The_Info_Web/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md

aliases	category	tags	summary	location	relations	created	updated
Ronald Pandolfi Ron Pandolfi Ronald S. Pandolfi Dr. Ronald Pandolfi Dr. Ron Pandolfi Ron Pandolphy Pelican	Intelligence & Government	Person CIA UFO Aviary RockefellerInitiative Hughes CoxReport WeirdDesk SenateIntelligence 1990s	CIA analyst who visited Hughes Electronics in 1995 and briefed the Senate Intelligence Committee in closed session in 1998, and who appears in a purported 1993 UFO briefing telecon.	Los Angeles; Washington, D.C.	type with start role fn employed_by Central Intelligence Agency 1995 described as a CIA scientist (Farley, 1995), a CIA analyst (Cox Committee, 1999) and a CIA scientist (New York Times, 1998) 2 type with start end role fn investigated Hughes Electronics 1995 1995 examined the company's 1995 failure review for a Long March 2E launch and reported concern that technical data had passed to China 5 type with start end role fn participant_in Senate Select Committee on Intelligence 1998 1998 testified in closed session in September 1998 on Hughes and China 7 type with start end role fn participant_in Cox Committee 1998 1998 interviewed by the House select committee on November 4, 1998 5	2026-10-02	2026-10-15

Ronald Pandolfi is described in the files of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy on Laurance Rockefeller's UFO initiative, in a Congressional Research Service chronology and in The New York Times as a scientist or analyst of the Central Intelligence Agency. He figures in the 1998 congressional inquiry into Hughes Electronics and China, and in the UFO-community accounts of the The Aviary, where a roster names him as Pelican.

The Science Adviser's Briefing, 1993

A transcript headed "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and C.B. Scott Jones," dated April 15, 1993, purports to record a call between Pandolfi and C. B. Scott Jones of the Human Potential Foundation. In it Pandolfi says "we had been tasked a couple of days before the proposed visit of Laurance Rockefeller with the White House Science Advisor, to provide a briefing update to him, and we didn't do that, instead we tasked out friend Dr. Bruce Maccabee to do it." Jones asks "why didn't you guys do it yourselves?" Pandolfi answers "We didn't have the material here to do it on that short of notice, didn't have any reference material in the file records, and Bruce had already taken a shot on something fairly similar." He describes a briefing book of "one and a half pages of bulletized notes, and then tabs going back to paragraphs on each of the main points, and then further tabs going back to the original source material," which is "unclassified." He says the science adviser, John H. Gibbons, "got it the night before," that "Kit was supposed to meet with Jack yesterday and supposed to give us some guidance today," and "My guess is that he is not going to do anything. He seemed to be fairly adverse to this whole subject." The reproduction of the transcript is garbled in places, and the sentence about "he" does not identify the person. Asked whether the timing was a coincidence, Pandolfi says "No, Gibbons tasked us to do this," and that Gibbons, who "didn't have any background" and "never heard of the Majestic-12," "contacted our representative over there and asked whether we could provide some support." Jones says in the transcript that Gibbons "was not read into it" and "declared to us that he was an agnostic." The transcript does not name the agency Pandolfi speaks for.¹

The transcript reached the files through C. Richard Farley Jr., who wrote that he had been associated with the Human Potential Foundation from August 1991 through April 30, 1994 and had been its Director of Project Development. He sent it to Gibbons on April 29, 1995 as an "enclosed purported transcript of a telephone conversation Jones had with Dr. Pandolfi, allegedly discussing his (and CIA's) role in supporting your response to the Rockefeller 'UFO' initiative." Farley wrote that Jones "routinely 'bugged' Pandolfi's calls, according to Jones' former executive assistant," that Jones himself gave him the transcript "for purposes which were not clear to me then, nor presently," and that he had sent it to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and CIA "months ago." In the same letter Farley wrote that he had learned of Gibbons's release of Rockefeller correspondence from "Mr. Dan T. Smith, of Baltimore, a self-proclaimed confidant and asset of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi, described to me (by Jones, Smith and others) as a CIA scientist," and that he knew of Pandolfi's role "from my discussions with Dr. Bruce Maccabee and from Pandolfi himself at an August, 1993 meeting (Ron, two of his associates, Dr. Jones and myself)."²

