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@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ In a letter of May 1951 to the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing The Book of Babalon (typescript), Parsons's letters to Crowley, Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times, 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. Sole source for the August 1, 1945 arrival date, the dates January 4 to 15 and January 18, the quoted Book of Babalon passages, the name Allied Enterprises and the investment figures.
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[^1]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing The Book of Babalon (typescript), Parsons's letters to Crowley, Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times, 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946.
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[^2]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm.
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[^3]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley, circa February 1946 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm and 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm. The timeline site's transcription of the July 5 letter reads "Hubbard attempted to escape me by sailing at 5 p.m. and performed a full invocation to Bartzabel within the circle at 8 p.m."; Bogdan (Numen 63, pp. 27-28, quoting the letter with the date July 26, 1946) prints "and I performed a full invocation to Bartzabel within the circle at 8 p.m." The body therefore does not say who performed it.
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[^4]: Parsons, letter to Crowley, January 21, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm.
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@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Sinclair had been receiving large daily
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[^1]: *LaBarge v. County of Mariposa,* 798 F.2d 364 (9th Cir. 1986). The caption spells the sergeant's name Roderic B. Sinclair; the opinion, Roderick.
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[^2]: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned." United Press International, September 25, 1983. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/
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[^3]: Reagan, Ronald. "Statement on the Death of Three Secret Service Agents in California," March 5, 1983. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-death-three-secret-service-agents-california
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[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It describes Judge Coyle as ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim and Eckerson as appointed to write a replacement report; the court record places the 70 percent finding in the county's contribution suit against the United States, which was reversed, and contemporaneous reporting shows Eckerson as the elected district attorney resisting the CHP's call for prosecution. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It describes Judge Coyle as ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim and Eckerson as appointed to write a replacement report; the court record places the 70 percent finding in the county's contribution suit against the United States, which was reversed, and contemporaneous reporting shows Eckerson as the elected district attorney resisting the CHP's call for prosecution.
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@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Taff wrote that the final program was "an amateurish attempt," with "a set of ho
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[^1]: "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," by Barry E. Taff, part 1, UFO BBS file UFO135 (reprinted from UFO Magazine and ParaNet, with an editorial note by Vicki Cooper), http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo ("When the final product aired on October 14 of that year").
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[^2]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 193 to 196 (quoting the "October 14, 1988 syndicated television program UFOS: Government Coverup-Live," with a copyright note "Copyright 1988 by LBS Extraterrestrials, Inc. Reprinted by permission"), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
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[^3]: Internet Archive item youtube-gXCdaBu0Now, "UFO Cover Up : LIVE! (Oct 10th, 1988 Live Broadcast)," uploaded by the account "Occult Demon Cassette," description "Broadcast 10/14/88," running time 7,201 seconds, https://archive.org/details/youtube-gXCdaBu0Now. The item title says October 10; the description says October 14.
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[^4]: Taff, "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," parts 1 to 3, UFO BBS files UFO135, UFO136 and UFO137, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo, .../136.ufo, .../137.ufo. Taff does not name the producer. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^4]: Taff, "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," parts 1 to 3, UFO BBS files UFO135, UFO136 and UFO137, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo, .../136.ufo, .../137.ufo. Taff does not name the producer.
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[^5]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member is not named.
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[^6]: Hastings, same, on denials by Doty and Collins; see also the letter of Richard C. Doty of March 3, 1989 in note 11.
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[^7]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction and Section 1, "And We Became Birds," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (Collins's account; the archive copy is dated 2010 in its metadata).
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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The FBI's copy of the March 22, 1950, "Hottel" memorandum circulates under a cov
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### The Contra Record
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[[Gary Webb]] wrote that his FOIA requests to multiple federal agencies produced thousands of pages about [[Danilo Blandon]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], including DEA reports, CIA cables, FBI files and court documents, and that the records confirmed federal agencies had known of the Blandon-Meneses network for years without prosecuting or disrupting it. Webb also wrote that the DEA stated under the Freedom of Information Act that it had no reports from [[Celerino Castillo]] about drug trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and that the Justice Department Inspector General found and quoted such reports. Webb is the sole source for these passages; the Inspector General's published report describes Castillo's reports on the pilots Grasheim and others but does not mention a FOIA response.[^7]
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[[Gary Webb]] wrote that his FOIA requests to multiple federal agencies produced thousands of pages about [[Danilo Blandon]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], including DEA reports, CIA cables, FBI files and court documents, and that the records confirmed federal agencies had known of the Blandon-Meneses network for years without prosecuting or disrupting it. Webb also wrote that the DEA stated under the Freedom of Information Act that it had no reports from [[Celerino Castillo]] about drug trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and that the Justice Department Inspector General found and quoted such reports. The Inspector General's published report describes Castillo's reports on the pilots Grasheim and others but does not mention a FOIA response.[^7]
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### Footnotes
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@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ On August 10, 1985 North flew to [[Costa Rica]] to meet Ambassador [[Lewis Tambs
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Secord and Albert [[Hakim]] founded [[Stanford Technology Trading Group International]] in 1983; by 1986, Walsh writes, its business "was the Enterprise." Its finances were managed in [[Switzerland]] by the fiduciary [[Compagnie de Services Fiduciaire]], controlled by the American tax lawyer [[Willard Zucker]]. In late June 1985 North and Secord met Calero and the Contra commander [[Enrique Bermudez]] in [[Miami]] and told them that private and third-country donors would pay the Enterprise directly, removing Calero as a money-handler. In July 1985 Zucker's firm created a Liberian shell, [[Defex]] S.A., deliberately named like the Portuguese arms firm Defex, so that the Enterprise's mark-ups would appear in its books as payments to the supplier; Zucker's memorandum of July 8, 1985 describes the objective as having "sufficient debit advices" to show payments "approximating the amounts received." The Enterprise's receiving account was moved to [[Lake Resources]] in [[Geneva]], and all receipts were commingled. Draws from Contra arms sales between April 1985 and September 1986 came to $4.579 million.[^6] The congressional Committees found that Secord testified his mark-up "averaged out almost exactly 20 percent" while the actual commission averaged 38 percent, and that Calero was unaware of it.[^3] In total the Walsh report counts "more than $47 million" through Enterprise accounts; the Committees' figure is nearly $48 million, of which $16.5 million supported the Contras or bought arms sold to them, $15.2 million was spent on Iran, Secord, Hakim and [[Thomas Clines]] took $6.6 million in commissions and profit, and about $1 million went to other North-sponsored covert operations.[^1][^3]
