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Education and early work

A resume of September 1994 gives his education as a B.S. in physics from the University of Rochester (1962) and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh (1968), with a dissertation, "Nuclear Reaction Studies via the (p,pn) Reaction on Light Nuclei and the (d,pn) Reaction on Medium to Heavy Nuclei," under B. L. Cohen. It lists a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Davis (1968 to 1971), a physics instructorship at City College of San Francisco (1972 to 1976), and consulting for Digital Pathways, Inc. of Mountain View, California (1972 to 1979), for the Psychophysical Research Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey (1972 to 1976) and for the Biofeedback Institute of San Francisco (1973 to 1979), and states that he had been involved in anomalous mental phenomena research "since 1972," after "over 12 years experience in experimental nuclear physics research." It records an Outstanding Achievement Award in Parapsychology from the Parapsychological Association in 1994.³

In an interview of May 12, 1996, May said that he knew nothing of psi during his physics education, drifted after becoming "uninterested in experimental, low-energy nuclear physics," met Charles Honorton and other parapsychologists, spent nine months in India on a search for evidence of "anything out of the ordinary" and failed to find any, and then saw "more psi than I had ever seen in India" while working with Honorton at Maimonides Medical Center.²

SRI, 1976 to 1985

The resume lists him as consultant to SRI's psychoenergetics program from 1976 to 1979 and senior research physicist from 1979 to 1985.⁴ His name appears as an author on SRI's final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates), covering November 1975 to October 1976 under contract N00039-76-C-0077, with Russell Targ, Hal Puthoff, and David Galin and Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in San Francisco, addressed to James Foote of the Navy command.⁵ Jim Schnabel wrote that he "was a physicist who had been brought into the program in 1976," that "he struggled to set up his own contractual fiefdoms at SRI," and that in trying to fund one of his projects he fell out with Ingo Swann, who later said, "I regret to this day that I didn't look at Ed May's horoscope first."⁶

SRI's final report of October 1978, Advanced Threat Technique Assessment (SRI Project 5309, April 18, 1977 to April 15, 1978), lists May as a consultant author with Puthoff, Targ and Swann; it was classified by DIA.⁷ For the Defense Intelligence Agency under contract MDA903-81-C-0292 (a number later replaced, by modification P00002, with MDA908-81-C-0004), SRI delivered his reports Electronic System Perturbation Techniques (September 30, 1980, with Beverly Humphrey and G. Scott Hubbard) and Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation (January 1982, with Hubbard); under MDA908-82-C-0034 the Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey (November 1983, with Humphrey).⁸ For the Department of the Army's United States Army Intelligence and Security Command at Fort Meade, SRI's Center Lane-3 report of December 1984, Personnel Identification and Selection, was written by May and David Saunders and addressed to a Lt. Col. Brian Buzby.⁸

Reports prepared for the Defense Intelligence Agency under contract DAMD17-83-C-3106 include QRT Tasking (November 1984, covering October 1983 to October 1984, by Puthoff, May and Humphrey), Data Base Management (December 1984, by May), Photon Production (Chinese Replication) (May 1985, by Hubbard and May) and An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure (May 1985, by May, Humphrey and Puthoff). His own final report, Enhanced Human Performance Investigations (SRI Project 7408, December 1988, covering November 1983 to October 1985, prepared for the contracting officer Jean V. Smith and classified by the Army Medical Research and Development Command), states that "during FY 1985 a total of $1,240 K was allocated to contract DAMD17-83-C-3106 for the psychoenergetic investigation and review."⁹

Principal investigator, 1985 to 1990

In 1985 the Army's Surgeon General's research office began a five-year program, and the Defense Intelligence Agency, in its own later description, "established close ties with this R/D effort to ensure that applications research would be adequately pursued." The contract was DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," for the period October 7, 1985 to September 30, 1990, to SRI under proposals ESU 84-246 Rev-2 of April 15, 1985 and ESU-246 of September 16, 1985. It names "Edwin C. May, Ph.D." as principal investigator, with an estimated 1,848 hours in the first twelve months, and requires approval of the contracting officer to change him. It also directs the contractor to "attempt to duplicate significant foreign research" to help the intelligence community judge foreign capability. A military interdepartmental purchase request in the same file runs from the Defense Intelligence Agency to Jean V. Smith, SGRD-ACQ, at the Army Medical Research and Development Command at Fort Detrick, Maryland, providing funds for general phenomenological research and development at SRI International. The DIA description adds that when Army funding "might not be available to carry through to the end of the five year period" in 1987, "additional funding was sought by DIA and acquired through funding transfer action by the House Appropriations Committee."⁹¹⁰

His final report of December 1988 for the Army Medical Research and Development Command, Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments, written with Honorton, Diane Ferrari and George Hansen of the Psychophysical Research Laboratories, names the contract DAMD17-85-C-5130 and a contracting officer's technical representative, Peter J. McNelis.¹¹ On September 8, 1989 May, as director of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI International, wrote to Jean Smith at the Army's medical research command asking that three of ten paragraphs be removed from the program's security classification guide. He stated that "all the experimental data, results, theories and protocols collected or developed under contract DAMD 17-85-C-5130 are not inconsistent with what is generally available in the open literature," and that the meta-analysis task for fiscal 1989 had found that "our quantitative measures are statistically inseparable from those resulting from experiments conducted in open laboratories."¹¹

SAIC, 1991 to 1995

The resume lists him as program manager of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI from 1985 to 1990 and director of SAIC's Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from 1991, which "currently employs over twenty full or part-time researchers from a variety of disciplines."⁴ In 1996 May said that he had "presided over 70% of the projects's $20M funding and been responsible for over 85% of the data collected under US Government contracts," that "the CIA started the government's secret work at SRI in 1972" and put in "approximately $250,000" of a program of more than $20 million over 24 years, and that he "shifted the project to another defense contractor" in 1991.²

The Defense Intelligence Agency's contracting file for the SAIC contracts describes the funding. A DIA description of 1992 says that in 1983 "a report with project findings was sent to congressional intelligence and appropriation committees" which "affirmed the existence of remote viewing phenomenon" and was endorsed by a science panel; that follow-on research support "was provided to DIA by Congressional action for FY91," with DIA "identified as the executive agent"; and that "additional R&D funding was received by DIA in the FY 92 Defense Authorization Act." The file names the existing DIA contract MDA908-91-C-0037; it contains a justification for a new $1,450,000 contract under purchase request 330/025Z/92, out of $1,850,000 available "for this Congressional Directed Program" (the remainder for a modification to the existing contract), and a modification, P00001, to contract MDA908-93-C-0004 that corrected a reference from MDA908-92-C-0037 to MDA908-91-C-0037. The Virginia Contracting Activity's justification for other than full and open competition cites the authority "Only one Responsible Source." It states that the earlier "bulk of this prior R&D effort was provided by the Department of the Army's Office of the Surgeon General (United States Army) (SGRD) in 1985" with "Dr. Edwin May as the principle researcher and program manager" at SRI, who "has since joined" SAIC "and has taken his extensive data base and key research assistants with him." It describes him as "regarded as the leading U.S. investigator in this phenomenological area," states that "an extensive classified data base ... has co-mingled with both government and proprietary data," and adds a second SAIC physicist, a Dr. Angelo, with "over 10 years of involvement in this field." A later justification of the same kind, for a modification to the action that produced MDA908-93-C-0004, repeats that restricting the procurement to one source is needed "due to national security considerations," and that the contractor "has been instrumental in establishing all necessary foreign links for this modification."¹²

SAIC's technical proposal of August 27, 1992, by May and Wanda L. W. Luke, "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," answered solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164 from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at 1010 El Camino Real, Menlo Park.¹³ A memorandum of May 31, 1995 on the laboratory's letterhead gives its address as 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto.¹⁴

AIR evaluation and termination

When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of Congress, contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it (1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 National Research Council report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, -0.067). Jessica Utts took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; Ray Hyman agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the Journal of Parapsychology the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.¹⁵

The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An Office of Research and Development memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the Oklahoma City bombing," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the Counterterrorist Center the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."¹⁶

A draft ORD memorandum of April 17, 1995, from the Emerging Programs Group, sought funds from the Director's reserve for "administrative and consultative work by Ed May of SAIC during the Star Gate review," stating that "there will be no substantive research funded or executed."¹⁷ An ORD memorandum for the record of April 11, 1995, records that all contractor reports at the Star Gate facility had been compiled on two annotated bibliographies, one for SRI and one for SAIC, that all additional or duplicate copies of contractor reports at the facility "were destroyed," and drafts a letter to May under his contract asking for an unclassified annotated bibliography of reports by May 15, 1995 and classified copies by July 1, 1995, noting that "the NRC Blue Ribbon Panel will be able to review unclassified documents only."¹⁸

Publicity letters, 1995

In a letter of May 13, 1995 to an officer at the CIA's Rosslyn, Virginia office (name redacted), on SAIC letterhead, May summarized a video tape of the project's television publicity. He wrote that the program "was started in 1972 with Dr. Hal Puthoff; Mr. Russ Targ joined a year later, and Dr. May joined in 1976," that Hammid and Price, "both now deceased," were viewers, and that Hammid "was a long-time friend of Russ." He wrote that an on-site representative "from Jack Vorona's shop" had asked that Targ and the viewer Keith Harary be removed from the project, and that the publicity came "shortly after Russ, Keith and Hella left in 1982." Of an episode of Nightline of about 1983 he noted a discussion of "a CIA 1952 report"; of a NOVA program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," that it included footage of J. B. Rhine and that Gertrude Schmeidler "shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics.'" Of Ray Hyman he wrote that "Ray was not given access to our records in part because he is on record as saying there is no evidence that could get him to change his mind." Of a 1992 television segment on a group called PSI-Teck, he described attending a marketing meeting in Santa Clara where the group presented itself as former intelligence officers, identifying himself in the question period as the project director since 1985 and the author of many of the SRI reports being cited, and said that what they ascribed to the research "bore no resemblance, at all, to what they were claiming."¹⁹

In a memorandum of May 31, 1995, he wrote that "Mr. James Schnabel" was preparing a piece for Channel 4 in Britain on CIA's Project Scanate and the Army's remote viewing unit, covering "details of its organization and its predecessors, specifics of some of the live missions, which agencies had used the service, and who were the major players," that Schnabel had listed five retired program members and some current ones, and that "it is my impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 are interested in an exposé and have garnered full cooperation of past project personnel." The memorandum states that this "raises once again the question of the veracity of past agreements between project personnel and the government."¹⁴

The 1996 commentary

May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the Journal of Parapsychology argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, David Goslin, had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a Senate staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and Robert Rosenthal on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted Joe McMoneagle's 1984 Legion of Merit citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's George Lawrence and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On Nightline that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after Robert Gates said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."²⁰

After 1995

In the interview of May 1996 he said that "in 1996 we moved the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from SAIC to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research (LFR)," "a formal California Corporation that, among other things, will be conducting psi research," then seeking funding with proposals pending.²¹²² He said that Decision Augmentation Theory "resulted from a carefully conducted RNG study we did for the Army in 1979," on which "we spent over $250,000 on that single experiment," with Beverly Humphrey and Jessica Utts as colleagues "from the beginning" and James Spottiswoode joining "much later." The model, he said, "holds that since ESP is real, that it would be very unlikely that we would not integrate that additional, albeit weak and unreliable, into the normal decision processes."²¹

Footnotes

Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications. American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23. ↩︎
"Edwin May Interview," conducted May 12, 1996, Fourmilab (Random PK Project). https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html ↩︎
"Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory," SAIC resume dated September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Resume, September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8 (employment history, 1976 to date). ↩︎
Targ, Russell, Edwin May, and Harold Puthoff, with David Galin and Robert Ornstein. Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates), final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, contract N00039-76-C-0077, period November 1975 to October 1976, SRI International, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300350001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI program's internal conflicts, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 ↩︎
Puthoff, Harold E., Russell Targ, Edwin C. May and Ingo Swann. Advanced Threat Technique Assessment, final report, October 1978, SRI Project 5309, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300040001-4 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C., Beverly S. Humphrey, and G. Scott Hubbard. Electronic System Perturbation Techniques, final report, September 30, 1980, SRI Project 8585, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300210001-5. Hubbard, G. Scott, and Edwin C. May. Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation, final report, January 1982, contract MDA903-81-C-0292, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300260001-0. Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey, final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Saunders, David, and Edwin C. May. Personnel Identification and Selection, Center Lane-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800230001-8. Modification P00002, "New Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110014-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May, and Beverly S. Humphrey. QRT Tasking, final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9; May, Edwin C. Data Base Management, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800250001-6; Hubbard and May, Photon Production (Chinese Replication), May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400310001-9; May, Humphrey and Puthoff, An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure, May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800310001-6; May, Edwin C., Enhanced Human Performance Investigations, final report, SRI Project 7408, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200390001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," sections B and C, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400005-0; military interdepartmental purchase request from the Defense Intelligence Agency to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400001-4; DIA statement of work and background, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C., Charles Honorton, Diane B. Ferrari, and George Hansen. Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments, final report, objective 1, task 1, December 1988, covering July 31, 1987 to September 30, 1988, contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. May, Edwin C., letter to Jean Smith, HQ USAMRDC, Fort Detrick, September 8, 1989, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600170003-3 and -170004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Defense Intelligence Agency, Uniform Contract Format, sections B, C, F and H, and "Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition," Virginia Contracting Activity, purchase request 330/025Z/92, dated February 10, 1992 in the acquisition package, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1 (and companion copies -460007-2, -460003-6 and -460005-4, the last two being modification P00001 to MDA908-93-C-0004); second justification and approval, purchase request 330/0262/93, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000200009-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C., and Wanda L. W. Luke. Phenomenological Research and Analysis, technical proposal, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, August 27, 1992, response to RFP MDA908-92-R-0164, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100200001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C., memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, on Cognitive Sciences Laboratory letterhead, 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Mumford, Rose and Goslin, An Evaluation of Remote Viewing, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2; May, "The American Institutes for Research Review," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract. ↩︎
"Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Draft memorandum, Emerging Programs Group, ORD, to the Director of Research and Development, "Tasking of Edwin C. May of SAIC to facilitate government program review," April 17, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190057-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
Memorandum for the record, "Status of Contractor Reports and Annotated Bibliographies," April 11, 1995, with draft letter to Dr. Edwin May, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170009-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, Rosslyn, Virginia, on his opinions of network television broadcasts about remote viewing, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. ↩︎
May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News Nightline, November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room. ↩︎
"Edwin May Interview," May 12, 1996, Fourmilab. https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html ↩︎
Same interview; May himself dates the move of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research to 1996. ↩︎

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