The_Info_Web/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Parapsychological Association.md

---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Parapsychological Association
aliases:
  - PA
  - Parapsychological Association (PA)
tags:
  - Organization
  - Parapsychology
  - ConventionHistory
  - PsiResearch
  - Stargate
description: The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of parapsychology.
category: "Private Organization"
summary: "The Parapsychological Association is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of parapsychology, formed at Duke University in 1957 and affiliated with the AAAS since 1969."
start: 1957
location: "Durham, North Carolina, USA"
relations:
  - type: founded
    with: "[[J. B. Rhine]]"
    start: 1957
    role: "proposed the formation of the association at a workshop at the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory"
    fn: 2
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Robert A. McConnell]]"
    start: 1957
    end: 1958
    role: "president of the founding council"
    fn: 1
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]"
    start: 1969
    role: "affiliated organization"
    fn: 5
---

The [[Parapsychological Association]] is an international professional organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of [[Parapsychology]]. It was formed at [[Duke University]] on June 19, 1957, and has held an annual convention each year since 1958. It became an affiliated organization of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in December 1969. Its conventions of the 1980s and 1990s included papers by researchers of [[SRI International]] and [[Science Applications International Corporation]] whose reports are in the [[Stargate Project]] collection.

### Formation at Duke, 1957

On June 19, 1957, a professional parapsychological society was formed at Duke University, with the purpose of advancing parapsychology as a science by serving as "an international meeting ground" for those engaged in research in the field. The announcement was published in the December 1957 issue of the [[Journal of Parapsychology]].[^1] The association states that it was created in [[Durham, North Carolina]] on June 19, 1957, and that its formation was proposed by [[J. B. Rhine]], director of the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]], at a workshop held in that laboratory.[^2]

The founding council of seven was elected at the organizational meeting. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh was president. [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] of the City College of New York was vice-president, [[Rhea White]] of Duke University was secretary, and [[Remi J. Cadoret]] of Duke University was treasurer. The councilmen were [[Karlis Osis]] of the [[Parapsychology Foundation]], [[Margaret Anderson]] of Duke University, and [[W. G. Roll]] of Oxford University.[^1] Membership had two classes, Members and Associates, each admitted by a vote of the council after nomination. The Journal was affiliated with the association, and members received a subscription to it. Annual dues were $10 for Members and $6 for Associates resident in the United States.[^1]

### Presidents and convention sites

The association held an annual convention each year from 1958, with a president listed for each convention year through 2017.[^3] The March 1958 Journal announced the first annual convention at the [[City College of New York]] for September 4 to 6, 1958, and set June 19, 1958, as the closing date for membership applications that would make applicants charter members.[^4] The association's convention table lists the 1958 convention at Duke University in Durham, with Margaret Anderson as program chair.