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In July 1986 the Enterprise paid the Portuguese firm Defex $2.6 million and $500,000 to the arms dealer [[Monzer Al-Kassar]] for Contra weapons. Walsh's trial-proof estimate of the diversion is $3.6 million and excludes that $500,000 payment, because Al-Kassar "was not available to testify," as well as a $200,000 Jetstar and about $535,000 for the freighter *Erria*, bought in April 1986 through the Panamanian shell company Dolmy Business Inc. The Committees put the amount of the diversion at about $3.8 million of $16.1 million in Iran arms profits.[^6][^3] The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, supplied drug profits to North for Contra arms, and Seymour and [[Gary Webb]] each state that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras; the Tower Commission excerpts and the Walsh report, which place the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986, contain no such figure. Seymour and Webb are the sole sources for the $1.2 million figure.[^7][^8]
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In July 1986 the Enterprise paid the Portuguese firm Defex $2.6 million and $500,000 to the arms dealer [[Monzer Al-Kassar]] for Contra weapons. Walsh's trial-proof estimate of the diversion is $3.6 million and excludes that $500,000 payment, because Al-Kassar "was not available to testify," as well as a $200,000 Jetstar and about $535,000 for the freighter *Erria*, bought in April 1986 through the Panamanian shell company Dolmy Business Inc. The Committees put the amount of the diversion at about $3.8 million of $16.1 million in Iran arms profits.[^6][^3] The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, supplied drug profits to North for Contra arms, and Seymour and [[Gary Webb]] each state that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras; the Tower Commission excerpts and the Walsh report, which place the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986, contain no such figure. Seymour and Webb give the $1.2 million figure.[^7][^8]
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### The Iran arms sales
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@ -158,11 +158,11 @@ The Kerry Committee's report of December 1988 stated that "individuals who provi
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The National Security Archive's briefing book prints North's notebook for July 12, 1985, in which Secord is quoted as saying that "14 M to finance [the arms in a Honduran warehouse] came from drugs," and North's August 9, 1985 entry that a Honduran DC-6 used for runs out of New Orleans "is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."; the briefing book also notes that DEA agents testified on July 28, 1988 that North had wanted $1.5 million in Cartel money carried by a DEA informant given to the Contras.[^10] The Kerry report states that the pilot [[Floyd Carlton]] testified that Noriega was paid $100,000 to $250,000 for each of four cocaine flights he piloted for the [[Medellin Cartel]], and that the same Panamanian general met North in June 1985 and again in [[London]] on September 22, 1986 to discuss sabotage in Nicaragua; when North proposed a meeting on August 23, 1986, Poindexter replied, "I have nothing against him other than his illegal activities," and Walsh records that the decision was made not to pay Noriega the $1 million.[^12][^10][^13]
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Webb wrote that Kerry investigation director [[Jack Blum]] told him: "We were even dumped on by the Iran-Contra Committee. They wouldn't touch this issue with a ten-foot pole," and that during North's July 1987 testimony two men from Baltimore stood with a banner reading "Ask about the cocaine smuggling" before police removed them. Webb also wrote that the plane shot down over Nicaragua was a Fairchild C-123K called The Fat Lady, based at [[Mena, Arkansas]] before Barry Seal sold it, after which it flew weapons for North and the [[FDN]]; that Hasenfus was a former [[Air America]] cargo handler; that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on Seal's joint CIA-DEA sting of the Sandinistas and allegedly leaked it to the press shortly before a critical vote on Contra aid; and that the Enterprise's flights from Ilopango reportedly brought cocaine back on return flights, with Hangar No. 4 there used by the CIA until it was turned over to North's operation in 1985. The Committees' account identifies the aircraft only as one belonging to the Enterprise, with a [[Southern Air Transport]] identification card found on the pilot. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^8][^3]
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Webb wrote that Kerry investigation director [[Jack Blum]] told him: "We were even dumped on by the Iran-Contra Committee. They wouldn't touch this issue with a ten-foot pole," and that during North's July 1987 testimony two men from Baltimore stood with a banner reading "Ask about the cocaine smuggling" before police removed them. Webb also wrote that the plane shot down over Nicaragua was a Fairchild C-123K called The Fat Lady, based at [[Mena, Arkansas]] before Barry Seal sold it, after which it flew weapons for North and the [[FDN]]; that Hasenfus was a former [[Air America]] cargo handler; that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on Seal's joint CIA-DEA sting of the Sandinistas and allegedly leaked it to the press shortly before a critical vote on Contra aid; and that the Enterprise's flights from Ilopango reportedly brought cocaine back on return flights, with Hangar No. 4 there used by the CIA until it was turned over to North's operation in 1985. The Committees' account identifies the aircraft only as one belonging to the Enterprise, with a [[Southern Air Transport]] identification card found on the pilot.[^8][^3]
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### The Octopus and the BCCI cluster
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The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant component of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation, which Casolaro believed was interconnected with the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] and the BCCI scandal; that he obtained photocopies of checks drawn on BCCI accounts for Khashoggi and Ghorbanifar from [[Bob Bickel]], who had them from the [[October Surprise]] source [[Richard Brenneke]]; that [[Ian Stuart Spiro]]'s name appeared in North's notebooks and his death was linked to a spy network and the affair; that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], a self-described Israeli military intelligence officer, tipped off the Lebanese magazine; and that the former White House aide [[Barbara Honegger]] alleged in her book *October Surprise* that Al-Kassar's heroin smuggling network in [[Italy]] was used to launder [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] arms stocks, diverting them to Iran with the help of Italian intelligence officials linked to the P2 lodge. Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^7] The Walsh report places Khashoggi's own BCCI account in Monte Carlo as the origin of $5 million of the February 1986 bridge financing.[^6]
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The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant component of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation, which Casolaro believed was interconnected with the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] and the BCCI scandal; that he obtained photocopies of checks drawn on BCCI accounts for Khashoggi and Ghorbanifar from [[Bob Bickel]], who had them from the [[October Surprise]] source [[Richard Brenneke]]; that [[Ian Stuart Spiro]]'s name appeared in North's notebooks and his death was linked to a spy network and the affair; that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], a self-described Israeli military intelligence officer, tipped off the Lebanese magazine; and that the former White House aide [[Barbara Honegger]] alleged in her book *October Surprise* that Al-Kassar's heroin smuggling network in [[Italy]] was used to launder [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] arms stocks, diverting them to Iran with the help of Italian intelligence officials linked to the P2 lodge.[^7] The Walsh report places Khashoggi's own BCCI account in Monte Carlo as the origin of $5 million of the February 1986 bridge financing.[^6]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), Executive Summary. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
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@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant com
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[^4]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm
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[^5]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 27, "President Reagan," section on contra financial support. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm
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[^6]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances," including notes 5, 30 to 35 and 51. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
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[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Prologue, ch. 6 ("They were doing their patriotic duty") and ch. 4. Sole source for the passages so cited.
