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Cardoen later resigned and became a private contractor, securing a deal to supply all blasting equipment to the Chilean Mining Corporation. |
Carlos Cardoen is a Chilean businessman and arms producer, owner of Cardoen Industries. He comes from an upper-class Chilean family of Italian descent. After attending university in the United States and receiving a degree as a mining engineer, he returned to Santiago, Chile, after Augusto Pinochet 1973 coup d'état to work for the government-owned Chilean Mining Corporation. His job involved procuring explosives for mining, which became a lucrative business for him personally due to kickbacks.1
Cardoen later resigned and became a private contractor, securing a deal to supply all blasting equipment to the Chilean Mining Corporation. He then ventured into arms brokering, though initially without success. In 1979, he applied to SIBAT, the Foreign Defense Sales Office of the Israel Ministry of Defense, for a license to sell Israel arms in South America. His request was denied due to his lack of experience and established political connections.1
After being rejected by Israel, Cardoen obtained a brokering license from the Armscor (South Africa's government weapons manufacturer) with the help of the Chilean ambassador to South Africa. He then secured loans from Chilean banks and began operating as an arms producer and broker.1
By 1985, Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq, with the help of Armscor and support from individuals connected to the Central Intelligence Agency, such as Alan Sanders of ITICO. He received blueprints for cluster bombs from Sanders and, despite a United Nations arms embargo against Chile, produced these bombs with a covert United States license. Israel was interested in acquiring these bombs.1
In 1985, Ari Ben-Menashe approached Alan Sanders to purchase cluster bombs for Israel, and was informed that Cardoen would sell to anyone who paid him. A few weeks later, Israel received cluster bombs from Santiago via diplomatic crate.1
Robert Gates, then Central Intelligence Agency deputy director for intelligence, was approached by Nachum Admoni (Mossad director) regarding United States support for Cardoen. Admoni expressed Israel concerns about the support for Iraq, especially through Chile and South Africa. By this time, Cardoen owned two chemical weapons plants in Santiago, a cluster bomb factory in cooperation with Chile's military, and a third chemical weapons plant in Paraguay. He was also building a chemical weapons plant outside Baghdad.1
Cardoen's Santiago-produced chemical weapons and those from Paraguay used artillery cups from West Germany, procured by Ihsan Barbouti. These materials were shipped to Baghdad by Iraqi Airways cargo planes. Cardoen used United States banks, such as the Valley National Bank of Arizona, to finance his sales and obtained raw materials for chemical manufacturing from a factory in Boca Raton, Florida. The Gamma Corporation, a Central Intelligence Agency cut-out, sold fuses for the cluster bombs to Cardoen.1
In late 1986, Israel expressed concern about arms shipments to Iraq, with Yitzhak Shamir threatening to go to United States. Robert Gates called a meeting in Santiago to calm the Israel. Attendees included Cardoen, Gates, Senator John Tower, Pieter Van Der Westhuizen (South African Military Intelligence), and Rodolfo Stange (Chilean Carabineros). At this meeting, United States officials made it clear they intended to maintain the arms channel to Iraq to bring Iraq into their sphere of influence, assuring Israel it would not be harmed. Cardoen continued to supply chemical weapons and cluster bombs to Iraq despite Israel concerns.1
In September 1988, Ari Ben-Menashe was sent to Chile to confront Cardoen. Ben-Menashe offered Cardoen a deal: Israel would license him to produce Uzis, Galil assault rifles, artillery shells, and mortars, and exclusively sell these materials throughout South America, in exchange for stopping his chemical trade with Iraq. Cardoen was given two weeks to consider the offer. During this visit, Cardoen introduced Ben-Menashe to Mark Thatcher, implying Thatcher was involved in his business.1
Cardoen was furious about Ari Ben-Menashe visit to his plant in Paraguay and his attempts to stop the trade. He claimed to have the backing of the United States and the Chilean government, and threatened Israel if they interfered. He also revealed that Robert Gates's office provided technology directly from the Central Intelligence Agency, and that Ihsan Barbouti was a key link in his operations. He mentioned Alan Bond and British investors as backers.1
In February 1989, Carlos Cardoen's plant in Paraguay was not closed down, thanks to Andres Rodriguez, who continued to rule the country with United States blessing. Charges were filed against Cardoen in Miami in April 1992 by the United States Customs Service following newspaper exposés of his involvement with Iraq.1
Footnotes
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Ben-Menashe, Ari. Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network. TrineDay, 1992. ↩︎