy Oslo, December 12, 1960; embassy reports of December 22 and 30, 1960). ↩︎

23. The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: FO 371/142379 (reference C2899837, 1959, "Research into atomic energy in Israel. Code VR file 1241"); FO 371/149586 (C2907053, 1960, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel"); FO 371/157284 to 157286 (C2914746 to C2914748, 1961, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2907053 ↩︎

24. The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: PREM 11/3399 (reference C2040226, 1960 to 1961, "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2040226 ↩︎

25. Kemp, Geoffrey, Nuclear Forces for Medium Powers: Part I: Targets and Weapons, Adelphi Papers no. 106, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1974, introduction: "the Spring of 1969. At that time the author and Ian Smart, who was then based in Washington, began to sketch". https://archive.org/details/nuclearforcesfor0000kemp ↩︎

26. Smart, Ian, Advanced Strategic Missiles, Adelphi Papers no. 63, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969, 31 pp. Open Library work OL6183778W. Crossref record for the Adelphi item, "Advanced strategic missiles: A short guide: Introduction," December 1969, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679326908448148 ↩︎

27. Smart, Ian, Future Conditional, Adelphi Papers no. 78, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1971, 45 pp., ISBN 0900492317. Open Library work OL6183779W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183779W ↩︎

28. Crossref records, The Adelphi Papers: "I. Introduction," vol. 11, issue 78, August 1971, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327108457220; "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies: Report to the conference," vol. 13, issue 102, December 1973, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327308457258. Author string "Ian Smart." ↩︎

29. SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s, 1973, contents: Geoffrey Kemp and Ian Smart, "SALT and European Nuclear Forces," p. 199 (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte); SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond, 1974, contents: Part 3, chapter 7, "Perspectives from Europe," Ian Smart, p. 185 (https://archive.org/details/saltmoscowagreem0000will). ↩︎

30. Boardman, Robert, and A. J. R. Groom, eds., The Management of Britain's External Relations, 1973, chapter 3, "The British diplomat," A. N. Oppenheim and Ian Smart; contributors list "Ian Smart, International Institute for Strategic Studies." https://archive.org/details/managementofbrit0000boar ↩︎

31. Central Intelligence Agency, News, Views and Issues, no. 12, August 23, 1974, CREST document CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0, reproducing an article by Ian Smart from The New York Times of August 1974 ("Not for the first time, Cyprus has opened a rift in the NATO ..."); the closing line reads "Ian Smart is deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0 ↩︎

32. Smart, Ian, The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent, British Foreign Policy to 1985, no. 1, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1977, 82 pp., ISBN 0905031024. Open Library work OL6183780W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183780W ↩︎

33. Smart, Ian, "The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent," Survival, vol. 20, no. 1, January 1978, pp. 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396337808441724 ↩︎

34. House of Commons, Expenditure Committee, The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Weapons Policy, sixth report, session 1978-79: list of witnesses ("Tuesday 23 January 1979 Mr Ian Smart and Mr Lawrence Freedman"); memorandum submitted by Mr Ian Smart; reference to Strategic Issues, by Ian Smart, Royal Institute of International Affairs (1977). https://archive.org/details/futureofunitedki0000grea ↩︎

35. Smart, Ian, Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Energy Paper no. 43, H.M. Stationery Office, 1980, 77 pp., ISBN 0114107998. Open Library work OL6183783W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183783W ↩︎

36. Smart, Ian, World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Internet Archive record worldnuclearener00smar (creator "Smart, Ian"). https://archive.org/details/worldnuclearener00smar ↩︎

37. Global Insecurity: A Strategy for Energy and Economic Renewal, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, "developed from a research project sponsored by the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs"; creators Yergin, Daniel, and Hillenbrand, Martin Joseph, 1915-; contents include "Energy and the power of nations / by Ian Smart"; contributors: "Ian Smart is an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and "Ian Smart, formerly deputy director of the Royal [Institute of International Affairs]." Internet Archive record globalinsecurity00ldpo. https://archive.org/details/globalinsecurity00ldpo ↩︎

38. The Arms Race in the 1980s, 1982, contributors: "Ian Smart (British) is now a consultant" (https://archive.org/details/armsracein1980s0000unse); Nuclear Power in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Decision Making, 1982, chapter 2, "The Consideration of Nuclear Power," Ian Smart; contributors: "Ian Smart was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearpowerinde0000unse). ↩︎

39. Atoms for Peace: An Analysis after Thirty Years, 1985, chapter 7, Ian Smart, "A Defective Dream"; editor's introduction: "Among such critics, Ian Smart, an international energy policy expert". https://archive.org/details/atomsforpeaceana00pila_0 ↩︎

40. Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect, Volume Two: Country Studies and Technical Options, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Dartmouth, 1991, preface: "particular contributions to Volume 2 have been made by Ian Smart (Chapter 1)". ↩︎

41. Crossref records under the author string "Ian Smart": Energy Policy, 1984, "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(84)90180-0; Energy Policy, 1985, "World uranium market," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90166-1; International Affairs, 1975, "Nuclear Proliferation Problems," https://doi.org/10.2307/2616939; International Affairs, 1989, "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics," https://doi.org/10.2307/2622602; Nature, 1980, "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate," https://doi.org/10.1038/286643a0. ↩︎

42. Open Library records: International Terrorism, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1987 (OL6183781W); The World in Flux, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Behind the Headlines, vol. 48, no. 1, 1990 (OL18063312M). ↩︎

43. "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy," The Times, obituary, September 23, 2008. ↩︎

44. The London Gazette, issue 58895, November 27, 2008, page 18578, deceased estates notice L-58895-843: "Smart, Ian Michael Henry," date of death 30 August 2008, last address Leominster, the county printed as Hertfordshire (the Companies House record for the same name and address gives Herefordshire, note on the Imperial War Museum Trading Company), occupation "Diplomat (Retired)." https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58895/page/18578 ↩︎

45. Companies House, officer record "Ian Michael Henry SMART," born February 1935, one appointment: director, Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited (03719634), appointed March 8, 1999, resigned July 31, 2000, nationality British; correspondence address in Leominster, Herefordshire. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/0Q0PziJrvmaSybGliDITrhOyUJg/appointments ↩︎

46. Diplomatic Service List 1967, entry "SMART (Alexander) (Basil) Peter; First Secretary." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967 ↩︎

47. Internet Archive catalogue record nicolsguillnpopu00smar, Nicolás Guillén, popular poet of the Caribbean, 1990, creator "Smart, Ian, 1944-." https://archive.org/details/nicolsguillnpopu00smar ↩︎

48. Open Library work OL22492294W, The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas, Universitetsforlaget, 1975, authors Martin Sæter and Ian Smart. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22492294W ↩︎