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[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
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[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Prologue, ch. 6 ("They were doing their patriotic duty") and ch. 4.
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[^9]: Tower Commission, *Report of the President's Special Review Board* (February 26, 1987), Part I, "Contra Diversion" and "N.S.C. Staff and Support for the Contras" (excerpts published by the American Presidency Project). https://archive.org/details/tower-commission-report-excerpts-reagan
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[^10]: National Security Archive, "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations," Electronic Briefing Book No. 2 (North notebooks of July 12 and August 9, 1985; North and Poindexter electronic messages of August 23, 1986). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/index.html
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[^11]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, "Summary of Prosecutions." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/summpros.htm
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@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ The October Surprise allegation, if substantiated, represents the founding trans
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[^5]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011, quoting the Russian report as translated by the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
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[^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
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[^7]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html
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[^8]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the Barcella account of the extension request.
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[^9]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012 (Hamilton's 2010 response to Parry). https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry.
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[^8]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
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[^9]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012 (Hamilton's 2010 response to Parry). https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/
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[^10]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html
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[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992, (H. Res. 585; text and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
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[^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The October Surprise Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran*, Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords, S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992. https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheSpecialCounselOnTheOctoberSurpriseAllegationsAndTheCircumstancesSurro
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@ -40,65 +40,65 @@ relations:
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role: "chairman"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 5
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fn: 8
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Luis Alvarez]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "panel member"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 5
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fn: 8
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Lloyd Berkner]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "panel member"
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start: 1953-01-16
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 10
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fn: 13
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Samuel Goudsmit]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "panel member"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 5
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fn: 8
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Thornton Page]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "panel member"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 5
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fn: 8
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[J. Allen Hynek]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "associate member"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 11
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fn: 14
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Frederick C. Durant]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "associate member and author of the report of meetings"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 8
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fn: 11
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Edward J. Ruppelt]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "briefer, Air Technical Intelligence Center"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 11
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fn: 14
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Philip G. Strong]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "Office of Scientific Intelligence staff attending the sessions"
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start: 1953-01-14
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end: 1953-01-17
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fn: 10
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fn: 13
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created: 2026-10-01
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updated: 2026-10-02
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updated: 2026-10-09
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---
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The Robertson Panel was a group of five scientists convened by the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to review [[Air Technical Intelligence Center]] files on unidentified flying objects. It met in January 1953, reported that the sightings showed no direct physical threat to national security, and recommended that the national security agencies "strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired."[^1]
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@ -113,21 +113,23 @@ The Durant memorandum lists an "O/SI Study Group of August 1952" of [[Philip G.