| Year | President | Convention site |
|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Robert A. McConnell | Durham, North Carolina (Duke University) |
| 1959 | Gertrude Schmeidler | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1960 | [[J. Gaither Pratt]] | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1961 | Karlis Osis | New York City (Henry Hudson Hotel) |
| 1962 | Margaret Anderson | Durham, North Carolina (Jack Tar Durham Hotel) |
| 1963 | [[Carroll B. Nash]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1964 | William G. Roll | Oxford, England (Christ Church) |
| 1965 | [[Ramakrishna Rao]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1966 | [[Montague Ullman]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1967 | [[E. Douglas Dean]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1968 | [[Ian Stevenson]] | Freiburg, Germany (University of Freiburg) |
| 1969 | [[Hans Bender]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1970 | [[Robert Van de Castle]] | New York City (Barbizon-Plaza Hotel) |
| 1971 | Gertrude Schmeidler | Durham, North Carolina (Durham Hotel and Motel) |
| 1972 | [[John Beloff]] | Edinburgh, Scotland (University of Edinburgh) |
| 1973 | [[Rex Stanford]] | Charlottesville, Virginia (University of Virginia) |
| 1974 | [[Robert L. Morris]] | Jamaica, New York |
| 1975 | [[Charles Honorton]] | Santa Barbara, California |
| 1976 | [[Martin Johnson]] | Utrecht, Netherlands |
| 1977 | [[Charles Tart|Charles T. Tart]] | Washington, D.C. |
| 1978 | Ramakrishna Rao | St. Louis, Missouri |
| 1979 | [[John Palmer]] | Moraga, California |
| 1980 | Ian Stevenson | Reykjavik, Iceland |
| 1981 | [[Irvin Child]] | Syracuse, New York |
| 1982 | John Beloff | Cambridge, England |
| 1983 | [[Stanley Krippner]] | Madison, New Jersey |
| 1984 | Rhea A. White | Dallas, Texas |
| 1985 | Robert L. Morris | Medford, Massachusetts (Tufts University) |
| 1986 | [[Debra H. Weiner]] | Rohnert Park, California |
| 1987 | [[Richard S. Broughton]] | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| 1988 | [[Dean Radin]] | Montreal, Canada |
| 1989 | [[Hoyt Edge]] | San Diego, California |
| 1990 | Ramakrishna Rao | Chevy Chase, Maryland |
| 1991 | [[Steven E. Braude]] | Heidelberg, Germany |
| 1992 | John Palmer | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| 1993 | Dean Radin | Toronto, Canada |
| 1994 | [[Deborah L. Delanoy]] | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| 1995 | [[Carlos Alvarado]] | Durham, North Carolina |
| 1996 | Richard S. Broughton | San Diego, California |
| 1997 | [[Edwin May|Edwin C. May]] | Brighton, England |
| 1998 | Dean Radin | Halifax, Canada |
| 1999 | Dean Radin | Palo Alto, California |
| 2000 | [[Marilyn Schlitz]] | Freiburg, Germany |
| 2001 | [[Nancy L. Zingrone]] | New York City |
| 2002 | [[Mario Varvoglis]] | Paris, France |
| 2003 | Carlos Alvarado | Vancouver, Canada |
| 2004 | [[Nancy Zingrone]] | Vienna, Austria |
| 2005 | [[Caroline Watt]] | Petaluma, California |
| 2006 | Dean Radin | Stockholm, Sweden |
| 2007 | Rex Stanford | Halifax, Canada |
| 2008 | [[Roger Nelson]] | Winchester, England |
| 2009 | [[Etzel Cardeña]] | Seattle, Washington |
| 2010 | [[David Luke]] | Paris, France |
| 2011 | David Luke | Curitiba, Brazil |
| 2012 | [[Alejandro Parra]] | Durham, North Carolina |
| 2013 | Alejandro Parra | Viterbo, Italy |
| 2014 | [[James C. Carpenter]] | Concord, California |
| 2015 | James C. Carpenter | London, England |
| 2016 | [[Chris A. Roe]] | Boulder, Colorado |
| 2017 | Chris A. Roe | Athens, Greece |

The convention banquet speakers listed in the same table include [[John C. Lilly]] (1969), [[Arthur Koestler]] (1972), [[Willis Harman]] (1975), [[Karl Pribram]] (1979), [[Claiborne Pell]] (1988, Montreal) and [[Michael Crichton]] (1989, San Diego).[^3]

Dean's report, published in 2015, states that he was elected president in 1966, and its editor's note gives his term as 1967 to 1969. Dean also wrote that in 1968 he became the association's secretary and that in 1969 he was elected to the board, tied on votes with John Beloff, who lost the draw by lot. The convention table lists Dean for 1967, Ian Stevenson for 1968 and Hans Bender for 1969.[^3][^5]

### Application for AAAS affiliation, 1963 to 1969

Dean wrote that the association reached the five-year minimum required for an application in 1963, and that its president, Carroll B. Nash, made the first attempt that year. The application was refused.[^5] Dean promised to try again and was elected president in 1966. His 1967 application passed the first hurdle, a recommendation from the AAAS committee on new affiliations, in November 1967. The committee's statement said it would gladly support scientific research in parapsychology but did not wish to assert that this proved extrasensory perception.[^5]

Dean wrote that the second hurdle was the AAAS Board of Directors, which met on December 26. He wrote that some of the eminent scientists on the board regarded the idea that parapsychology could count as science as preposterous and refused to let the application proceed to a third hurdle. He wrote that on December 30 a stormy controversy produced a board motion that the matter be put to a yes-or-no vote in 1968, and that the board dissolved the entire committee on new affiliations, ostensibly for other reasons.[^5]

In 1968 Dean filed a further application with the AAAS Committee on Council Affairs. He described the AAAS president, [[Walter Orr Roberts]], as sympathetic to the association's request, and wrote that Roberts spoke in its favor before the committee but was outvoted, so that the application failed at the first hurdle. The committee also decided to rewrite the criteria for new affiliations, which Dean again described as ostensibly for other reasons.[^5]

Dean wrote that in 1969 he considered holding back to avoid hostility to the new criteria expected in 1970, and that [[Robert A. McConnell]] advised him to apply in 1969 regardless. A letter from the AAAS office in Washington told him that the committee would most likely defer an application made in 1969 until the revised criteria were in force. The association's board backed his decision, and the fourth application went in. Each application cost about $150 in advance. The committee's twelve scientists each received about four pounds of reprints, the association's constitution and rules, and encyclopedia articles, together with twenty typed pages of argument, answers to six procedural questions and seven questions on the admission criteria, and the results of a survey of members. Dean wrote that about two thirds of the members who replied already belonged to the AAAS as individuals, that nine members were AAAS Fellows, that two of three members held doctorates, and that a list of about fifty master's and doctoral theses on parapsychology accompanied the application. In the autumn McConnell mailed literature on parapsychology to all 530 delegates to the AAAS Council.[^5]

Dean wrote that the application was reviewed by the first committee in the second half of November 1969, that he learned in mid-December that it had passed, and that it stood as Item 7 on the agenda of the Council. A typographical error listed four association members as AAAS Fellows instead of nine. Dean traveled to the AAAS annual meeting in Boston, found Roberts as he came out of a television studio, and was told that the error could be corrected and that the Board of Directors had approved the application. The Council vote remained.[^5]

A proposal submitted by [[Edgar Mitchell]] and prepared by [[Henry Puharich]] gives the words of [[Bentley Glass]], the 1969 AAAS president, on the Committee on Council Affairs: that it had considered the association's work for a very long time, concluded that the association investigated controversial or non-existent phenomena, found it open in membership to critics and agnostics, and was satisfied that it used scientific methods of inquiry, so that its investigation could be regarded as scientific.[^6]

### The December 1969 Council vote

The AAAS Council met on December 30, 1969, in the ballroom of the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Boston, under the chairmanship of Glass. Attendance was 210 members in the morning session and 172 in the afternoon session. Committee reports were not presented orally, and "Upon recommendation of the Committee on Council Affairs and the Board of Directors, Council voted to grant affiliation to the American Orthopsychiatric Association and to the Parapsychological Association."[^7]

Dean watched from a roped-off observers' gallery at the back of the hall. He wrote that [[Athelstan Spilhaus]], who was to preside, and Roberts were both absent, and that Glass called Item 7 at about noon: the affiliation applications of the [[American Orthopsychiatric Association]] and the association. Glass took the two separately. The orthopsychiatric application was moved, seconded and passed by voice vote without discussion. When Glass called for a motion on the association's application there was a silence of about ten seconds before a voice said yes, and a further silence of about five seconds before a second. Dean wrote that Glass had tried through a friend to arrange a mover and that the attempt appeared to have failed.[^5][^8]

Dean wrote that a man whose name he did not catch objected that the phenomena of parapsychology did not exist, that scientific research on them was therefore impossible and that the association was a null science, and that a woman member said the Council was not familiar with parapsychology and was not qualified to vote on the association. Dean wrote that this was not wholly accurate because McConnell had mailed literature to all 530 delegates. Glass then gave the committee's conclusion, and added that nine AAAS Fellows, not four, were members of the association.[^5][^8]

Dean recorded that [[Margaret Mead]] spoke after Glass asked for further comments. In his report she said that for the previous ten years the Council had been discussing what science and scientific method are and which societies make use of them, and had changed its rules as a result of those debates, that the association used statistical methods, blinding, placebos, double-blind procedures and other standard methods, and that the history of scientific progress was full of scientists who investigated phenomena the scientific establishment held not to exist. She proposed that the Council vote in favor of the society's work.[^5]

Dean wrote that Glass called a show of hands, which he estimated at 160 to 180 in favor, and that the opposed numbered approximately 30 to 35. Glass said the motion appeared to be carried and that he would call for a count if anyone insisted. No one did, and Glass declared the motion carried and moved to Item 8.[^5]

### Wheeler's 1979 appeal

On Monday, January 8, 1979, at the AAAS annual meeting in Houston, the physicist [[John Archibald Wheeler]] spoke at a session on science and consciousness, on a panel with [[Eugene Wigner]] and several parapsychologists. Martin Gardner wrote that the panel included [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]] and Charles Honorton of [[Maimonides Medical Center]].[^9] Wheeler, then director of the Center for Theoretical Physics at the University of Texas, wrote to [[William D. Carey]] at the AAAS as a concerned member of the AAAS, a former member of its board of directors and a former president of the [[American Physical Society]]. He asked that the board and the Council jointly appoint a five-member committee to review the AAAS section of parapsychology. The committee was to determine whether the field had produced any "battle tested result," to report on the advantage workers in the field gained in fund raising from their association with the AAAS and on the effect on the public image of the AAAS, and to advise whether the section should be left as it was, suspended or deleted. Wheeler wrote in the letter: "I know that the views of our late and beloved Margaret Mead were strong in getting parapsychology admitted to the AAAS. I was present at the meeting where it happened." He added that Admiral [[Hyman G. Rickover]] had telephoned to support his position.[^10]

Gardner wrote in the [[New York Review of Books]] of May 17, 1979, that Wheeler had asked the AAAS to reconsider its decision, "made ten years ago at the insistence of Margaret Mead." Gardner reprinted two appendices by Wheeler under the heading "Drive the Pseudos Out of the Workshop of Science," together with the letter.[^9] In the appendix Wheeler wrote that as a member of the AAAS Board of Directors he had "voted against the majority of the much larger Council at that time" and against the admission of "parapsychology" as a new division at the Boston meeting in 1969. He wrote of "pretentious pseudo-science" and of the name "AAAS-Affiliate," which he said gave solicitations "an air of legitimacy," and he put parapsychology's fund raising in the United States at between $1 million and $20 million a year.[^9] Wheeler wrote that he did not propose to stop anyone working in the field or to restrict publication in journals such as the [[International Journal of Parapsychology]] and the Journal of Parapsychology.[^9]

In a letter of September 27, 1979, Wheeler gave references on extrasensory perception and quantum mechanics, among them [[C. E. M. Hansel]]'s ESP: A Scientific Evaluation.[^11] In the issue of June 26, 1980, the physicists [[Olivier Costa de Beauregard]], [[Richard D. Mattuck]], [[Brian Josephson]] and [[Evan Harris Walker]] wrote that Wheeler had "violently attacked parapsychology" and that they were physicists who had for some years researched a possible connection between quantum mechanics and parapsychology. Gardner replied in the same issue.[^12]

### Schnabel's account of the field's standing

[[Jim Schnabel]] wrote that in 1969, after a rousing conference speech by Mead, the AAAS voted to admit the association to its ranks of approved disciplines, and that her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to a field that had long struggled for scientific acceptance. He wrote that the field and the association continued to face an "informal system of scientific apartheid": parapsychologists were officially allowed to call themselves scientists but were largely kept out of the mainstream, often ignored, and forced to rely on private funding and to publish in their own specialized journals. Schnabel attributed this in part to work that was statistically significant but lacked tangible, real-world applications that could convince skeptics. He named the Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory as an example of a research institution whose work contributed to the field.[^13]

### Conventions and government-linked research, 1979 to 1990

The association's newsletter, PSI News, reported in October 1979 that a grant of $500,000 from [[James S. McDonnell]], chairman of [[McDonnell Douglas]], had established a parapsychology laboratory at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] under the physicist [[Peter R. Phillips]], and that McDonnell was an honorary member of the association.[^14]

At the 1982 annual meeting of the association, [[Ray Hyman]] and Honorton debated the results of the psi ganzfeld experiments. Each had analyzed all known ganzfeld experiments and reached very different conclusions. Their arguments appeared in the March 1985 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology, and in December 1986 they published a joint article.[^15] A chronology of Chinese interest in exceptional functions of the human body in the STARGATE collection records that H. E. Puthoff of SRI International reported at the 1985 convention an attempt to repeat experiments reported by researchers from the People's Republic of China at the association's 1982 convention, and that the repetition was partially successful, with smaller magnitude than the Chinese results.[^16]

The 28th convention, at [[Tufts University]] in Medford, Massachusetts, in August 1985, carried several papers by SRI staff, cited in SRI reports in the collection. Hubbard, May and Puthoff presented "Possible Production of Photons During a Remote Viewing Task: Preliminary Results" (proceedings pp. 355-372), and [[Jessica Utts]] and May presented "An Exact Method for Combining P-values" (pp. 431-439).[^17][^18] May, Humphrey and Mathews presented "A Figure of Merit Analysis for Free-Response Material" (pp. 343-354), Radin, May and Thomson "Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: Meta-Analysis Part 1" (pp. 199-234), and May, Radin, Hubbard, Humphrey and Utts "Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: An Informational Model" (pp. 237-266).[^19] The convention table lists Robert L. Morris as president for 1985 and Dean Radin as program chair.[^3]

At the 29th convention, at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California, in August 1986, Radin and May presented "Testing the Intuitive Data Sorting Model with Pseudorandom Number Generators: A Proposed Method" (pp. 539-554).[^20] At the 31st convention in Montreal in August 1988, Humphrey, May and Utts presented "Fuzzy Set Technology in the Analysis of Remote Viewing" (pp. 378-394), and May and S. J. P. Spottiswoode presented "A Michelson Interferometer Schrodinger Cat: The Death of the Observation Theories."[^21] At the 33rd convention, at the National 4-H Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland, in August 1990, May, Luke, Trask and Frivold presented "Observation of Neuromagnetic Fields in Response to Remote Stimuli" (pp. 168-185), cited in a report of Science Applications International Corporation, and Lantz, May and Piantanida presented "Remote Viewing: From what Time Frame Does the Information Originate?" (pp. 138-150), cited in a compilation of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory.[^22]

### Research endowment and current organization

The association's website, archived in 2016, describes the Parapsychological Association Research Endowment, created from a donation by Schmeidler. Its grants are administered by the board through a committee, for scholarships and grants-in-aid, usually for projects costing between $2,000 and $5,000. The 2016 site also describes the association as a non-profit, non-adjudicating organization that endorses no ideologies or beliefs other than the value of rigorous scientific and scholarly inquiry.[^23][^24] The association also administers the [[Gilbert Roller]] Fund for field investigation of macroscopic psychokinesis.[^25]

The association's current website lists [[Gerhard Mayer]] as president for 2025 and 2026, with Erika A. Pratte as vice-president, Jacob Glazier as secretary and Diane Hennacy as treasurer.[^26]

### Footnotes

[^1]: "Announcement of Formation of the Parapsychological Association," *Journal of Parapsychology* 21, no. 4 (December 1957), pp. 315-316. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1957-12_21_4
[^2]: Parapsychological Association, "About," parapsychological.org/about/, accessed October 9, 2026. https://parapsychological.org/about/
[^3]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, listing president, convention city, dates, program chair and banquet speaker for 1958 to 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
[^4]: "The Parapsychological Association, First Annual Convention," *Journal of Parapsychology* 22, no. 1 (March 1958). https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1958-03_22_1
[^5]: E. Douglas Dean, "Die Parapsychological Association, affiliiertes Mitglied der American Association for the Advancement of Science. Parapsychologie ist jetzt eine anerkannte Wissenschaft. Wie es dazu kam," *Zeitschrift für Anomalistik* 15 (2015), pp. 47-54. Dean took part in the events he describes. https://www.anomalistik.de/images/pdf/zfa/zfa2015_12_047_dean.pdf
[^6]: Proposal submitted by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, USN, prepared by Henry (Andrija) Puharich, M.D., "Direct Brain Perception" research program, undated, citing Dr. Glass, the 1969 AAAS president, in note 24. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2
[^7]: Dael Wolfle, "AAAS Council Meeting, 1969," *Science* 167, no. 3921 (February 20, 1970), pp. 1151-1153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3921.1151
[^8]: English typescript of the account of the December 1969 AAAS Council session that Dean published in German in 2015, in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040024-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040024-0
[^9]: Martin Gardner, "Quantum Theory and Quack Theory," *New York Review of Books*, May 17, 1979, including the appendices and letter of John Archibald Wheeler. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/quantum-theory-and-quack-theory/
[^10]: John Archibald Wheeler, letter to William D. Carey, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "'A Decade of Permissiveness'," *New York Review of Books*, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/a-decade-of-permissiveness/
[^11]: John Archibald Wheeler, "The Superluminal," letter, *New York Review of Books*, September 27, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/09/27/the-superluminal-2/
[^12]: Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Richard D. Mattuck, Brian D. Josephson and Evan Harris Walker, with a reply by Martin Gardner, "Parapsychology: An Exchange," *New York Review of Books*, June 26, 1980. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1980/06/26/parapsychology-an-exchange/
[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997.
[^14]: "McDonnell Establishes Laboratory for Psychic Research," *PSI News* (Parapsychological Association) 2, no. 4 (October 1979), by Peter R. Phillips. CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080029-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080029-3
[^15]: "Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers*," STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, describing the 1982 debate and the ganzfeld meta-analysis, and crediting Edwin C. May of SRI International. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
[^16]: "Chronology of Recent Interest in Exceptional Functions of the Human Body in the People's Republic of China," STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300011-9, entry for August 1985. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400300011-9
[^17]: SRI International, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations*, final report, December 1988, covering November 1983 to October 1985, references A-10 (Hubbard, May and Puthoff; Utts and May). CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200400001-3
[^18]: Utts and May, "An Exact Method for Combining P-values," *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 28th Annual Convention*, pp. 431-439, in a bibliography in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170001-8. The Hubbard, May and Puthoff paper appears with pp. 355-372 in CIA-RDP96-00789R002200190001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200170001-8
[^19]: STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000300150001-4 (May, Humphrey and Mathews, pp. 343-354) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000300300001-7 (Radin, May and Thomson, pp. 199-234; May, Radin, Hubbard, Humphrey and Utts, pp. 237-266), citing the *Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association*, Tufts University, August 1985. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300300001-7
[^20]: SRI International report, STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200220001-3, citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers of the 29th Annual Parapsychological Association Convention*, Sonoma State University, August 1986. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200220001-3
[^21]: Cognitive Sciences Laboratory compilation, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4 (Humphrey, May and Utts, pp. 378-394), and a STARGATE bibliography, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170001-8 (May and Spottiswoode), citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 31st Annual Convention*, Montreal, August 1988. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
[^22]: SAIC report, STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000300310001-6 (May, Luke, Trask and Frivold, pp. 168-185), and Cognitive Sciences Laboratory compilation, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4 (Lantz, May and Piantanida, pp. 138-150), citing the *Proceedings of Presented Papers, Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual Convention*, National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, Maryland, August 1990. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300310001-6
[^23]: Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, "First established in 1957, the PA has been an affiliated organization of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) since 1969," and the non-profit, non-adjudicating statement. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/8/parapsychological_association.aspx
[^24]: Parapsychological Association Research Endowment page, archived December 29, 2016, describing the Schmeidler donation, the award process and the $2,000 to $5,000 range. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/8/parapsychological_association.aspx
[^25]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page, archived December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx
[^26]: Parapsychological Association, "About," current board listing for 2025-2026. https://parapsychological.org/about/