The_Info_Web/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md

aliases	category	tags	summary	born	died	location	created	updated	relations
Günter Guillaume Gunter Guillaume Günther Guillaume Guenther Guillaume Günter Karl Heinz Guillaume	Intelligence & Government	Person Germany Stasi EastGermany HauptverwaltungAufklaerung ColdWar Intelligence Espionage SocialDemocraticParty WillyBrandt	Günter Guillaume was a Stasi officer who emigrated to West Germany in 1956, became personal aide to Chancellor Willy Brandt, and whose arrest in April 1974 preceded Brandt's resignation.	1927-02-01	1995-04-10	Eggersdorf bei Berlin, Germany	2026-05-01	2026-10-07	type with start end role fn employed_by Stasi 1954 1974 Officer in Special Deployment (OibE); Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung codename Hansen 5 type with start end role fn employed_by Federal Chancellery 1970 1974 Referent for trade union liaison, then party liaison aide to Chancellor Willy Brandt 3 type with start end fn member_of Social Democratic Party 1957 1974 10 type with start end role fn informant_for Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung 1954 1974 codename Hansen 3 type with start fn spouse_of Christel Guillaume 1951 1 type with role fn relative_of Pierre Boom son 1 type with reverse start end fn investigated Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz true 1973 1974 37 type with start end role fn participant_in Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf 1974 1975 defendant, treason trial before the 4th Criminal Senate 50

Günter Guillaume was born February 1, 1927, in Berlin, Germany, and died April 10, 1995, in Eggersdorf bei Berlin.¹² He was an officer of the Stasi, the East Germany Ministry for State Security, and in the early 1970s served in the Federal Chancellery as the personal aide for party affairs to West Germany Chancellor Willy Brandt. His arrest in April 1974 was followed by Brandt's resignation.²

Training and Recruitment

The Stasi trained Günter and Christel Guillaume in East Germany during the 1950s as candidates for defection to the West, and Günter was an Officer in Special Deployment (Offizier im besonderen Einsatz, OibE) of the ministry. The Stasi's foreign intelligence directorate, the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA), registered the couple under the codenames "Hansen" for Günter and "Heinze" for Christel, on September 9, 1954, and October 30, 1958, respectively; the entries survive in the HVA's SIRA databases, which archivists of the Stasi-Unterlagen-Archiv decoded in the 1990s.³ His assignment is recorded as "Integration und Aufklärung der SPD" (integration into and reconnaissance of the SPD).⁴

Markus Wolf, who directed the HVA, wrote that the couple went to West Germany in the mid-1950s on the service's orders under their real names, that Christel's Dutch mother had already moved to Frankfurt, which spared them refugee camps and questioning by Western intelligence services, and that they were told to open and run sources inside the Social Democratic Party.⁵

He was born into a Berlin family and attended primary school from 1933 to 1941, then trained as a photographer, with the details of the sequence unclear because he gave contradictory accounts. He joined the NSDAP on April 20, 1944, left photography about autumn 1944 for three months in the Reichsarbeitsdienst, and was conscripted into the Wehrmacht on January 6, 1945. In May 1945 he spent about six weeks in British captivity and then worked as a farm laborer in Schleswig-Holstein until the end of the year. In 1946 he returned to East Berlin, where he worked as a photographer and last as a technical editor at the publisher Volk und Wissen, again with contradictory statements about those years. He became a member of the FDGB trade union federation in 1950. On May 12, 1951 he married Christel Margarete Ingeborg Boom at the Leisnig registry office, and the couple moved to Lehnitz near Berlin the same year.¹ The security declaration and the refugee-intake file gave different accounts of his years at Volk und Wissen: the intake file gave 1953 to 1955 as picture editor, the declaration 1951 to 1955 as technical editor.⁶ The two records of Christel's birth differ: one gives October 6, 1927, the other November 6, 1927 in Allenstein.⁷ He joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) as a young man.

Emigration and the SPD, 1956 to 1969

On May 12 and 13, 1956 the couple crossed into West Berlin near Hohen Neuendorf-Frohnau and flew to the Federal Republic. On May 13, 1956 they took a flat in Frankfurt. They did not pass through an emergency-admission camp and were taken in at the flat of Christel's mother, the Dutch national Erna Boom, at Finkenhofstraße 29; police registration followed on July 1, 1956. Guillaume applied for residence on September 13, 1956, and the permit was granted on December 3, 1956.¹ The cover story of a family reunification with a mother-in-law who had moved to Frankfurt presented the pair as refugees from the GDR.⁸ The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) memoranda of May 1973 listed the entry without the admission camp, the late application of September 13, 1956, and the gap to the police registration of July 1, 1956 among the features it treated as suspicious.⁹

On August 15, 1956 the couple opened a typing bureau in the shared flat, which added copying and photocopying on September 1, 1956 and ran until April 1, 1957.¹¹⁰ Guillaume also helped his mother-in-law run a coffee shop with a retail trade in coffee and chocolate in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen that she had founded on July 9, 1956, and from July 1, 1957 the two ran it as a joint business that also sold sweets, tobacco products and spirits; the retail business was deregistered in May 1963.¹ The family business has been described as a snack bar.¹¹ A coffee and tobacco shop called Boom am Dom served as a contact point for East German agents.⁸ Wolf wrote that Günter passed information on microfilm in empty cigar tubes that a courier collected in his mother-in-law's shop, and that the HVA kept one-way radio contact with the couple at fixed times on set days of the month.¹²

Guillaume joined the SPD in 1957 and became managing secretary of the SPD sub-district (Unterbezirk) of Frankfurt on March 1, 1964, a post he held until April 30, 1968; from May 1968 until he left for Bonn on December 31, 1969 he was managing secretary of the SPD city-council group in Frankfurt, sat on the city council from October 1968, and served in electoral district 140 as the campaign representative of Federal Minister Georg Leber.¹¹³ Christel worked as a secretary in the SPD's Hesse-South district until 1964 and then in the Hesse state chancellery in Wiesbaden, first as secretary to State Secretary Willi Birkelbach; from February 1971 she worked in Hesse's representation in Bonn until her arrest.¹ Wolf wrote that she became head of Birkelbach's office in the early 1960s and that secret NATO documents reached his desk.¹⁴