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Chadwell and Robertson put the panel together, and Chadwell wrote the Director on 9 January 1953 on consultants for the panel.[^2][^4] Strong recorded a meeting about an external research project with [[Julius A. Stratton]], provost of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and [[Max Millikan]], director of MIT's Center for International Studies.[^2][^4]
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H. Marshall Chadwell's memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence of October 2, 1952 had already stated that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^5] In Strong's memorandum of December 3, 1952 Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two in view of the presence there of Robertson, Lauritson, Spitzer (on temporary duty from Princeton), Millikan's brother and others."[^6] On January 27, 1953, after the panel met, Chadwell wrote to Stratton, who had asked to be kept informed, enclosing the panel report, a list of personnel and the evidence presented, and adding that "knowledge of any interest of CIA in the subject of 'flying saucers' has been carefully restricted, in view of probable misunderstanding if it were publicly known."[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Membership
|
||||
|
||||
The panel members signed the report with these affiliations: [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Associated Universities, Inc.]]; Robertson, chairman, [[California Institute of Technology]]; [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[Brookhaven National Laboratories]]; [[Luis Alvarez]], [[University of California]]; and [[Thornton Page]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]. The roster lists Page's office as the Office of Research Operations. [[J. Allen Hynek]] ([[Ohio State University]], astronomy) and Frederick C. Durant ([[Arthur D. Little]], Inc., rockets and guided missiles) appear as associate members.[^5][^6]
|
||||
The panel members signed the report with these affiliations: [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Associated Universities, Inc.]]; Robertson, chairman, [[California Institute of Technology]]; [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[Brookhaven National Laboratories]]; [[Luis Alvarez]], [[University of California]]; and [[Thornton Page]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]. The roster lists Page's office as the Office of Research Operations. [[J. Allen Hynek]] ([[Ohio State University]], astronomy) and Frederick C. Durant ([[Arthur D. Little]], Inc., rockets and guided missiles) appear as associate members.[^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Robertson served from 1950 to 1952 as research director of the [[Weapons Systems Evaluation Group]] in the office of the Secretary of Defense and from 1954 to 1956 as scientific advisor to the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|Supreme Allied Commander in Europe]]. Goudsmit had been scientific chief of the [[Operation Alsos|Alsos Mission]]. Alvarez had worked on microwave radar at the [[MIT Radiation Laboratory]] and then under [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]]. Berkner had been executive secretary of the Research and Development Board of the [[Department of Defense]], special assistant to the Secretary of State in 1949, a rear admiral in the Naval Reserve, and from 1951 to 1960 active in managing Associated Universities, Inc., the operator of Brookhaven. Page had done research at the [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] during the war.[^7] Durant, a past president of the [[American Rocket Society]], was on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence.[^8]
|
||||
Robertson served from 1950 to 1952 as research director of the [[Weapons Systems Evaluation Group]] in the office of the Secretary of Defense and from 1954 to 1956 as scientific advisor to the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|Supreme Allied Commander in Europe]]. Goudsmit had been scientific chief of the [[Operation Alsos|Alsos Mission]]. Alvarez had worked on microwave radar at the [[MIT Radiation Laboratory]] and then under [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]]. Berkner had been executive secretary of the Research and Development Board of the [[Department of Defense]], special assistant to the Secretary of State in 1949, a rear admiral in the Naval Reserve, and from 1951 to 1960 active in managing Associated Universities, Inc., the operator of Brookhaven. Page had done research at the [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] during the war.[^10] Durant, a past president of the [[American Rocket Society]], was on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The interviewees were Brigadier General [[William N. Garland]], commanding general of the Air Technical Intelligence Center; Chadwell; [[Ralph L. Clark]], Deputy Assistant Director; Strong, chief of the Operations Staff; [[Stephen T. Possony]], acting chief of the Special Studies Group, Directorate of Intelligence, [[U.S. Air Force]]; Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], chief of the Aerial Phenomena Branch; [[Dewey Fournet]] of the [[Ethyl Corporation]]; and Lieutenant [[R. S. Neasham]] and [[Harry Woo]] of the [[Navy Photo Interpretation Laboratory]] at [[Anacostia]].[^6]
|
||||
The interviewees were Brigadier General [[William N. Garland]], commanding general of the Air Technical Intelligence Center; Chadwell; [[Ralph L. Clark]], Deputy Assistant Director; Strong, chief of the Operations Staff; [[Stephen T. Possony]], acting chief of the Special Studies Group, Directorate of Intelligence, [[U.S. Air Force]]; Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], chief of the Aerial Phenomena Branch; [[Dewey Fournet]] of the [[Ethyl Corporation]]; and Lieutenant [[R. S. Neasham]] and [[Harry Woo]] of the [[Navy Photo Interpretation Laboratory]] at [[Anacostia]].[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Sessions of January 14 to 17, 1953
|
||||
|
||||
The memorandum is headed "January 14-18, 1953." Its first meeting is dated "Wednesday, 14 January" and its eighth and final meeting is a Saturday afternoon, which makes the date 17 January; the attached lists and the Agency's later history also give 14 to 17 January.[^9] Present at the first meeting were Robertson, Alvarez, Page, Goudsmit, Strong, Lieutenant Colonel [[Frederick C. E. Oder]], [[David B. Stevenson]] and Durant; Berkner was absent until Friday afternoon.[^10] Strong enumerated what the Office regarded as potential dangers. The Panel saw motion pictures of sightings at [[Tremonton, Utah|Tremonton]], [[Utah]] (2 July 1952) and [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], [[Montana]] (15 August 1950), and in the afternoon Neasham and Woo presented the [[U.S. Navy]] laboratory's analysis. Ruppelt spoke for about forty minutes on Air Technical Intelligence Center methods. Hynek, Fournet, Captain [[Harry B. Smith]] and Possony attended that session.[^11]
|
||||
The memorandum is headed "January 14-18, 1953." Its first meeting is dated "Wednesday, 14 January" and its eighth and final meeting is a Saturday afternoon, which makes the date 17 January; the attached lists and the Agency's later history also give 14 to 17 January.[^12] Present at the first meeting were Robertson, Alvarez, Page, Goudsmit, Strong, Lieutenant Colonel [[Frederick C. E. Oder]], [[David B. Stevenson]] and Durant; Berkner was absent until Friday afternoon.[^13] Strong enumerated what the Office regarded as potential dangers. The Panel saw motion pictures of sightings at [[Tremonton, Utah|Tremonton]], [[Utah]] (2 July 1952) and [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], [[Montana]] (15 August 1950), and in the afternoon Neasham and Woo presented the [[U.S. Navy]] laboratory's analysis. Ruppelt spoke for about forty minutes on Air Technical Intelligence Center methods. Hynek, Fournet, Captain [[Harry B. Smith]] and Possony attended that session.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
