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aliases category tags summary updated start location relations
Time (magazine)
TIME
Time magazine
TIME magazine
Time Inc.
Time, Inc.
Time Incorporated
Time-Life
Time Life
Private Organization
Organization
Media
ContraWar
CIAMedia
Stargate
BCCI
Zapruder
LSD
MKUltra
American news magazine, first published in 1923, whose 1991 cover story on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International was later disputed in a Senate subcommittee report. 2026-10-12 1923 New York City, New York
type with reverse start fn
founded Henry Luce true 1923 1
type with reverse start fn
founded Briton Hadden true 1923 1
type with reverse start end role fn
employed_by C. D. Jackson true 1940 1964 vice president, publisher of Life from 1960 until his death 9
type with reverse start role fn
employed_by Hedley Donovan true 1959 editorial director of all Time Inc. publications, later editor-in-chief 4
type with reverse role fn
employed_by Raji Samghabadi true Middle East correspondent; first hired as a stringer 38
type with reverse role fn
employed_by Henry Grunwald true editor-in-chief when the May 1986 Samghabadi material was declined, per Ben-Menashe 37
type with reverse start fn
owned Marc Benioff true 2018 58
type with reverse start fn
owned Lynne Benioff true 2018 58

Time is an American weekly news magazine whose first issue carries a cover date of March 3, 1923. It was founded by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden, and it became the flagship of Time Inc., which also published Life (magazine) and Fortune (magazine). In 2018 Meredith Corporation sold the brand to Marc Benioff and Lynne Benioff.1

Covert relationships with the Central Intelligence Agency

In "The CIA and the Media," a 25,000-word cover story published in Rolling Stone on October 20, 1977, Carl Bernstein listed the executives who lent their cooperation to the Central Intelligence Agency. The list included William S. Paley of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Henry Luce of Time Inc., and Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the New York Times. Bernstein wrote that, according to CIA officials, the most valuable of these associations had been with the New York Times, CBS and Time Inc.2

Bernstein wrote that Allen Dulles "often interceded with his good friend, the late Henry Luce, founder of Time and Life magazines, who readily allowed certain members of his staff to work for the Agency and agreed to provide jobs and credentials for other CIA operatives who lacked journalistic experience." He wrote that Luce "made it a regular practice to brief Dulles or other high Agency officials" after his trips abroad, and that Time's foreign correspondents attended CIA "briefing" dinners in the 1950s and early 1960s.3

Bernstein described C. D. Jackson as "Luce's personal emissary to the CIA." He wrote that Jackson "approved specific arrangements for providing CIA employees with Time-Life cover," and that some of these arrangements were made with the knowledge of Clare Boothe Luce. Hedley Donovan, who took over editorial direction of all Time Inc. publications in 1959, denied in a telephone interview that he knew of any such arrangements. Bernstein wrote that, according to CIA officials including those who dealt with Luce, other arrangements for Time cover were made with Donovan's knowledge. Bernstein also wrote that Jackson, while a Time executive, coauthored a CIA-sponsored study recommending the reorganization of the American intelligence services in the early 1950s. "I was never approached and I'd be amazed if Luce approved such arrangements," Donovan said. "Luce had a very scrupulous regard for the difference between journalism and government."4

The Church Committee took up the same subject in Book I of its final report. The committee recorded that on February 11, 1976 the CIA announced: "Effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station." The committee counted approximately 50 CIA relationships with U.S. journalists or media employees at the time of that announcement, of which fewer than one-half would be terminated under the new guidelines. It found that more than a dozen U.S. news organizations and publishing houses had provided cover for CIA agents abroad. The committee wrote that the use of American journalists and media organizations for clandestine operations "is a threat to the integrity of the press."5

The minutes of the CIA Deputies' Meeting of July 21, 1952 record Frank Wisner as having "Noted that we were prepared to talk to Mr. Luce's representative any time he came to Washington and that we had sufficient material on hand which would allow TIME and/or LIFE to publish an exclusive story on the Duclos affair over and above the information already made public." In response to a query from the Director, Walter Bedell Smith, on authenticity, Wisner stated that "(1) we were 90% positive that the information in question was authentic; (2) he would, however, pass this along to the TIME and/or LIFE representative; (3) we now have in our possession a photostat copy of Duclos' diary which was written in longhand; (4) he believed we were on safe ground in our '90% estimate' since the Communists had already vociferously decried publicity given so far to the Duclos papers."6