Bruce Maccabee wrote to Gibbons on January 2, 1997 that "in April 1993, at the request of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi of the CIA, I sent (faxed) to you an information paper regarding UFOs entitled 'Briefing on the U.S. Government Approach to the UFO Problem as Determined by Civilian Researchers During the Last Twenty Years,'" and enclosed a copy. In it, he wrote, he had presented evidence that the government held a "rather large number of documents on UFO sightings."³

In a letter of March 29, 1997 Farley told Gibbons that Kit Green used the term "myth-making" for efforts by "cultists and culture-change agents employed in ongoing efforts by Laurance Rockefeller, with his attorney Henry Diamond and former Pell aide (and intelligence 'rogue') C.R. 'Scott' Jones, to involve President Clinton in their 'UFO disclosures' initiatives."⁴

Titles and Assignments

Farley's 1995 letter calls him a CIA scientist.² The Cox Committee report places a July 1995 visit to Hughes with "an analyst from the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Intelligence."⁵ A draft letter of July 6, 1998 from Allen Thomson, a former CIA officer, to the agency's inspector general describes Pandolfi as "assigned" at that time to the office of Maj. Gen. John Landry, "the National Intelligence Officer for General Purpose Forces."⁶ The Congressional Research Service calls him "a CIA analyst," and the New York Times calls him "a scientist" in its lede and "an intelligence analyst" in the body.⁷ The Richard J. Boylan roster gives "CIA Deputy Director for the Division of Science and Technology."⁸ Maccabee and the 1998 letter both address him as "Dr."³⁶

Hughes and China, 1995 to 1998

The Cox report describes the 1995 trip. On July 19, 1995 an analyst from the Directorate of Intelligence visited the Hughes "High Bay" assembly and test facility in El Segundo, California, while researching "a draft National Intelligence Estimate relating to the impact of technology transfers on the PRC's military capabilities."⁵ Hughes had assigned its failure investigation to Donald Cromer, a retired Air Force lieutenant general and company vice president. The analyst recalled a conversation with a Hughes engineer about the failure investigation of the Apstar 2 launch, in which a Long March 2E rocket had failed. The engineer said Hughes had given the Chinese information on methods and computer modeling to reduce rocket vibration, and that this was Hughes' intent, while Hughes officials said that all required coordination with the Commerce Department had been undertaken. The committee wrote that the analyst's recollection "seems consistent with the reports Hughes provided to the Commerce Department."⁵

The New York Times of December 7, 1998 began its report, "When a Central Intelligence Agency scientist visited the Hughes Electronics Corporation in Los Angeles in 1995 to learn more about China's missile capabilities, he became concerned that the satellite manufacturer might have helped improve Chinese military capabilities," and named him as Ronald Pandolfi. It reported that Pandolfi was alarmed by what he heard on that trip. "What they told him they were sharing and how far the company had been willing to go, he thought it was questionable from the standpoint of national security," an associate recalled.⁷ The Times described Hughes as "a unit of General Motors and major customer of the C.I.A.," which had denied any wrongdoing and said it was cooperating with the investigations.⁷

The Congressional Research Service recorded that "In April 1996, a CIA analyst, Ronald Pandolfi, had reportedly prepared a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on how Hughes may have helped to improve China's missile capabilities, but the CIA reportedly did not approve the NIE."⁹ The Times reported that "the agency killed his study, called a National Intelligence Estimate," and that "C.I.A. officials disagreed with some of Mr. Pandolfi's conclusions and decided that the estimate was not 'rigorous' enough, one official said, so it was not published or distributed to other Government officials." Bill Harlow, an agency spokesman, said the agency "would not talk about Mr. Pandolfi's experiences or the 1996 National Intelligence Estimate he wrote, because of the investigations."⁷

The Cox report describes what followed. The analyst had alleged that while visiting Hughes in 1995 he came across information indicating that technical data had been improperly passed to the PRC, "and that the CIA had ignored his request for a formal report to CIA Headquarters." The committee asked the CIA to retrieve the names of the Hughes employees the analyst had spoken with, because he could not remember them. The CIA then advised Hughes, without prior notice to the committee, of the employees the committee might seek to interview and of the lines of questioning it would probably pursue. The committee called that action "ill-advised and an impediment to this aspect of its investigation." It wrote that the decision to advise Hughes was discussed at length within the CIA and approved by, among others, the CIA's Principal Deputy General Counsel and Deputy Director for Congressional Affairs, and that because their personal counsel advised certain CIA employees not to make themselves available during the Justice Department investigation, the committee could not interview all the CIA personnel involved. The CIA's official explanation was that it notified Hughes "as a courtesy," and the agency denied that the notification was intended to interfere with the Department of Justice or congressional investigations.⁵¹⁰ The committee interviewed the analyst on November 4, 1998.⁵