Between July 30, 1969, and April 8, 1974, he transmitted 23 items on internal SPD matters, twelve on government policy and nine on trade union questions; the historian Daniela Münkel assesses his intelligence value to the Stasi as not outstanding and him as unquestionably not a top source. The HVA was allowed to destroy its entire file holdings during the dissolution of the Stasi in 1989 and 1990.³ Wolf wrote that Guillaume's information and assessments had a quite different significance from the secret documents reaching the HVA through other sources, and that Guillaume helped shape the détente between the Federal Republic and the GDR by showing the HVA Brandt's will for peace.¹⁵

Chancellery Posting, 1969 to 1972

Guillaume worked in the 1969 election campaign organization of the transport minister Georg Leber, who proposed him for a post in the Chancellery; Herbert Ehrenberg, who headed the Chancellery's economic and social policy department, looked for an aide for liaison with trade unions and employers' associations.³⁴¹ Wolf wrote that Guillaume presented himself to the head of the Chancellery, Horst Ehmke, three weeks after Brandt's election as Chancellor, and that Ehmke saw no reason to refuse his sponsors.¹⁶

The Chancellery's inquiries raised reservations at the security group of the Bundeskriminalamt and at the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND).⁴ The BND answered the Chancellery on December 16, 1969.¹⁷ On December 17, 1969 a BND telex reported that a BND card entry of April 1954 said Guillaume had traveled the Federal Republic on behalf of the publisher Volk und Wissen to establish contacts with publishers, printers and persons and then infiltrate them from the east.¹⁸ The BND also knew that Volk und Wissen served as a residency (Residentur) for members of the Ministry for State Security; its president, Gerhard Wessel, testified that the Chancellery's question had been aimed at Guillaume personally.¹⁹ Wessel was ill on December 23, 1969, and a telex of that date from the BND president gave the Chancellery the background instead. State secretary Egon Bahr, who stood in for the head of the Chancellery, noted by hand on the telex that "Selbst wenn Sie einen positiven Eindruck haben, bleibt ein gewisses Sicherheitsrisiko, gerade hier" (even if you have a positive impression, a certain security risk remains, precisely here).²⁰ Ehmke testified that Bahr had evidently assumed Guillaume would be hired if he made a proper impression in the planned interview, and that this was a misunderstanding, since the interview was meant to gather comparison material and the BfV check still had to follow.¹⁹ Wolf wrote that Bahr remained suspicious and told Ehmke he might be wronging Guillaume but that Guillaume's past made it extremely risky to take him into the Chancellery, and that the warning went unheard.²¹

Ehmke and the Chancellery's security official Schlichter interviewed Guillaume on January 7, 1970, with Ehrenberg present, and Guillaume countersigned the record on January 12, 1970.¹⁹ The BfV completed a comprehensive card check that it reported to the Chancellery security official on January 27, 1970.²² The appointment took effect on January 1, 1970, and Guillaume took up service on January 28, 1970.²³ He was cleared for classified material up to the level Geheim on May 12, 1970.⁴ Wolf wrote that Guillaume was responsible for receiving and forwarding the incoming messages and the courier mail arriving by helicopter, that the BND staff quickly grew used to his evident standing with the government's leadership, and that with the consent of the Verfassungsschutz he soon received the formal clearance for the highest level of classified material.²⁴ On November 30, 1972, an internal order assigned him to the office of the Chancellor, where he took over the party and parliamentary-group liaison portfolio held by the administrative official Reuschenbach.²⁵ Wolf wrote that Reuschenbach, a campaign manager running for the Bundestag, proposed Guillaume as his successor and that from January 1, 1973 Guillaume was the personal aide for party matters, attending the SPD executive and parliamentary-group meetings.²⁶

The BND, the BfV and the Mercker Commission

The Second Inquiry Committee of the Bundestag found that it would have been sensible for the BND president to pass on the BND's knowledge about Volk und Wissen to Ehmke, since a reference to the publisher was in the card report on Guillaume. Nollau testified that he had not mentioned to Genscher the source reports of the Untersuchungsausschuß Freiheitlicher Juristen or of the BND, which had not seemed weighty to him, and that he would have presented the letter of the UfJ of November 22, 1955 had its wording been known to him, because it was truly weighty.²⁷ The committee heard the expert Mercker testify that the BND held material on Guillaume that, under the guidelines, should have been passed to the BfV, and that the principle of passing such domestic-policy material to the BfV had not always been observed.²⁸

Mercker was one of three members of the Mercker Commission, which under a contract of May 31, 1968 with the Federal Republic, represented by the head of the Chancellery Karl Carstens, reviewed complaints by BND staff and tips from outsiders about irregularities in the BND. Its members were the former state secretary Mercker, the former ministerial director Raab and the former lieutenant general Zerbel. The first part of its report of July 24, 1969 dealt with the complaints. The government's published excerpt of the second part, transmitted to the Bundestag on December 3, 1974, records the commission's findings that the BND's effectiveness in reconnaissance against the East had steadily declined and that staff had expressed suspicion that leading BND officials were cooperating with the adversary; the commission found that the staff based this suspicion on specific facts and their assessment, and the government added that the BND's new leadership had followed up the hints and the suspicions had not been confirmed. The commission also found that security reasons, in particular the accusation of enemy control (Feindsteuerung), had too readily been used against inconvenient staff. Its recommendations included intensive Chancellery supervision of the BND to prevent it from becoming a state within the state. The government stated that the full report "ist auch heute nicht zu einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung geeignet" (is not suitable even today for full publication).²⁹

A separate government commission on preventive security (Vorbeugender Geheimschutz), composed of the former state secretaries Birckholtz, Eschenburg, Maassen and Mercker, was established by cabinet resolutions of May 14 and 29, 1974, began work on May 31, 1974, and handed its report on the security questions raised by the Guillaume case to the government on November 18, 1974; the Chancellor Helmut Schmidt forwarded it to the Bundestag by letter of December 3, 1974.³⁰

Warnings and Surveillance, 1973

Wolf wrote that the HVA's longtime West Berlin source Wilhelm Gronau of the DGB's Ostbüro was arrested in autumn 1972 while meeting his East German instructor, and that the instructor carried a note with the name Guillaume.³¹ The Second Inquiry Committee recorded that the first suspicions against Guillaume were recognized in April 1973 and hardened during May, and that the BfV's memoranda of May 11 and 17, 1973 recommended surveillance.³² Wolf wrote that the BfV was certain of Guillaume's identity "nicht später als März 1973" (no later than March 1973).³³

Wolf described how the BfV identified Guillaume through radio traffic. He wrote that in the 1950s the HVA used a Soviet cipher system until it learned that Western services had broken it with computers and could match telegrams to recipients; the HVA withdrew the system and judged that the early telegrams to the Guillaumes allowed no conclusions about their identity, but overlooked the birthday and New Year greetings the service sent its staff. A BfV official handling unattributed radio messages, in canteen talk with a colleague who remembered the name Guillaume from the Gronau case, recalled a recipient whose name began with G, who had become active in the late 1950s, had access to the SPD and was important enough to receive greeting telegrams from East Berlin. He compared the dates of the greetings with the birthdays in the Guillaume family, and Wolf wrote that from then on everything was clear.³⁴ Intercepted and decrypted East German radio messages with birthday greetings and a "Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" ("congratulations to the second man") matched Günter Guillaume and his son, born in Frankfurt, to the same dates, and that the indications then reached the BfV president, Günther Nollau, who recognized an urgent suspicion although no evidence usable in court existed.³⁵

The case file went through the BfV leadership to its president on May 23, 1973, and a meeting on May 28, 1973 concluded that an urgent suspected case existed that cautious surveillance had to clarify and that the material was not sufficient for proceedings by the Federal Prosecutor.³⁶ On May 29, 1973, at 10:30, Nollau briefed the interior minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, with the head of the minister's office, Klaus Kinkel, present. All three testified that Nollau named a special intelligence method and an unexplained five-month gap in Guillaume's curriculum vitae before his move to the Federal Republic as grounds; Genscher said he must inform the Chancellor at once, which Nollau first refused and then also approved. Genscher and Kinkel testified that Nollau named only these two grounds. Nollau testified that he could not say what further details he mentioned and, asked whether he had told Genscher that Guillaume was an agent, answered "not in those words, but with that opinion." The committee found that Genscher and Kinkel did not learn that Nollau and the BfV experts were convinced that Guillaume was a spy still active, and found credible Nollau's statement that he knew the matter better than Genscher.³⁷

Genscher informed Brandt in two conversations, on May 29 after a coalition meeting and on May 30, 1973. Brandt testified that Genscher told him the suspicion came from a source of a special kind reaching back to the 1950s, that he took it seriously but thought the suspicion very unlikely because Ehmke had told him in 1970 or 1971 that Guillaume had been thoroughly checked, and that he did not recall mentioning that. According to the committee, the interior minister relayed the BfV's advice to leave Guillaume in his place and give no warning by changing his function or behavior toward him, and Brandt agreed to the surveillance. In the same conversation Brandt raised whether Guillaume should accompany him on his Norway holiday; Genscher said he would ask Nollau and brought the answer the next day that nothing should change, since the suspect might otherwise be warned.³⁸ Genscher and Nollau gave conflicting accounts of a telephone call on May 30, 1973: Genscher said he asked Nollau whether the Norway plan should change and Nollau said it should not; Nollau insisted he learned of the trip only after it began in early July. The committee stated that the conflict could not be resolved. Grabert confirmed that Brandt told him of the matter on June 4, 1973, and a BfV file note of July 4, 1973 records that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor.³⁹

The Chancellery sent Guillaume a telex with secret information for Brandt on July 4, 1973.⁴ Wolf wrote that Guillaume accompanied Brandt to Norway at the end of June 1973, handled all correspondence for several weeks, and was shown on television at the cipher machine reading a telex.⁴⁰ Chancellery telexes to Brandt's residence, including secret ones, ran through Guillaume's hands.⁸ Wolf wrote that the HVA never received the films of the copied Norway documents: Christel handed them to her courier "Anita", the two women noticed they were being followed, and the courier dropped the package from a Rhine bridge into the water. He wrote that the prosecution at the trial assumed the papers had reached East Berlin, that Guillaume confirmed that version, and that he himself stayed silent about it for the time being.⁴¹

Wolf wrote that the discrepancies between Genscher and Nollau led to a suspicion, in Bonn as well, that insiders had deliberately let Brandt walk into disaster, that Genscher was already talking with the opposition leader Helmut Kohl about a CDU-FDP coalition, and that Nollau, who had maintained until his death that he warned clearly, was declared the culprit.⁴² Genscher and Kinkel testified in Wolf's own trial in 1993 that Nollau had informed them only of a vague suspicion.⁴³

Arrest and Resignation, 1974

Guillaume and his wife were arrested on April 24, 1974 in their apartment in Bonn. The minority opinion of the Second Inquiry Committee, written by the CDU/CSU member Gerster, records the arrest of the personal aide of Chancellor Willy Brandt, Günter Guillaume, and his wife, whom it names "Christine, geb. Boom," on suspicion of intelligence activity. The majority report gives the wife's name as Christel.⁴⁴ Elizabeth Pond reported in 1981 that after his arrest Guillaume confirmed proudly that he was an officer in the East German Army.¹¹ The words widely reported from the arrest are: "I am a citizen of the GDR and an officer of the National People's Army. I ask you to respect my honour as an officer."

Brandt wrote that on the morning of April 24, 1974, on his return from Cairo, he was greeted with the news that one of his Chancellery advisers had been arrested as a spy, that it did not immediately occur to him that he would have to resign, and that his decision matured "without undue haste" and was finally taken on May 6. He wrote that he had "taken advice which, looking back, I should not have taken."⁴⁵

The Bundeskriminalamt delivered a dossier to Brandt on May 1, 1974, containing claims from his bodyguards that Guillaume had brought women to him. Brandt met SPD leaders at Bad Münstereifel on May 4 and informed the SPD leadership on the morning of May 5.⁴⁶ Brandt's resignation letter reached the federal president, Gustav Heinemann, on the evening of May 6, 1974, and states that he takes "die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffäre Guillaume" (political responsibility for negligence in connection with the Guillaume agent affair).⁴⁶ The resignation became public at midnight. Brandt explained the decision to the SPD parliamentary group on May 7. The Bundestag elected Helmut Schmidt as his successor on May 16, 1974.⁴⁶ The years of Guillaume's service were the years of Brandt's Ostpolitik, the normalization of relations between East and West Germany.¹¹ Wolf wrote that the resignation after the arrest of "our scout" Guillaume was something for which he was still blamed.⁴⁷

The East German security service analyzed the resignation in a report of May 14, 1974, titled "Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts." Its conclusion reads "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler" (The Guillaume case was only the outward occasion for Brandt's resignation from the office of Chancellor).⁴⁸ In 1972 the Stasi bribed two members of the Bundestag, whose votes allowed Brandt to survive a no-confidence motion of the CDU/CSU on April 27, 1972.⁴⁸³ Wolf wrote that he recalled the CDU deputy Julius Steiner as a mediocre source who had received regular payments, and that the opposition was unexpectedly two votes short.⁴⁹

Trial and Exchange, 1975 to 1981

Guillaume was tried for treason before the 4th Criminal Senate of the Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf. Brandt testified there on October 1, 1974.⁵⁰ A draft letter to the Rhineland-Palatinate minister-president Helmut Kohl on the question of an exchange of Guillaume is dated September 9, 1974.⁵⁰ On December 15, 1975 the court convicted Guillaume of treason and sentenced him to thirteen years in prison; his wife Christel received eight years.⁵¹³ The Chancellery recorded the announcement of the judgment in a memorandum of December 16, 1975.⁵⁰ Guillaume's sentence of thirteen years for treason was reported in 1981 as having been imposed in 1975.⁵²

Christel Guillaume was released in March 1981, in an exchange described as the first East-West spy swap in twenty months, after West Germany pardoned her. East Germany had repeatedly sought Guillaume's return, while West Germany insisted that he serve his full sentence.¹¹ Reports in September 1981 described a six-nation swap that would include Guillaume, which Bonn did not officially confirm at the time.⁵³ West Germany released Guillaume on October 1, 1981 in an exchange with East Germany, under which, according to a source, about 3,000 East Germans would be allowed to join relatives in West Germany.⁵² Leaked terms of the exchange were that East Germany would release 35 imprisoned West German spies and political prisoners and grant 3,000 exit visas, with France, Denmark and South Africa each releasing an East-bloc agent, and that West Germany would pay $65.2 million and release at least two spies; as carried out, France, Denmark and South Africa kept their Eastern agents for the time being. Guillaume was "placed in a delivery van and hustled eastward," and the East German intermediary was the lawyer Wolfgang Vogel.⁵⁴

Later Life and Family

After his return to the GDR, Guillaume gave several lectures on his operation at the MfS school, and the Stasi celebrated the pair with a two-hour documentary under the title "Auftrag erfüllt" (Mission Accomplished). The memoirs of Werner Grossmann, the last head of the HVA, describe the effect of the affair on Erich Honecker as a "Guillaume-Syndrom": Honecker feared a second case and asked Erich Mielke to shut down further agents in the Chancellery.³

Guillaume published his account in 1988 as Die Aussage: wie es wirklich war (The Statement: As It Really Was), recorded by Günter Karau and published by the Militärverlag der DDR in East Berlin. A second edition followed in 1990 from Universitas in Munich, and a third in 1993 from Ullstein.⁵⁵

Christel Guillaume, born Boom, died in Berlin; her death was reported on March 25, 2004.⁵⁶ Their son, Pierre Boom, was born in Frankfurt on April 8, 1957, and published Der fremde Vater (The Stranger Father) under the name Pierre Boom with Aufbau-Verlag in 2004.¹⁵⁷ Pierre Boom's father was arrested at the family's Bonn apartment on April 24, 1974, and returned to the GDR on October 1, 1981.⁵⁸

Footnotes

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1. Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 7/3083, Unterrichtung durch die Bundesregierung, letter of the Chancellor dated December 3, 1974, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/030/0703083.pdf, PDF pp. 7 and 8 (report of the commission Vorbeugender Geheimschutz, section A.I: biography, birth in Berlin on February 1, 1927; school 1933 to 1941; NSDAP membership from April 20, 1944; Reichsarbeitsdienst; Wehrmacht January 6, 1945; British captivity; 1946 return to East Berlin and Volk und Wissen; FDGB 1950; marriage May 12, 1951 at Leisnig to Christel Margarete Ingeborg Boom, born November 6, 1927 in Allenstein; crossing May 12/13, 1956; flat of Erna Boom, Finkenhofstraße 29; residence application September 13, 1956 and permit December 3, 1956; typing bureau August 15, 1956 to April 1, 1957; coffee shop founded July 9, 1956; joint business from July 1, 1957; retail trade deregistered May 1963; son Pierre Tobias Charles born April 8, 1957; Frankfurt SPD offices and Leber's constituency post; Christel's career). German original: "Günter Karl Heinz Guillaume wurde am 1. 2. 1927 in Berlin geboren." "Am 20. 4. 1944 war G. Mitglied der NSDAP geworden." "Die Angaben über seine Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in dieser Zeit sind allerdings widersprüchlich." "Am 8. 4. 1957 war nämlich der Sohn Pierre Tobias Charles der Eheleute G. geboren worden." ↩︎

2. Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/themenbeitraege/die-affaere-guillaume/. States the OibE designation, the arrest of April 24, 1974 in Bonn, the 1927 birth year and the death on April 10, 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin. German original: "Guillaume starb am 10. April 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin." ↩︎

3. Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), same URL. Gives the Stasi training as defector candidates, the 1969 Leber recommendation, the 1970 appointment as "Referent für die Verbindungen zu den Gewerkschaften" and the 1972 promotion to "Parteireferent", the codenames with BStU, MfS, HV A, MD, Nr. 6, SIRA-TDB 12, SE 7303399, SIRA-TDB 21, ZV 8209795 and SIRA-TDB, ZV 8259394, the 23 SPD, 12 government-policy and nine trade-union items from July 30, 1969 to April 8, 1974, the destruction of the HV A files in 1989 and 1990, the Stasi-school lectures, the documentary "Auftrag erfüllt", the December 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, the 1981 release, the 1972 bribery of two Bundestag members, and the Großmann and Honecker passage citing Herbstritt, Bundesbürger im Dienst der DDR-Spionage, p. 312. German original: "Überliefert sind dort die beiden Decknamen "Hansen" (Günter Guillaume) und "Heinze" (Christel Guillaume) sowie ihr Erfassungsdatum bei der HV A: 9. September 1954 für "Hansen" und 30. Oktober 1958 für "Heinze"." And: "Insgesamt war der nachrichtendienstliche Wert von Guillaume für das MfS nicht herausragend, er war zweifellos keine Spitzenquelle." ↩︎

4. Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte" (text by Barbara Groß and image captions), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/geschichtsgalerien/guenter-guillaume-der-spion-den-niemand-stoppte/. States the mission "Integration und Aufklärung der SPD", the proposal through Leber and contact with Herbert Ehrenberg, the reservations of the Sicherungsgruppe of the Bundeskriminalamt and of the BND, the retroactive hire on January 1, 1970 after the conversation with Ehmke, and carries the captions "Ermächtigung Günter Guillaumes für den Zugang zu Verschlusssachen der Geheimhaltungsgrade VS-Vertraulich und Geheim, 12. Mai 1970," "Fernmeldenachricht des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) an Günter Guillaume mit geheimen Informationen für Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt, 4. Juli 1973," and "Am 24. April 1974, wurden der damalige Kanzler-Referent Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christel in ihrer Wohnung in Bonn verhaftet." ↩︎

5. Wolf, Markus, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen, Munich: Ullstein, 2005 (German-language edition of the memoir; the English edition is Man Without a Face, New York: Times Books, 1997), Internet Archive lending copy spionagechefimge0000wolf, printed p. 264. German original: "Günter Guillaume und seine Frau Christel waren wie Dutzende anderer junger Menschen Mitte der 50er Jahre im Auftrag meines Dienstes unter ihrem richtigen Namen in die Bundesrepublik gegangen." "Das Ehepaar war von uns beauftragt, Quellen innerhalb der SPD zu erschließen und zu »führen«". The page numbers of this edition differ from those of the English edition. ↩︎

6. Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 7/3246, Bericht und Antrag des 2. Untersuchungsausschusses (zu Drucksache 7/2193), February 19, 1975, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/032/0703246.pdf, PDF p. 66. German original: "Im Notaufnahmeverfahren hatte Guillaume angegeben, von 1949 bis 1953 als Fotograf und von 1953 bis 1955 als Bildredakteur im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" gearbeitet zu haben." And: "In der Sicherheitserklärung gab Guillaume an, von 1951 bis 1955 im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als technischer Redakteur tätig gewesen zu sein." ↩︎

7. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23: "Die Ehefrau Christel G., geb. 6. Oktober 1927"; Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 7: born "am 6. 11. 1927 in Allenstein/Ostpreußen". ↩︎

8. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. Gives the 1956 family-reunification legend, the coffee and tobacco shop Boom am Dom, and the Chancellery telexes through Guillaume's hands during the Norway holiday. ↩︎

9. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (the points of the BfV memoranda of May 11 and 17, 1973). German original: "Die Einreise der Eheleute Guillaume am 13. Mai 1956 ohne die Inanspruchnahme des Notaufnahmelagers Gießen und die Zeitdifferenz zwischen der Einreise und dem Notaufnahmeantrag, der erst am 13. September 1956 in Gießen einging, zeige an, daß der schriftliche Antrag einer gründlichen und langen Vorbereitung bedurfte." ↩︎

10. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19. German original: "Dort eröffnete er mit seiner Frau am 15. August 1956 ein Schreibbüro". Also: "Nachdem Guillaume 1957 in die SPD eingetreten war ... wurde er am 1. März 1964 Geschäftsführer für den Unterbezirk Frankfurt der SPD." ↩︎

11. Pond, Elizabeth, "East, West Germany trade spies; West plays 'waiting game'," The Christian Science Monitor, March 23, 1981, https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0323/032355.html. Quoted: "Just before her release, Christel Guillaume was pardoned by West Germany." Also: "In the first East-West spy swap in 20 months, the wife of East Germany's most famous secret agent has been returned to East Germany." Also: "After his arrest Guillaume confirmed proudly that he was an officer in the East German Army." And: "East Germany has tried repeatedly to get master spy Gunter Guillaume back, but West Germany is insisting that he serve his full 13-year sentence." The snack bar is described in the same article. ↩︎

12. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 265. German original: "Die Informationen ließ er uns per Mikrofilm in leeren Zigarrenhülsen zukommen, die ein Kurier im Laden seiner Schwiegermutter entgegennahm. Einseitigen Funkkontakt zu den Guillaumes hielten wir zu festgelegten Zeiten an bestimmten Monatstagen." ↩︎

13. Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 8 (March 1, 1964 to April 30, 1968 as Geschäftsführer of the Unterbezirk Frankfurt; from May 1968 Geschäftsführer of the SPD-Stadtverordnetenfraktion; Stadtverordnetenversammlung from October 1968; Wahlkreisbeauftragter of Georg Leber in Wahlkreis 140; departure for Bonn December 31, 1969); Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19 (SPD entry 1957). ↩︎

14. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 264 and 265. German original: "Christel Guillaume war als erste erfolgreich: Sie wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre Büroleiterin bei Willi Birkelbach." ↩︎

15. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 267 and 268. German original: "Guillaumes Informationen und Wertungen hatten eine ganz andere Bedeutung als die Geheimdokumente, die uns über unsere anderen Quellen erreichten." "es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn ich sage, daß er die Entspannung zwischen Bundesrepublik und DDR mitgeprägt hat". ↩︎

16. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 263. German original: "Drei Wochen nach Willy Brandts Wahl zum Bundeskanzler am 21. Oktober 1969 stellte sich dem Chef des Kanzleramts ein Mann namens Günter Guillaume vor." "Kanzleramtschef Horst Ehmke sah keinen Grund, Guillaumes Befürwortern ihren Wunsch abzuschlagen". The Federal Government's report (Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 9, section Einstellungsvorgang) places the proposal by Ehrenberg in the 1969 reorganization of the Chancellery. ↩︎

17. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 24 ("die von der Unterabteilung des BND am 16. Dezember 1969 gegebene Antwort"). ↩︎

18. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 67 (telex of the BND received December 17, 1969, reporting a card entry of April 1954). German original: "dass nach einer auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt nicht mehr überprüfbaren Karteinotierung des BND vom April 1954 Günter Guillaume im Auftrage des Verlags „Volk und Wissen" die Bundesrepublik bereist haben solle, Verbindungen zu Verlagen, Druckereien und Personen herzustellen und diese dann östlich zu infiltrieren." ↩︎

19. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (testimony of Wessel on the question to the BND and on Volk und Wissen as "Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit"; testimony of Ehmke on Bahr's note; the interview of January 7, 1970 with Ehmke, Schlichter and Ehrenberg, record countersigned by Guillaume on January 12, 1970). German original: "Weiterhin verfügte der BND über die Erkenntnis, daß der Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit diente." ↩︎

20. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the telex of the BND president of December 23, 1969, shown to Bahr in view of a possible vacation deputization, and his handwritten note) and PDF p. 68 (Schlichter's note of December 23, 1969 that Wessel had fallen ill and would respond by telex). German original of the note: "Selbst wenn Sie einen positiven Eindruck haben, bleibt ein gewisses Sicherheitsrisiko, gerade hier". ↩︎

21. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 265 and 266. German original: "Nur Egon Bahr blieb mißtrauisch und erklärte Ehmke gegenüber, möglicherweise tue er Guillaume Unrecht, aber dessen Vergangenheit lasse es als äußerst riskant erscheinen, ihn ins Kanzleramt aufzunehmen. Seine Warnung verhallte ungehört". ↩︎

22. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 28 (the BfV's comprehensive card check, summarized on January 26, 1970 and handed to the Chancellery security official Schlichter on January 27, 1970). ↩︎

23. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23 (hire "zum 1. Januar 1970") and PDF p. 29 ("Guillaume trat seinen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt am 28. Januar 1970 an."). ↩︎

24. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 267. German original: "für Empfang und Weiterleitung der eingehenden Nachrichten und der per Hubschrauber eintreffenden Kurierpost zuständig. Die BND-Leute gewöhnten sich schnell daran, daß Guillaume offensichtlich das Vertrauen der Regierungsspitze genoß. Mit Zustimmung des Verfassungsschutzes erhielt er kurz darauf auch die formelle Genehmigung zum Umgang mit Verschlußsachen der höchsten Geheimhaltungsstufe." ↩︎

25. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 34. German original: "Durch Hausanordnung vom 30. November 1972 wurde Guillaume dem Büro des Bundeskanzlers zugeteilt." The passage states that he had taken over months earlier the portfolio of the administrative official Reuschenbach for links to the party and parliamentary group. ↩︎

26. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 268. German original: "Ab dem 1. Januar 1973 war er als persönlicher Referent für Parteifragen dem Kanzlerbüro zugeteilt". ↩︎

27. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the committee's finding: "Es wäre sinnvoll gewesen, wenn der Präsident des Bundesnachrichtendienstes seinen Erkenntnisstand über den Verlag „Volk und Wissen" weitergegeben hätte") and PDF p. 37 (Nollau on the UfJ and BND source reports: "denn dieses sei wirklich gravierend gewesen"). ↩︎

28. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 49. German original: "Der Sachverständige Mercker hat dazu bestätigt, daß das Prinzip der Abgabe an den BfV bei innenpolitischen Vorgängen nicht immer eingehalten worden sei. So habe auch im Fall Guillaume der BND Material über Guillaume gehabt, daß er nach den Richtlinien an das BfV hätte abgeben müssen." ↩︎

29. Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 2 and 39 to 42 (government statement and excerpt of the second part of the Mercker report of July 24, 1969: contract of May 31, 1968 with the head of the Chancellery Carstens; members Mercker, Raab, Zerbel; findings on the decline of the BND's effectiveness against the East, on staff suspicion of leading officials, on the use of security reasons against inconvenient staff and on Chancellery supervision), with the Second Inquiry Committee's reference to the recommendation of intensive supervision "daß der BND zum Staat im Staate werde" in Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 46. German original of the government's statement: "Der Bericht der Mercker-Kommission ist auch heute nicht zu einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung geeignet." German original of the government's remark: "Die neue Leitung des Dienstes ist den Hinweisen nachgegangen. Die Vermutungen haben sich nicht bestätigt." Of the commission: "Dieser Eindruck ist offensichtlich auch dadurch verstärkt worden, daß vielfach allzu schnell und allzu offensichtlich unzutreffenderweise Sicherheitsgründe, insbesondere der Vorwurf der Feindsteuerung zur Begründung von Maßnahmen gegen unbequeme Mitarbeiter herangezogen worden ist." ↩︎

30. Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 1, 3 and 6 (cabinet resolutions of May 14 and 29, 1974; appointment by letter of May 30, 1974; start of work May 31, 1974; report dated November 11, 1974 and handed over November 18, 1974; letter of the Chancellor of December 3, 1974). ↩︎

31. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 269 and 274. German original: "Im Herbst 1972 wurde Wilhelm Gronau vom Ostbüro des DGB, eine unserer ältesten Quellen in West-Berlin, verhaftet, als er sich mit seinem DDR-Instrukteur traf." Also: the instructor "einen Spickzettel mit sich geführt hatte, auf dem er sich unter anderem den Namen Guillaume notiert hatte". ↩︎

32. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 35 and 36. German original: "Die ersten Verdachtsmomente gegen Günter Guillaume wurden im April 1973 erkannt und verdichteten sich im Laufe des Monats Mai". ↩︎

33. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 269. German original: "Es kann nicht später als März 1973 gewesen sein, daß der Verfassungsschutz sich über Guillaumes Identität als Spion der DDR endgültig im klaren war." The committee's finding is at Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 35. ↩︎

34. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 274 and 275. German original: "Was wir außerdem zu berücksichtigen vergaßen, waren die Geburtstags- und Neujahrsglückwünsche, die unser Dienst an seine Mitarbeiter zu schicken pflegte." "Der Beamte nahm sich die Akte mit den Telegrammen vor und verglich die Daten der Glückwünsche mit den Geburtstagen der Familie Guillaume. Von da an war alles klar." ↩︎

35. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. German original: "einst abgefangene und dechiffrierte DDR-Funksprüche mit Geburtstagsgrüßen und einem „Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" passten taggenau auf Günter Guillaume und dessen in Frankfurt zur Welt gekommenen Sohn." And: "Kaum wurden die Indizien beim Verfassungsschutz bis zu Präsident Günther Nollau weitergereicht, erkannte dieser einen dringenden Verdacht, doch es fehlten handfeste, gerichtsverwertbare Beweise." ↩︎

36. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (forwarding on May 23, 1973 via the vice president to the BfV president; meeting of May 28, 1973). ↩︎

37. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 37 and 38 (briefing of Genscher by Nollau on May 29, 1973 at 10:30 with Kinkel present; the two grounds, a "besondere nachrichtendienstliche Methode" and a gap of five months in the curriculum vitae; Nollau's first refusal and subsequent approval of informing the Chancellor; the testimony of Genscher, Kinkel and Nollau on what was conveyed; Nollau's answer "Nicht mit diesen Worten, aber mit dieser Meinung."). ↩︎

38. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 39 and 40 (the two conversations of May 29 and 30, 1973; Brandt's testimony 16/93 to 16/99, 16/121; the advice to leave Guillaume in place; the Norway question and the answer that nothing should change). German original: "gab der Bundesminister des Innern unter Berufung auf den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz dem Bundeskanzler auf dessen Frage hin den Rat des Verfassungsschutzes weiter, Guillaume am Platz zu belassen". ↩︎

39. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 40 (the contradiction between Genscher and Nollau on the telephone call of May 30, 1973, which "nicht auszuräumen war"; Grabert's confirmation of June 4, 1973; the BfV note of July 4, 1973 that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor; Bardenhewer's recollection that Nollau had recommended taking Guillaume along). ↩︎

40. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 269 and 270. German original: "Als wäre nichts gewesen, blieb Guillaume Brandts enger Vertrauter und begleitete ihn Ende Juni 1973 auf dessen Urlaub nach Norwegen, wo er für mehrere Wochen sämtliche Aufgaben des persönlichen Referenten und Büroleiters erledigte. Aller Schriftverkehr ging durch seine Hände; es gibt Fernsehaufnahmen, wo man Guillaume am Chiffriergerät ein eben eingegangenes Fernschreiben lesen sieht." ↩︎

41. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 272 to 274. German original: "Den Inhalt der Norwegen-Dokumente erfuhren wir erst, als sie Gegenstand des Prozesses gegen das Ehepaar Guillaume wurden. Der Grund dafür ist, daß wir die Filmrollen mit den Kopien der Papiere, die Christel Guillaume ihrem Kurier »Anita« aushändigte, nie erhielten." "Zuletzt wählte sie die geringere Gefahr und ließ das Päckchen von einer Rheinbrücke ins Wasser fallen". ↩︎

42. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed pp. 275 to 277. German original: "Die Diskrepanzen in den Aussagen des Innenministers und des obersten Verfassungsschützers ließen nicht nur in Bonn den Verdacht aufkommen, Eingeweihte hätten Brandt bewußt ins Unheil tappen lassen." "Daß der ehrgeizige Politiker Genscher angesichts der Regierungskrise in jenen Tagen bereits mit Helmut Kohl, dem Oppositionsführer, Gespräche über eine CDU-FDP-Koalition führte, ist ebensowenig ein Geheimnis". ↩︎

43. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 277. German original: "Ihre diesbezüglichen Aussagen in meinem Prozeß 1993 waren wenig erhellend und beschränkten sich im wesentlichen darauf, daß sie von Nollau lediglich über einen »vagen Verdacht« informiert worden seien." ↩︎

44. Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 62 (section "Auffassung der Minderheit," the CDU/CSU minority opinion of Abgeordneter Gerster). German original: "Am 24. April 1974 wurden der persönliche Mitarbeiter des damaligen Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt, Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christine, geb. Boom, wegen des dringenden Tatverdachts nachrichtendienstlicher Tätigkeit verhaftet." Christel G., geb. Boom, is named in the majority text at PDF p. 23. ↩︎

45. Brandt, Willy, People and Politics: The Years 1960-1975, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, p. 450 (Internet Archive lending copy peoplepoliticsth00bran; index entry "Guillaume, Günther, 450"). Quoted: "On the morning of 24 April 1974, when I returned from Cairo, I was greeted with the news that one of my Chancellery advisers had been arrested as a spy." "my decision to resign matured without undue haste. It was finally taken on 6 May." "There is no doubt that I took advice which, looking back, I should not have taken." ↩︎

46. Brandt Stiftung, "Der Rücktritt Willy Brandts," published May 6, 2024, https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts/. Covers the Bundeskriminalamt dossier of May 1, the Bad Münstereifel meeting of May 4, the announcement to the SPD leadership, the letter received by the federal president on the evening of May 6, the midnight announcement, the May 7 explanation to the SPD parliamentary group, and the election of Helmut Schmidt "einen Tag später" after May 15, 1974. German original of the letter: "übernehme die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffäre Guillaume". ↩︎

47. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 262. German original: "der Rücktritt Willy Brandts nach der Verhaftung unseres Kundschafters Günter Guillaume." The sentence reads that he did not yet suspect that nine months later would happen "was man mir bis heute anlastet". ↩︎

48. Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, Stasi-Mediathek, "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf. The editorial introduction states the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the arrest of April 24, 1974, the 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, and the 1972 payments to two Bundestag members. German original of the conclusion: "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler." ↩︎

49. Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg, printed p. 261. German original: "Ich erinnerte mich an den CDU-Parlamentarier Julius Steiner aus Baden-Württemberg, der sich zu einer mittelmäßigen Informationsquelle entwickelt hatte und dafür regelmäßige Geldzuwendungen". "Als dann das Ergebnis verkündet wurde, fehlten ihr wider Erwarten zwei Stimmen." ↩︎

50. Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte," same URL as note 4, image captions: "Zeugenaussage des SPD-Vorsitzenden und früheren Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt vor dem 4. Strafsenat des Oberlandesgerichtes Düsseldorf im Prozess gegen Günter Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 1. Oktober 1974"; "Schreiben (Entwurf) an den rheinland-pfälzischen Ministerpräsidenten, Dr. Helmut Kohl, zur Frage des Austauschs von Guillaume, 9. September 1974"; "Urteil des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf in der Strafsache gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume, u. a. wegen Landesverrats, 15. Dezember 1975"; "Vermerk des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) zur Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 16. Dezember 1975". ↩︎

51. Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume," same URL as note 2 ("Im Dezember 1975 wurde Günter Guillaume zu 13, seine Frau Christel zu acht Jahren Haft wegen Landesverrats verurteilt."), with the day from the Geschichtsgalerie caption cited at note 50. ↩︎

52. New York Times, "Bonn Releases Spy in Brandt Case," October 2, 1981, dateline Bonn, Oct. 1, reproduced in CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410005-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000202410005-9. The article reports that Guillaume was arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison for treason in 1975, that West Germany released him in an exchange with East Germany, that the arrangement would allow about 3,000 East Germans to join relatives in West Germany, and that Christel Guillaume, given an eight-year sentence for espionage in 1975, was released in March. ↩︎

53. Pond, Elizabeth, "Complex spy swap: East German superspy for West German agents," The Christian Science Monitor, September 29, 1981, https://csmonitor.com/1981/0929/092926.html. Quoted: "Guillaume was sentenced in 1975 to 13 years' imprisonment." The article describes the swap as reported but not officially confirmed. ↩︎

54. Newsweek, "An Exchange of Spies," October 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410002-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000202410002-2. Quoted: "was placed in a delivery van and hustled eastward." "The swap that actually unfolded last week was not entirely as advertised". The article reports the leaked terms (35 imprisoned West German spies and political prisoners, 3,000 exit visas, France, Denmark and South Africa each to release an East-bloc agent, West Germany to pay $65.2 million and release at least two spies) and names Wolfgang Vogel; it states that Christel Guillaume was released "in a smaller prisoner exchange last March." ↩︎

55. Guillaume, Günter, Die Aussage: wie es wirklich war, protocol by Günter Karau, Berlin: Militärverlag der DDR, 1988, 412 pp., Deutsche Nationalbibliothek record, https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=Guillaume+Aussage; Munich: Universitas, 1990, 436 pp., ISBN 3800412292 (Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1583202M); Frankfurt am Main and Berlin: Ullstein, 1993, 436 pp. (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek record). ↩︎

56. Förster, Andreas, "Frau im Schatten," Berliner Zeitung, March 25, 2004, https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/article/christel-guillaume-ist-in-berlin-gestorben-sie-war-eine-erfolgreiche-agentin-der-stasi-im-westen-vor-allem-aber-war-sie-die-ehefrau-des-kanzleramtsspions-frau-im-schatten-1275787. Lede: "Christel Guillaume ist in Berlin gestorben." ↩︎

57. Boom, Pierre, Der fremde Vater: der Sohn des Kanzlerspions, Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 2004, 415 pp., Open Library record, https://openlibrary.org/books/OL31620607M, Internet Archive title record derfremdevaterde0000boom. ↩︎

58. Leinkauf, Thomas, "Der verratene Sohn," Berliner Zeitung, September 29, 2001, https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/article/der-verratene-sohn-1023905. Describes Pierre Boom as the son of Günter Guillaume, the arrest at the Bonn apartment on April 24, 1974, and the father's return to the GDR on October 1, 1981. ↩︎