A 2024 article by Simon Willmetts, "The CIA and Time Magazine: Journalistic Ethics and Newsroom Dissent," is listed in the research output of Leiden University. The listing states that the article provides evidence of a systematic policy of direct collusion between Time Inc. and the CIA, including access by the agency to Time Inc.'s foreign dispatches and to the photographic archive of Life.7

C. D. Jackson and the psychological warfare apparatus

Jackson's papers at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library list him as a Time Inc. vice president from 1940, as president of the Free Europe Committee from 1951 to 1952, as a special assistant to President Dwight D. Eisenhower for international affairs from 1953 to 1954, and as publisher of Life from 1960. A Central Intelligence Agency biographical sheet on Jackson states that he joined Time Incorporated in 1931 as Assistant to the President, became General Manager of Life in 1937 and Vice President of Time Incorporated in 1940, became Publisher of Fortune in February 1949, went on leave in February 1951 to become President of the Free Europe Committee, returned to Time Inc. in February 1952, and in October 1952 was on leave to head the Eisenhower headquarters speech-writer group.8 The finding aid states that the Free Europe Committee directed Radio Free Europe. Jackson died in New York City on September 18, 1964. The papers include a folder on Crusade for Freedom.9

The finding aid sets a condition on use. It records that "Permission of Time Incorporated is required to cite or quote materials originated by any individual in his capacity as an official of Time Incorporated," which applies to the Time Inc. file covering Jackson's career from 1931 to 1964.10

Jackson was one of eleven members of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, which met at Quantico, Virginia from June 5 to 10, 1955. Walt Rostow of MIT chaired the panel, which was convened to explore methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. Its other members included Frederick Dunn, Ellis A. Johnson, Max Millikan and Hans Speier.11 The Eisenhower Library holds a folder titled "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955," and Jackson's papers include a 1955 log entry titled "From Quantico to Geneva."12

The Center for International Studies at MIT, which had emerged from Project Troy, appears in the Time record for February 24, 1967. That issue reported "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and quoted Millikan, then the center's director, as saying that "the number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."13

Clare Boothe Luce and Roald Dahl

Jennet Conant documents that Roald Dahl received explicit assignments to cultivate well-connected women for political intelligence during the Second World War. Dahl was assigned to romance the Republican congresswoman Clare Boothe Luce, the wife of Time-Life publisher Henry Luce. Dahl later described the assignment as the worst of the war, reportedly saying that Luce "talked too much both before and after."14

Life and the Zapruder film

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Abraham Zapruder took his camera film to a Dallas processing plant, had three copies made, gave two to representatives of the United States Secret Service, and kept the original and one copy.15 Richard Stolley, Life's Los Angeles bureau chief, was the first journalist to reach him. Life obtained the print rights on November 23, 1963 for $50,000. On November 25, 1963 Time-Life bought all rights, including the motion picture rights, for $150,000 in total, paid in six installments. Accounts of the purchase credit C. D. Jackson with approving the purchase of the motion picture rights and with limiting what Life's mass-market magazines would show.16 Zapruder told the Warren Commission that he had received $25,000, which he gave to the family of J. D. Tippit. The Assassination Records Review Board staff noted that this $25,000 apparently was the first of six payments for the film and its copy, and reported the sale price as $150,000.17

At the commission's request a representative of Life brought the original to the commission's offices and screened it several times, because "the original had considerably more detail and more there to study than any of the copies, since in the photographic process each time you copy you lose some detail." The board's letter of April 21, 1995 to the general counsel of Time Warner records that the commission's report shows Life cooperating closely with the commission's investigation.18

In October 1974 Lawrence Layburne, a vice president of Time Inc., informed the National Archives and Records Administration that transfer of the original film to the government was proposed. On April 9, 1975 Time Inc. assigned the copyright to Mrs. Zapruder for "$1 and other valuable consideration," and on the same date deeded first and second generation copies of the film to the federal government. The original was placed at the archives at the Zapruders' request for storage, and no deed of gift transferring the original was ever executed. In 1978 Henry Zapruder asked the archives to hold and administer the original.1518

The review board's letter of May 1, 1995 to E. Gabriel Perle, a former general counsel of Time Inc., reports that from Time Inc.'s files "it appears that the Zapruders do have legal title to the original film as well as ownership of the copyright." The letter adds that, according to the documents, Time Inc. was constrained by terms in the original contract.19 Under the 1992 JFK Records Collection Act the original film was transferred to the JFK Records Collection at the National Archives on August 1, 1998. On August 3, 1999 the Justice Department announced that an arbitration panel, chaired by the former Third Circuit judge Arlin M. Adams, had voted two to one to award the heirs of Abraham Zapruder $16 million for the film. The LMH Company, the film's former owner, had asked for $30 million, and the arbitrator Walter Dellinger dissented, writing that $3 to $5 million would have been enough. The company kept the copyright.20

The review board's executive director, T. Jeremy Gunn, wrote to Time Inc. asking for early reproductions of frames from the film, for any further documentation of the film's chain of custody, and for information from Life's inquiry of 1966 and 1967. The letter states that during the autumn of 1966 Life and Bernard Geis Associates had jointly retained Josiah Thompson to research the assassination.21

LSD and the Luce magazines

Time's first article on LSD, "Dream Stuff," appeared in 1954. It reported that "LSD 25, while it has no direct curative powers, can be of great benefit to mental patients." The historian Stephen Siff wrote that Time covered the drug earlier and more often than other magazines, and that its stories were longer and largely sympathetic. His examples include the 1960 Time piece "The Psyche in 3-D," on celebrities who took LSD under medical supervision, and the 1966 Life editorial urging regulation rather than prohibition.22

Siff also wrote that both Luces reviewed the 1963 Life article "The Chemical Mind-Changers" before publication, and that Clare Boothe Luce's papers at the Library of Congress contain letters and acid-trip journals. Time's 1966 article "An Epidemic of Acid Heads" blamed a wave of psychotic illness on recreational LSD use.22

Alan Brinkley, in his biography of Henry Luce, describes Henry's first trip, taken at Clare's urging. He read Lionel Trilling's biography of Matthew Arnold while the drug took effect, and Brinkley's account gives Henry one or perhaps two doses against Clare's repeated trips. Clare later said that LSD "saved our marriage."23

Andrew Heiskell, a former Life publisher and Time Inc. chairman, recalled in a Columbia University oral history that Luce announced at a New York hotel banquet, "Without any preamble," that he and Clare "were taking LSD!"24 The writer Abbie Hoffman wrote in his 1980 memoir that Henry Luce "did much more to popularize acid than Timothy Leary."25

Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain wrote in Acid Dreams that Henry Luce took LSD about half a dozen times in the late 1950s and early 1960s under the supervision of the Los Angeles psychiatrist Sidney Cohen, and that Cohen also gave the drug to Clare Boothe Luce. They quoted Clare Boothe Luce on The Dick Cavett Show on April 9, 1982: "Oh, sure, we all took acid. It was a creative group, my husband and I and Huxley and Isherwood." They cited W. A. Swanberg's Luce and His Empire and Wilfrid Sheed's Clare Boothe Luce for the number of Luce's sessions.26

Life published R. Gordon Wasson's account of a 1955 mushroom ceremony in Huautla de Jimenez, Mexico, as "Seeking the Magic Mushroom" in its issue of May 13, 1957, as part of its Great Adventure series.27 Annie Jacobsen wrote that the Geschickter Fund for Medical Research gave Wasson $2,000 for his 1956 return expedition, designated MKUltra Subproject 58, and that Wasson did not mention the CIA in the article.28

Flying saucers

Life published "Have We Visitors from Outer Space?" by H. B. Darrach Jr. and Robert Ginna in its issue of April 7, 1952. The article reviewed the United States Air Force's handling of sightings under Project Saucer, and it described a series of green fireball sightings over the southwestern United States.29

Psychic research coverage

Time's March 12, 1973 article "The Magician and the Think Tank" reported that the Stanford Research Institute "has been seriously investigating the so-called psychic powers of a questionable nightclub magician," meaning Uri Geller. The article described Ray Hyman as "a psychology professor from the University of Oregon who is used frequently by DOD as a consultant." It reported that George Lawrence, a Department of Defense projects manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, was accompanied to the institute by Robert Van de Castle, and that "neither Lawrence nor Hyman was impressed."30

The March 4, 1974 cover story, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," described Hal Puthoff as a promoter of "the bizarre and controversial cult of Scientology."31 A letter to the editor published on March 25, 1974 responded to the piece.32 John L. Wilhelm, a former Time national science correspondent, later wrote in The Washington Post on the military potential of parapsychology.33

In January 1984 Time reported that the Pentagon denied any interest in parapsychology and quoted the retired lieutenant general Daniel O. Graham.34 Time's August 26, 1974 report on Walter Levy said that J. B. Rhine had hired him as a full-time researcher after he graduated from the Medical College of Georgia.35

Remote viewing and the Iran hostage crisis

On November 23, 1979, according to a memorandum by Murray Watt, the INSCOM officer Jackie Keith gave Watt "a set of coordinates and a copy of TIME magazine (dated 19 Nov 79)" with a picture of two hostages, and the unit held its first two sessions that day.36

Iran-Contra and the spiked story

Ari Ben-Menashe wrote in his 1992 book Profits of War that in May 1986 he gave the Time correspondent Raji Samghabadi detailed information about the Oliver North-Amiram Nir operation, which became known as the Iran-Contra Affair. Ben-Menashe wrote that Samghabadi considered it a major scoop, and that Time declined to print it, a decision attributed to editor-in-chief Henry Grunwald.37 Samghabadi had first been hired as a stringer for Time by Bruce van Voorst, a former CIA officer.38 Ben-Menashe described the decision as an example of media control in the United States.37

BCCI and the 1991 cover story

On July 29, 1991, Time published "B.C.C.I.: The Dirtiest Bank of All" by Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, which regulators in 62 countries had shut down earlier that month. The article called BCCI "the $20 billion rogue empire" and stated that "never has a single scandal involved so much money, so many nations or so many prominent people." The archived copy carries the byline "TIME Staff."39

The article stated: "But the CIA may have used B.C.C.I. as more than an undercover banker: U.S. agents collaborated with the black network in several operations, according to a B.C.C.I. black-network 'officer' who is now a secret U.S. government witness." It reported that the bank had bought clandestine control of three American banks through loans, including First American Bankshares in Washington, and that the latter two were bought officially by Ghaith Pharaon, whom Time called Abedi's front man.39 It reported that Guatemalan officials suspected that part of a $30 million loan from the bank had gone to pay bribes to stifle an investigation of the coffee smuggler and arms merchant Munther Ismael Bilheisi.39 Time also reported that "the department's main probe of B.C.C.I. itself is being handled by a sole Assistant U.S. Attorney in Tampa, Florida."39

In September 1991 Time quoted the imprisoned arms dealer Arif Durrani as saying that "Asaf is B.C.C.I.'s man in the weapons business," referring to Asaf Ali.40 Time also described a reclusive Saudi, Abdullah Taha Bakhsh, who bought an 11 percent stake in Harken Energy, and it reported that James R. Bath said in 1991 that his friendship with George H. W. Bush dated from their service in the Guard.41

The Senate subcommittee report on BCCI, issued in December 1992 by John Kerry and Hank Brown, responded to the article. It stated that "none of the BCCI officers interviewed by the Senate claimed to have knowledge of a 'black network' of intelligence operatives, arms dealers, drug traffickers, burglars, or assassins employed by BCCI, as described in a Time magazine cover-story on BCCI on August 15, 1991." The officers, the report said, "declared, to a person, that they did not believe such a network existed at the bank." Several suggested that if the black network were recharacterized as a team of officials carrying out Abedi's most secret missions, it could exist on a smaller scale than Time had described.42

Beaty and Gwynne's 1993 book, The Outlaw Bank, records that Bill White, whom Beaty had flown in for debriefing during his research for the Time story, alleged that his former business partner Bath "was a CIA agent with strange ties to both BCCI and President George Bush."43

The Octopus and Danny Casolaro

Danny Casolaro was investigating what he called the Octopus, an alleged network linking the PROMIS Software Scandal affair, BCCI and other matters, when he died in Martinsburg, West Virginia on August 10, 1991. On August 5, 1991 he told a retired Army CID officer that Time had assigned him a story on the Octopus and that Little, Brown and Company had made him an offer.44

Dark Alliance and later coverage

On September 30, 1996, Time published "Dividing Line: Crack, Contras and Cyberspace" by Jack E. White, written after the San Jose Mercury News ran its three-part Dark Alliance series by Gary Webb. The column ran on September 30, 1996, in the weeks before the October articles on the series in the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times. It stated that "the hottest topic in black America, bar none, is whether the CIA was responsible for introducing crack cocaine to the ghetto."45 Webb described the response of the three newspapers to his series in chapter 27 of Dark Alliance.46

Other coverage

Time described the response to Claude Kirk's experiment as "anguished cries of 'Nazism!' and 'Dictatorship!'"47 Time reported in 1929 that a witness named Stewart had testified before the Senate on the Continental Trading Company bonds that "I never had anything to do with the distribution of any bonds."48 Time described the decision of Israeli Chief Justice Shimon Agranat in the case of Meyer Lansky as unanimous and precedent-setting.49 In March 1988 Time reported that the Alcor Life Extension Foundation coroner had classified a death as a homicide.50 In July 1977 Time reported that Ernst Kuhrmeier, manager of the Credit Suisse branch at Chiasso, was in jail awaiting trial.51 In 1939 Time called the London bank whose American subsidiary, the J. Henry Schroder Bank, had Allen Dulles on its board "an economic booster of the Rome-Berlin Axis."52

In a letter to Time in January 1982, John H. Holdridge, Assistant Secretary of State, wrote that George H. W. Bush had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement in the Nugan Hand Bank.53

Time reported in 1974 that at the trial John Dean testified that beginning about July 14, 1972 he made eight to twelve telephone calls to Casey at John N. Mitchell's behest.54 Time Inc. also appears in the record of the Khrushchev memoirs. Terence Smith noted that Time Inc., which acquired the material, had refused to shed light on how it reached the West.55 The columnist Stewart Alsop wrote in December 1970 that the Moscow correspondent Victor Louis negotiated the sale to Time-Life for about $600,000, and that the deal was concluded with the Life executive Murray Gart.56

In December 2025 the Semafor media reporter Max Tani wrote that Time had had four fellows from the Tarbell Center for AI Journalism on staff.57

Ownership

On September 16, 2018, the Meredith Corporation, which had acquired Time Inc., announced that it would sell the Time brand to Marc Benioff and Lynne Benioff for 190 million dollars in cash. The purchase was personal to the Benioffs and "unrelated to Salesforce.com," and the couple were not to be "involved in the day-to-day operations or journalistic decisions," which remained with the editor-in-chief, Edward Felsenthal. Citigroup and Cooley advised Meredith; BDT & Company and Goodwin Procter advised the Benioffs. Meredith applied the proceeds to reducing its debt. "TIME has always been a trusted reflection of the state of the world," the Benioffs said.58

Footnotes

  1. Time, "The First Issue of TIME Magazine: Read It Here," time.com. https://time.com/4684747/first-issue-vault/ (cover dated March 3, 1923). ↩︎

  2. Carl Bernstein, "The CIA and the Media," Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977. Reprint at carlbernstein.com, http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php (passage on the cooperating executives and the New York Times, CBS and Time Inc.). ↩︎

  3. Bernstein, "The CIA and the Media," reprint (passage on Allen Dulles, Luce's briefings of the Agency, and Time's correspondents at CIA briefing dinners). ↩︎

  4. Bernstein, "The CIA and the Media," reprint (passage on C. D. Jackson, Time-Life cover, and Hedley Donovan's denial). ↩︎

  5. U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence, S. Rep. No. 94-755 (1976), Chapter X.B, "Covert Relationships with the United States Media," pp. 191-201. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf ↩︎

  6. Central Intelligence Agency, Deputies' Meeting, July 21, 1952, p. 1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1952-07-21.pdf ↩︎

  7. Simon Willmetts, "The CIA and Time Magazine: Journalistic Ethics and Newsroom Dissent," Universiteit Leiden, research output listing, August 19, 2024. https://universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/governance-and-global-affairs/the-cia-and-time-magazine-journalistic-ethics-and-newsroom-dissent ↩︎

  8. Central Intelligence Agency, "Charles D. Jackson," biographical sheet, CIA-RDP75-00001R000200140002-9, p. 1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000200140002-9 ↩︎

  9. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, finding aid, "Jackson, C. D.: Papers, 1931-1967," A72-26, processed July 1973, biographical sketch and chronology. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf ↩︎

  10. Eisenhower Library, "Jackson, C. D.: Papers," A72-26, special restriction note: "Special Restriction: Permission of Time Incorporated is required to cite or quote materials originated by any individual in his capacity as an official of Time Incorporated." ↩︎

  11. Eisenhower Presidential Library, finding aid, "Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Walt and Eugene Rostow Series," Boxes 1-3. https://eisenhower.archives.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/walt-and-eugene-rostow-series.pdf ↩︎

  12. Eisenhower Presidential Library, subject guide, "The Cold War in the Early Fifties: 'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 56 ("From Quantico to Geneva") and the Miscellaneous Series folder "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955." https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf ↩︎

  13. Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, passage on the Center for International Studies, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 ↩︎

  14. Jennet Conant, The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008). ↩︎

  15. Assassination Records Review Board, Sheryl Walter, memorandum, "Zapruder film update," April 6, 1995, NARA JFK Collection, ARRB file ZP45MT. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/ZP45MT.WPD.pdf ↩︎

  16. Richard Stolley's purchase of the Zapruder film for Life, as described in "The Zapruder Film Comes to Home Video," kennedysandking.com, October 15, 1998. https://www.kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/333 ↩︎

  17. Walter memorandum, April 6, 1995, note 1 (Zapruder's Warren Commission testimony and the $25,000 payment). ↩︎

  18. Assassination Records Review Board, letter to Harry M. Johnston III, general counsel, Time Warner Inc., April 21, 1995, ARRB file TMLF421. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/TMLF421.WPD.pdf ↩︎

  19. Assassination Records Review Board, letter to E. Gabriel Perle, May 1, 1995, ARRB file ZPTHXGP. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/ZPTHXGP.WPD.pdf ↩︎

  20. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, press release on the Zapruder film arbitration award, August 3, 1999. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1999/August/339civ.htm ↩︎

  21. T. Jeremy Gunn, letter to Laury M. Frieber, Time Inc., ARRB file FRIEBER.E29, National Archives JFK Collection. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/FRIEBER.E29.pdf ↩︎

  22. Time, "Dream Stuff," 1954, as quoted in Jack Shafer, "The Time and Life Acid Trip," Slate, June 2010. https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2010/06/the_time_and_life_acid_trip.html ; Stephen Siff, "Henry Luce's Strange Trip: Coverage of LSD in Time and Life, 1954-68," Journalism History (2008), as summarized in Shafer. ↩︎

  23. Alan Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century (2010), as summarized in Shafer, "The Time and Life Acid Trip," Slate, June 2010. ↩︎

  24. Andrew Heiskell, oral history, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, as quoted in Shafer, "The Time and Life Acid Trip," Slate, June 2010. ↩︎

  25. Abbie Hoffman, Soon To Be a Major Motion Picture (1980), as quoted in Siff, "Henry Luce's Strange Trip," as summarized in Shafer, Slate, June 2010. ↩︎

  26. Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (New York: Grove Press, 1985), ch. 3, "Under the Mushroom, Over the Rainbow," section "Manna from Harvard," and chapter notes citing W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire, p. 463, Wilfrid Sheed, Clare Boothe Luce, p. 125, and Clare Boothe Luce on The Dick Cavett Show, April 9, 1982. ↩︎

  27. R. Gordon Wasson, "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," Life, vol. 42, no. 19, May 13, 1957, pp. 100-102, 109-120. https://archive.org/details/Life-1957-05-13-Vol-42-No-19 ↩︎

  28. Annie Jacobsen, Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis (Little, Brown, 2017). ↩︎

  29. H. B. Darrach Jr. and Robert Ginna, "Have We Visitors from Outer Space?" Life, April 7, 1952. ↩︎

  30. "The Magician and the Think Tank," Time, March 12, 1973. CIA reading room STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100023-4. ↩︎

  31. "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974, cover story. CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/stargate/pdfs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8.pdf ↩︎

  32. Letters to the editor, Time, March 25, 1974, responding to "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier." ↩︎

  33. John L. Wilhelm, "Psychic Spying?" The Washington Post, c. 1977, identifying the author as a former national science correspondent for Time. ↩︎

  34. "An E.S.P. Gap: Exploring psychic weapons," Time, January 23, 1984, p. 17, CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230025-5. ↩︎

  35. "Science: The Psychic Scandal," Time, August 26, 1974. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,944971,00.html ↩︎

  36. Murray B. Watt, memorandum, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Involvement in Iran," December 3, 1979. ↩︎

  37. Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square Press, 1992). ↩︎

  38. Ben-Menashe, Profits of War (1992), account of the Samghabadi material and of Bruce van Voorst's hiring of Samghabadi as a stringer. ↩︎

  39. Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, "B.C.C.I.: The Dirtiest Bank of All," Time, July 29, 1991, archive copy, byline "TIME Staff." https://time.com/archive/6718229/b-c-c-i-the-dirtiest-bank-of-all/ ↩︎

  40. "Scandals: Not Just a Bank," Time, September 2, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718475/scandals-not-just-a-bank/ ↩︎

  41. Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," Time, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/ ; Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," Time, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/ ↩︎

  42. John Kerry and Hank Brown, The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (December 1992), ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm ↩︎

  43. Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993). Internet Archive catalogue record, https://archive.org/details/outlawbank00jona. ↩︎

  44. James Ridgeway and Doug Vaughan, "The Last Days of Danny Casolaro," Village Voice, October 15, 1991. ↩︎

  45. Jack E. White, "Dividing Line: Crack, Contras and Cyberspace," Time, September 30, 1996. https://time.com/archive/6729685/dividing-line-crack-contras-and-cyberspace/ ↩︎

  46. Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 27. ↩︎

  47. "Florida: I, Claudius," Time, 1967. https://time.com/archive/6631431/florida-i-claudius/ ↩︎

  48. "Rockefeller v. Stewart," Time, January 28, 1929. https://time.com/archive/6656828/rockefeller-v-stewart/ ↩︎

  49. "The World: Non-Returnable Lansky," Time, September 25, 1972. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0%2C33009%2C903591%2C00.html ↩︎

  50. "California: How Mama Lost Her Head," Time, March 7, 1988. https://time.com/archive/6711741/california-how-mama-lost-her-head/ ↩︎

  51. "Banking: Less Go-Go in Switzerland," Time, July 18, 1977. https://time.com/archive/6848888/banking-less-go-go-in-switzerland/ ↩︎

  52. Time, 1939, on the J. Henry Schroder banking house. ↩︎

  53. John H. Holdridge, letter, "Australian Intrigue," Time, January 3, 1982, CIA reading room CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1 ↩︎

  54. "Trials: What, Never? No, Never, Never," Time, April 8, 1974. https://time.com/archive/6842371/trials-what-never-no-never-never/ ↩︎

  55. Terence Smith, "U.S. Experts on Soviet Find Khrushchev Memoirs," Washington dispatch, January 20, 1971, CIA reading room CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180017-6. ↩︎

  56. Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, late December 1970, CIA reading room CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5. ↩︎

  57. Max Tani, "AI critics funded AI coverage at top newsrooms," Semafor, December 7, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2025/ai-critics-funded-ai-coverage-at-top-newsrooms ↩︎

  58. Meredith Corporation, "Meredith Corporation To Sell TIME Media Brand To Marc And Lynne Benioff," PR Newswire, September 16, 2018. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/meredith-corporation-to-sell-time-media-brand-to-marc-and-lynne-benioff-300713440.html ↩︎