On Thursday Ruppelt and Hynek attended both sessions. The memorandum records that "the Project STORK support at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, was described by Dr. Hynek." Oder briefed [[Project Twinkle]], the camera-watch project of the [[Air Force Meteorological Research Center]] at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. At 1615 Garland joined and gave three personal opinions: more use of Air Force intelligence officers in follow-up, "vigorous effort" to declassify reports, and a larger Air Technical Intelligence Center section for the subject. On Friday Hynek read a prepared paper and Fournet gave a briefing on his fifteen months as Washington project officer; Hynek attended the Friday afternoon session. On Saturday morning Chadwell reported that he had shown the rough draft to the Director of Intelligence of the Air Force "whose reaction was favorable."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The list of evidence presented included seventy-five case histories of 1951 and 1952 selected by the Air Technical Intelligence Center as the best documented, the status and progress reports of [[Project Grudge]] and [[Project Blue Book]], the progress reports of Project Stork, described as the code name for the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] contract work supporting the Center, reports on Project Twinkle and Project Pounce (a proposal of [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]), a draft manual on making a flying object report, charts of unexplained 1952 sightings by location and of balloon launching sites, and "Intelligence Reports Relating to U.S.S.R. Interest in U.S. Sightings."[^12]
|
||||
The list of evidence presented included seventy-five case histories of 1951 and 1952 selected by the Air Technical Intelligence Center as the best documented, the status and progress reports of [[Project Grudge]] and [[Project Blue Book]], the progress reports of Project Stork, described as the code name for the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] contract work supporting the Center, reports on Project Twinkle and Project Pounce (a proposal of [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]), a draft manual on making a flying object report, charts of unexplained 1952 sightings by location and of balloon launching sites, and "Intelligence Reports Relating to U.S.S.R. Interest in U.S. Sightings."[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Tremonton and Great Falls films
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ The Navy laboratory had spent about 1,000 man-hours, at Air Force request, on pl
|
|||
|
||||
### Findings and recommendations
|
||||
|
||||
Tab A, signed by the five members, states that the evidence "shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security" and that there is "no residuum of cases which indicates phenomena which are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile acts" and "no evidence that the phenomena indicates a need for the revision of current scientific concepts." It states that "continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic," citing "the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports," "continued false alarms" and "the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior." It recommends an integrated program "designed to reassure the public of the total lack of evidence of inimical forces behind the phenomenon" and to train personnel to recognize and reject false indications.[^13]
|
||||
Tab A, signed by the five members, states that the evidence "shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security" and that there is "no residuum of cases which indicates phenomena which are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile acts" and "no evidence that the phenomena indicates a need for the revision of current scientific concepts." It states that "continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic," citing "the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports," "continued false alarms" and "the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior." It recommends an integrated program "designed to reassure the public of the total lack of evidence of inimical forces behind the phenomenon" and to train personnel to recognize and reject false indications.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### Comments recorded in the Durant memorandum
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -155,37 +157,37 @@ Suggested participants were psychologists, including [[Hadley Cantril]] of [[Pri
|
|||
|
||||
On "Unofficial Investigating Groups," the memorandum states that the "Civilian Flying Saucer Investigators" of [[Los Angeles]] and the "Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (Wisconsin)" "should be watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur," and that "the apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind." The Panel predicted that sightings would increase that summer.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Jennie Zeidman]], Hynek's assistant at Ohio State, wrote in 1991 that after the sessions Hynek told her: "They're not going to have a scientific investigation. For some strange reason they voted it down. They didn't even take a decent look at the data, and they decided to discredit them."[^14]
|
||||
[[Jennie Zeidman]], Hynek's assistant at Ohio State, wrote in 1991 that after the sessions Hynek told her: "They're not going to have a scientific investigation. For some strange reason they voted it down. They didn't even take a decent look at the data, and they decided to discredit them."[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Distribution and sponsorship
|
||||
|
||||
The report went to the Intelligence Advisory Committee, the Secretary of Defense, the director of the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]] and the chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]]. Strong and Durant briefed the [[Office of National Estimates]]. The Agency dropped its effort to draft a National Security Council directive on unidentified flying objects, and, according to Haines, "any mention of CIA sponsorship of the panel was forbidden." Chadwell transferred monitoring in May 1953 to the Physics and Electronics Division, whose chief, [[Todos M. Odarenko]], proposed treating the project as inactive and, in 1955, terminating it.[^2][^15]
|
||||
The report went to the Intelligence Advisory Committee, the Secretary of Defense, the director of the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]] and the chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]]. Strong and Durant briefed the [[Office of National Estimates]]. The Agency dropped its effort to draft a National Security Council directive on unidentified flying objects, and, according to Haines, "any mention of CIA sponsorship of the panel was forbidden." Chadwell transferred monitoring in May 1953 to the Physics and Electronics Division, whose chief, [[Todos M. Odarenko]], proposed treating the project as inactive and, in 1955, terminating it.[^2][^18]
|
||||
|
||||
### Contacts after the sessions
|
||||
|
||||
A note from Ruppelt to Hynek of 11 February 1953, among the Blue Book cables in Hynek's "Project Henry" files, states that Durant had called asking for the pencilled notes Hynek had promised him on a contact with the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]]. A note of 13 July 1953 from Lieutenant [[Robert M. Olsson]] states: "we sent five of our best unsolved reports to Dr. Robinson [Dr. Robertson] on the West Coast" ([[Luke Air Force Base]], Continental Divide, [[Port Austin, Michigan|Port Austin]] and others). [[Jan Aldrich]] of Project 1947 added in a bracketed comment that Robertson was briefed on Blue Book again in 1957 at the Air Technical Intelligence Center and that Durant arranged for the Condon Committee to obtain copies of the Montana and Utah films and corresponded with Condon about official investigations in [[Norway]].[^16]
|
||||
A note from Ruppelt to Hynek of 11 February 1953, among the Blue Book cables in Hynek's "Project Henry" files, states that Durant had called asking for the pencilled notes Hynek had promised him on a contact with the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]]. A note of 13 July 1953 from Lieutenant [[Robert M. Olsson]] states: "we sent five of our best unsolved reports to Dr. Robinson [Dr. Robertson] on the West Coast" ([[Luke Air Force Base]], Continental Divide, [[Port Austin, Michigan|Port Austin]] and others). [[Jan Aldrich]] of Project 1947 added in a bracketed comment that Robertson was briefed on Blue Book again in 1957 at the Air Technical Intelligence Center and that Durant arranged for the Condon Committee to obtain copies of the Montana and Utah films and corresponded with Condon about official investigations in [[Norway]].[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### Disclosure, 1956 to 1966
|
||||
|
||||
In 1956 [[The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects|Ruppelt's book]] disclosed the existence of the Panel, and civilian groups pressed for the report. The Air Force asked the Agency for permission to declassify; Strong refused to disclose Agency sponsorship. On 20 December 1957 Strong wrote to Berkner, Page, Robertson, Goudsmit and Alvarez and sent a memorandum to Major James F. Byrne of Air Force intelligence on declassification, and the Agency prepared a sanitized version that deleted references to the Agency and to psychological warfare. Berkner (20 November 1957) and Page (4 December 1957) had written to Strong, and the Agency's history states that the panel members "were also reluctant to have their association with the Agency released."[^2][^17]
|
||||
In 1956 [[The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects|Ruppelt's book]] disclosed the existence of the Panel, and civilian groups pressed for the report. The Air Force asked the Agency for permission to declassify; Strong refused to disclose Agency sponsorship. On 20 December 1957 Strong wrote to Berkner, Page, Robertson, Goudsmit and Alvarez and sent a memorandum to Major James F. Byrne of Air Force intelligence on declassification, and the Agency prepared a sanitized version that deleted references to the Agency and to psychological warfare. Berkner (20 November 1957) and Page (4 December 1957) had written to Strong, and the Agency's history states that the panel members "were also reluctant to have their association with the Agency released."[^2][^20]
|
||||
|
||||
On 8 March 1958 [[Donald Keyhoe]] of the [[National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena]] told [[Mike Wallace]] on [[CBS]] that the Agency sponsored the Panel, and Keyhoe and the chemical engineer [[Leon Davidson]] wrote to the Agency; Davidson also wrote to Berkner and Goudsmit. Agency officers, according to the history, worried that Keyhoe "had the ear of" Hillenkoetter, who served on the committee's board of governors, and discussed having the General Counsel, [[Lawrence R. Houston]], show him the report. Hillenkoetter resigned from the committee in 1962.[^2][^17]
|
||||
On 8 March 1958 [[Donald Keyhoe]] of the [[National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena]] told [[Mike Wallace]] on [[CBS]] that the Agency sponsored the Panel, and Keyhoe and the chemical engineer [[Leon Davidson]] wrote to the Agency; Davidson also wrote to Berkner and Goudsmit. Agency officers, according to the history, worried that Keyhoe "had the ear of" Hillenkoetter, who served on the committee's board of governors, and discussed having the General Counsel, [[Lawrence R. Houston]], show him the report. Hillenkoetter resigned from the committee in 1962.[^2][^20]
|
||||
|
||||
On 22 September 1958 Keyhoe wrote to the Agency as the committee's director that he had been aware since January 1953 that the Agency had assembled a group of scientists to examine the evidence; that an investigator for the McClellan subcommittee on Government Operations had told him the Air Force said the report was not an Air Force document and that it proved to be the Agency's, with a classified summary sent to the investigator; and that the Air Force, which had officially denied the existence of the document, then admitted it and released a summary with no mention of the Agency. He asked for declassification and for an interview with an Agency official, and wrote that Vice Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], formerly director of the Agency and a board member, and all the members of the board would, if questioned, say that they disagree with the secrecy. A routing slip dated 30 September 1958 records that the Air Force's Major [[Lawrence J. Tacker]] had received a letter of the same date and would answer both along the lines that the Air Force was "the only agency qualified to speak on unidentified flying objects," and that "the remaining portions of the report are not only Secret but do not deal with unidentified flying objects"; the writer adds, "Both the above statements are true."[^18]
|
||||
On 22 September 1958 Keyhoe wrote to the Agency as the committee's director that he had been aware since January 1953 that the Agency had assembled a group of scientists to examine the evidence; that an investigator for the McClellan subcommittee on Government Operations had told him the Air Force said the report was not an Air Force document and that it proved to be the Agency's, with a classified summary sent to the investigator; and that the Air Force, which had officially denied the existence of the document, then admitted it and released a summary with no mention of the Agency. He asked for declassification and for an interview with an Agency official, and wrote that Vice Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], formerly director of the Agency and a board member, and all the members of the board would, if questioned, say that they disagree with the secrecy. A routing slip dated 30 September 1958 records that the Air Force's Major [[Lawrence J. Tacker]] had received a letter of the same date and would answer both along the lines that the Air Force was "the only agency qualified to speak on unidentified flying objects," and that "the remaining portions of the report are not only Secret but do not deal with unidentified flying objects"; the writer adds, "Both the above statements are true."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
Haines wrote that the Air Force again asked in July 1966 for declassification of the Panel report and the Durant report, after the [[House Armed Services Committee]] hearings and "Dr. Robertson's disclosure on a CBS Reports program that CIA indeed had been involved in UFO analysis"; the Condon Report, printed in 1968, refers to Robertson as "the late Prof. H. P. Robertson."[^2][^7] On 15 August 1966 the Office of Scientific Intelligence's deputy director, [[Karl H. Weber]], wrote to the Air Force that "We are most anxious that further publicity not be given to the information that the panel was sponsored by the CIA." [[James E. McDonald]] of the [[University of Arizona]] had read the Durant report at Wright-Patterson on 6 June 1966 and was refused a second look on 30 June as it was an Agency document. The science editor of the [[Saturday Review]], [[John Lear]], criticized the sanitized version on 3 September 1966.[^2][^17]
|
||||
Haines wrote that the Air Force again asked in July 1966 for declassification of the Panel report and the Durant report, after the [[House Armed Services Committee]] hearings and "Dr. Robertson's disclosure on a CBS Reports program that CIA indeed had been involved in UFO analysis"; the Condon Report, printed in 1968, refers to Robertson as "the late Prof. H. P. Robertson."[^2][^10] On 15 August 1966 the Office of Scientific Intelligence's deputy director, [[Karl H. Weber]], wrote to the Air Force that "We are most anxious that further publicity not be given to the information that the panel was sponsored by the CIA." [[James E. McDonald]] of the [[University of Arizona]] had read the Durant report at Wright-Patterson on 6 June 1966 and was refused a second look on 30 June as it was an Agency document. The science editor of the [[Saturday Review]], [[John Lear]], criticized the sanitized version on 3 September 1966.[^2][^20]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Paul E. McCarthy]] wrote that when [[James E. McDonald]] first visited [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] on June 6, 1966, the 1953 Robertson Panel report "received routine declassification after 12 years" by Major [[Hector Quintanilla]], who approved his note taking; that when he returned on June 30 and asked for a Xerox copy, Colonel [[Louis DeGoes]] told him it would need an authorization; and that on his third visit, July 20 to 22, DeGoes told him the CIA had decided to reclassify the document. McDonald's note on the episode, written in October 1966, states that neither DeGoes nor Dr. [[Cacciopo]], chief scientist at the [[Foreign Technology Division]], showed interest in the CIA involvement, and McDonald began to discuss the report in his lectures that month. Replying to a letter from McDonald of October 1, [[Richard Hall]] of [[NICAP]] wrote that the sanitized report would be forwarded within a week once the [[John E. Moss|Moss]] subcommittee obtained its release.[^19]
|
||||
[[Paul E. McCarthy]] wrote that when James E. McDonald first visited [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] on June 6, 1966, the 1953 Robertson Panel report "received routine declassification after 12 years" by Major [[Hector Quintanilla]], who approved his note taking; that when he returned on June 30 and asked for a Xerox copy, Colonel [[Louis DeGoes]] told him it would need an authorization; and that on his third visit, July 20 to 22, DeGoes told him the CIA had decided to reclassify the document. McDonald's note on the episode, written in October 1966, states that neither DeGoes nor Dr. [[Cacciopo]], chief scientist at the [[Foreign Technology Division]], showed interest in the CIA involvement, and McDonald began to discuss the report in his lectures that month. Replying to a letter from McDonald of October 1, [[Richard Hall]] of [[NICAP]] wrote that the sanitized report would be forwarded within a week once the [[John E. Moss|Moss]] subcommittee obtained its release.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publication in the Condon Report
|
||||
|
||||
The report was declassified in the summer of 1966 and printed as Appendix U of the [[Condon Committee]]'s Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, with some names deleted; the Condon Report states that the record is "still partially classified to the extent that the names of some of the members are deleted."[^7] The editors of the online edition restored deletions, which they marked in braces, from a copy they obtained from the [[Parascope]] site and checked against a [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] copy. The deleted items included the names of Alvarez, Chadwell, Strong, Oder, Stevenson, Neasham, Woo, Hynek, Fournet, Smith, Possony and Garland, the words "Office of Scientific Intelligence," the "Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence," "Battelle Memorial Institute" and the Intelligence Advisory Committee, and one tab.[^1][^20] Haines wrote that in 1967 Agency officials agreed that the Condon Committee could release the full Durant report "with only minor deletions."[^2]
|
||||
The report was declassified in the summer of 1966 and printed as Appendix U of the [[Condon Committee]]'s Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, with some names deleted; the Condon Report states that the record is "still partially classified to the extent that the names of some of the members are deleted."[^10] The editors of the online edition restored deletions, which they marked in braces, from a copy they obtained from the [[Parascope]] site and checked against a [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] copy. The deleted items included the names of Alvarez, Chadwell, Strong, Oder, Stevenson, Neasham, Woo, Hynek, Fournet, Smith, Possony and Garland, the words "Office of Scientific Intelligence," the "Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence," "Battelle Memorial Institute" and the Intelligence Advisory Committee, and one tab.[^1][^23] Haines wrote that in 1967 Agency officials agreed that the Condon Committee could release the full Durant report "with only minor deletions."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The Condon Report described the Panel as five scientists "who had distinguished themselves in physics research and in their contributions to military research during and after World War II," said that a group of this competence could review the subject in a week, stated that "no official steps were ever taken to put into effect the training and 'debunking' recommendations," and held that "the word debunking means to take the bunk out of a subject."[^7][^21]
|
||||
The Condon Report described the Panel as five scientists "who had distinguished themselves in physics research and in their contributions to military research during and after World War II," said that a group of this competence could review the subject in a week, stated that "no official steps were ever taken to put into effect the training and 'debunking' recommendations," and held that "the word debunking means to take the bunk out of a subject."[^10][^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later references
|
||||
|
||||
The Scientific Advisory Board committee under [[Brian O'Brien]] that reviewed Project Blue Book in 1966 gave "particular attention" to the Panel report. An Air Force action memorandum of 20 October 1969 recommending termination of Blue Book quoted the Panel's finding of no direct physical threat and added that "in spite of this finding, the Air Force continued to maintain a special reporting system."[^22][^23]
|
||||
The Scientific Advisory Board committee under [[Brian O'Brien]] that reviewed Project Blue Book in 1966 gave "particular attention" to the Panel report. An Air Force action memorandum of 20 October 1969 recommending termination of Blue Book quoted the Panel's finding of no direct physical threat and added that "in spite of this finding, the Air Force continued to maintain a special reporting system."[^25][^26]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1975 [[William Spaulding]] of [[Ground Saucer Watch]] asked the Agency for the Panel report; a privacy coordinator, [[Gene Wilson]], replied that "at no time prior to the formation of the Robertson Panel and subsequent to the issuance of the panel's report has CIA engaged in the study of the UFO phenomena." Ground Saucer Watch sued under the [[Freedom of Information Act]] in September 1977; a search produced 355 documents of about 900 pages, of which the Agency released all but 57 on 14 December 1978, and a court dismissed the suit in May 1980. Haines wrote that the Agency's Deputy Director for Administration told Director [[Stansfield Turner]] there had been "no organized Agency effort to do research in connection with UFO phenomena nor has there been an organized effort to collect intelligence on UFOs since the 1950s."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -195,22 +197,25 @@ In 1975 [[William Spaulding]] of [[Ground Saucer Watch]] asked the Agency for th
|
|||
[^2]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52," "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," "The 1950s," "The 1960s" and "The 1970s and 1980s," copy at https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html.
|
||||
[^3]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, through the Deputy Director for Intelligence, "Unidentified Flying Objects," with attached draft memorandum to the National Security Council and draft NSC directive, 1952, Central Intelligence Agency, CREST document CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020008-2 (5 pages; reading-room publication date 9 December 1952), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81r00560r000100020008-2.
|
||||
[^4]: Haines, text and notes 22 to 25, 30 and 36, citing Chadwell memoranda of 25 November and 2 December 1952, Chadwell to the Director, "Consultants for Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," 9 January 1953, Strong's memorandum for the record on the meeting with Stratton and Millikan, and Chadwell's letter to Stratton of 27 January 1953.
|
||||
[^5]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, signatures: Berkner (Associated Universities, Inc.), Robertson (California Institute of Technology, chairman), Goudsmit (Brookhaven National Laboratories), Alvarez (University of California), Page (Johns Hopkins University).
|
||||
[^6]: Durant memorandum, Tab B (members, associate members and interviewees; Tab B was omitted from the 1968 Condon printing and the online edition labels the document list as Tab B).
|
||||
[^7]: Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Section V, chapter 2, "UFOs, 1947-1968," pp. 865-868, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm.
|
||||
[^8]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"); Haines, notes 30 and 31, describing Durant as on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence and a past president of the American Rocket Society.
|
||||
[^9]: Durant memorandum, Part I ("Wednesday, 14 January," "Saturday afternoon"), and Tab B and Tab C headings (January 14 to 17, 1953); Haines, text ("The panel met from 14 to 17 January 1953") and note 32 (Panel report dated 17 January 1953).
|
||||
[^10]: Durant memorandum, Part I, "Wednesday Morning" and "Friday Afternoon": "Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, as Panel Member, was present at this meeting for the first time"; Saturday morning, the rough draft "had been reviewed and approved earlier by Dr. Berkner."
|
||||
[^11]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"), and Part I, Wednesday afternoon through Saturday.
|
||||
[^12]: Durant memorandum, Tab C, "Evidence Presented."
|
||||
[^13]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," paragraphs 2 to 4.
|
||||
[^14]: Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," International UFO Reporter (Center for UFO Studies), March/April 1991, section "Project Henry," https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm.
|
||||
[^15]: Haines, text and notes 34 to 39 and 80.
|
||||
[^16]: "Project Henry," Project 1947, notes of 11 February 1953 (Ruppelt) and 13 July 1953 (Olsson) and the bracketed comment of Jan L. Aldrich, http://www.project1947.com/projecthenry/index.htm.
|
||||
[^17]: Haines, notes 47 to 51, 72 to 74 and 79, citing Strong's letters and memorandum of 20 December 1957, Berkner's letter of 20 November 1957, Page's letter of 4 December 1957, Weber's letter of 15 August 1966, and Lear, "The Disputed CIA Document on UFOs," Saturday Review, 3 September 1966, p. 45.
|
||||
[^18]: Donald E. Keyhoe, National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, to the Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 1958, with Agency routing slips of 30 September 1958 and note of 2 October 1958, CREST document CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110004-4 (5 pages), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r004000110004-4.
|
||||
[^19]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1975, chapter 2, pp. 41 and 58, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html
|
||||
[^20]: Editors' notes in the online Condon Report, Appendix U, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm ("previously deleted names" shown in braces).
|
||||
[^21]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 865 and 877-878.
|
||||
[^22]: Condon, Appendix A, "Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project 'Blue Book,'" March 1966, section I, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm.
|
||||
[^23]: Air Force action memorandum, "Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO)," 20 October 1969, with signature block of Brigadier General C. H. Bolender, paragraph 4, text at http://www.nicap.org/Bolender_Memo.htm.
|
||||
[^5]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933
|
||||
[^6]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940
|
||||
[^7]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, MIT, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714
|
||||
[^8]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, signatures: Berkner (Associated Universities, Inc.), Robertson (California Institute of Technology, chairman), Goudsmit (Brookhaven National Laboratories), Alvarez (University of California), Page (Johns Hopkins University).
|
||||
[^9]: Durant memorandum, Tab B (members, associate members and interviewees; Tab B was omitted from the 1968 Condon printing and the online edition labels the document list as Tab B).
|
||||
[^10]: Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Section V, chapter 2, "UFOs, 1947-1968," pp. 865-868, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm.
|
||||
[^11]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"); Haines, notes 30 and 31, describing Durant as on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence and a past president of the American Rocket Society.
|
||||
[^12]: Durant memorandum, Part I ("Wednesday, 14 January," "Saturday afternoon"), and Tab B and Tab C headings (January 14 to 17, 1953); Haines, text ("The panel met from 14 to 17 January 1953") and note 32 (Panel report dated 17 January 1953).
|
||||
[^13]: Durant memorandum, Part I, "Wednesday Morning" and "Friday Afternoon": "Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, as Panel Member, was present at this meeting for the first time"; Saturday morning, the rough draft "had been reviewed and approved earlier by Dr. Berkner."
|
||||
[^14]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"), and Part I, Wednesday afternoon through Saturday.
|
||||
[^15]: Durant memorandum, Tab C, "Evidence Presented."
|
||||
[^16]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," paragraphs 2 to 4.
|
||||
[^17]: Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," International UFO Reporter (Center for UFO Studies), March/April 1991, section "Project Henry," https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm.
|
||||
[^18]: Haines, text and notes 34 to 39 and 80.
|
||||
[^19]: "Project Henry," Project 1947, notes of 11 February 1953 (Ruppelt) and 13 July 1953 (Olsson) and the bracketed comment of Jan L. Aldrich, http://www.project1947.com/projecthenry/index.htm.
|
||||
[^20]: Haines, notes 47 to 51, 72 to 74 and 79, citing Strong's letters and memorandum of 20 December 1957, