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2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md
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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Fortune reported on September 24, 2026 that AJ Scaramucci had come out of stealt
[^18]: USPTO TSDR, ENNEA, serial 98873547, voluntary amendment PRA20251208060057, co-existence agreement and signature audit pages. https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn98873547
[^19]: USPTO TSDR, SKYWATCHER serial 98864113 (https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn98864113); ENNEA serial 98873547; PSIONIC serial 99091501.
[^20]: Delaware Division of Corporations, entity search, file 10021279, Skywatcher Technologies Corporation, incorporated November 27, 2024 (entity details page captured October 3, 2026).
[^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand; sole source for that passage); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
[^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
[^22]: RDAP record, skywatcher.ai, created December 6, 2024. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/skywatcher.ai
[^23]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, Form D, "Skywatcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Ennea LLC," October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D
[^24]: ennea.io, Wayback Machine capture of November 4, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241104003430id_/https://www.ennea.io/ ; RDAP record, ennea.io. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/ennea.io

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md
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@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General investigated the
[^4]: Daniel Pipes, "Those Fourteen Syrians on Northwest Airlines Flight #327," July 13, 2004, quoting Annie Jacobsen, "Terror in the Skies, Again?," WomensWallStreet.com, and her conversation with Dave Adams of the Federal Air Marshal Service. https://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/07/those-fourteen-syrians-on-northwest-airlines
[^5]: "Report Confirms Terror Dry Run; Government Handling Hit," *Washington Times*, May 31, 2007, reprinted by Aviation Pros, reporting the redacted Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General report on Northwest Flight 327. https://www.aviationpros.com/home/news/10388457/report-confirms-terror-dry-run-government-handling-hit
[^6]: Hachette Book Group, "Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base," description and praise (quoting the *New York Times*). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/area-51/9780316202305/
[^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947 Sole source for the passages so cited on the Roswell proposal as characterized.
[^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947
[^8]: Hachette Book Group, "Operation Paperclip" title page (description and sources). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/operation-paperclip/9780316221054/
[^9]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), publisher's description and table of contents as catalogued by library records and *Publishers Weekly*. https://catalog.sbplibrary.org/Record/34646
[^10]: J. R. Seeger, review of *Surprise, Kill, Vanish*, *Studies in Intelligence* 63, no. 3 (extracts, September 2019), p. 73 ff. https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Review-Surprise-Kill-Vanish.pdf

8
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md
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@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ Shapiro told Victorian on August 3, 1991: "He met me on one occasion and I reali
[^39]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, finding aid 2006-0997-F, "Admiral Bobby Ray Inman - PFIAB" (named to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by George H. W. Bush in July 1991; served thirty months). https://www.clintonlibrary.gov/research/archives/finding-aids/2006-0997-f-admiral-bobby-ray-inman-pfiab
[^40]: Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (London: Century, 1991), chapter 10 and front matter, read through the archive.org in-book search of the lending copy (acknowledgements; photograph captions; the May 13, 1988 groundbreaking encounter; the July 1989 call; Inman biography stating a July 1990 appointment to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board). https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780712621946
[^41]: Military.com, May 9, 2006, "Ex-NSA Chief Blasts Taps, Calls for CIA Breakup," reporting Inman's remarks at a New York Public Library panel on May 8, 2006. https://www.military.com/defensetech/2006/05/09/ex-nsa-chief-blasts-taps-calls-for-cia-breakup
[^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). Sole source for the transcript as reproduced in this text. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^43]: Armen Victorian, "Curious Liaisons," Lobster, Issue 23 (1992), review of Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (Century, London, 1991). The review quotes Good's chapter 10 (p. 191), Inman's letter to Good of December 18, 1989, Inman's letters to Victorian of July 26 and August 5, 1991, and Victorian's account of the recording and of John Dingley's July 14, 1991 call. https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/?p=7448
[^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md
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@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ On November 6, 2024 Johnson wrote on X, in a post timestamped 17:43 UTC: "Congra
[^9]: Planetary Resources, Inc. (CIK 0001656177), Form D/A, accessions 0001656177-16-000002 (May 26, 2016) and 0001656177-16-000003 (November 16, 2016), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656177/000165617716000003/primary_doc.xml
[^10]: Bryan Johnson (bryan@kernel.co) to Lesley Groff, "Impact Investing Just Doesn't Cut It," October 26, 2018, EFTA00484119, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00484119.pdf ; "Becoming a zero detective," July 20, 2018, EFTA02294943, DataSet 11.
[^11]: KRNL, Inc. (CIK 0001815048), Form D accessions 0001104659-20-077936 (June 29, 2020) and 0001104659-23-122797 (December 1, 2023), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815048/000110465920077936/primary_doc.xml ; "General Catalyst-Backed Kernel Will Use $53M Series C To Tap Into The Human Mind," Crunchbase News, July 9, 2020, https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind (read from the Wayback Machine capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind). KRNL, Inc. is matched to Kernel by address, signer and amount; the filing does not name Kernel.
[^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Sole source for the passages so cited on arbitral reasoning; Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times.
[^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times.
[^13]: David Ingram and Bruna Horvath, "Jeffrey Epstein files reveal deep tech ties, from Musk to Gates," NBC News, February 5, 2026, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeffrey-epstein-files-reveal-deep-tech-ties-musk-gates-rcna257092 ; Johnson's X posts as reported by UNILAD Tech, February 3, 2026, https://www.uniladtech.com/news/tech-news/bryan-johnson-respond-jeffrey-epstein-emails-revealed-503367-20260203
[^14]: Futurism, LLC (CIK 1692611), Form D, accession 0001692611-16-000001, filed December 19, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1692611/000169261116000001/primary_doc.xml
[^15]: Orianna Rosa Royle, Fortune, May 23, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/05/23/bryan-johnson-tech-ceo-spends-2-million-year-young-swapping-blood-17-year-old-son-talmage-70-father/
[^16]: Courtney Rehfeldt, "Bryan Johnson raises $60 million for longevity startup Blueprint," AthleteTech News, October 29, 2025, https://athletechnews.com/bryan-johnson-raises-60-million-for-longevity-startup-blueprint
[^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Sole source for the Prospera visit and the characterization of the summit; Duran is a critic of the Network State movement.
[^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Duran is a critic of the Network State movement.
[^18]: Bryan Johnson (@bryan_johnson), X, November 6, 2024, 17:43 UTC, https://x.com/bryan_johnson/status/1854218174948057126 (text read through the X syndication endpoint, https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/tweet-result?id=1854218174948057126)

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md
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@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The finding aid lists Series 4 (Human Potential Foundation, with subseries for P
[^1]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott" (reproducing the obituary in the *Kerrville Daily Times*: born February 19, 1928, Emporia, Kansas, to Cecil Beam Jones Sr.; died January 16, 2023), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/jones-c-b-scott/.
[^2]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers," COU:4004, biographical note, scope note, and Series 1 and 4 descriptions, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, read in the Wayback Machine capture of June 2024 (the live site blocks automated downloads).
[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones; sole source for the passages so cited (the Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed).
[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones. The Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed.
[^4]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html.
[^5]: Tom Kelly, "In search of modern Merlins: Psychics gain wider credibility," *Washington Times*, June 26, 1989 (date per archive metadata), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080027-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000200080027-5.
[^6]: United Press International, "Pell keen on psychic research," July 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/17/Pell-keen-on-psychic-research/3613585115200/.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md
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@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ No record of formal OSS or CIA employment for Marsh has been identified in acces
An unsigned three-page investigative memo of unknown provenance, circulated among researchers studying [[The Finders]] in the mid-1990s, claims that Marsh introduced [[Marion Pettie]] to CIA-adjacent networks at the [[National Press Club]] after World War II and arranged funding for Virginia farmland purchases on Pettie's behalf, as part of a larger arrangement in which Colonel [[Leonard N. Weigner]] directed Pettie to embed within counterculture movements as an intelligence asset. The memo further claims Marsh arranged counterintelligence training for Pettie, citing Marsh's established Washington intelligence connections; a 1998 Steamshovel Press account adds that Marsh facilitated Pettie's tie to [[William Yandell Elliott]], a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professor on the [[National Security Council]] planning board and a [[Radio Liberty]] trustee.[^3][^4]
No primary source corroborates this claim. Marsh died on December 30, 1964, years before the counterculture movement took shape as a phenomenon, and before the CIA's domestic surveillance programs of the late 1960s were initiated. His Charles E. Marsh papers at the LBJ Presidential Library and his documented correspondence do not mention Pettie. The anonymous memo is the sole source for this claim.[^1][^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Caro, Robert A. *The Path to Power*. Knopf, 1982. Also: Caro, Robert A. *Means of Ascent*. Knopf, 1990. Charles E. Marsh Papers, LBJ Presidential Library, Austin. Finding aid: discoverlbj.org/item/marshce.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md
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@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ The same query returns further occupation and employer entries. The entries to M
[^5]: Bender, Bryan. "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs." *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900
[^6]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/
[^7]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/).
[^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (sole source for the statement, made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify).
[^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (the statement was made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify).
[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii. Page numbers are those of the printed index where it lists the passage.
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 180 to 185 (Semivan at pp. 180 to 182 and 184 to 185; Mellon's visit at pp. 183 to 185).
[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 222 to 224 (deputy staff director at p. 222; the special operations command bill at p. 224).

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md
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@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ In 1997, according to the same biography, Morehouse formed Remote Viewing Techno
[^6]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000400300004-7.
[^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program, with footnote on the woman's testimony.
[^8]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, and "(Part 2)," originally hosted at psitech.tripod.com, read in the Wayback Machine capture of January 12, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html and https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel2.html.
[^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site. Sole source for the passages so cited, apart from the dates in Schnabel's account.
[^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site.
[^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/.
[^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, acknowledgments and source notes; Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm.
[^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
[^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program and source notes (citing Fleming 1995 for the film deal).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ relations:
fn: 1
---
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], Jeffrey Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3]
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], [[Jeffrey Richelson]] and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3]
### Sun Streak

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The commission's chronology records that on the evening of August 22, 1995, at B
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 78-80 and table 7, p. 272; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php
[^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md
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@ -87,5 +87,5 @@ Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua and sentenced to 30 years in prison on charges r
[^10]: Warren Richey and George D. Moffett III, "Credibility crisis over downed plane," *The Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/ashot.html, and Marshall Ingwerson, "Contra aid shadow dance," December 15, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1215/atrans.html (Corporate Air Services paychecks).
[^11]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Southern Air Transport; $1,935,596).
[^12]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
[^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved." Sole source for the Fiers quotation and the cover-up passage as carried here.
[^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved."
[^14]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
---
aliases:
- George Knapp
- George Knapp (journalist)
- George Knapp (television journalist)
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- InvestigativeJournalist
- LasVegasJournalism
- UFOReporting
- BobLazar
- SkinwalkerRanch
- AAWSAP
- BigelowAerospace
- NIDS
- Weaponized
- MysteryWire
- Nevada
summary: "George Knapp is the chief investigative reporter of KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, whose UFO coverage began with the 1989 Bob Lazar series and who testified before a House task force on September 9, 2025."
location: "Las Vegas, Nevada"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[KLAS-TV]]"
start: "1981"
role: "general assignment reporter from 1981, co-anchor at various times, and chief reporter of the I-Team investigative unit from 1995, per the station biography"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Coast to Coast AM]]"
start: "2007"
role: "weekend host, per the program's host page"
fn: 3
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Jeremy Corbell]]"
start: "2023-01-24"
role: "co-host of the WEAPONIZED podcast, launched by Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment"
fn: 27
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]]"
start: "2025-09-09"
role: "witness at the hearing Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection"
fn: 23
---
George Knapp is a reporter for [[KLAS-TV]], Channel 8 in [[Las Vegas]], where he has worked since 1981 and has been chief reporter of the station's I-Team investigative unit since 1995.[^1] His 1989 series on [[Bob Lazar]] brought the claims about a reverse-engineering facility near [[Area 51]] to television, and he has reported on UFO and government-program subjects for the station ever since. He co-wrote [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] with [[James Lacatski]] and [[Colm Kelleher]], has been a weekend host of [[Coast to Coast AM]] since 2007, and gave written and oral statements to House committees in 2023 and 2025.
### Station career
The station biography states that Knapp moved to Las Vegas in 1979, worked as a taxi driver, and then worked as a part-time studio cameraman and production assistant at [[KLVX-TV]] Channel 10 before KLAS hired him in 1981 as a general assignment reporter.[^1] He has co-anchored newscasts for the station. The biography gives his education as a communications degree from [[West Georgia College]] and a master's degree in communications from the [[University of the Pacific]], where he taught speech and debate and served as director of forensics. It also lists teaching posts at [[California Polytechnic State University]], a debate coaching role at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and a broadcast journalism course at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]].[^1]
Since 1995 Knapp has been chief reporter of the Channel 8 I-Team.[^1] The biography credits him with five regional and two national [[Edward R. Murrow Award]] wins for investigative stories, nine [[Associated Press]] Mark Twain awards for newswriting, and 24 regional Emmy Awards. A [[NewsNation]] profile published October 8, 2023 repeats the same counts and gives the Emmys as Pacific Southwest Regional Emmy Awards.[^1][^2] The host page of Coast to Coast AM gives 27 regional Emmy awards.[^3] Knapp told the House Oversight subcommittee in 2023 that he had worked with photographer [[Matt Adams]] on his UFO-related news reports for the previous 22 years.[^4]
On May 1, 2026 KLAS posted a Knapp report on a [[Wall Street Journal]] story alleging that an unnamed Air Force officer, on an unknown date, handed fake UFO photographs to the owners of a bar near Area 51 as a cover story for [[F-117 Nighthawk]] testing. The owners of the bar, interviewed by Knapp, rejected the account, and Knapp's report stated that KLAS and other media had reported the existence of the F-117 as far back as the early 1980s.[^5]
### The 1989 Bob Lazar series
KLAS aired an interview in May 1989 with a man identified on air as "Dennis," shown in silhouette, who described flying discs of extraterrestrial origin. The identity of the interviewee, Bob Lazar, was disclosed in November 1989.[^5][^6] On November 6, 1989 KLAS aired the first part of a nine-part series titled "UFOs: The Best Evidence." The station's 2019 retrospective, in which Knapp looked back on the series, describes it as the highest rated local news series ever aired in Las Vegas and says it "revealed the name of Bob Lazar."[^7] In the retrospective Knapp says the series took nearly eight months to assemble.[^7] The station biography states that in 1990 [[United Press International]] selected his UFO series as the best in the nation for individual achievement by a journalist; the Coast to Coast AM host page dates the same UPI recognition to 1989 and describes it as concerning his reports on Area 51.[^1][^3]
In his 2023 statement to Congress Knapp wrote that in 1989 he began hearing "seemingly-outlandish tidbits regarding crashed saucers, strange materials, and reverse engineering programs" in the Nevada desert, and that the first person he told about this outside his newsroom was [[Harry Reid]], then in his first term in the Senate. He wrote that Reid said he was interested in hearing more, that this began a private two-way conversation "that continued for the next three decades," and that he kept Reid informed of UFO developments and received information from him that he could not otherwise have obtained.[^4]
In his 2025 written testimony Knapp described the 1989 reporting as the start of his work on the subject. He wrote that he reported on Lazar and S-4, "the place out near Area 51" where Lazar said a reverse-engineering program was underway, and that he and [[Robert Stoldal]], then KLAS news director, regarded the story as a risk for the station.[^8] Knapp wrote that Lazar alone was not enough to proceed, and that he appealed on the air for people with knowledge of the program to contact him. He testified that more than two dozen sources spoke to the station, and that six people who spoke with him in succession by telephone in the newsroom were visited the next day by government agents or security personnel from former employers, who in his account told them to keep quiet. He described one of the six, a woman who had worked for a defense contractor, as having been told by two men in suits that "It's a big desert out there. It would be a shame if anything happened to either of you," and he stated that someone had been listening to the phone in his office.[^8]
Knapp testified that the first person he told outside the newsroom about the story was Harry Reid, who said he was interested, and that the two kept a private conversation going for the rest of Reid's life.[^8] A KLAS Mystery Wire page of March 27, 2026 states that Reid's interest dates to the 1980s, when Knapp first discussed the subject with him, and lists Knapp's reporting on Reid from a November 1989 live interview "before the reveal of Bob Lazar" through June 2021.[^9] In April 2026 KLAS posted two pieces on the Amazon Prime film "S4: The Bob Lazar Story," whose director was Luigi Vendittelli; the piece credited to Knapp states that Lazar did not want to take part in another documentary and that the film grew out of four and a half years of exchanges with him.[^6][^10]
### Sources, documents and the Russia files
In his 2025 testimony Knapp stated that what drew him to the subject was the paper trail of FOIA documents, the first of which came to KLAS under the arm of [[John Lear]], son of [[Bill Lear]], who had earlier helped the station break a story on the testing of a radar-invisible aircraft that proved to be the F-117. He testified that he was forwarding the Task Force a list of documents, including a report of the [[Congressional Research Service]].[^8]
He testified about [[Howard Cannon]], the former Nevada senator, whose son Alan told Knapp that his father had said the Roswell story and crash debris were true; Knapp stated that Cannon told him on camera that his friend [[Barry Goldwater]] had sought access to material held at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] and was refused, and that Goldwater confirmed the story to him in correspondence in the early 1990s.[^8] He also testified about [[Al O'Donnell]], first general manager of the [[EG&G]] operation in Las Vegas, who over several months of unrecorded coffee-shop meetings told Knapp that he had been involved in securing a crashed craft, most likely in 1953, held at Indian Springs Air Base (now [[Creech Air Force Base]]), and later a living being. Knapp wrote that O'Donnell then said he had been warned to stop talking to him, and that years later an anonymous source gave a book author a different account of Roswell. Knapp stated: "Al had a reason for changing the story. Someone told him to do it."[^8]
Knapp's 2023 statement describes a 1993 trip to Moscow, arranged over eight months with the assistance of Representative [[Jim Bilbray]] and the Russian physicist [[Nikolai Kapranov]], on which he and two colleagues interviewed more than a dozen Russian military officials, intelligence operatives and scientists.[^4] In that statement he wrote that [[Boris Sokolov]], director of a Ministry of Defense study of UFO reports, said there had been 45 incidents in which Russian warplanes engaged UFOs, and that in three the warplanes crashed and two pilots died. The 2025 written testimony gives the number as 40 incidents.[^4][^8] The 2025 testimony adds that Knapp returned to Moscow in 1996 to interview General Igor Maltsev, who issued the standing order to leave UFOs alone because "they could have incredible capacities for retaliation," and describes an October 1982 incident at a missile base in Ukraine in which, in Sokolov's account, the launch displays illuminated and the missiles became ready to fire after a UFO had been overhead for four hours. Knapp testified that he had given copies of the documents to the Task Force and earlier to [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and that the AAWSAP translation team produced a synopsis describing a larger body called Unit 73790.[^8]
### NIDS and Robert Bigelow
In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the other person he met in 1989 in connection with the subject was [[Robert Bigelow]], who by his account has spent tens of millions of dollars of his own money on UFO investigations, and that in 1996 Bigelow created the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) with a science advisory board of PhD-level academics, two former astronauts who had walked on the moon, and scientists who had worked for or consulted with military and intelligence agencies. He wrote that after NIDS began its own investigations he informed Senator Reid about the organization and arranged an introduction, that Reid attended one of the first board meetings, and that the connection between Reid and Bigelow was "directly related to the inquiry you have launched 27 years later." He wrote that after the Moscow trip he shared the information with NIDS, with Reid and with senior staff of the Senate Intelligence Committee.[^4]
The NIDS website as captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 6, 2000 lists a Science Advisory Board chaired by [[Warren Burggren]] and including [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]], and a staff of Robert T. Bigelow as president and founder, Colm A. Kelleher as deputy administrator, [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric Davis]], George E. Onet, Marcel Kuijsten, Mindy Floyd and Connie Fox-VanHorne.[^11] Knapp's name does not appear on the personnel pages of the captures of December 6, 2000, December 14, 2001 and February 4, 2004, or on the mission statement pages of the captures of December 6, 2000 and December 14, 2001.[^11][^12] The earliest capture of the site in the Internet Archive is April 14, 2000.[^11]
### Skinwalker Ranch and the Bigelow contractors
[[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] ([[Paraview Pocket Books]], 2005, ISBN 9781416505211) is catalogued under the name of Colm Kelleher alone; a 2017 audiobook edition from [[Dreamscape Media]] credits Kelleher, George Knapp and David Bendena.[^13] The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp co-authored the book.[^3] The same catalog lists Skinwalkers at the Pentagon, published in 2021 by an independent publisher with Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp as authors (ISBN 9798487639653).[^14]
Records obtained by [[The Black Vault]] under FOIA case 22-F-0035 show that the Skinwalkers at the Pentagon manuscript was submitted to the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review in March 2020, was routed to the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Air Force and the [[Department of Homeland Security]], and was cleared as amended on May 11, 2021. The changes concerned personally identifiable information, protected health information and the names of certain government employees. In an interview on Coast to Coast AM, Kelleher said that the names of active-duty personnel in the book are pseudonyms, including that of one of the four Tic Tac pilots.[^15]
In his 2025 testimony Knapp described Kelleher as the principal manager of the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]] (AAWSAP) in Las Vegas who had worked for Bigelow, identified Bigelow's company, BAASS, as the awardee of the DIA contract for AAWSAP, and stated that he is a co-author of two books written primarily by Lacatski and Kelleher.[^8]
### AAWSAP reporting and the DIA releases
KLAS posted a Knapp and Adams report on June 28, 2018 on a 2009 letter from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]. The report states that the letter said the study had focused on "advanced aerospace threats and disruptive aerospace technologies," that it was already a success, and that only 14 people were copied. [[Luis Elizondo]] told the station that the letter was legitimate.[^16] The letter, released by DIA to The Black Vault, is dated June 24, 2009 and is written on the letterhead of the Majority Leader.[^17] A second Knapp and Adams report, originally aired on July 25, 2018, described a presentation by Hal Puthoff, chief scientist for BAASS, in June 2018 as the first public presentation about the study.[^18]
In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the December 2017 [[New York Times]] story on the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) was accurate in many respects but wrong in stating that the $22 million secured by Reid, [[Daniel Inouye]] and [[Ted Stevens]] funded AATIP. In his account the money went to AAWSAP, a DIA program initiated and managed by Lacatski, whose contract was awarded to a subsidiary of Bigelow Aerospace. He wrote that AAWSAP began in September 2008, employed 50 full-time investigators at one point, compiled a data warehouse of more than 200,000 cases, and produced more than 100 research papers, the first of which concerned the 2004 Tic Tac incident, and that neither Congress nor the public had seen them. He wrote that one condition of the Bigelow contract was a Las Vegas plant able to accept, store and study exotic materials, that Lacatski's requests for access to such materials were met with "harsh rebukes," and that AAWSAP lasted 27 months of a planned five years.[^4]
In his 2025 testimony Knapp attributed the origin of AAWSAP to Lacatski and a DIA colleague, and said that Senator Reid and two other senior senators secured its funding.[^8] He wrote that BAASS hired about fifty investigators, most of them former military or law enforcement, and that the contract produced more than three dozen preliminary Defense Intelligence Reference Documents (DIRDs) and more than 100 further reports.[^8] He put the data holdings at more than 240,000 case files from multiple collections, a database he said was designed and overseen by Jacques Vallee and reportedly used by U.S. agencies since. He said none of the 100-plus reports had been released by DIA, although some had leaked.[^8] A KLAS page of March 27, 2026 credited to John Forest and Knapp states that Reid, Inouye and Stevens began the study in 2007, that it employed nearly fifty scientists at its peak, and that it cost $22 million in total.[^9]
The Black Vault, which has filed FOIA requests on the program since 2018, records that DIA released the contract records for Contract HHM402-08-R-0211 under case FOIA-00349-2018 on October 13, 2022, with 13 pages withheld in full.[^19] The same archive records that DIA completed FOIA-0159-2018 on March 25, 2022, releasing 37 of 38 requested DIRDs and that the one withheld report was appealed.[^19]
Knapp testified in 2025 that in 2023 Lacatski revealed he had been in high-level talks with the Department of Homeland Security about a new program, [[KONA BLUE]], and that during discussions with a U.S. senator and an undersecretary of the department Lacatski said that "the U.S. is in possession of a craft of unknown origin and had successfully gained access to its interior." Knapp testified that Lacatski stated to a senior government official and a sitting senator that the government has at least one UFO.[^8][^20] A passage quoted from the 2023 book Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations places the meeting with a senator and an agency under secretary in 2011.[^20] Knapp also testified that Bigelow and a colleague negotiated with a senior [[Lockheed Martin]] executive for a quantity of material held at a facility in California, that the material's composition suggested manufacture in a zero-gravity environment, and that the agreement was not completed.[^8][^20]
### Congressional statements and testimony
On July 26, 2023 the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs of the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] held a hearing titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency." The witnesses were [[David Fravor]], [[Ryan Graves]] and [[David Grusch]]. The printed record lists a "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. [[Tim Burchett]]," and the committee repository lists it as a four-page "Statement to Congress" by George Knapp, signed "American Investigative Reporter."[^4][^21][^22] Burchett also entered a DIRD titled "Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (spacetime metric) Engineering" into the record and asked for unanimous consent to add statements by Knapp and by [[Jeremy Corbell]], whom he described as not witnesses but as having provided statements on the subject. The request was granted without objection.[^21]
On September 9, 2025 Knapp appeared before the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]], chaired by [[Anna Paulina Luna]], at a hearing titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." The committee's witness list gives Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Chief Alexandro Wiggins, George Knapp ("UAP Journalist"), Dylan Borland and, as the minority witness, Joe Spielberger of the [[Project On Government Oversight]].[^23] His written statement, headed "For the Record" of the Oversight Committee's hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," identifies him as chief investigative reporter for KLAS-TV, dates his pursuit of the subject to 1987, and states that he does not believe in aliens and that "Belief has nothing to do with it," describing the subject as a news story[^8] He described himself as "not a whistleblower, and not a UFO witness."[^8] In the statement he wrote that Grusch, who testified in 2023, now works for Representative [[Eric Burlison]] as an advisor.[^8]
Asked about a video of an object tracked by an MQ-9 drone off Yemen, which Eric Burlison had played, Knapp said: "Jeremy Corbell and I talked about it in one of our episodes a while back." He said they did not have the video at that time.[^24]
### Peabody, Murrow and Emmy awards
The [[Peabody Awards]] database lists two winners credited to Knapp. The 2008 award went to [[Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics]], a KLAS series on Nevada water and growth, with Knapp as producer and as writer and reporter; the credits name [[Ian Russell]] as co-producer and Matthew Adams as photographer and editor, with Robert Stoldal and Ron Comings as executive producers.[^25] The 2011 award went to Desert Underwater, a two-week series and one-hour special on the Las Vegas housing collapse, with Knapp and Colleen McCarty as producers, writers and reporters, Ian Russell as a third producer, Adams as director, and Ron Comings and Terri Foley as executive producers.[^26] The station biography also credits Knapp with a DuPont Award from [[Columbia University]].[^1]
### Radio, Mystery Wire and the WEAPONIZED podcast
The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp has been a weekend host of the program since 2007.[^3] KLAS launched the Mystery Wire website on November 6, 2019, the 30th anniversary of the first part of "UFOs: The Best Evidence," as an archive of the station's news stories and interviews on UFOs, Area 51, military programs and related subjects.[^7] In April 2026 the station identified Knapp and Ron Futrell as the hosts of Mystery Wire.[^6] NewsNation scheduled a special on Knapp's files, "The UFO Reporter," to begin October 15, 2023.[^2]
Knapp and Corbell host [[Weaponized (podcast)|WEAPONIZED]], a multi-platform investigative podcast that [[Cadence13]] and [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] launched on January 24, 2023 with the stated aim of showing never-before-seen footage and previously suppressed documents.[^27] The program's hosts page lists Knapp among its hosts.[^3] The first part of the episode "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public," Episode 74, was uploaded to Corbell's YouTube channel on April 29, 2025.[^28]
On May 23, 2022 at 9:12 PM Pacific time KLAS posted Knapp's report on the [[UAP Task Force]]. It said that in January 2021 [[Jay Stratton]] "was surprisingly transferred out of the job," and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^29]
On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]] under the headline "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" The report quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] answering a hypothetical request to take apart a UFO: "No, we provide customer solutions." It quotes [[Travis Taylor]] saying he and Stratton were "doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^30]
### Footnotes
[^1]: KLAS-TV, "George Knapp," station biography, 8 News Now, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=364.
[^2]: Brian Entin, "The UFO Reporter Part 1: The George Knapp Files," NewsNation, updated October 8, 2023, https://digital-release.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/ufo-reporter-part-one-george-knapp-files/
[^3]: Coast to Coast AM, "George Knapp," host page (biography: weekend host since 2007; 27 regional Emmy awards; UPI 1989; "co-authored the best selling book Hunt for the Skinwalker"), https://www.coasttocoastam.com/host/george-knapp/ ; hosts page, https://www.coasttocoastam.com/hosts/
[^4]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," submitted by Rep. Burchett for the record, hearing of July 26, 2023, 4 pp., House Committee Repository, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf (committee listing: https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282).
[^5]: George Knapp, "Major newspaper claims Air Force created alien tech stories at Area 51 to mislead public," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 1, 2026, 5:28 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/major-newspaper-claims-air-force-created-alien-tech-stories-at-area-51-to-mislead-public/
[^6]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/
[^7]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, 6:58 PM PST, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/
[^8]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record" of the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
[^9]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 AM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/
[^10]: George Knapp, "Reconstructing the world of Bob Lazar: 'S4' collaboration brings original story to life," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 9, 2026, 5:39 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/reconstructing-the-world-of-bob-lazar-s4-collaboration-brings-original-story-to-life/
[^11]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; site home page capture of April 14, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20000414082107/http://www.nidsci.org/
[^12]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," Internet Archive captures of December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082825/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html); "Mission Statement," captures of December 6, 2000 (https://web.archive.org/web/20001206021500/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html) and December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082731/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html).
[^13]: Open Library, work records for "Hunt for the skinwalker" (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; Open Library, "Hunt for the Skinwalker" audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D, George Knapp, David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W ; Internet Archive catalog record huntforskinwalke0000kell (creator Kelleher, Colm A; New York: Paraview Pocket Books, 2005; xiv, 304 p.), https://archive.org/details/huntforskinwalke0000kell
[^14]: Open Library, work record for "Skinwalkers at the Pentagon" (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, credits James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W
[^15]: The Black Vault, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," posted August 12, 2025 (FOIA case 22-F-0035), https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/
[^16]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," originally posted on 8NewsNow.com June 28, 2018, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/
[^17]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn, June 24, 2009, released by DIA to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf
[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," originally aired July 25, 2018, KLAS-TV, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/
[^19]: The Black Vault, "The Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) Documentation," originally published April 2022 and updated, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-advanced-aerospace-weapon-system-applications-program-aawsap-documentation/
[^20]: Knapp's September 9, 2025 written testimony (note 4) gives the 2023 Lacatski revelation and the Lockheed negotiation, relying for the Lockheed discussion on a source who was present. The 2011 date is from Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations (2023), https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html
[^21]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, GovInfo CHRG-118hhrg53022, index entry "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. Burchett," https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
[^22]: House Committee Repository, hearing of July 26, 2023, witnesses Fravor, Graves and Grusch and support documents "UC - Burchett - Statement for the Record - George Knapp" and "UC - Burchett - Report - 'The UAP Puzzle' - Jeremy Corbell" (added August 21, 2023), https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282
[^23]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, hearing page "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, September 9, 2025, 10:00 am, HVC-210, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency-and-whistleblower-protection/ ; Luna opening remarks, press release of September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/release/luna-opens-hearing-on-restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency/
[^24]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, printed record CHRG-119hhrg61718 (Knapp's oral remarks). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm
[^25]: The Peabody Awards, "Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics," 2008 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/crossfire/
[^26]: The Peabody Awards, "Desert Underwater," KLAS-TV, 2011 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/desert-underwater/
[^27]: Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment, "Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment Launch 'WEAPONIZED' Podcast," https://www.darkhorse.com/newsfeed/cadence13-and-dark-horse-entertainment-launch-weap/
[^28]: Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public : PART 1 : WEAPONIZED : Episode #74," YouTube, uploaded April 29, 2025 (12:00 PM PDT), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxI-LDrDqA
[^29]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
[^30]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022, 11:16 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/

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@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ The [[U.S. Navy]] denied the reports. Messadié's publication drew wide attentio
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31.
[^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93.
[^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha.

27
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md
View file

@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
- Henry Kissinger
- Kissinger
created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-09
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- KeyFigure
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags:
- ColdWar
- 1960s
- 1970s
summary: "Henry A. Kissinger served as National Security Advisor (1969-1975) and Secretary of State (1973-1977) under Nixon and Ford, and endorsed Israel's covert nuclear weapons program at Dimona while privately advocating that Japan and Israel were better served by having the bomb than submitting to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty."
summary: "National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford who endorsed Israel's nuclear program at Dimona and privately argued that Japan and Israel were better served by the bomb than the Non-Proliferation Treaty."
born: 1923-05-27
died: 2023-11-29
location: "Fürth, Germany"
@ -27,6 +27,18 @@ relations:
role: "director, Special Studies Project"
end: 1958-06-30
fn: ssp
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "attended some sessions, Quantico I"
start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10
fn: qp3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "panel member, Quantico II"
start: 1955-08
end: 1955-11
fn: qp1
---
Henry A. Kissinger was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the [[United States Secretary of State]] and National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. In the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College. At the end of his course, he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]], warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1]
@ -47,9 +59,13 @@ Kissinger's academic career at Harvard ran from 1951 to 1971, with a leave of ab
The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.[^seminar]
### Quantico Panels, 1955
Kissinger attended some sessions of the first [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]] at the Marine Corps Schools in June 1955, as did members of the State and Defense departments and the Central Intelligence Agency.[^qp3] On August 16, 1955, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited him, then a Harvard academic, to a second panel on the psychological aspects of future United States strategy, which is called Quantico II in the record.[^qp1] The panel's twelve members met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with [[Frederick L. Anderson]] designated chairman.[^qp1] Kissinger took the place of [[Hans Speier]], who had planned a trip to Germany for the [[Rand Corporation]]. [[Daniel Bessner]] describes the meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career, and states that Rockefeller became his political patron after it.[^qp4] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] describes its folder of Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers as stating that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s"; Bessner, citing Isaacson, places the two men's first meeting at the first panel.[^qp5][^qp4] Kissinger's paper "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR" appears in the November 1955 source book, which the panel submitted on November 29, 1955.[^qp1][^qp2]
### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project
Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]] that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies.
Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by Nelson Rockefeller that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies.
The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.[^ssp]
@ -132,3 +148,8 @@ Beginning in January 1969, Kissinger had his telephone conversations transcribed
[^c2]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29.
[^c3]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 24.
[^friele]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29; Rockefeller Archive Center, Berent Friele Papers (FA468).
[^qp1]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists "Dr. Henry A. Kissinger of Harvard University" among the twelve invited on August 16, 1955.
[^qp2]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents, paper 16, "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR," by Henry A. Kissinger.
[^qp3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 261 and note 129, citing Gordon H. Chang, *Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972* (Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 151. Bessner's note 129 is on his list of the eleven members: it states that Henry Kissinger attended some sessions, as did members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the NSC.
[^qp4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 264-265 and note 146, citing Walter Isaacson, *Kissinger: A Biography* (Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 90-91, on the two men's earlier contact at the first panel.
[^qp5]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Hugh Morrow Interviews, Series Q, Subseries 2, "Henry Kissinger Interview," Spring 1980, scope note, https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5.

107
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md
View file

@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ relations:
role: "personal representative and head of Nevada operations"
end: 1970-12-05
fn: 3
- type: owned
with: "[[KLAS-TV]]"
start: 1968
end: 1978
role: "buyer of the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8 in the FCC approval of February 14, 1968 (station record names Hughes Tool Company); the Hughes estate sold it, with FCC approval May 15, 1978"
fn: 11
- type: represented
with: "[[Chester Davis]]"
reverse: true
@ -55,19 +61,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Robert R. Mullen Company]]"
reverse: true
role: "Washington public relations under Robert Bennett"
fn: 21
fn: 25
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Intertel]]"
reverse: true
role: "security and management consultants, Nevada casinos"
start: 1970-12
fn: 17
fn: 21
- type: funded
with: "[[Bebe Rebozo]]"
role: "100,000 dollars in cash delivered by Richard Danner, returned in June 1973"
start: 1969-09
end: 1973-06
fn: 11
fn: 15
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities]]"
role: "requested to testify; subpoena approved but never served"
@ -76,13 +82,13 @@ relations:
with: "[[Project Azorian]]"
role: "Hughes Tool Company named as owner of the Hughes Glomar Explorer"
start: 1971-04
fn: 25
fn: 30
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Annette Gano Lummis]]"
role: "nephew"
fn: 1
created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was born on December 24, 1905, and died on April 5, 1976, aboard an aircraft on the way to [[Houston, Texas|Houston]].[^1] His father invented and patented the modern oil-drill bit, which was leased for 30,000 dollars a well; Hughes inherited a majority interest in the company at nineteen and bought out his relatives. In December 1970 his holdings in oil-drilling equipment, aerospace, electronics, airlines, communications and real estate were privately owned and not subject to public reporting requirements, and *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* estimated their value at 1.4 billion to 2 billion dollars. Hughes companies then employed about 65,000 people, and the [[Hughes Tool Company]] held about 60 percent of the world market for drill bits.[^2] Hughes Tool, later renamed [[Summa Corporation]], was the holding company for most of the holdings, and Hughes was its sole owner.[^3]
@ -107,68 +113,74 @@ In 1944 the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] approved control of [[Trans World Airlin
Hughes moved to [[Las Vegas]] in November 1966, and Maheu contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties Hughes began to acquire, reporting to Hughes rather than to the executives of Hughes Tool.[^9] *Time* noted that [[Nevada]] had no inheritance taxes. Hughes lived for four years in the penthouse of the [[Desert Inn]]; by 1970 his Nevada holdings, valued by *Time* at 300 million dollars, included the Desert Inn, the [[Sands Hotel|Sands]], the [[Landmark Hotel|Landmark]], the [[Frontier Hotel|Frontier]] and the [[Castaways Hotel|Castaways]], the [[Silver Slipper Casino|Silver Slipper]], [[Harolds Club]] in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]], the [[North Las Vegas Airport]] and the regional airline renamed [[Hughes Air West]]. Roselli held a gift-shop lease at the Frontier and said he had collected a finder's fee when the Desert Inn was sold to Hughes. State officials examining the books of the Sands in the summer of 1970 found 186,000 dollars in markers, some signed with fictitious names, which Hughes's managers wished to write off as bad debts and which the officials refused to allow. Hughes became suspicious of his Las Vegas employees in February 1970 after a tip from federal investigators examining kickbacks and skimming in the Nevada operation.[^2]
Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^10]
In October 1967 an application for FCC approval of the sale of [[KLAS-TV]], the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8, by [[Hank Greenspun]] and the [[Las Vegas Sun]] to Hughes was on file at a price of about $4.5 million. Greenspun gave financial difficulties as his reason, citing losses from a 1964 fire that destroyed the Sun building. The trade report describes Hughes as having been acquiring hotels and properties in Las Vegas during the preceding year.[^10] The FCC approved the transfer on February 14, 1968, according to the station record, which names the buyer as Hughes Tool Company; Broadcasting reported the same approval the following week and named Hughes personally, identifying him as the owner of Hughes Tool Company and of real estate in the Las Vegas area, with a price of $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations, estimated at about $4.5 million.[^11][^12] A 2018 KLAS report by [[George Knapp]] states that the money Hughes spent in Las Vegas is how he purchased Channel 8 in 1968.[^13]
Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^14]
Maheu testified that he was consulted on which political leaders Hughes should support, that Hughes knew of and approved all political contributions, and that Hughes saw them as ensuring access and influence. By 1969 Hughes's cash contributions were drawn from the Silver Slipper, which Hughes owned as a sole proprietorship. A memorandum from Hughes to Maheu, undated, found in the files of the [[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities|Senate Watergate committee]], reads in part: "Bob, as soon as this predicament is settled, I want you to go see Nixon as my special confidential emissary. I feel there is a really valid possibility of a Republican victory this year. If that could be realized under our sponsorship and supervision every inch of the way then we would be ready to follow with Gov. [[Paul Laxalt]] as our next candidate."[^9]
### The Contribution to Bebe Rebozo
[[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^11]
[[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^15]
Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^11] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^12] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^13]
Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^15] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^16] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^17]
In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^14] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3]
In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^18] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3]
### The Dunes
In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^10]
In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^14]
*Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^15] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^14]
*Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^19] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^18]
### Departure and Intertel
A few minutes before ten o'clock on Thanksgiving Eve, November 25, 1970, Hughes left the Desert Inn by an interior fire escape, was driven to North Las Vegas Airport and flew in a Hughes Tool jet to the [[Bahamas]]. By the next day he occupied a ninth-floor suite of the [[Britannia Beach Hotel]] on [[Paradise Island]], held for him for more than a year; nearly all of Paradise Island was owned by [[Resorts International]], which *Time* reported Hughes had reputedly tried to buy the year before for 85 million dollars. Eighty-four hours passed before the guards at the Desert Inn discovered he was gone. The Hughes Tool executives [[Raymond Holliday]] and [[Frank Gay|Frank W. Gay]] and the lawyer Chester Davis gathered at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]] in Los Angeles, summoned a Maheu aide and demanded Maheu's resignation; Maheu obtained a court order and the undersheriff searched the empty penthouse. Hughes then telephoned Governor Paul Laxalt and the district attorney at 1:30 a.m. to say he wanted Maheu fired.[^2] Hughes discharged Maheu on December 5, 1970.[^3]
In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^16] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^17] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^16][^18] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^12]
In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^20] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^21] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^20][^22] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^16]
The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that Hughes Tool had engaged Intertel "to conduct a sweeping and exhaustive investigation into the affairs and past activities of Robert A. Maheu," on a contract "reported to run upward to a million dollars," and that Intertel had already turned information over to the Internal Revenue Service, with the former head of IRS intelligence [[William Kolar]] on its staff in Las Vegas. It recorded the account of a former agency employee then on Intertel's staff that Edward P. Morgan had been paid "almost a million dollars" for past services and was "making noises to certain unnamed Hughes Tool Company officials to the effect that they had better take it easy on Maheu because of the past involvement with CIA in covert operations," and that the Intertel man "will not allow Maheu to use the Agency as a shield."[^7]
[[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^19] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^19] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^20]
[[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^23] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^23] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^24]
### White House Memoranda, 1971
White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^21]
White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^25]
[[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^21]
[[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^25]
Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^21]
Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^25]
On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^21] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^14]
On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^25] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^18]
### The Senate Investigation
[[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^22] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^15]
[[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^26] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^19]
Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^11] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^10][^13]
Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^15] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^14][^17]
The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^12]
The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^16]
The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^23] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7]
The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^27] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7]
In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^24]
In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^28]
The Senate Select Committee's final report records that [[Jeb Stuart Magruder]] testified that John Mitchell suggested as additional targets for the 1972 plan the [[Democratic National Committee]] chairman, Larry O'Brien, and the Las Vegas publisher Greenspun, whom Magruder described as allegedly holding explosive material damaging to [[Edmund Muskie|Senator Muskie]] in his office safe.[^29] The report also states that Robert Bennett suggested that Greenspun's safe contained information of interest to both Hughes and the Committee for the Re-election of the President.[^29] Greenspun had sold KLAS-TV to Hughes in 1968.[^10]
### Project Azorian
In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^25]
In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^30]
The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^25] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^26]
The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^30] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^31]
### Death and Estate
On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^27] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^27] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^28]
On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^32] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^32] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^33]
Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the Delaware complaint alleged that the institute had since been controlled by Gay and Davis as majority members of its executive committee, which on July 10, 1978 purported to amend the charter to abolish the office of trustee. The attorney general of Delaware and William Lummis, as Delaware ancillary administrator, sued in the [[Delaware Court of Chancery]] to have a trustee appointed.[^4][^5] A claim by the actress [[Terry Moore]] that she had married Hughes at sea in 1949 was dismissed on judicial estoppel; the opinion affirming the dismissal was written by Justice [[Paul Pressler]].[^1]
The station that Hughes bought in 1968 passed through his estate after his death in 1976. Broadcasting reported in February 1978 that KLAS-TV was sold by Summa Corporation to [[Landmark Communications]] for a price said to be in excess of $8 million, and a March 1978 FCC filing gave the price as $9,587,500 and stated that the estate had been divesting broadcast interests since Hughes's death and that KLAS-TV was its only broadcast station.[^34][^35] The FCC approved the estate's sale on May 15, 1978.[^11]
### Footnotes
[^1]: *Moore v. Neff*, 629 S.W.2d 827 (Tex. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1982), No. B2947, decided February 4, 1982 (Pressler, J.), full text at the Harvard Caselaw Access Project. https://static.case.law/sw2d/629/cases/0827-01.json (birth date computed from *Time*'s statement of December 21, 1970 that Hughes "will be 65 on Christmas Eve").
@ -180,22 +192,29 @@ Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the
[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the record, "Robert D. Peloquin, President, International Intelligence, Inc. (INTERTEL)," May 20, 1971, signed John G. Southard, 6 pp., NARA record number 104-10122-10288, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act, March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10122-10288.pdf
[^8]: *Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.*, 409 U.S. 363 (1973), Nos. 71-827 and 71-830, decided January 10, 1973, opinion of the Court (Douglas, J.) and dissent (Burger, C.J.) reciting the procedural history. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/409/363
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu). https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^10]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^11]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^12]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^13]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^15]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/
[^16]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^17]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^19]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks
[^20]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf
[^21]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf
[^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf
[^23]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^24]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1 (scanned images, OCR read). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf
[^26]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf
[^27]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json
[^28]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601
[^10]: "Application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV Las Vegas by H. M. Greenspun to industrialist Howard R. Hughes ... for about $4.5 million," with Greenspun's account of the 1964 fire at the Las Vegas Sun building, Broadcasting, October 23, 1967. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-10-23-BC.pdf
[^11]: Television Digest Factbook, TV Factbook 1984, KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Ch. 8, licensee KLAS Inc., ownership Landmark Communications 100 percent, sale to Hughes Tool Co. by H. M. Greenspun and Las Vegas Sun approved by FCC February 14, 1968 (Television Digest 8:8, 9), sale by the estate of Howard R. Hughes approved May 15, 1978 (Television Digest 18:7). https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf
[^12]: "KLAs-Tv Las Vegas: Sold by H. M. Greenspun to Howard R. Hughes for $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations that is estimated to bring price up to approximately $4.5 million," FCC approvals of station transfers, Broadcasting, February 19, 1968. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-02-19-BC.pdf
[^13]: George Knapp, "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," KLAS-TV 8 News Now, posted July 18, 2018. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/news/how-klas-tv-became-a-part-of-howard-hughes-empire/amp
[^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^15]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^16]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^17]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^19]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/
[^20]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^21]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^23]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks
[^24]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf
[^25]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf
[^26]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf
[^27]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^28]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Final Report, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), testimony of Jeb Stuart Magruder on the Liddy intelligence plan with footnotes 61 to 63 for the February 1972 meeting, and the section on Robert Bennett's suggestion regarding Greenspun's safe. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^30]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf
[^31]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf
[^32]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json
[^33]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601
[^34]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas: Sold by Summa Corp. to Landmark Communications Inc. for price said to be in excess of $8 million," Broadcasting, February 13, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-13-BC.pdf
[^35]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas (ch. 8) Seeks assignment of license from Summa Corp. to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500," Broadcasting, March 27, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-03-27-BC.pdf

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md
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@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Cristol states that Kidd, in interviews in the early 1990s, said the attack was
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Adm. Isaac Kidd Dies," The Washington Post, July 2, 1999. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/07/02/adm-isaac-kidd-dies/48636275-1034-4d5d-9350-ff83865bb644/
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for Kidd's private statements, as Boston reports them. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm
[^3]: "US Navy Court of Inquiry," The Liberty Incident (website of A. Jay Cristol), https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html. Descriptive text accompanying the posted record; the assignment of Kidd and the date he boarded the ship come from this description.
[^4]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan pages 106 and 107 (opening, convening letter of June 10, 1967, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, court aboard June 12, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment June 15, London June 16), 265 (closing at 1645 on June 16), https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, and quoted in Ward Boston Jr., Declaration, paragraph 5 (https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf).
[^5]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 129, no. 7 (July 2003). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret. Fraser also gives Kidd's death year as 1999.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md
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@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Marks reports that Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only a
[^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 9.
[^2]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, 1957 Annual Report, officers and staff, "The Society," and address page. Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n.
[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the 1961-1963 directorship and Rhodes: Price.
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions"). Sole source for the Monroe quotation: Marks.
[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions").
[^6]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md
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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Foreign Relations of the United States volumes record two exchanges. At the
On May 18, 1963, in a letter transmitted through the State Department to Ambassador Barbour, Kennedy wrote to Ben-Gurion: "I am sure you will agree that there is no more urgent business for the whole world than the control of nuclear weapons," recalled that "when we spoke together in May 1961 you said that we might make whatever use we wished of the information resulting from the first visit of American scientists to Dimona and that you would agree to further visits by neutrals as well," and wrote that "development of a nuclear weapons capability by Israel would almost certainly lead other larger countries, that have so far refrained from such development, to feel that they must follow suit." He wrote that he saw "no present or imminent nuclear threat to Israel" from the United Arab Republic and that "we have the capacity to check" any contrary information, and pressed for "your Government's early assent to the proposal first put to you by Ambassador Barbour on April 2." Four and a half lines of the source text remain classified.[^7]
Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing. Hersh is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^2]
Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing.[^2]
### Cuba and the CIA
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Congress passed the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection A
### Footnotes
[^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "John F. Kennedy" (born May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts; inaugurated January 20, 1961; term ended November 22, 1963). https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9.
[^3]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center and National Security Archive, record of the meeting of December 19, 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, chronology of the Castro plots ("November 29, John McCone succeeds Allen Dulles as Director, CIA"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^5]: Trachtenberg, Marc. "Appendix Eight (Chapter Nine, Note 134): Kennedy and the Israeli Nuclear Program," to *A Constructed Peace*. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/appendices/appendixVIII.html

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md
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@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ The next morning, Costa Rican Rural Guards awakened Kelso with automatic rifle f
### Footnotes
[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction"
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
[^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), chapter on other individuals (John Hull; March 7, 1989 reporting; July 31, 1987 SSCI briefing transcript), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/other.html
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off"

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md
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@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Three consecutive grand jury foremen and [[Ben Wagner]], an attorney representin
---
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md
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@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The Associated Press reported on March 6, 1996 that Santacruz, 54, regarded as t
### Allegations in the Casolaro material
According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. Sole source for the passages so cited; the New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8]
According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. The New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8]
### Footnotes

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In late October 1973, Kenneth Hellstrom reported to the Homewood Police Departme
Kenneth Hellstrom was murdered in January 1977, shortly after his 1976 testimony against [[John David Norman]], with his body discovered in the snow bearing a slit throat. [[Phillip Paske]] emerged as a prime suspect due to his close association with Norman, including cohabitation in the Chicago apartment for pornography production and assistance in launching The Delta Project during their time in Cook County Jail. The [[Chicago]] investigated the murder, but the case remained cold for decades until revived in 2007 and ultimately went unsolved.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Hellstrom is not named in the 1977 House and Senate hearing records, and searches of archive.org and CourtListener found no record of the murder or of a confession by Fred Rogers; the Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md
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@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ Eugene Horsch announced her death on her [[Facebook]] page. He wrote: "Please le
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Krista M. Killen Obituary | 1978 - 2025 | Philadelphia, PA," Philadelphia Cremations, hosted on Tribute Archive. https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen
[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html Sole source for the account that Eugene shattered her bedroom door, which the Inquirer gives as told to two friends.
[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html Sole source for the account of the basement room, the lock on the door, the basement warning, the Wynne quote, the amputation and fire details, and the medical examiner's statement.
[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html The Inquirer gives the account as told to two friends.
[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html
[^4]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html
[^5]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Ellie Rushing. "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. The article describes Killen as "Horsch's longtime companion, who died of an overdose last year." https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html
[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the passages so cited; the article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*.
[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings The article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md
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@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo
[^9]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Naval Hospital Oakland, report of Board of Medical Survey, 1945; Bureau of Naval Personnel letters on release from active duty; Physical Evaluation Board findings referring to release from active duty on February 16, 1946.
[^10]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): letter of resignation, North Hollywood, November 14, 1947; Chief of Naval Personnel to Hubbard, December 13, 1947 (Pers-3121-WQD/wcp); Hubbard's letter withdrawing the resignation; Secretary of the Navy approval of May 12, 1950; acceptance of resignation of May 27, 1950; separation record listing American Defense, Asiatic-Pacific, Victory and expert rifle and pistol.
[^11]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Navy Department letter of November 14, 1972 to Russell Salamon (K. C. Walser, by direction of the Chief of Naval Personnel); letter of the Flag Operations Liaison Office, Eastern United States, A Branch of the Church of Scientology of New York, to the National Personnel Records Center, May 28, 1974; National Personnel Records Center memorandum for the record, December 17, 1984.
[^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. Sole source for the August 1, 1945 arrival date, the name Allied Enterprises and the investment figures.
[^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946.
[^13]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm.
[^14]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley of January 21, February 2, March 6 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-02-02-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-03-06-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm; the pooling-of-resources passage is printed in the transcription of the circa February 1946 letter (1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm).
[^15]: Culling, Louis T., letter to Karl Germer, May 12, 1946 (extract), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-05-12-Culling-to-Germer.html.
@ -215,6 +215,6 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo
[^32]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, and the same passage in Nature's issue of October 18, 1974; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4 in the STARGATE collection.
[^33]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology, photographs by David Suter), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.
[^34]: Psychological report on six SRI parapsychology subjects, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (also -00787R000700090021-5); Office of Technical Service memorandum for the record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0; SRI session transcript of October 4, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6.
[^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
[^36]: Adams, Jacqueline, Washington Times, January 29, 1986, in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100200068-4.
[^37]: "Founding Church of Scientology" funeral service text attributed to L. Ron Hubbard, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020051-4.

12
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md
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@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Hamilton co-chaired the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
[^1]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "Hamilton, Lee Herbert." bioguide.congress.gov.
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force. *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*. 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 1993.
[^3]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992 (reprinted in *The Seattle Times*, May 29, 1992). https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
[^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the Barcella account.
[^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the addendum account.
[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry.
[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement about the report as reported by Parry.
[^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement of 2010 as reported by Parry.
[^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
[^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html
[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/
[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
[^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/
[^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (text of H. Res. 585 and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
[^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry.
[^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
[^11]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993 (Section 4, p. 17). https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html The text states that the staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions" and finds "virtually no credible evidence."

2
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Moore said in his speech of July 1, 1989 that in early 1983 "I became aware that
### Footnotes
[^1]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), author's biography, photograph caption (p. xvi) and Author's Preface (pp. xvi to xviii), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account; sole source for the passages so cited except where another note is given.
[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account.
[^3]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 3 (Howe's account "published in the December 1987 issue of Just Cause"; Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 published in the June 1988 issue), https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf
[^4]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Howe's statements reach the page through Hastings's telephone conversation with her.
[^5]: William L. Moore, 1989b, as quoted in "E B E's," part 11, UFO BBS file UFO1030, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1030.ufo.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ As Senate Majority Leader, Johnson made [[Bobby Baker]] his secretary of the Sen
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967 (Saunders's handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236
[^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324
[^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation.
[^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf.
[^8]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003 (Kidd's death year). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret
[^9]: Associated Press, Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp
[^10]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. The Tribune's text reads "the Israelis' explanation of how the mistake had occurred was not believed"; the Hart quotation is Hart's recollection as the Tribune reported it. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md
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@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ relations:
start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10
fn: 16
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "panel member, Quantico II; source book papers on thresholds of U.S. effort and economic policy"
start: 1955-08
end: 1955-11
fn: 17
---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
@ -92,19 +98,19 @@ In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director
### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955
In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman, and the other members included [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Philip Mosely]] and Hans Speier.[^16]
In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman. The other members were [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Ellis A. Johnson]], [[Paul Linebarger]], [[Philip Mosely]], [[George Pettee]], [[Stefan Possony]], Hans Speier and [[Charles A. H. Thomson]].[^16] Millikan was also one of the twelve members of the second panel, which was often called Quantico II. That group met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September 1955, and its source book contains two papers by Millikan, "Thresholds of U.S. Effort" and "Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy."[^17][^18]
### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^17] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^18] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^19]
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^19] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^20] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^21]
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^20] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^21]
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^22] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^23]
### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^22]
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^24]
The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^23]
The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^25]
### Footnotes
@ -124,10 +130,12 @@ The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the
[^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407
[^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^18]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^20]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^21]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^22]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013
[^17]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists Millikan among the twelve members invited on August 16, 1955.
[^18]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents list papers 2 ("Thresholds of U. S. Effort") and 3 ("Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy") by Max Millikan, Director, Center of International Studies, MIT.
[^19]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^20]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^21]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^22]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^23]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^24]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^25]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013

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@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Melvin J. Lasky
aliases:
- Melvin J. Lasky
- Melvin Lasky
- Melvin Jonah Lasky
- Lasky
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- MelvinLasky
- DerMonat
- Encounter
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- ColdWar
- CulturalColdWar
- FirstGermanWritersCongress
- BerlinCongress1950
- UnitedStatesArmy
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- MichaelJosselson
- FrankWisner
- FordFoundation
summary: "American journalist and editor who founded Der Monat in 1948, helped initiate the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and co-edited Encounter from December 1958 until the magazine closed."
start: 1920
end: 2004
location: "New York; Berlin; London; Munich"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United States Army]]"
start: 1945-01
end: 1946
role: "second lieutenant with the Army's historical branch, attached to the Seventh Army information and historical section"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[First German Writers' Congress]]"
start: 1947-10
end: 1947-10
role: "delivered an address on freedom of the mind at the congress of October 4 to 8, 1947"
fn: 5
- type: founded
with: "[[Der Monat]]"
start: 1948-10
role: "founding editor of the German-language journal; first issue October 1, 1948"
fn: 10
- type: head_of
with: "[[Der Monat]]"
start: 1948-10
role: "editor with Hellmut Jaesrich; the journal passed from the American High Commission to a private German publishing company on October 1, 1954"
fn: 10
- type: founded
with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1950-06
end: 1950-11
role: "one of the initiators of the Berlin conference; removed from overt roles by November 1950 under pressure from the CIA"
fn: 11
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany, United States]]"
start: 1947
role: "employee of the American occupation government in Berlin, per the CIA history of the congress"
fn: 11
- type: head_of
with: "[[Encounter]]"
start: 1958-12
end: 1990-09
role: "co-editor with Stephen Spender from the December 1958 issue, succeeding Irving Kristol; the BnF record and the September 1990 masthead end the run in 1990, Reason gives June 1991"
fn: 19
---
Melvin Jonah Lasky (1920 to 2004) was an American journalist and magazine editor. He was born in [[New York City]] on January 15, 1920, served as a combat historian with the [[United States Army]] during the Second World War, founded the German-language journal [[Der Monat]] in [[Berlin]] in 1948, helped initiate the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], and co-edited the [[London]] monthly [[Encounter]] from 1958. He died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004.[^1][^2]
### Army service, 1945 to 1946
Lasky was a second lieutenant when he began a diary on January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten, New York, while waiting to be shipped to Europe. He concluded it in [[Frankfurt]] on December 19, 1945. As a trained historian he secured a place in the Army's historical branch, attached to the [[Seventh United States Army]] information and historical section, and the diary records the reporting trips he made with frontline units.[^3][^4] A brief excerpt, "Travel Diary in Germany," appeared anonymously in the magazine [[Common Sense]] in June 1945.[^3] Lasky left the military in 1946.[^3]
The typescript, 250 pages long, was not published until 2022, when [[Charlotte A. Lerg]] edited it as The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II, with an introduction by Lerg and [[Maren Roth]]. Lasky's assistant, [[Marc Svetov]], found the typescript in three ring binders after Lasky's death.[^3]
### The Berlin writers' congress, 1947
The First German Writers' Congress met from October 4 to 8, 1947, convened by the [[Kulturbund]] with [[Ricarda Huch]] presiding. [[Karol Kubicki]], who attended, placed the congress in the Admiralspalast and wrote that Lasky opened a sustained attack on the Communists, who in their zone were suppressing freedom of the word. The hall split after about thirty minutes, and Kubicki described the congress as the last all-German writers' congress.[^5] [[Jüdische Allgemeine]] places the speech in the Deutsches Theater in East Berlin and reports that Huch alone supported Lasky's criticism of Soviet censorship.[^6]
Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that he had been invited as a free-lance American journalist to make a brief talk to the first postwar German writers' congress, that his theme was the need to resist all forms of censorship anywhere, that the talk was controversial given the Russian venue, and that there was vigorous discussion. He denied that he had led a walk-out of anti-Communists from the meeting.[^7] The speech, titled "Von der geistigen Freiheit," was printed in Die Neue Zeitung on October 10, 1947 with the reply of the Soviet writer [[Valentin Kataev]], who said he had heard the speech of the unknown writer Lasky and was very glad finally to see a living warmonger.[^8] [[Hans Mayer]] later wrote that it was a speech meant to divide and not to unite.[^9] Der Spiegel wrote in 1954 that Lasky read the speech from his manuscript.[^10]
Kubicki also wrote that, at Lasky's initiative, the Congress for Cultural Freedom was installed as a permanent institution in the American sector and the journal Der Monat was founded.[^5]
### Der Monat, 1948 to 1958
According to Der Spiegel, a colonel named Textor, the information chief of General [[Lucius D. Clay]], offered Lasky the editorship of a serious monthly in which Soviet ideology was to be fought on the highest cultural level, after the 1947 speech. Lasky brought in the German publicist [[Hellmut Jaesrich]] as co-editor. The first issue appeared on October 1, 1948 in the blockaded city, its manuscripts edited by candlelight, flown to Munich for printing and the bales of finished copies flown back in.[^10] The CIA history of the congress describes the journal as "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government that brought Western writers once more into the ken of the German public." It also calls Lasky "an employee of the American occupation government."[^11] The AP obituary has Lasky reporting in Der Monat on the East German uprising of 1953 and the Hungarian revolution of 1956, and says the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA.[^2] The writer Edward McLaren wrote that Lasky had received Marshall Aid funding for Der Monat and that in 1947 he wrote a message to General Clay that became known as "The Melvin Lasky Proposal."[^12]
Der Spiegel reported on October 13, 1954 that a telex of March 1954, signed by Alfred Boerner, head of the Public Affairs division of the American High Commission ([[HICOG]]), instructed Lasky to order no further articles after June 30 because HICOG sponsorship of Der Monat would end with the financial year. From October 1 the journal ceased to be an organ of the American occupation authorities and became a private enterprise, published by a newly founded Verlagsgesellschaft fuer internationale Publizistik. Der Spiegel named it the first case in which a former HICOG periodical was transferred into a German publishing house with private American money. The magazine wrote that the transition was eased by a single grant of 175,000 dollars from the [[Ford Foundation]], that [[John J. McCloy]] and [[Shepard Stone]], formerly director of Public Affairs at HICOG, were among the Ford officials friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the Ford representatives declined a seat on the board of the new publishing company.[^10]
The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 states: "Der Monat was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities in an effort to encourage democratic trends in the intellectual life of postwar Germany and to develop contacts between the intellectual leaders of Germany and of the free nations. United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars in 1954 to assist the review, covering a three-year period, with the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.) as grantee.[^13] The foundation's grant lists for 1955 through 1958 carry further entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) described as support or publication of the monthly international review Der Monat.[^14] Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that for ten years he had edited Der Monat in Berlin, "until 1954 for the USIA, and thereafter (after a brief losing battle with McCarthyism) under a direct Ford Foundation grant."[^7]
A 1996 review in [[Partisan Review]] quotes a passage that reads "Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities." The same review states that "It was believed that he was an agent of American intelligence" and that "The documents show that Lasky was anything but persona grata in Washington," and says the journal survived through the support of McCloy and others who had known Lasky in Berlin.[^15] Jüdische Allgemeine states that the Congress for Cultural Freedom financed the magazine for several years, and that the congress was itself fed by intelligence-service money.[^6] The University of Chicago holds the records of Der Monat as a separate collection from the congress's own records.[^16]
### Berlin, 1949 to 1950
Lasky met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in Frankfurt in August 1949, and the three hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist Left in Berlin the following year. Lasky was 29.[^11] [[Michael Josselson]] took up the plan, and his proposal reached [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 1950, on or about January 25. In late December Lasky sent a proposal of his own to the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], who replied on January 11, 1950. Officers of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] met on February 6 and gave Josselson the go-ahead.[^11][^17]
[[Frank Wisner]], head of the Office of Policy Coordination, approved a 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950 and wanted Lasky and [[James Burnham]] kept out of sight in Berlin, for fear that their presence would give ammunition to Communist critics.[^11][^17] According to the CIA history, Lasky "had appointed himself the driving force behind the event," and Josselson cabled that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^17] The same history notes that Communist organs, on the eve of the congress, would accuse Lasky of being an agent of the US Army and of "the American secret service," citing a June 25, 1950 New York Times report headed "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley."[^17] The congress opened at the [[Titania Palace]] in [[West Berlin]] on June 26, 1950.[^11]
A memorandum of August 4, 1950 from Louis Glaser to [[Frank Lindsay]] recorded Lasky's activities in connection with the congress under the project name PDQUICK.[^17] Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to C. D. G. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," began that he remained "very disturbed" at the non-observance of his memorandum of April 7, in which he had approved the project "subject to the condition that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation." It called Lasky's conduct "a major blunder," and stated: "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization, then I am unwilling to have OPC continue its backing." A postscript recorded that General Magruder had shown a report on the congress to Secretary Johnson, who had shown it to the President, "who expressed himself as being very well pleased."[^18] The CIA history adds that Wisner described Lasky's visibility as "a major blunder," recognized as such "by our best friends in the Department of State," and that Josselson cabled a protest. In its words, "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance."[^17]
The steering committee formally established the congress as a permanent body on November 27, 1950, with [[Denis de Rougemont]] as president of its executive committee, after Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles.[^11][^17]
### Encounter, 1958 to 1990
Encounter was published in London from October 1953, and its first issue named [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] as editors. The mastheads of the issues through November 1958 carry those two names; the December 1958 issue (volume XI, number 6) reads "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky."[^19] Reason wrote that Lasky took over Encounter from Kristol in 1958.[^20] The [[Bibliotheque nationale de France]] catalogue lists Lasky as directeur de publication from 1958 and Kristol from 1953 to 1958, and gives the run of the magazine as 1953 to 1990, ending with the September 1990 issue.[^21] The September 1990 masthead (volume LXXV, number 2) names Lasky and [[Anthony Hartley]] as editors.[^19] Reason gives the demise as June 1991, the New Criterion places the closure in 1991, and the Associated Press obituary gives Lasky's editorship as running from 1953 to 1991.[^2][^20][^22] A 2025 essay gives the end as 1990.[^12]
[[Thomas W. Braden]], who had headed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s International Organizations Division, wrote in 1967: "Money for both the orchestra's tour and the magazine came from the CIA, and few outside the CIA knew about it." He continued that the agency had placed one agent in the Congress for Cultural Freedom and that "Another agent became an editor of Encounter."[^23]
The [[New Criterion]] obituary states that Lasky graduated from City College of New York in the same class as Kristol and [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], that he moved to London in the late 1950s to take over the co-editorship with Spender, and that his books included The Hungarian Revolution (1957), Africa for Beginners and Utopia and Revolution (1977). It quotes Sidney Hook, writing in 1985, on Lasky's "extraordinary intellectual and moral courage."[^22]
### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures
On May 10, 1966, Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote letters to the editor of the [[New York Times]], published in May 1966.[^24] In a letter to the [[Wall Street Journal]], filed in the CIA's copy with a stamp of April 8, 1974, Lasky wrote that he had not called the congress a CIA front, that "A 'front' in common political usage refers to a phony body set up for manipulative purposes," and that the congress "was never that, although most of its financial support came, as is now well known, from American foundations many of which derived their funds from the CIA."[^25]
In The Nation of October 2, 1967, replying to an essay by [[Christopher Lasch]] on "The Cultural Cold War" in the issue of September 11, Lasky wrote that he had already stated publicly in the London Times of May 9 that Braden's allegation was untrue; that when he became an editor of Encounter in 1958, at the invitation of the then co-editors, he "had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement and was, then as now, nobody's agent"; and that when he "subsequently became aware that some of the grants which various U.S. donors gave to the Congress for Cultural Freedom to help subsidize Encounter's publishing deficit were not in fact private but covert governmental funds, I did everything in my power to end this. In 1964, Cecil Harmsworth King and the Daily Mirror group in London took over the financial sponsorship of Encounter." He also wrote that he had never been a Communist and that there had been no resignation by him from Encounter. Lasch replied in the same issue that the New York Times of May 9 had reported that Lasky "won a vote of confidence today from the magazine's backers and decided to stay on the job," and asked why Lasky had not confided his suspicions to his colleagues.[^7]
In 1967, according to McLaren, Lasky wrote to [[Isaiah Berlin]] that "IF there were an agent planted in Encounter …it could only have been Kristol or Spender." As a consequence, McLaren wrote, Spender resigned and Kristol threatened to sue Braden, leaving Lasky the only acting editor. [[Frank Kermode]] returned to the magazine after the [[International Publishing Corporation]] of London took over its financial burden from the CIA. The New York Times later that year reported that Lasky would stay on.[^12] The July 1967 issue of Encounter carried a notice from its trustees, [[Edward Shils]], [[Andrew Shonfield]], Sir [[William Haley]] and [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], regretting that Spender and Kermode had resigned, stating that Lasky "has agreed to remain as co-Editor," that [[Nigel Dennis]] had been appointed the other co-editor, and that before 1964 the magazine was financially supported by the Congress for Cultural Freedom and subsequently by the International Publishing Corporation, chaired by Cecil H. King. The June 1967 masthead read "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," with Spender as corresponding editor for the United States.[^19][^26]
McLaren also quotes the philosopher [[Richard Wollheim]], who recalled confronting Lasky and Spender with the rumour that the magazine was CIA-funded several years earlier, when he had been asked to join its board. Lasky answered: "Nothing easier. You can inspect the accounts, and see for yourself."[^12] McLaren states that Lasky went on to admit that he knew about the CIA funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom from long before 1963. Michael Josselson told a Sunday Telegraph interviewer in 1967 that he was the sole person in the congress who knew its money came from the CIA, a statement McLaren attributes to the writer [[Sarah Miller Harris]].[^12]
[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]'s 1999 study of the congress's CIA connections is described by Lerg and Roth as focusing on those connections, and as one that "at times jumps to conclusions."[^3]
### Later work and papers
In 1975 Lasky published "Ulrike and Andreas" in The New York Times Magazine.[^27] His papers were donated to [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 2008 and are held by the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies. The collection includes about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries, notebooks from travels to Africa and India, and reports from his postwar work for the US Army. Correspondents include [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Daniel Bell]], Isaiah Berlin, [[Friedrich von Hayek]], Sidney Hook, [[George Kennan]], Irving Kristol, [[Golo Mann]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and [[Lionel Trilling]].[^3][^28]
The Lasky Library at the same center holds about 10,000 volumes. The center's holdings complement the congress records at the University of Chicago and the Encounter archive at [[Boston University]].[^28]
### Death
Lasky died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004, aged 84, of a heart ailment. The AP obituary says he interviewed Winston Churchill, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt and Vaclav Havel, and that after entering Berlin with Clay's military government contingent he was close to being expelled by Clay in 1948 when Moscow imposed the Berlin Blockade, until Clay reversed course and hired him as an adviser, an account the AP attributes to Lasky's own website.[^2] The New York Times published an obituary headed "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84" on May 22, 2004.[^29] The Washington Post obituary, as quoted by Reason, called him an "outspoken anti-communist" and recalled that "His critics enjoyed tweaking him by pointing out a visible irony," since "he looked exactly like V.I. Lenin."[^20]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, catalogue authority record for "Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), Journalist, Herausgeber, Autor" (lifespan 15.01.1920 to 19.05.2004; born New York, died Berlin; linked to Encounter (1953-1991) and Der Monat). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00055073/
[^2]: Associated Press, "Anti-communist journalist Melvin Lasky dies," May 27, 2004, carried by NBC News. Died at his home in Berlin, aged 84, of a heart ailment on May 19; combat historian during the war; entered Berlin with the military government contingent; co-founded Der Monat in 1948 and reported on the 1953 East German uprising and the 1956 Hungarian revolution; the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA; 15 years at Der Monat; gives Encounter as edited "from 1953 to 1991"; interviews with Churchill, Eisenhower, Adenauer, Brandt and Havel; the Clay anecdote is attributed by the AP to Lasky's website. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5078030
[^3]: Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II (Berghahn Books, 2022). Diary begun January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten and concluded in Frankfurt on December 19, 1945; 250-page typescript; Second Lieutenant Lasky; Army Historical Branch and the 7th Army Information and Historical Section; excerpt in Common Sense, June 1945; left the military in 1946; typescript found by Marc Svetov after May 19, 2004; papers donated to Ludwig Maximilian University in 2008; note 2 on Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (Granta, 1999); bibliography entry for the New York Times obituary. https://www.v1.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/LergDiary_intro.pdf and https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/LergDiary
[^4]: Review of Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, "Reports from a Cold Crater," Los Angeles Review of Books. Account of the bird-dog expeditions and fact-finding trips with frontline troops; the Historical Section; Lasky's entry for April 22 on his colleagues. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/reports-from-a-cold-crater-on-charlotte-a-lergs-the-diary-of-lt-melvin-j-lasky
[^5]: Karol Kubicki, "Erinnerung an einen allerletzten Gesprächsversuch im Kulturbund zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands," memoir of the October 1947 congress, pp. 125 ff. Admiralspalast venue; Lasky's attack on Communist suppression of the word; the hall dividing after thirty minutes; Lasky's initiative for the Congress for Cultural Freedom and Der Monat; the Der Monat imprint. Translated by the drafter. https://zeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de/index.php/zfsed/article/download/745/786/1478
[^6]: Jüdische Allgemeine, profile of Melvin J. Lasky ("Blattmacher, Wahl-Berliner, Freiheitsfreund"). Born in the Bronx on January 15, 1920 to Jewish-Polish immigrants; military historian with the 7th US Army; First German Writers' Congress speech at the Deutsches Theater, with Ricarda Huch as the only supporter; Congress for Cultural Freedom financing of Der Monat, itself fed by intelligence-service money; Encounter edited from London from 1958; return to Berlin in 1989. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/blattmacher-wahlberliner-freiheitsfreund
[^7]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editors, and Christopher Lasch, reply, The Nation, October 2, 1967, p. 309 (letters on Lasch's "The Cultural Cold War," The Nation, September 11, 1967), CIA reading room copy of a Saturday Review clipping file, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6
[^8]: Sabine Rollberg, Von der Auferstehung des Geistes: eine Analyse des Feuilletons der Neuen Zeitung 1945-1949 (inaugural dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Bonn 1981), notes citing Melville Lasky, "Von der geistigen Freiheit," Die Neue Zeitung, October 10, 1947, and the reply of Kataev printed in its introduction: "Ich habe die Rede des unbekannten Schriftstellers Lasky gehört. Ich bin sehr erfreut, endlich einen lebenden Kriegsbrandstifter zu Gesicht zu bekommen." Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/IA41543108_0013
[^9]: Hans Mayer, Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf: Erinnerungen (Suhrkamp, 1982), on the 1947 congress: "Es war eine Rede, die Spaltung beabsichtigte, nicht Gemeinsamkeit." https://archive.org/details/eindeutscheraufw0000maye
[^10]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954, Press section. Telex of March 1954 signed Alfred Boerner; HICOG sponsorship ending with the financial year; Der Monat a private enterprise from October 1; the Ford Foundation grant of 175,000 dollars, McCloy and Shepard Stone, refusal of a board seat; Lasky's 1947 speech read from his manuscript; Colonel Textor's offer; Hellmut Jaesrich as co-editor; first issue October 1, 1948. Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. Der Monat "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government"; Lasky as "an employee of the American occupation government"; the August 1949 Frankfurt meeting with Borkenau and Fischer; Lasky "only 29"; Josselson's proposal reaching Washington in January 1950; Wisner's approval of the project outline on April 7 and the fear of ammunition to Communist critics; the Congress opening at the Titania Palace on 26 June 1950; Lasky and Burnham removed from prominent roles; permanent organization in November 1950. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^12]: Edward McLaren, "How the CIA secretly funded Encounter," guest essay on The Common Reader, September 15, 2025. The Marshall Aid statement and the 1947 message to Clay ("The Melvin Lasky Proposal"); the letter to Isaiah Berlin; Spender's resignation, Kristol's threat to sue Braden, Kermode's return and the New York Times report that Lasky would stay on; the Wollheim recollection and Lasky's reply; Lasky's admission that he knew of the funding from long before 1963; the magazine lasting until 1990; Josselson's statement to the Sunday Telegraph as relayed by Sarah Miller Harris. https://www.commonreader.co.uk/p/stephen-spender-and-the-cia
[^13]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat" (International Affairs). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^14]: Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958, grant lists, entries for International Publications, Inc. ("Support of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; "Publication of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; 1957 and 1958 "International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) Support of the international review 'Der Monat'"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1955-annual-report.pdf and the same path for 1956, 1957 and 1958.
[^15]: Partisan Review, vol. 63, no. 2 (1996), p. 192, review passages on Der Monat ("Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities"), the belief that Lasky was an agent of American intelligence, Lasky's standing in Washington, and the support of McCloy. https://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1996V63N2/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html
[^16]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," scope note (Der Monat "form a separate collection"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^17]: CIA history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom's origins, National Archives, Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12. Josselson proposal reaching OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950; Lasky's proposal to Hook in late December and Hook's reply of January 11, 1950; the OPC meeting of February 6; Wisner's approval of the 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950; Lasky as "the driving force behind the event"; Josselson's cable; note 63 citing New York Times, June 25, 1950, p. 5, "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley"; Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay, "Activities of Mr. Melvin Lasky in connection with Congress for Cultural Freedom (Project PDQUICK)," August 4, 1950; Wisner to Breckinridge, August 8, 1950, and "a major blunder"; "Lasky had to go"; formal establishment of the congress on November 27, 1950. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^18]: Memorandum for Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," signed F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner), August 8, 1950, with postscript, CIA reading room copy released March 2006. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
[^19]: Encounter mastheads: October 1953 (vol. 1, no. 1, "Edited by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol"); January, May, June, July, September and November 1958 (same editors); December 1958 (vol. XI, no. 6, "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky"); January 1959; June 1967 (vol. XXVIII, no. 6, "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," corresponding editor U.S.A. Stephen Spender); September 1990 (vol. LXXV, no. 2, editors Melvin J. Lasky and Anthony Hartley). Scans at https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990
[^20]: Reason, "Cold Warrior," June 2, 2004. Lasky took over Encounter from Irving Kristol in 1958; the magazine ran until June 1991; quotations from the Washington Post obituary. https://reason.com/2004/06/02/cold-warrior/
[^21]: Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1953) to vol. 75, no. 2 (Sept. 1990); entries for Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), directeur de publication from 1958, and Kristol, Irving (1920-2009), directeur de publication from 1953 to 1958. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k
[^22]: The New Criterion, "Melvin J. Lasky, 1920-2004," Notes & Comments, June 2004. https://newcriterion.com/article/melvin-j-lasky-1920-2004/
[^23]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14, as excerpted in the CIA reading room copies cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9 and cia-rdp88-01315r000200450001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9
[^24]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," note 62, citing letters to the New York Times editor by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^25]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editor, "Encounter and the CIA," The Wall Street Journal (responding to its issue of March 22), CIA reading room copy stamped 8 April 1974, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6
[^26]: Encounter, July 1967 (vol. XXIX, no. 1), notice by the trustees (Edward Shils, Andrew Shonfield, Sir William Haley, Arthur Schlesinger Jr.) and note on Nigel Dennis as co-editor. https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990
[^27]: Melvin J. Lasky, "'Ulrike and Andreas,'" The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 1975. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01194a000100380001-4
[^28]: American History, Culture and Society, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, "Lasky Archive," description of the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies holdings: about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries; Lasky Library of about 10,000 volumes; named correspondents; complementary collections at Chicago and Boston University. https://www.en.amerikanistik.uni-muenchen.de/research/archive/lasky-archiv/index.html
[^29]: New York Times, "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84," May 22, 2004, Section B, p. 16, as cited in Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, bibliography.

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---
aliases:
- Michael Josselson
- Mike Josselson
- Josselson
- Michael Josselson (1908-1978)
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- OfficeOfPolicyCoordination
- QKOPERA
- CulturalColdWar
- ColdWar
- InformationControlDivision
- Encounter
- FarfieldFoundation
- Estonia
summary: "Michael Josselson was the Estonian-born CIA officer who ran the Congress for Cultural Freedom from Paris from 1950 until his resignation in 1967 and died in Geneva in 1978."
start: 1908
end: 1978
location: "Tartu; Berlin; Paris; New York; Geneva"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Gimbel Brothers]]"
start: 1928
end: 1941
role: "buyer in the Berlin office, then manager of the Paris office (from 1935) and managing director of the European offices (from 1937); buyer for the American market from 1941"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany]]"
start: 1946
end: 1949
role: "cultural affairs officer in Berlin; chief of intelligence of the Information Control Branch according to the CIA history"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of the United States High Commissioner for Germany]]"
start: 1949
end: 1950
role: "public affairs staff"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1949-04
role: "applied to join the Office of Policy Coordination in April 1949 while briefly in the United States; a 1948 entry into the Berlin covert action office is given in a secondary biography"
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1950-11
end: 1967-10
role: "administrative secretary from November 1950, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967, when the General Assembly declined it; left the post at the September 1967 reforms"
fn: 2
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Diana Josselson]]"
role: "second wife; completed The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly after his death"
fn: 1
---
Michael Josselson (March 2, 1908, [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]], to January 7, 1978, Geneva) was an Estonian-born former department store buyer who served as a cultural officer in the American occupation of Berlin and then became the administrative secretary of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF), an association of writers, scholars and artists that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] financed through covert channels from 1950 until 1966. He ran the congress from Paris for sixteen years, left the post in 1967 after the funding was exposed, and spent his last years in Switzerland writing a biography of the Russian general [[Barclay de Tolly]].[^1]
### Tartu, Berlin and Gimbels, 1908 to 1937
Josselson was born in Tartu on March 2, 1908, the son of a Jewish timber merchant.[^1] The family moved to [[Berlin]] during the [[Russian Revolution]], and he attended secondary school there from 1920 to 1927.[^1] He spent one year each at the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Freiburg]] from 1927 to 1928 and then left school to work as a buyer in the Berlin office of the Gimbel-May department stores.[^1] The CIA history spells the firm "Gimbels-Saks" and says the company made him its chief European buyer.[^2][^3] He was fluent in German, Russian, French and English.[^1]
By 1935 he had been promoted to manager of the Paris office of [[Gimbel Brothers]]. The CIA history gives the transfer to [[Paris]] as part of his rise to chief European buyer and places his move to [[New York City]] "before the war."[^3] The finding aid for his papers gives 1937 as the year he immigrated to the United States with his French wife to become managing director of the Gimbels European offices in New York.[^1] The war closed the European markets, and in 1941 he returned to buying, this time for the American market, from [[Pittsburgh]].[^1] He was naturalized in 1942.[^1]
### Army service and the Berlin occupation, 1943 to 1950
Josselson was drafted in 1943.[^1] The finding aid says he was assigned to a communications unit in Europe as an interpreter and discharged as a first lieutenant in 1946, remaining in the reserves as a military intelligence officer until 1950.[^1] The CIA history says he "made sergeant" and served as an interrogator in the [[Psychological Warfare Division]] of the [[United States Army]].[^2][^3] The account of [[Frances Stonor Saunders]] places him in the division's intelligence section, on a seven-man team called Kampfgruppe Rosenberg after its leader, Captain [[Albert G. Rosenberg]], which interrogated German prisoners in order to separate Nazis from non-Nazis.[^4] A 2018 biography from the [[German Historical Institute]] also places him in the division's intelligence section from 1945 and names the same team.[^5]
The division became the [[Information Control Division]] of the military government, which the same biography places under [[Robert A. McClure]].[^5] The finding aid describes Josselson from 1946 to 1949 as a cultural affairs officer for the [[Office of Military Government for Germany]] in Berlin, responsible for the denazification of leading German intellectuals and for editing and distributing anti-Communist propaganda.[^1] The CIA history says that in that period he was chief of intelligence for the military government's Information Control Branch, and that in late September 1946 he was ordered to set up a new Berlin daily ahead of the October 20 elections. According to the history, he took less than two weeks to hire the staff and set the format and political line, and the paper reached a circulation of 100,000. An American official recommended Josselson for an award in January 1947.[^3]
In Berlin he worked with the composer [[Nicolas Nabokov]], who later joined the Information Control Division and was assigned to its music section.[^4][^5] Saunders quotes Nabokov writing that the two "did a good deal of successful Nazi-hunting and put on ice a few famous conductors, pianists, singers and a number of orchestral musicians."[^4] The CIA history names the conductor [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] and the theater director [[Jürgen Fehling]] among the Germans Josselson helped "rehabilitate," and a note in his papers, quoted by Saunders, says that he spared Furtwängler the denazification procedure.[^3][^4][^5]
### Recruitment by the CIA
The finding aid says that Josselson "purportedly became connected" with the CIA during his time with the [[State Department]]'s office in Germany in 1949 and 1950.[^1] The CIA history gives a more specific account. Josselson was a contact of the agency's [[Berlin Operations Base]] and applied to join the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) in April 1949 while briefly in the United States.[^6] The history places him at the beginnings of the anti-Communist counteroffensive at the Waldorf-Astoria and in Paris in the spring of 1949, on leave from his duties as a cultural officer in Germany, and says he told Nabokov that Berlin needed something similar (it cites [[Peter Coleman]], The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6).[^3] The 2018 biography gives a different date for his entry into the agency, placing it in 1948 in the covert action department of the Berlin office, and names [[Lawrence de Neufville]] as the recruiter.[^5]
The CIA history places the origin of the Berlin congress in Josselson's proposal. [[Ruth Fischer]] had put a Berlin conference idea to OPC officers in 1949, and it sat unused until January 1950, when Josselson "stepped forward" to promote it.[^3] The excerpt of the same study published in Studies in Intelligence places his promotion of the proposal "late in 1949."[^2] The history says Josselson talked with [[Melvin Lasky]] about the proposed conference and that his proposal reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950.[^6] On February 6, 1950, OPC officers met and gave Josselson the green light to proceed.[^6] On April 7, 1950, [[Frank Wisner]] approved a project outline with a budget of 50,000 dollars that essentially repeated Josselson's December proposal.[^2][^6] Wisner asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^6] When the request reached him, Josselson defended Lasky, cabling that "no other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^6]
Saunders quotes Josselson describing his new work in 1950 as "a continuation of psychological warfare, only this time directed against the Soviets."[^5] The German Historical Institute biography, citing Saunders, gives the page as 42.[^5]
### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1950 to 1966
The congress opened in West Berlin on June 26, 1950, in the [[Titania Palace]].[^2] Josselson kept out of sight during the conference and kept track of everything that transpired, according to the CIA history.[^6] In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson resigned his job with the occupation government to become its administrative secretary, a position the Studies in Intelligence excerpt says he held for sixteen years.[^2] The CIA history, in its chapter on the congress, says he kept many of the participants working together "for 17 years."[^7]
The CIA history says that OPC's Western Europe Division initially handled the congress and that in 1951 Josselson solved a management problem by creating a parallel station that worked with international organizations.[^8] It says that in August 1951 OPC's Special Projects Division was renamed the [[International Organizations Branch]], under [[Tom Braden]], and that the congress project, carried under the cryptonym QKOPERA, found a permanent home in the agency's International Organizations Division, where [[Cord Meyer]] served as its guardian until its liquidation in 1967.[^7][^8] Braden's division took over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952. Soon afterward, once CIA security had cleared the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], Meyer and Josselson traveled to New York to brief him on the agency's interest and to discuss the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's New York affiliate.[^9] The two agreed in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, and the history describes the committee's de-funding afterward.[^10] Arnold Beichman recalled of Josselson: "I had no objection to what Josselson was doing, but he wasn't going to do it in my name."[^10]
The finding aid says that Josselson arranged financing from various sources, including organizations that operated as fronts for CIA money, and that he worked behind the scenes through the 1950s and early 1960s as the congress organized conferences, produced publications and created regional offices.[^1] The CIA history cites a letter of October 22, 1953 from the poet [[Stephen Spender]] to Josselson, from the [[Boston University]] collection of the magazine [[Encounter]], for the awareness in England in late 1953 of American sponsorship of the congress and of Encounter.[^11] Of the funding vehicle that was publicly named as the congress's sponsor, the [[Farfield Foundation]], the history quotes the Encounter co-editor [[Irving Kristol]], writing in 1967, that [[Julius Fleischmann]] "was very much in evidence, yacht and all," and that Encounter's annual deficit was in the vicinity of 40,000 dollars. It adds that Hook, Beichman and William Phillips wrote to Fleischmann to ask about rumors of government money and that Fleischmann told them nothing.[^12][^13]
The history assigns Josselson's temperament a place in the congress's course. It says the congress balanced anti-Communism against its credibility with the non-Communist left "through the talent of one man," that Josselson "was the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," and that one case officer called him an "expert impresario with the literary and academic prima donnas so essential to the CCF."[^14] It records that he endorsed the effort led by the sociologist [[Edward Shils]] to find "a new idiom" for the congress in the early 1960s, privately denounced William F. Buckley's magazine National Review, later doubted the wisdom of American involvement in Vietnam, and commended Senator [[George McGovern]]'s criticism of the Johnson administration's policy there.[^14] When the congress cabled President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in April 1953 asking clemency for [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]], the history says, Josselson regarded such statements as costing nothing and as enhancing the congress's reputation for integrity with its target audience. The American Committee castigated him for tolerating them, and in a reply to Hook he wrote: "The American Committee seems to recognize only one weapon in the fight against Communism: denunciation. Our methods are different."[^15]
The history states that from the early 1950s Headquarters "trusted Josselson and followed his lead" in balancing the project's anti-Communist mission against the need for credibility among foreign intellectuals, and that "Without him there would have been no Congress for Cultural Freedom."[^16] Its introduction names agency and overt-organization "brokers" and says "CCF had Michael Josselson."[^17] It also records that he "showed no compunction about putting unwitting American intellectuals on Congressional platforms."[^14] [[John C. Hunt]] worked beside him in the Paris secretariat, and a photograph caption in the history reads that the two "made an effective team."[^14] The [[University of Chicago]] holds Josselson correspondence files for 1952 through 1967 in boxes 201 to 205 of the records of the International Association for Cultural Freedom.[^18]
### Disclosure and resignation, 1966 to 1967
The [[New York Times]] published a series of five articles on the CIA from April 25 to 29, 1966. The third, datelined April 26, said that the agency had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom," and it described Encounter as one of the indirect beneficiaries of CIA funds.[^19]
According to the CIA history, Josselson asked [[McGeorge Bundy]] and [[Shepard Stone]] at the [[Ford Foundation]] in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The agency cut its ties to the congress that September, and Josselson and Hunt stayed on in their posts.[^20] The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966, with, according to Josselson, a guarantee of appropriations until 1972.[^21]
The February 1967 exposure of the [[National Student Association]] came through [[Ramparts]]. The magazine ran an advertisement announcing the article in the New York Times of February 14, 1967, and released the account on February 15, ahead of its March 1967 issue.[^22][^23] The article by [[Sol Stern]] (pages 29 to 39) mentioned the congress only in passing, naming the "Fairfield Foundation" as a frequent contributor to it and recording that the Fairfield Foundation had received 15,000 dollars from the Rabb Foundation, and did not name Josselson.[^20][^24]
Josselson told the congress's General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that the CIA had supported the congress from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^25] The New York Times reported that the assembly expressed regret that intelligence funds had financed the congress and that Josselson had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly refused to accept his resignation and asked him to stay, and he agreed.[^25] In an interview published that week he said that he had regretted accepting the money "because the ends do not justify the means."[^25] The CIA history says that Josselson and Hunt offered their resignations to the General Assembly, admitting their CIA connections, and that the assembly "merely 'noted'" them.[^26]
A clipping in the CIA reading room, whose newspaper is not identified, reports that Josselson revealed on a Sunday that about 40 per cent of the money the congress spent each year went to four cultural journals, among them [[Preuves]] in France, [[Der Monat]] in Germany and Encounter in Britain.[^27]
A New York Times dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 reported that the congress had selected Stone, then director of international affairs for the Ford Foundation, as its executive director, to replace Josselson, who had "assumed sole responsibility" for the use of CIA funds from 1950 to the summer of 1966, and that Josselson, a friend of Stone, would remain with the organization as a consultant. The same dispatch quotes Josselson that under the practice then existing he would inform the CIA of the congress's budgetary needs and the agency would then provide him with the name of a foundation likely to favor a request for a grant, and reports that he had offered his resignation earlier in the year and that it had not been accepted at the time.[^21] The CIA history says that in September 1967 the General Assembly approved reforms, named Stone president and chief executive, and renamed the organization the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), and that Josselson and Hunt "resigned for good" at that point.[^26] A dispatch of October 2, published October 3, reported that Stone had been named president and that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, would replace Josselson, the former executive director of the 17-year-old group and one of its founders, who had resigned.[^28]
### The International Association for Cultural Freedom
The finding aid says Josselson continued to advise informally the former associates who created the IACF.[^1] [[Richard Krygier]], secretary of the Australian affiliate, said in 1969 that the affiliate had enjoyed more freedom under Stone than before, when "Mike [Josselson] & Company" had been concerned with the political outlook of affiliates.[^29]
The University of Chicago finding aid for the association's records lists a correspondence file for Josselson for 1968 to 1975, a file for his "Geneva office" for 1959 to 1961, and an administration file for Josselson for 1963.[^18]
### Death in Geneva, 1961 to 1978
Josselson moved to Switzerland in 1961 to seek treatment for circulatory problems and had already undergone several surgeries.[^1] According to the CIA history, he watched the association from Geneva. A few former colleagues called on him, and agency officers visited from time to time to ask about people and programs he had worked with over his career.[^30] He spent much of his last years on a biography of Barclay de Tolly, the general who commanded the Russian armies retreating before Napoleon in 1812. The CIA history, citing Peter Coleman, says that Josselson saw parallels between his own campaign and Barclay's, although a quick vindication was not one of them.[^30]
Josselson died in Geneva on January 7, 1978, following heart surgery.[^1] His manuscript was finished except for the bibliography and index. [[Diana Josselson]] completed the book, which was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1980 as The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly.[^1] The CIA history says that only a handful of mourners attended his funeral, among them a CIA official who brought his Distinguished Service Medal, and that his widow refused it. The history suggests she was reacting to the strain of the double life he had led at the congress, citing Coleman's account; its endnote states that the account of the refusal is touching but that it found no corroboration for it in CIA files.[^30] The history is dedicated "To the Memory of Michael Josselson."[^31]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, "Michael Josselson: An Inventory of His Papers," Biographical Sketch and Scope and Contents, Michael Josselson Papers, 1914-1991 (bulk 1960-1978). Series I (The Commander), Series II (Congress for Cultural Freedom), Series III (Personal). https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00064
[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (excerpt of a larger classified CIA study; redacted version). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^3]: CIA classified history of its involvement with anti-Communist groups, National Archives ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 2 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson's biography (Gimbels, Army service, the Information Control Branch, the 1946 Berlin newspaper, the rehabilitation of Furtwängler and Fehling), the recommendation for an award dated January 8, 1947 (note 59), the Fischer proposal that OPC officers received without enthusiasm and that sat until January 1950, the spring 1949 Waldorf-Astoria and Paris conferences and the conversation with Nabokov (note 56, citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-2.pdf
[^4]: Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: The New Press, 2000), as reproduced in the Michael Josselson short biography at the Estonian Jewish Museum. Its quotations of Stuart Hampshire and Nabokov, the Kampfgruppe Rosenberg account, and the Furtwängler note are cited there to Saunders 1999 and to Nabokov's own writing. Page numbers are as cited in note 5. https://muuseum.jewish.ee/stories/Josselson.pdf
[^5]: Transatlantic Perspectives (German Historical Institute), "Josselson, Michael," entry (2018), citing Saunders 1999, pp. 10-11, 14 and 42, and Nabokov 1951, p. 263. https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/michael-josselson/
[^6]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 3 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson as a contact of the Berlin Operations Base and his application to OPC in April 1949, the proposal that reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950, the OPC meeting of February 6, 1950, Wisner's approval of April 7, 1950, Josselson's cable on Lasky, and his keeping out of sight during the conference. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^7]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12 (on the August 1951 renaming of OPC's Special Projects Division as the International Organizations Branch under Tom Braden) and Part 10 of 12 (chapter five, "The Matchmaker": the sixteen-to-seventeen-year tenure, the QKOPERA project's permanent home in the International Organizations Division where Cord Meyer served as its institutional guardian until its liquidation in 1967, and the observation that Josselson insisted the congress continue indirect political involvement). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf and https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^8]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12, p. 53, on the 1951 management problems of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the parallel station Josselson created to work with international organizations, and Part 10 of 12 (the Western Europe Division's initial handling of the congress). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf
[^9]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on Braden's division taking over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952, the clearance of Sidney Hook, and the New York briefing by Cord Meyer and Josselson. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^10]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the agreement of Meyer and Josselson in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, the committee's de-funding, Beichman's remark, and Diana Trilling's 1955 letter to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^11]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, note 9, citing Stephen Spender to Michael Josselson, October 22, 1953, Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University, Encounter Collection, Correspondence box, folder 71. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^12]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, quoting Irving Kristol's 1967 recollection of the Farfield Foundation and Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^13]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the letter of Sidney Hook, Arnold Beichman and William Phillips to Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^14]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (chapter five), on Josselson as "the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," the "expert impresario" remark of a case officer, the Shils "new idiom," his views of National Review, Vietnam and Senator McGovern, his placement of unwitting American intellectuals on congress platforms, and the photograph of Josselson and Hunt. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^15]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the April 1953 cable to President Eisenhower, the American Committee's objections, and Josselson's reply to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^16]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, concluding assessment of Josselson's role. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf
[^17]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, introduction on "brokers" between the agency and overt organizations. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf
[^18]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," inventory entries including "Josselson, Michael Correspondence, 1968-1975" (Box 356, Folder 9), "Josselson, Michael (Geneva office), 1959-1961" (Box 511, Folder 1), "Administration, Michael Josselson, 1963" (Box 554, Folder 14), and the series of correspondence files in Boxes 201 to 205. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^19]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" New York Times series, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (datelined April 26), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1
[^20]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1966 talks between the agency and the Ford Foundation, Josselson's request of early 1966, the cutoff of agency ties in September 1966, and the February 1967 Ramparts article (citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 222-223 for the April 1966 newspaper coverage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 (the reading room index dates the clipping September 25, 1967), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3
[^22]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 8 of 12, on the Ramparts advertisement in the New York Times of February 14, 1967 and the magazine's early release of its account. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-8.pdf
[^23]: "Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report," New York Times, February 16, 1967 (the magazine "said yesterday"), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800100021-3
[^24]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39. https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia
[^25]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8
[^26]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the May 1967 offer of resignations by Josselson and Hunt, the assembly's response, and the September 1967 reforms (the study cites Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy (1989), pp. 228-231 for this passage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^27]: Undated newspaper clipping, "Cultural Group Reveals Secret Support by the CIA," CIA reading room copy. The newspaper is not identified in the copy, and the text says Josselson made the statement on a Sunday. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240015-9
[^28]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5
[^29]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1969 remarks of Richard Krygier, secretary of the Australian affiliate. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^30]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, on Josselson's years in Geneva, his work on Barclay de Tolly (citing Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 42-43 and 240-242), and the funeral and medal. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf
[^31]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, dedication page. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf

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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Barker acquired an original copy in 1971 from a friend of Jessup to whom Jessup
[^1]: Morris K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO (New York: Citadel Press, 1955), catalog record, Internet Archive item caseforufo0000mkje (metadata: publisher Citadel, date 1955), https://archive.org/details/caseforufo0000mkje.
[^2]: Gray Barker, preface dated July 1973, in the same volume, pp. 2 to 6. Barker identified a "confidential source" for the ONR routing and did not name it.
[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship. Sole source for the passages so cited as to the routing of the book through ONR and the identity of the officers named.
[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship.
[^4]: "Appendix: The first letter received by Mr. Jessup from Carlos Allende," and "Days Later," in M. K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO, Varo Edition, transcribed by the Quantum Future Group, Castelnau-Barbarens, 2003, from the Saucerian Press facsimile of 1973, pp. 15 to 18, https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup (djvu text, reread 2026-10-03).
[^5]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), cover caption and "New Chief of Naval Research" and "Admiral Furth Goes Ashore," pp. 22 to 23, Office of Naval Research, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956 (reopened 2026-10-03).
[^6]: "Author A Suicide, Police Say," Miami Herald (Miami), April 22, 1959, p. 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/619508003/

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@ -133,4 +133,4 @@ Malkin died on the Monday before October 26, 1994, of heart failure, according t
[^11]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 1, no. 1 (April 1972), advertisement of the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, 7777 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_01/V-1_1.pdf); vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item on the change of name to NUSAC, Inc. (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf).
[^12]: Obituary of Ralph Francis Lumb (1921 to 2023), A. J. Cunningham Funeral Homes. https://ajcunninghamfh.com/tribute/details/2916
[^13]: Arthur Welmas, letter headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," at 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California, to La France Specialties, San Diego, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks

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@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Historical Staff Chronology 1946-65, Volume II, 1956-65," CIA-RDP85B00803R000200050003-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85b00803r000200050003-5. Entries cited: February 14, 1956 (Congress convenes, Khrushchev denounces Stalin); March 27, 1958 (Khrushchev succeeds Bulganin as Soviet premier); October 1956 (Poland, Budapest, Nagy replaced November 4); August 12-18, 1961 (Berlin wall); September 15-27, 1959 (visit to the United States); May 1960 (U-2 shot down, Paris conference); May 7 and May 16, 1963 (Penkovsky and Wynne trial, Penkovsky executed); October 15-16, 1964 (removal, Pravda denunciation).
[^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. Sole source for the Grayevski, photographer, Manor, Ben-Gurion, courier, Dulles and publication details and for the $1 million appropriation, as reported by the cited authors, who credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation.
[^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. The cited authors credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation.
[^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006. Sole source for the Barmor, Harel, Dorot, Angleton, mid-April and early June details, as summarized by the Middle East Quarterly.
[^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006.
[^5]: Matitiahu Mayzel, "Israeli Intelligence and the Leakage of Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech,'" Journal of Israeli History, vol. 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 257-283, https://doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2013.822730 (abstract at https://cris.tau.ac.il/en/publications/israeli-intelligence-and-the-leakage-of-khrushchevs-secret-speech/).
@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^12]: Memorandum of Conversation, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 3:15 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis 1961-1962, Document 33, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d33; Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 21, 1961, Kennedy and Adenauer, Document 219, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d219 (the 3 million figure is Adenauer's statement).
[^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. Sole source for the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy, which the profile states in its own voice.
[^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. The profile states the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy in its own voice.
[^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis). Sole source for the White House summons.
[^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis).
[^15]: Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, September 29, 1961, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Document 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21. The editorial note cites Salinger, *With Kennedy*, page 198, and states that a Russian text dated September 28 was also given to Salinger on September 30.
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^18]: "Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, October 27, 1962," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Document 90, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d90.
[^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80. Sole source for Fomin's settlement proposal and his claim about the Cuban delegate, as reported by Scali.
[^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80.
[^20]: Editorial Note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 85, citing a four-page paper in the Sorensen papers, Classified Subject Files, Cuba, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d85. Records Scali's statement to Fomin at 7:45 p.m. on October 26, 1962.
@ -177,20 +177,20 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Meeting No. 15, London, England, 4 May 1961, with Penkovsky," CIA Reading Room, document 0000012403, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000012403.
[^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's. Sole source for the link between the ouster and the Penkovsky case.
[^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's.
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Current Intelligence Weekly Summary," January 21, 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002600020001-2, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp79-00927a002600020001-2. The item "Khrushchev's Latest Statement on Soviet Missile Capabilities" describes the speech at the opening of the USSR Supreme Soviet on January 14.
[^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. Sole source for the scalar weapons passage. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966.
[^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966.
[^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53. Sole source for Lazurkina's statement as the authors relate it.
[^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53.
[^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly." Sole source for the attribution to Khrushchev, as told to the authors by the two Czech scientists.
[^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly."
[^29]: Jerrold L. Schecter, "Khrushchev's Secret Tapes," Time, October 1, 1990, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,971265-1,00.html. The excerpt is translated by Schecter and describes the reminiscences as dictated at Dalneye.
[^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4. Sole source for the characterization of the material's route to Life and for Khrushchev's denial.
[^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4.
[^31]: Terence Smith, "U.S. Experts on Soviet Find Khrushchev Memoirs," Washington dispatch dated January 20, 1971, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180017-6, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180017-6. The clipping gives the Little, Brown publication date as December 21, 1970.
[^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." Sole source for Louis's KGB affiliation, the Time-Life price and the Swiss bank provision as stated by Alsop, and for Alsop's inference about Shelepin. The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences.
[^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md
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@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Jacobsen writes that her case, with that of [[Qian Xuesen]] in [[China]], contri
[^14]: DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4 (note 10), section III.B, Institute for Radioengineering and Electronics.
[^15]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022
[^16]: Russell Targ and Keith Harary, *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities* (Villard Books, 1984), "From Moscow to Yerevan," as excerpted in CIA-RDP96-00792R000500400002-7 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1
[^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory.
[^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
[^18]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016, quoting Gulyaev, Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov*, and Evgeny Aleksandrov. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html
[^19]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov
[^20]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/

22
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md
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@ -143,27 +143,27 @@ Webb listed the nephews Guillermo, Jaime and Jairo Meneses as Bay Area trafficke
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections J-N (the 1991 arrest in Nicaragua, status of the indictment, entries into the United States, conclusions), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p4.htm
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters.
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds."
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom."
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave."
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm
[^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction."
[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter."
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
[^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower."
[^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know."
[^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends."
[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm
[^24]: San Jose Mercury News, August 18, 1996 (Gary Webb, "Testimony Links U.S. to Drugs-Guns Trade Dealers Got Their 'Own Little Arsenal,'" Dark Alliance series), https://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/clippings/da1.html
[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
[^26]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md
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@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ Accounts of a Livermore group that experienced apparitions after its Geller sess
[^1]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," January 11, 1979, cover letter signed "R. S. Hawke, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 (archive.org mirror of the CIA STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9_djvu.txt) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000500110001-6.
[^2]: R. S. Hawke and J. K. Scudder, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," UCRL-82677, May 8, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6255454; Hawke and Scudder, "Prospects for Generating 1-10 TPa Pressures with a Railgun," UCRL-82296, July 13, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5974977; Hawke, Brooks, Fowler and Peterson, "Results of Railgun Experiments," UCRL-88703, 1983, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6263329; Hawke, "Transition Armature Technology Project, Progress Report No. 1, June 1-July 31, 1991," UCRL-ID-114847, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107228; U.S. Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," inventors Ronald S. Hawke, Jonathan K. Scudder and Kristian Aaland, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4343223A/en.
[^3]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers: Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, as reproduced at https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/.
[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for his account of two successes in four attempts.
[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited; the writer and the caller are not named.
[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Sole source for the passages so cited; Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3).
[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf.
[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. The writer and the caller are not named.
[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3).
[^7]: Hawke, outline of January 11, 1979, as in note 1; cover letter, reference WT 79-0027A.
[^8]: Hawke outline, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5_djvu.txt.
[^9]: Unsigned note, "101-06 Lawrence Livermore Lab. Metal Bending - R.S. Hawke," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8_djvu.txt.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md
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@ -256,4 +256,4 @@ On September 16, 2026, Deputy Police Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]] said that inv
[^82]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^83]: "Philadelphia police identify 58 people in images from investigation into Olney house," *CBS News Philadelphia,* September 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/horsch-investigation-chew-avenue-olney-philadelphia/
[^84]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the name Krista in *Empathy*.
[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md
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@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the case broke when film found in a malfunctionin
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record.
[^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041
[^3]: *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Blackburn* (La. 1980) and *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Maggio* (La. 1982), Louisiana Supreme Court, CourtListener case captions.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md
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@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin
[^1]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, 85th Cong., Part 10, July 31 to August 6, 1957, pp. 3591-3593 (members present, including Senator John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, chief counsel; Chairman McClellan's opening statement; Kennedy's explanation of the charts follows). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi10unit
[^2]: _Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963_, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, doc. 53, Memorandum From Attorney General Kennedy to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d53
[^3]: Governor Gavin Newsom, Indeterminate Sentence Parole Release Review, Sirhan Sirhan, B-21014, decision of January 13, 2022 (statement of facts; board hearings of 1975 and August 27, 2021). https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf
[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100. Sole source for the passage on the 1988 interview.
[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100.
[^5]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit
[^6]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit.
[^7]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990
[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. Sole source for Loeb's account of Kennedy's request to Dulles. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF
[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF
[^9]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270
[^10]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10
@ -168,24 +168,24 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin
[^16]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^17]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21
[^18]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23
[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). Sole source for the oral history quotation is Chandler's citation. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194
[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. Sole source. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247
[^23]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^24]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. Sole source for Guthman's account of what Kennedy told him in 1968. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. Sole source for the Kennedy meeting. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
[^27]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
[^28]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067
[^29]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. The archived OCR is partly illegible at the passage naming the group, so that wording is a paraphrase. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750
[^30]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746
[^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734
[^32]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/
[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. Sole source for the second-gun claim is Van Praag's abstract. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf
[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; Moldea's own statements are the sole source for the interview, the polygraph and his conclusion. http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf
[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. Sole source for his statements. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block
[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. Sole source for Pepper's statements. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/
[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf
[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf
[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block
[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/
[^37]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/
[^38]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/
[^39]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In September 1976, film reels containing child pornography were discovered by te
Lang was arrested in September 1976 alongside fellow scout leaders Richard Halvorsen and Raymond Woodall following the identification of participants on the child pornography films from the Dallas discovery. The case was prosecuted by District Attorney [[Harry Connick]] in New Orleans, who became implicated himself through testimony from one of his witnesses during court proceedings. The arrests exposed the depth of the child trafficking network tied to Troop 137, leading to convictions for the involved parties in the boy prostitution and pornography ring.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Lang is not named in the 1977 congressional hearing record, which reports the arrest of Halvorsen and Woodall without him and names Halvorsen and Woodall alone as the troop's organizers; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer.
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md
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@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ In an affidavit released in October 2003, [[Ward Boston]] states that the presid
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 8.
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation.
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf.
[^3]: A. Jay Cristol, History News Network, June 12, 2007. Cristol quotes the testimony with ellipses and cites it as released by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1967. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that-
[^4]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. Hart's and McNamara's statements are as the Tribune reported them. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/

10
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md
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@ -149,22 +149,22 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
[^1]: "Hussein, Saddam," Gale reference entry reproduced at Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/middle-eastern-history-biographies/saddam-hussein (birth April 28, 1937; Ba'ath Party membership in 1957; July 16, 1979 replacement of Bakr; purge and firing squads; offensive on September 22, 1980); BBC News, "Timeline: Iraq," http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/737483.stm (1963 and 1968 coups; 1979 takeover; 1980 to 1988 war; June 1981 Osirak raid; 1990 invasion of Kuwait and February 1991 withdrawal; March 2003 invasion).
[^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. XII, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, document 204 (memorandum of discussion at the 420th NSC meeting, October 1, 1959), document 205 (editorial note on the October 7, 1959 attempt) and document 206 (CIA memorandum of October 13, 1959, text not declassified). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d204 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d205
[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/).
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, vol. XVIII, Near East, 1962-1963, document 153 (memorandum from Stephen O. Fuqua to Sloan, "Iraqi Coup," February 8, 1963, with footnote 2 quoting Komer's memorandum to Kennedy) and document 154 (Rusk to Kennedy, February 9, 1963, "Request for Contingency Authority to Recognize the New Iraqi Regime"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d153 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d154
[^5]: Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt, review of Eric Jacobsen, "A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime," *Diplomatic History* 37, no. 5 (2013): 1029-59, H-Diplo Article Review (quoting Peter L. Hahn, *Missions Accomplished? The United States and Iraq since World War I*, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 48). https://issforum.org/reviews/PDF/AR455.pdf Wolfe-Hunnicutt's own article is "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'Etat in Baghdad," *Diplomatic History* 39, no. 1 (2015): 98-125, DOI 10.1093/dh/dht121.
[^6]: "Scholar: US more supportive of Kurds than was previously believed," Rudaw, April 29, 2015 (interview with Bryan Gibson on his book *Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War*). https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/290420151 Gibson's earlier book is *Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988* (Praeger, 2010).
[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html). Sole source for the King Hussein quotations.
[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html).
[^8]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 487 (1981), adopted at the 2288th meeting, June 19, 1981, preamble and operative paragraphs 1, 2, 5 and 6. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-177213
[^9]: Department of State, information memorandum from Nicholas A. Veliotes and Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger, "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position of Strict Neutrality," October 7, 1983, pp. 1-3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 22 (the quotation on the modification of neutrality is from the briefing book's description of the document). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq22.pdf
[^10]: Department of State cable State 346516, "Rumsfeld Visit to Iraq," December 7, 1983, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 27. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq27.pdf
[^11]: U.S. Embassy London to Department of State, London 27572, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983, secret, paragraphs 2 and 3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 31. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq31.pdf
[^12]: Department of State cable State 086663, Shultz to Embassy Khartoum, "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," March 24, 1984, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 48. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq48.pdf
[^13]: Department of State cable State 352124, memorandum of conversation, "Secretary's Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, November 26, 1984," secret, paragraphs 3, 4 and 10 (transmitted November 29, 1984), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 60. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq60.pdf
[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf Sole source for the passages so cited; a sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf A sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
[^15]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
[^16]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
[^17]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project." Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project."
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, *United States Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Impact on the Health of the Persian Gulf War Veterans*, hearing of May 25, 1994, S. Hrg. 103-900 (subtitle: *United States Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War*), including the testimony and prepared statement of Dr. Gordon C. Oehler, the chairman's remarks, and the May 25, 1994 committee report. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesdual00unit
[^20]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Special Order, *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992, pp. H7871-H7881 (loans and the "tolerate its activity" passage at H7871; export licenses and Hussein Kamil at H7872; Matrix-Churchill and the holding companies at H7873 and H7875). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm (the host page is titled "US Armed Iraq Through BNL").
[^21]: *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993) (No. 93-8964, decided September 2, 1993). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/001/1.F3d.1546.93-8964.html
@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
[^24]: House of Commons, "Matrix Churchill," statement by Sir Nicholas Lyell, HC Deb, November 10, 1992, vol. 213, cc743-58. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1992/nov/10/matrix-churchill
[^25]: House of Commons, "Scott Report," HC Deb, February 26, 1996, vol. 272, cc589-694 (Lang's opening statement and the exchange with Menzies Campbell at c590). https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/feb/26/scott-report The report is Sir Richard Scott, *Report of the Inquiry into the Export of Defence Equipment and Dual-Use Goods to Iraq and Related Prosecutions* (HMSO, HC 115, 1995-96).
[^26]: John Kerry and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* Senate Print 102-140, December 1992, ch. 24, "Appendix: Matters for Further Investigation." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/24appendic.htm
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73). Sole source for the Iraq passages cited to Ben-Menashe.
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73).
[^28]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 660 (1990), adopted at the 2932nd meeting, August 2, 1990. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/94220
[^29]: Kathleen Ridolfo, "Saddam Hussein Captured near Tikrit," *RFE/RL Iraq Report* 6, no. 52, December 15, 2003. https://www.rferl.org/a/1343152.html
[^30]: "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq," BBC News, December 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Salvatore La Russa.md
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@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ LaRussa died of a heart attack on Sunday, August 18, 1996. The Inquirer gave the
The Inquirer listed four sons, Joseph, Salvatore Jr., Michael and Giovanni, a daughter, Sharlene Pantisano, and five grandchildren.[^1] The Daily News listed three sons and a daughter besides the fifth child, and said that his companion of eight years, [[Nadeen Seuss]], had recently borne him that child, Giovanni, named for a brother who had died 19 years earlier.[^3]
[^1]: Anastasia, George, "Salvatore Larussa, 58, Friend Of Mob Figures," *Philadelphia Inquirer*, August 21, 1996, Wayback copy of the articles.philly.com page: https://web.archive.org/web/20150928205738id_/http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-21/news/25645305_1_nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo-grand-jury-mob-activities
[^2]: West, Ashley, "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report*, Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio transcript at 20:33 to 21:07 and 28:59 to 29:49 (republishing interviews recorded in 2013): https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/ Sole source for the passages so cited. In the transcript, "Sam" without a surname follows the reference to Sam Lake and is used for the buyer, the person complaining and the person said to have made four or five million dollars.
[^2]: West, Ashley, "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report*, Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio transcript at 20:33 to 21:07 and 28:59 to 29:49 (republishing interviews recorded in 2013): https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/ In the transcript, "Sam" without a surname follows the reference to Sam Lake and is used for the buyer, the person complaining and the person said to have made four or five million dollars.
[^3]: Caparella, Kitty, "Heart Attack Claims `Sam The Barber'," *Philadelphia Daily News*, August 20, 1996, with the correction published August 21, 1996, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-20/news/25645508_1_heart-transplant-heart-attack-mob
[^4]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change, 1990 Report* (1991), p. 159 (entry for Salvatore LaRussa, also known as Samuel LaRussa, Salvatore LaRusso and "Sam the Barber"; the index also lists La Cucina Ristorante, 121 South Street, at p. 159), NCJ 133208: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf
[^5]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption and the Quality of Law Enforcement in Philadelphia* (1974), public document on Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn
[^6]: Leonetti, Philip, with Scott Burnstein, *Mafia Prince: Inside America's Most Violent Crime Family and the Bloody Fall of La Cosa Nostra* (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2012), pp. 131-133 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/mafiaprinceinsid0000leon
[^7]: Daughen, Joseph R., "It All Began With Bug On One Mobster's Pad," *Philadelphia Daily News*, April 10, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-10/news/26194567_1_salvatore-testa-scarfo-family-mob-members
[^8]: Anastasia, George, *Blood and Honor: Inside the Scarfo Mob, the Mafia's Most Violent Family* (New York: William Morrow, 1991), p. 277 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas Sole source for the passage so cited; the passage does not name the quoted speaker.
[^8]: Anastasia, George, *Blood and Honor: Inside the Scarfo Mob, the Mafia's Most Violent Family* (New York: William Morrow, 1991), p. 277 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas The passage does not name the quoted speaker.
[^9]: Smith, Jim, "Prosecution Rests Case In Scarfo Trial," *Philadelphia Daily News*, May 4, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-04/news/26163517_1_philadelphia-south-jersey-extortion-case-nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo
[^10]: Anastasia, *Blood and Honor*, p. 211 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas
[^11]: Smith, Jim, "Big Scores Easy For Caramandi," *Philadelphia Daily News*, May 1, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-01/news/26161878_1_nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo-mafia-members-knife

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Sean McDade.md
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@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ The rest of what is known of the inquiry comes from Seymour, who met McDade in S
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages attributed to Seymour and McDade.
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
[^2]: Lawton, Valerie, and Allan Thompson, "Spy computer 'trap' probed," *Toronto Star,* August 25, 2000; Thompson, Allan, and Valerie Lawton, "RCMP admit they're investigating 'trap'," *Toronto Star,* August 26, 2000; Lawton, Valerie, and Allan Thompson, "Mounties end probe of Promis," *Toronto Star,* September 16, 2000; texts as forwarded to the CTRL mailing list, https://www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg49408.html, msg49544.html and msg50988.html; Sallot, Jeff, "Mounties probe software allegations," *The Globe and Mail,* August 26, 2000.
[^3]: Government of Canada, Completed Access to Information Requests, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, request A-2023-17635, May 2024, disposition "No records exist," 0 pages. https://search.open.canada.ca/ati/record/rcmp-grc,2024,5,A-2023-17635

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan Kanfer.md
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@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ The story was reproduced in the CIA's STARGATE collection (CIA-RDP96-00787R00070
[^2]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time,* March 4, 1974, cover story and Publisher's Letter, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000700030001-3
[^3]: Magnet, Myron. "Irreplaceable Steve," *City Journal,* 2018. https://www.city-journal.org/article/irreplaceable-steve
[^4]: Memorandum for the Record, "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter," April 16, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200023-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Vladimir Kotelnikov.md
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@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ The physicist [[Eduard Godik]] said that because the actions of psychics were li
[^4]: "Professor Eduard Godik ob ekstrasensakh s tochki zreniya fiziki," FIAN-Inform. http://www.fian-inform.ru/sobytiya-i-meropriyatiya/item/334-professor-eduard-godik-ob-ekstrasensakh-s-tochki-zreniya-fiziki
[^5]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9
[^6]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html
[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory.
[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
[^8]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md
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@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ Moore told a syndicated reporter in August 1990 that AFOSI had approached him an
### Footnotes
[^1]: Open Library catalogue records, *The Roswell Incident* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1980; Berkley, 1988) and *The Philadelphia Experiment* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1979), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3384724W
[^2]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon) and read here from the automatic caption transcript of a YouTube upload titled "Full, infamous 1989 disinformation confession speech by Bill Moore," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po. The captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere," "Benowitz," "Muon"), which are corrected here; quotations follow the caption wording and could differ in small details from the printed version in the MUFON UFO Journal of November and December 1989. The text of the speech is the sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon) and read here from the automatic caption transcript of a YouTube upload titled "Full, infamous 1989 disinformation confession speech by Bill Moore," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po. The captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere," "Benowitz," "Muon"), which are corrected here; quotations follow the caption wording and could differ in small details from the printed version in the MUFON UFO Journal of November and December 1989.
[^3]: William L. Moore and Jaime H. Shandera, *The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report* (Fund for UFO Research, 1990), pp. 7 to 9, quoting Moore in FOCUS, June 30, 1989, p. 13, and September 30, 1989, p. 8, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/The-MJ-12-Documents-An-Analytical-Report-Excerpts.pdf (scanned excerpt, read as page images).
[^4]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1023 to UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo (part 5), .../1027.ufo (part 8), .../1030.ufo (part 11), .../1036.ufo (part 17). The files were distributed through ParaNet in January 1991 and carry no author line; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Howe 1989. Sole source for the Offutt call, the Minnesota teaching post and the speech logistics.
[^4]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1023 to UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo (part 5), .../1027.ufo (part 8), .../1030.ufo (part 11), .../1036.ufo (part 17). The files were distributed through ParaNet in January 1991 and carry no author line; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Howe 1989.
[^5]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Weitzel Letter (July, 1980)," pp. 6 to 7, quoting Moore's paper of July 1, 1989, same excerpt as note 3.
[^6]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Cutler-Twining Memo (Jul. 1985)," pp. 61 to 62, same excerpt.
[^7]: "Background on Moore/Shandera/Friedman," UFO BBS file UFO1876, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1876.ufo (promotional material for *UFO Cover-Up? Live!*).
[^8]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary" and "The ET Factor" and chapter notes (Moore's speech taken "from the MUFON video, and from Greg Bishop's *Project Beta* (Paraview, 2005)"; Moore "declined to speak to John and myself"), read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Pilkington's account is the sole source for the passages so cited.
[^8]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary" and "The ET Factor" and chapter notes (Moore's speech taken "from the MUFON video, and from Greg Bishop's *Project Beta* (Paraview, 2005)"; Moore "declined to speak to John and myself"), read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Pilkington's account is the
[^9]: Richard C. Doty, letter of March 3, 1989 to an unnamed correspondent, http://textfiles.com/ufo/doty.ufo
[^10]: Curt Collins, "Bill Moore on Hynek and Vallee," Blue Blurry Lines, https://www.blueblurrylines.com/2019/12/bill-moore-on-hynek-and-vallee.html, quoting Moore on *UFOs Tonite!* (Don Ecker), June 11, 1994, and in *Saucer Smear*, August 10, 2000. The blog was read, the radio program and the issue were not.
[^11]: Richard C. Doty, statement of February 21, 2005, quoted in Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, reference 4 to the introduction, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure

8
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yegor Krasnov.md
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@ -113,18 +113,18 @@ The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) records that after Krasnov's 2020 arrest th
### Footnotes
[^1]: "ФСБ сообщила о задержании 106 сторонников неонацистской группировки «М.К.У.», якобы созданной под руководством украинских спецслужб" ("FSB reported the detention of 106 supporters of the neo-Nazi group MKU, allegedly created under the leadership of Ukrainian special services"), Meduza, December 13, 2021. https://meduza.io/news/2021/12/13/fsb-soobschila-o-zaderzhanii-106-storonnikov-neonatsistskoy-gruppirovki-m-k-u-yakoby-sozdannoy-pod-rukovodstvom-ukrainskih-spetssluzhb. Sole source for the FSB's birth-year statement and the trial start in spring 2021.
[^1]: "ФСБ сообщила о задержании 106 сторонников неонацистской группировки «М.К.У.», якобы созданной под руководством украинских спецслужб" ("FSB reported the detention of 106 supporters of the neo-Nazi group MKU, allegedly created under the leadership of Ukrainian special services"), Meduza, December 13, 2021. https://meduza.io/news/2021/12/13/fsb-soobschila-o-zaderzhanii-106-storonnikov-neonatsistskoy-gruppirovki-m-k-u-yakoby-sozdannoy-pod-rukovodstvom-ukrainskih-spetssluzhb.
[^2]: Andrey Soshnikov, "Что такое «М.К.У.». Рассказываем о «культе» убийств, созданном украинскими скинхедами, и его последователях в России" ("What is MKU: the 'cult' of killings created by Ukrainian skinheads and its followers in Russia"), Current Time (Настоящее Время), March 26, 2021. https://www.currenttime.tv/a/chto-takoe-m-k-u/31171118.html. The outlet noted that those named are under investigation and only a court can find them guilty.
[^3]: Marc-André Argentino, "Brotherhood of Blood: Understanding the Origins and Trajectory of the Maniac Murder Cult," GNET, December 4, 2024. https://gnet-research.org/2024/12/04/brotherhood-of-blood-understanding-the-origins-and-trajectory-of-the-maniac-murder-cult/
[^4]: Marc-André Argentino, Arthur Gay and Naomi Bastin, "Nihilism and Terror: How M.K.Y. Is Redefining Terrorism, Recruitment, and Mass Violence," CTC Sentinel, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2024. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/nihilism-and-terror-how-m-k-y-is-redefining-terrorism-recruitment-and-mass-violence/
[^5]: Aleksey Sokovnin, "ВС запретил движение МКУ" ("Supreme Court banned the MKU movement"), Kommersant, January 16, 2023. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5773015. The FSB's statements on SBU control are attributed to the FSB in the article.
[^6]: "Заочно арестован Егор Краснов" ("Egor Krasnov arrested in absentia"), SOVA Center, February 2022. https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/counteraction/2022/02/d45798/
[^7]: Denis Avidzba and Ivan Zhilin, "Егор Маньяк и его «команда»" ("Egor Maniac and his 'team'"), Novaya Gazeta, March 19, 2021. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/03/19/egor-maniak-i-ego-komanda. Sole source for the ENO leader's statements, including the report of a March 2021 suicide.
[^7]: Denis Avidzba and Ivan Zhilin, "Егор Маньяк и его «команда»" ("Egor Maniac and his 'team'"), Novaya Gazeta, March 19, 2021. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/03/19/egor-maniak-i-ego-komanda.
[^8]: Valentyna Letiak, "Різав ножем і знімав на відео: у Дніпрі затримали 19-річного маніяка," Fakty ICTV, January 29, 2020. https://fakty.com.ua/ua/proisshestvija/20200129-rizav-nozhem-i-znimav-na-video-u-dnipri-zatrymaly-19-richnogo-maniyaka/
[^9]: "Планировал массовые убийства: в Днепре орудовал 19-летний маньяк," IPnews, January 29, 2020 (archived May 12, 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194147id_/https://ipne.ws/novosti-dnepra/kriminal-i-proisshestviya/planiroval-massovye-ubiystva-v-dnepr/
[^10]: "Russia arrests over 100 suspects linked to Ukrainian neo-Nazi group," Euronews (with AFP), December 13, 2021. https://euronews.com/2021/12/13/russia-arrests-over-100-suspects-linked-to-ukrainian-neo-nazi-group
[^11]: "Суд в Москве заочно арестовал лидера одной из неонацистских групп Украины," Pravo.ru, February 15, 2022. https://pravo.ru/news/239163/
[^12]: Belyi Shum, "Что известно об основателе МКУ Егоре Краснове," Telegraph, March 14, 2021. https://telegra.ph/CHto-izvestno-ob-osnovatele-MKU-Egore-Krasnove-03-14. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^12]: Belyi Shum, "Что известно об основателе МКУ Егоре Краснове," Telegraph, March 14, 2021. https://telegra.ph/CHto-izvestno-ob-osnovatele-MKU-Egore-Krasnove-03-14.
[^13]: "Егор Маньяк и его «команда». Как ФСБ опять «нашла» в России «украинских нацистов»," Hromadske, March 23, 2021. https://hromadske.ua/ru/posts/egor-manyak-i-ego-komanda-kak-fsb-opyat-nashla-v-rossii-ukrainskih-nacistov
[^14]: Aleksey Aleksandrov, "«Из СИЗО создать такую разветвленную сеть сложно». Что в Украине знают об «основателе М.К.У.»," Current Time, December 14, 2021. https://www.currenttime.tv/a/iz-sizo-sozdat-takuyu/31608632.html
[^15]: "Russia's FSB Detains More 'Ukrainian Neo-Nazis'. Invests Over a Year in Its 'MKU' Fake," StopFake, December 2021. https://www.stopfake.org/?p=128477.
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) records that after Krasnov's 2020 arrest th
[^18]: "Уголовное дело возбудили против неонациста Краснова," REN TV, January 11, 2022, quoting the FSB Public Relations Center. https://ren.tv/news/v-rossii/925964-ugolovnoe-delo-vozbudili-protiv-lidera-m-k-u-krasnova
[^19]: "Верховный суд признал террористическим движение «Маньяки: культ убийства»," RAPSI, January 16, 2023. https://rapsinews.ru/judicial_news/20230116/308619581.html
[^20]: "Верховный суд России объявил движение «М.К.У.» террористической организацией," Meduza, January 16, 2023. https://meduza.io/news/2023/01/16/verhovnyy-sud-rossii-priznal-dvizhenie-m-k-u-manyaki-kult-ubiystv-terroristicheskoy-organizatsiey
[^21]: "Верховный Суд РФ признал М.К.У* террористической организацией," Komsomolskaya Pravda, January 16, 2023. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27452/4706951/. Sole source for the 11 murders and the payment claims.
[^21]: "Верховный Суд РФ признал М.К.У* террористической организацией," Komsomolskaya Pravda, January 16, 2023. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27452/4706951/.
[^22]: "Pro-Kremlin Propaganda Says FSB Busted Neo-Nazi Terror Plot in 9 Cities," The Daily Beast, August 2024. https://www.thedailybeast.com/kremlin-claims-it-busted-neo-nazi-terror-plot-in-9-cities/
[^23]: ADL, "Maniac Murder Cult (MKY, MKU, MMC)," Glossary of Extremism. https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/maniac-murder-cult-mky-mku-mmc
[^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "Georgian National Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison for Soliciting Hate Crimes and Planning Mass Casualty Attack." https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/georgian-national-sentenced-15-years-prison-soliciting-hate-crimes-and-planning-mass

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yuri Kobzarev.md
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@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ The 1978 statement names L. Korabelnikova, the subject of a remote-viewing exper
[^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Technical Intelligence Report DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4, "The Soviet Psychoenergetics Research Program (U)," March 22, 1982, sections II.B-II.C and III.A, declassified in part 2011, NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-nsa-rdp96x00790r000100020003-3
[^3]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320004-5
[^4]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022
[^5]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory.
[^5]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
[^6]: Serge Kernbach, "Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview," arXiv:1312.1148 (2013), a secondary survey of Russian open sources. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.1148
[^7]: I. V. Tsykunov, "Telepaticheskaya odisseya Karla Nikolaeva," *Aliter* (2022), citing I. Kogan, "Opyt dalnovideniya L. A. Korabelnikovoy," *Parapsikhologiya i psikhofizika* 2000, no. 1, pp. 13-21. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/telepaticheskaya-odisseya-karla-nikolaeva

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Zafar Iqbal.md
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@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud
[^2]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed October 22, 1992, paras. 2.198, 2.201. https://archive.org/details/InquiryIntoTheSupervisionOfTheBankOfCreditAndCommerceInternational
[^3]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, as in note 1.
[^4]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, note 38.
[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 143. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/outlawbank00jona
[^6]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, "Cast of Characters," p. xvi (entry for Zafar Iqbal), and p. 103. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^7]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 86. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^8]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 81 (Masri's statement to Beaty; the book's index lists pp. 81, 86, 103, 143 and 354 under Zafar Iqbal). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 143. https://archive.org/details/outlawbank00jona
[^6]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, "Cast of Characters," p. xvi (entry for Zafar Iqbal), and p. 103.
[^7]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 86.
[^8]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 81 (Masri's statement to Beaty; the book's index lists pp. 81, 86, 103, 143 and 354 under Zafar Iqbal).
[^9]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 10, text on the Abu Dhabi takeover, March 1990. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/10accounta.htm
[^10]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, "Attempt At Restructuring 1990 and 1991." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/14abudhabi.htm
[^11]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, paras. 2.198, 2.201.
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud
[^18]: Statement of the majority shareholders, section II, "Cooperation by the Majority Shareholders with U.S. Law Enforcement and Regulatory Investigations," reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 5 (S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5).
[^19]: Electronic mail, "BCCI," from Thomas McQueeney, headed December 18, 1990, in *BCCI Hearings before the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs*, House of Representatives, vol. 2. https://archive.org/details/BCCIHearingsBeforeTheCommitteeOnBankingFinanceAndUrbanAffairs
[^20]: Newspaper article quoting the McQueeney memo as dated December 11, 1990, reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 2 (archive.org copy).
[^21]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 103. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^21]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 103.
[^22]: Chronology, entry for December 13, 1990, in *BCCI Hearings before the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs*, House of Representatives, vol. 1. https://archive.org/details/BCCIHearingsBeforeTheCommitteeOnBankingFinanceAndUrbanAffairs
[^23]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, paras. 2.272, 2.274.
[^24]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, para. 2.281.
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud
[^36]: Newspaper article reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 2 (archive.org copy).
[^37]: Written answers by Al Sayegh, answer to question 46, reprinted in S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5, p. 832.
[^38]: Statement of the majority shareholders, reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 5 (S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5), p. 754. Position of the majority shareholders.
[^39]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 354. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^39]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 354.
[^40]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, text and note 70, citing S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5, pp. 756-757.
[^41]: Hussain, Thomas. "UAE jails and fines BCCI executives," United Press International, June 14, 1994. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/06/14/UAE-jails-and-fines-BCCI-executives/7650771566400/ Sole source for the passages so cited; its twelve-defendant total (56 years) differs from MEED's (61 years).
[^41]: Hussain, Thomas. "UAE jails and fines BCCI executives," United Press International, June 14, 1994. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/06/14/UAE-jails-and-fines-BCCI-executives/7650771566400/ Its twelve-defendant total (56 years) differs from MEED's (61 years).
[^42]: "BCCI executives sentenced," MEED, June 24, 1994. https://www.meed.com/bcci-executives-sentenced/