The Times reported that a federal grand jury was examining whether Hughes and Loral Space and Communications had gone too far in helping the Chinese after a 1996 launch failure, and that the grand jury and congressional committees then became curious about the company's 1995 review. Steven D. Dorfman, whom the Times called Hughes vice chairman and the Cox report called Hughes' president and chief executive, had told a Senate subcommittee in July 1998 that "no material technology was transmitted to the Chinese that would help them build missiles." The Times also reported that the Commerce Department had acknowledged to Congress that the license for the 1995 review should have been approved by the State Department, which requires Pentagon monitors, that Dorfman told the Senate such monitors "should have been there," and that in 1995 Hughes chairman C. Michael Armstrong was leading the effort to persuade President Bill Clinton to move jurisdiction over satellites from State to Commerce.⁷ The subcommittee's hearings of June 18 and July 8, 1998 on Commerce Department satellite export controls are printed as S. Hrg. 105-867.¹¹ The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence printed its hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998 as S. Hrg. 105-1057.¹²

The Times said that "Two months later, Mr. Pandolfi testified before a closed session of the Senate Intelligence Committee. His testimony remains secret." Officials told the paper that "the agency brought Mr. Pandolfi to the committee's attention, though not immediately."⁷ The Congressional Research Service states that in September 1998 Pandolfi briefed the committee on what he had found at Hughes in 1995, and that the CIA then told Hughes of the briefing. The report cites an internal CIA cable of September 23, 1998, which, it says, Senator Bob Kerrey, the committee vice chairman, and Senator Richard Shelby learned of. The two senators then asked Attorney General Janet Reno for a criminal investigation of whether the CIA had obstructed the Senate inquiry. Shelby said in September 2000 that the Justice Department decided not to charge an unnamed CIA official with obstructing a Senate investigation.⁹

After the news accounts earlier in 1998, Pandolfi "spoke with Federal and Congressional investigators." The Times reported that the agency "helped arrange those interviews after some delay, one official said." The agency denied that it intended to hinder the Senate inquiry and said its officials helped facilitate Mr. Pandolfi's questioning by investigators. "Mr. Pandolfi could not be reached today for comment," the Times wrote.⁷

The Washington Post, in a story printed in the The Kansas City Star on December 5, 1998, reported that officials said on Friday, December 4, that the Justice Department had begun a criminal obstruction-of-justice investigation of the CIA after the Senate committee learned that the agency had told Hughes the names of company officials it had supplied to the committee. The story described Pandolfi as a CIA analyst specializing in technology who told committee staff that in 1995 he had concluded Hughes had been too aggressive in marketing high-technology equipment in China. According to unnamed sources, he had interviewed Hughes executives about their work there, Hughes complained angrily to the CIA that he was operating outside customary channels, and the CIA office that regularly deals with Hughes reprimanded him before the committee summoned him in September. The story said the CIA, aware of his views, gave Hughes advance word of his discussion with the committee and offered names of Hughes executives who might explain the disagreement. A Hughes spokesman, Richard Dore, was quoted as saying Hughes "has not been provided information by the CIA regarding the details of federal criminal investigations involving Hughes."¹³

The Times reported on December 9, 1998 that a Pentagon inquiry had faulted the company's assistance to China.¹⁴

The 1998 Symposium Dispute

A draft letter dated July 6, 1998, addressed to the inspector general of the CIA by Allen Thomson, a former CIA officer, describes an earlier incident in May 1998.⁶ Thomson wrote that on May 8, 1998 Pandolfi called to tell him that Toffler Associates was sponsoring a symposium, "The Future of Space: Protection of Emerging Space Assets," at the headquarters of the National Reconnaissance Office on June 25 and 26, 1998. Landry had given Pandolfi an unclassified brochure and asked for a suggested speaker. Pandolfi suggested Thomson, and Landry agreed, but after the agency's National Intelligence Officer for Science, Technology and Non-Proliferation, Larry Gershwin, told him that Thomson's participation would be unwelcome to the NRO, Landry dropped the matter.⁶

According to the letter, Thomson then sent Toffler Associates a note describing his publications on satellite vulnerability and asking for registration materials. On May 11, a government employee visited Landry's office to complain that Pandolfi had told the writer about the symposium, and claimed that Pandolfi and Thomson had been seen recently in the Pentagon discussing highly classified matters with people who were not cleared for the programs involved. Thomson wrote that he had not been in Washington since the first week of August 1997 or in the Pentagon since 1995, and that the employee had first been described to him as a representative of the National Reconnaissance Office and was later said not to be an NRO employee. When Landry asked for dates, the people involved, and who had made the report, the employee declined, calling the matter "informal allegations." The letter states that Pandolfi sent a memorandum on May 18, 1998 to the security office of the Directorate of Intelligence asking for an investigation of the accusation, and that "nothing has come of Dr. Pandolfi's request" as of July 6. Thomson asked the inspector general to identify the person who made the allegation and, if the allegations were found groundless, to provide Pandolfi and himself with letters saying so.⁶

Reported Role on UFO Matters

Boylan listed "Ron Pandolfi" as Pelican in a roster of the Aviary published in Perceptions, describing him as "CIA Deputy Director for the Division of Science and Technology and current custodian of UFO files at the 'Weird Desk'" who "may be involved in the White House initiative to promptly release UFO information to the public." Boylan gave no source for the roster; in a separate passage he attributed other Aviary claims to an informant he called "Beltway Throat," whom the host site's editor calls Dan Smith, the same Dan T. Smith of Baltimore whom Farley described in 1995 as a "self-proclaimed confidant and asset of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi" (the identification of the two rests on the name alone).⁸ The Aviary of William L. Moore and Jaime Shandera, as described in a UFO BBS text file and in Mark Pilkington's Mirage Men, consisted of bird-named contacts of Moore at Air Force Office of Special Investigations and elsewhere; neither source names Pandolfi, and Boylan's list attaches the same term to a different and larger roster.¹⁵ The authors of the Loose Threads Report wrote that Kit Green left the "weird desk" "before hiring Ron Pandolfi to take over," without a stated source.¹⁶ A note in Jacques Vallee's Forbidden Science: Volume Three, as quoted by Keith Basterfield, ends a list of reported participants in the 1985 Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group with "Ron Pandolfi of CIA also claims to have been involved." Pandolfi does not appear on James Oke Shannon's handwritten attendee list.¹⁷

Bob Oechsler wrote in Alien Update that, "After validating my meeting with Everett Hineman, the CIA Deputy Director for Science & Technology, Pandolfi asked Admiral Bobby Ray Inman if he had in fact talked to me about UFOs," and that Inman "did not deny that such a conversation took place, but was unwilling to discuss any details."¹⁸

The blogger Robert Schaeffer, quoted by Jason Colavito in 2019, reported that the television producer Robert Kiviat was engaged by Joe Firmage to develop a series on Firmage's anti-gravity claims "and also the story of the Aviary UFO history as seen through the eyes of Pandolfi," and quoted Kiviat as saying that "Pandolfi was not willing to state his claims publicly."¹⁹

Later Claims and Litigation

Colavito reported on March 23, 2019 that Kiviat had filed suit "last month" against Firmage and Pandolfi, and against former congressman Daniel Marriott, seeking $300,000. Kiviat said he had not been paid for his work on a planned television project on Firmage's claims, and that the project stalled in part because Pandolfi would not state his claims publicly. Colavito wrote that Kiviat expected the suit to let him depose former officials about the UFO phenomenon.¹⁹

K. Korff wrote in a January 2019 post that in 2008 Pandolfi, working from Defense Intelligence Agency offices in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, asked the MITRE JASON advisory panel to examine alleged American-Chinese high-frequency gravitational wave UFO programs, and that in 2015 he supported Firmage's claims of a faster-than-light anti-gravity propulsion system. Korff also wrote that Pandolfi had Dan T. Smith perform various tasks, including a passive radar project probably tied to a MITRE and CIA National Intelligence Council effort.²⁰

Ryan wrote in 2009 that after Dan T. Smith began inquiries into government knowledge of UFOs he was introduced to Pandolfi, that the two became friends, and that in 2006 Pandolfi passed communications from Kit Green to Smith so they could reach investigators.²²¹

A Substack series by Tanner F. Boyle, "Forbidden Science Dispatches #9," carries the subtitle "The Early NIDS Days, Ron Pandolfi, Kit Green, Robert Frosch, General Motors and Hughes Connections," linking Pandolfi to the early years of the National Institute for Discovery Science research institute founded by Robert Bigelow.²²

Footnotes

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1. "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosed with Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf (digitized by Grant Cameron). The cover letter describes the transcript as "purported." ↩︎

2. Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46), OSTP FOIA 01-22, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/. Sole source for the statements about Farley's own association with the Human Potential Foundation and about Dan T. Smith. ↩︎

3. Maccabee, Bruce, letter to John H. Gibbons, January 2, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 73b, same collection. ↩︎

4. Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection. ↩︎

5. U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (Cox Report), 1999, H. Rept. 105-851, vol. II, ch. 5, "CIA Analyst Visits Hughes," pp. 55-57 (Cromer in the same chapter's account of the Hughes investigation), with notes 142 and 150 (interview of CIA analyst, November 4, 1998), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf ↩︎

6. Draft letter dated July 6, 1998, to the Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency, from a former CIA officer, Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project, https://spp.fas.org/eprint/at_pandolfi.pdf (archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20220120131340/https://spp.fas.org/eprint/at_pandolfi.pdf). Sole source for the May 1998 symposium episode, the Landry and Gershwin exchange and the May 18 memorandum. The letter is marked DRAFT and signed Allen Thomson. Thomson is the author of "Satellite Vulnerability: a post-Cold War issue?" Space Policy, vol. 11, no. 1 (February 1995), pp. 19-30, and "Civil Satellite Vulnerability," Space News, February 20-26, 1995, both listed with the letter in the Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project e-print index, https://spp.fas.org/eprint/. ↩︎

7. Gerth, Jeff, "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," The New York Times, December 7, 1998, section A, p. 20, archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033224/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/us/old-concerns-over-data-transfer-to-china-get-new-attention.html ↩︎

8. Boylan, Richard J., "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," Perceptions, reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the Pelican entry. Boylan gave no source for the roster. ↩︎

9. Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, with notes 76 and 77, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html ↩︎

10. Cox Report, Appendix A, "Investigative Issues," section "CIA and Hughes," pp. 208-209, same URL as note 5. ↩︎

11. U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services, The Adequacy of Commerce Department Satellite Export Controls, hearings of June 18 and July 8, 1998, S. Hrg. 105-867, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-105shrg49591/html/CHRG-105shrg49591.htm ↩︎

12. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Investigation of Impacts to U.S. National Security from Advanced Satellite Technology Exports to China and Chinese Efforts to Influence U.S. Policy, hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998, S. Hrg. 105-1057, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-1051057.pdf ↩︎

13. Washington Post story printed in The Kansas City Star, December 5, 1998, p. A10, https://www.newspapers.com/image/685529422/ ↩︎

14. "Pentagon Inquiry Faults Missile Maker's China Aid," The New York Times, December 9, 1998, as listed in the GlobalSecurity.org news index, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/china/1998/index.html ↩︎

15. "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1024 and UFO1030, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo; Pilkington, Mark, Mirage Men, 2010, PDF at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf ↩︎

16. Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf ↩︎

17. Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, Forbidden Science: Volume Three, p. 480 (the quoted note refers to Alexander's February 2011 book), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. For Shannon's list, Loose Threads Report p. 15. ↩︎

18. Oechsler, Bob, Alien Update, as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf ↩︎

19. Colavito, Jason, March 23, 2019, "Alien autopsy producer sues UFO contactee, former CIA scientist and ex-congressman over stalled UFO documentary," quoting Schaeffer, Robert, blog post of March 2019, and Kiviat's account, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the Kiviat suit and the $300,000 figure. ↩︎

20. Korff, K., "Exposing Harry Reid's 'Black Budget' UFO Program, CIA Disinfo Ops," Medium, January 13, 2019, https://medium.com/@kalkorff/exposing-harry-reids-black-budget-ufo-program-cia-disinfo-ops-71a044802b27, as summarized in the RR0 UFO database entry "Ronald S. Pandolfi," https://rr0.org/people/p/PandolfiRon/index.html. Sole source for the 2008 and 2015 claims. ↩︎

21. Ryan, "Dan Smith: Who's That?", Top Secret Writers, April 26, 2009, as summarized in the RR0 UFO database entry "Dan Throop Smith, Jr.," https://rr0.org/people/s/SmithDan/index.html. Sole source for the passage so cited. ↩︎

22. Boyle, Tanner F., "Forbidden Science Dispatches #9," Substack, subtitle, https://tannerfboyle.substack.com/p/forbidden-science-dispatches-9 ↩︎