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2025-07-22 2026-10-13 DARPA
DARPA
ARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Organization
Government
Research
Defense
ARPANET
RemoteViewing
ProjectPandora
TotalInformationAwareness
BrainComputerInterface
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. U.S. Government The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), founded in 1958 as ARPA, funded psychic research at Stanford Research Institute, the Pandora microwave program and the Total Information Awareness office. 1958 Arlington, Virginia
type with reverse start fn
contractor_to Stanford Research Institute true 2005 32
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funded Stanford Research Institute 1983 17
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funded Project Pandora 1970 3
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employed_by Richard S. Cesaro true 1967 23
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employed_by George Lawrence true 1972 10
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employed_by John Poindexter true 2002 2003 26
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funded Center Lane 1983 19
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funded Policy Analysis Market 2001-05 2003-07-29 FutureMAP research program, including the market proposal 27

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense that funds advanced technology for military use. It was established in 1958 as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).1

Names, leadership and headquarters

Barry M. Leiner and coauthors date the first renaming to DARPA to 1971, a return to ARPA in 1993, and a second return to DARPA in 1996.2 A history prepared for the agency by the Institute for Defense Analyses gives 1972 for the renaming to DARPA.1 A letter from the agency to Warren G. Magnuson, chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, gave its headquarters as 1400 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia.3

The same Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Jack Ruina as director from 1961 to 1963, Robert Sproull from 1963 to 1965, and Charles Herzfeld from 1965 to 1967. Eberhardt Rechtin became director in 1967 after about six months in which the deputy director, Peter Franken, served as acting director. Stephen Lukasik became director in 1971, and George H. Heilmeier was named by the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, Malcolm Currie, with James Schlesinger as Secretary of Defense. Robert Fossum became director in 1977, Robert Cooper in 1981 and Robert Duncan in 1985, and Raymond Colladay, formerly of NASA, served as director for 18 months. The history describes the agency's Vietnam-era role as operating particularly through its Advanced Sensor program.1 Anthony Tether was director in August 2003.4

Long-horizon research and military psychology

ARPA was designed to sponsor projects whose results would not arrive for ten to fifteen years, providing a funding mechanism for long-horizon military science outside standard procurement budgets. Its Arlington, Virginia headquarters sat in the same building complex as the USARIBSS and other military psychological research organizations. In the psychological sciences its Cold War work concentrated on biofeedback research and early brain-weapon studies (including whether pilots' brain states could be linked to missile systems), and on the psychology of insurgent organizations, with Vietnam War as the primary focus. The most prominent ARPA-commissioned psychological study was the Rand Corporation's Viet Cong motivation and morale study of the early 1960s, and ARPA also sponsored Project Agile, a series of Asian military-science studies that included the Battelle Memorial Institute smell-weapons research of 1966. A 1964 classified memorandum from the Director of Defense Research and Engineering placed ARPA in an integrating role for behavioral and social science research across the service branches.5

Early psychic inquiries, 1972 to 1973

Ray Hyman wrote that he visited SRI on December 8, 1972, with the agency's George Lawrence.6 Beaumont wrote that in 1972 the agency sent a team to evaluate the claimed results obtained at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) with the spoon-bender Uri Geller, headed by George Lawrence, a psychologist open-minded on parapsychology, and including Hyman, an accomplished magician, and Robert Van de Castle, a University of Virginia sleep and dream expert and a past president of the Parapsychological Association. Beaumont described the team's report as totally negative.7 A CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum of January 24, 1973 refers to "Drs. Austin Kibler and George Lawrence" of ARPA as having been to SRI to observe Geller, Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ.8 Jim Schnabel wrote that the agency sent a three-man team to look at Geller at SRI in early 1973, one member of which was a University of Virginia psychologist While the agency's corporate stance was not to pursue Geller further, Schnabel wrote, Van de Castle was impressed by Geller's abilities.9

Time reported in 1974 that Hyman, accompanied by Lawrence, described as a DoD projects manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, caught Geller in some outright deceptions. Time quoted Hyman as calling the SRI tests conducted with what he termed "incredible sloppiness."10

Michael Zarbo, an Army captain writing a master's thesis at the Defense Intelligence Agency college in 1992, citing Ronald McRae's Mind Wars, wrote that Lawrence "was ordered by his superiors to find something to satisfy Congressional demands to match purported Soviet efforts in the field."11

Beaumont wrote that the Army awarded a contract of $145,000 to examine Kirlian photography in 1976 and that the researchers found the "aura" to be an interaction of body moisture and the electric field.7 David Suter, in an undated Washington Post article, attributed a $145,000 contract to the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency, placing it "last year."12

Suter reported that DARPA spokesperson Jane Smith denied that the agency had any interest in psychic research or in Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ. He reported that Director George H. Heilmeier had stated that the agency had not received, and was not considering, a formal or informal proposal on psychic research. According to a paid consultant who briefed the agency, SRI had proposed a $3.5 million program on remote viewing. Suter also reported that Colonel Austin Kibler, director of DARPA's human resources division in 1973, confided to a consulting psychologist that "it could be that we are pretending to support this [psychic] work to throw off the Russians."12 Skeptics at the agency, Suter wrote, flew in an outside team of debunkers to brief engineers considering SRI's psychic work.12

Kenneth A. Kress, writing in the Central Intelligence Agency journal Studies in Intelligence in the winter of 1977, recalled that DARPA reported "not only a showing of interest but a hostile response." He described a briefing at which "the SRI contractors and I" faced "an assemblage of hostile DARPA people who had been convened especially to debunk our results," after which contacts with DARPA stopped for several years and the Navy funded a replication.13

The DARPA computer network and remote viewing experiments, 1975 to 1979

A 1977 SRI report by Puthoff, Targ and Edwin May, titled "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," has a section on long-distance remote viewing that lists "Use of the DARPA teleconferencing computer network to provide date and time records of experiments in progress." The experiments ran between New York and California, New York and Dayton, and New Orleans and California.14 A 1977 proceedings volume of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society describes the TALK mode of the DARPA net being used for post-experiment feedback between a subject at SRI and an experimenter on the East Coast.15 Zarbo describes a 1976 test, reported in a New York Times article that he dates to 1983, in which Targ acted as a conduit in New York City while a viewer at SRI typed impressions on a terminal linked to the DARPA network, the target being a fountain in Washington Square Park. The thesis footnote for the article lists William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," January 10, 1984, section C.11

In 1979 Harry Snyder and Arlene Snyder of Systemetrics, Inc., issued a critical evaluation of remote viewing research under contract 77F104420. The report states that the DARPA computer teleconferencing network coordinated experimental timing and provided time and date stamped records of all communications.16

Funding routed through DARPA, 1983

Army and Defense Intelligence Agency records released through the CIA reading room describe DARPA as the source of money for remote viewing work at SRI in 1983. A February 21, 1983 information paper of the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), signed by Robert Jachim as project manager, states that a memorandum of January 19, 1983 from the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering lifted a prohibition on the use of P6 funds for the Grill Flame project. The paper reports that Dr. Jack Vorona of the Defense Intelligence Agency "has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA" to keep SRI intact for fiscal 1983.17 The same paper states that the Director of the GDIP Program, Mr. Hurwitz, wrote the memorandum for the Under Secretary, and lists among his objectives for Grill Flame: "Keep the SRI team intact - Use the Dr DeLaurer Memo to get funds to SRI."17

A February 28, 1983 INSCOM information paper repeats the $200,000 figure and describes it as money DIA had determined was needed to keep DIA intact for fiscal 1983.18 An undated Army memorandum (DAMI-ISH), concerning a funding initiative for the INSCOM unit called Center Lane, states that "Contact with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the actual source of the funds, resulted in a decision to move the money covertly through DCSRDA, if approved." It refers to the end of fiscal 1983 and records that the Congressional prohibition against use of National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP) or NFIP-derived funds "has been discussed with DARPA, but will be reiterated."19

A Defense Intelligence Agency project report dated October 19, 1983 totals the three-year Grill Flame project at $1,475.5K for fiscal years 1981 to 1983. It divides that sum into $962K for DIA, $313.5K for the Army, and $200K for DARPA. Its largest task line is remote viewing enhancement training at $575K.20 A later DIA special access program file on Sun Streak describes the R/D link through SRI International as "accomplished via HQ SGRD funding and a DARPA MIPR."21

Congressional funding through DARPA, 1986 program

Edwin May and Wanda Luke wrote in a research plan dated May 10, 1991 that beginning in fiscal year 1986 the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command began a five-year investigation of anomalous mental phenomena at SRI International. They wrote that the Command did not fund the fourth and fifth years, and that the House Appropriations Committee funded the fourth year, at the level of the third, through DARPA to the Command's contract.22

Project Pandora and the Moscow Signal

A memorandum dated September 27, 1967 reports on Project BIZARRE and its relation to Project PANDORA. It is signed by Richard S. Cesaro as acting director of Advanced Sensors at ARPA. It states that "The central nervous system of primates has been penetrated directly or indirectly by non-thermal modulated microwave radiation," and that the frequency and modulation used "simulated a portion of the 'Moscow Signal.'" The memorandum adds: "The potential of exerting a degree of control on human behavior by low level selectively modulated microwave radiation should be investigated for potential weapon applications."23

In the September 15, 1977 letter to Senator Magnuson, the agency stated that Pandora was classified at the direction of the Department of State and the United States Intelligence Board, that its total cost was $4,615,000, and that DARPA terminated the project in March 1970 and transferred its assets to the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.3 The letter states that "classification of Project Pandora was a foreign relation rather than a national security matter," and that DARPA did not foresee the development of microwave weapons directed at altering nervous system function or behavior.3

Annie Jacobsen reports that in 1969 the program was expanded to include human subjects, under the code names Big Boy and Project Bizarre, with microwave beams directed at sailors at the Philadelphia Naval Yard.24

Information Awareness Office and Total Information Awareness, 2002 to 2003

The conference report on the fiscal 2004 defense appropriations act, House Report 108-283, was taken up by the House on September 24, 2003. Section 8131 provides that none of the funds may be obligated "for the Terrorism Information Awareness Program," with a proviso excepting "processing, analysis, and collaboration tools for counterterrorism foreign intelligence" funded in the National Foreign Intelligence Program, and defines that program as "the program known either as Terrorism Information Awareness or Total Information Awareness, or any successor program, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or any other Department or element of the Federal Government."25 The joint explanatory statement records that the conferees "agree with the Senate position which eliminates funding for the Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) program within the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)," and "direct that the Office be terminated immediately," meaning the Information Awareness Office.25

The statement names four projects previously under the office that may continue under DARPA: Bio-Event Advanced Leading Indicator Recognition Technology, Rapid Analytic Wargaming, Wargaming the Asymmetric Environment, and Automated Speech and Text Exploitation in Multiple Languages (including Babylon and Symphony).25 The conference agreement states that it "does not restrict the National Foreign Intelligence Program from using processing, analysis and collaboration tools for counterterrorism foreign intelligence purposes."25 DARPA created the Information Awareness Office in mid-January 2002, and John Poindexter directed it. On August 12, 2003 he submitted a five-page letter of resignation to Tether, effective August 29.26

FutureMAP and the Policy Analysis Market, 2001 to 2003

DARPA funded research on prediction markets from 2001, after Michael Foster of the National Science Foundation persuaded the agency in 2000. The first solicitation, issued in May 2001 as "Electronic Market-Based Decision Support," produced Small Business Innovation Research awards of about 100,000 dollars each to Neoteric Technologies and Net Exchange; both were funded for Phase II in fall 2002.27 In 2002 the program, by then named Futures Markets Applied to Prediction (FutureMAP), was placed within the Information Awareness Office under John Poindexter.27

DARPA's May 20, 2003 report to Congress on Terrorism Information Awareness lists FutureMAP among TIA's decision-support programs, says it "will answer predictive questions such as 'Will terrorists attack Israel with bioweapons in the next year?'", names the Center for Army Analysis and the Central Intelligence Agency as interested parties, and plans experiments at the Army's Intelligence and Security Command from fiscal year 2005, with budget lines of 3,000 thousand dollars for FY 2004 and 5,000 thousand for FY 2005.28

The Net Exchange component, the Policy Analysis Market, was publicized by Senators Ron Wyden and Byron Dorgan on July 28, 2003, and the Pentagon abandoned it on July 29. The conference report on the fiscal 2004 defense appropriations act directed that the Information Awareness Office be terminated and listed four projects that could continue under DARPA; FutureMAP is not among them.2930

ARPANET

Leiner and coauthors state that Lawrence G. Roberts went to DARPA in late 1966 to develop the computer network concept and published a plan for the ARPANET in 1967. Bolt, Beranek and Newman developed the switches, called IMPs, under Frank Heart's leadership, with Robert Kahn responsible for overall system design. The first switch was installed at UCLA in September 1969. The authors credit Kahn with introducing open-architecture networking in late 1972, shortly after he arrived at DARPA.2

Neural interface programs

In January 2016 DARPA announced the Neural Engineering System Design (NESD) program, managed by Phillip Alvelda. The release sets a size goal of about one cubic centimeter for an implantable device that would link neural activity with digital systems, and gives a ceiling of $65 million over four years.31 The release lists devices that could compensate for deficits in sight or hearing by feeding digital auditory or visual information to the brain.31

Contractors

Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International with action dates from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2026, whose Award Amount fields total $462,329,429.73 and whose transactions inside that date range total $423,420,369. The largest record is contract HR001106C0023, with action dates from November 2005 to March 2011 and an award amount of $41,671,826.77.32 Other records describe supply chain hardware security, machine translation under the BOLT program, semantic forensics, and molecular discovery.32

Footnotes

  1. Richard H. Van Atta, Seymour J. Deitchman and Sidney G. Reed, "DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume III: An Overall Perspective and Assessment of the Technical Accomplishments of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: 1958-1990," Institute for Defense Analyses, IDA Paper P-2538, July 1991, DTIC ADA241680, sections A and E and footnote 19. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA241680 ↩︎

  2. Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts and Stephen Wolff, "The Past and Future History of the Internet," Communications of the ACM 40, no. 2 (February 1997), pp. 102 to 108, footnote 3 on p. 103. https://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/data/files/Leiner/Past%20and%20Future%20History%20of%20the%20Internet.pdf ↩︎

  3. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, letter to Senator Warren G. Magnuson, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, September 15, 1977, on agency letterhead (1400 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/14.pdf ↩︎

  4. Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," Nextgov/FCW, August 13, 2003 (letter addressed to "DARPA director, Anthony Tether"). https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/ ↩︎

  5. Peter Watson, War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology. Basic Books, 1978. ↩︎

  6. Ray Hyman, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4.pdf ↩︎

  7. Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf ↩︎

  8. CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.pdf ↩︎

  9. Jim Schnabel, Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies (Dell, 1997), p. 138 (index entry "Agency (ARPA), 138-39"); Hyman, who was present at the visit, gives December 8, 1972. ↩︎

  10. "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974, cover story, CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8.pdf ↩︎

  11. Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf ↩︎

  12. David Suter, article for The Washington Post, continued from page B5, undated clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf ↩︎

  13. Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," Studies in Intelligence 21, no. 4 (Winter 1977), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.pdf ↩︎

  14. Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf ↩︎

  15. Proceedings, International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C., September 19 to 21, 1977 (IEEE catalog 77CH1259-1), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4.pdf ↩︎

  16. Harry L. Snyder and Arlene G. Snyder, "Summary and Critical Evaluation: Research in Remote Viewing," Report RV-79-1, Systemetrics, Inc., June 1, 1979, contract 77F104420, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9.pdf ↩︎

  17. INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H-S, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, signed Robert J. Jachim, Project Manager, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf ↩︎

  18. INSCOM information paper IAOPS-H, "Information for ACSI-INSCOM Meeting," February 28, 1983, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030007-5.pdf ↩︎

  19. Department of the Army memorandum DAMI-ISH, "CENTER LANE DAMI-ISH Funding Initiative," undated (refers to the end of FY 83), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700180003-3.pdf ↩︎

  20. Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME Project Report," October 19, 1983, Appendix III, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6.pdf ↩︎

  21. Defense Intelligence Agency, "SUN STREAK" special access program background, CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5.pdf ↩︎

  22. Edwin C. May and Wanda L. W. Luke, "A Long-Term, Integrated, Basic and Applied Research Plan (U)" (draft), May 10, 1991, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1; the same passage appears in "A Comprehensive Research Plan for Anomalous Mental Phenomena (U)," CIA-RDP96-00789R003100080001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1.pdf ↩︎

  23. ARPA memorandum ARPA-AS-TS-67-20, "Project BIZARRE," September 27, 1967, signed Richard S. Cesaro, Acting Director, Advanced Sensors, declassified copy. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/08.pdf ↩︎

  24. Annie Jacobsen, Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). ↩︎

  25. Congressional Record, House, September 24, 2003, pp. H8500 to H8550, Conference Report on H.R. 2658, Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2004 (House Report 108-283), Sec. 8131 and Joint Explanatory Statement. https://sgp.fas.org/congress/2003/tia.html ↩︎

  26. Dan Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," Nextgov/FCW, August 13, 2003. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/ ↩︎

  27. Robin Hanson, "The Policy Analysis Market (and FutureMAP) Archive," George Mason University. https://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/policyanalysismarket.html ↩︎

  28. DARPA, "Report to Congress regarding the Terrorism Information Awareness Program," May 20, 2003, Annex B, FutureMAP. https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/TIA/TIA-report.html ↩︎

  29. "Pentagon Abandons Terrorism Betting Plan," Associated Press, July 29, 2003, as published by KSL. https://www.ksl.com/article/103317 ↩︎

  30. Congressional Record, House, September 24, 2003, conference report on H.R. 2658 (House Report 108-283), Sec. 8131 and joint explanatory statement. https://sgp.fas.org/congress/2003/tia.html ↩︎

  31. DARPA, "Bridging the Bio-Electronic Divide," January 19, 2016 (paraphrased). https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/bridging-the-bio-electronic-divide ↩︎

  32. USAspending.gov API, POST /api/v2/search/spending_by_award/ and /api/v2/search/spending_by_category/recipient/, filters: time_period 2007-10-01 to 2026-09-30, award_type_codes A, B, C, D, recipient_search_text "SRI INTERNATIONAL", awarding subtier agency "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" (toptier Department of Defense); the count endpoint returned 113 contracts; reproduced October 8, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/docs/endpoints ↩︎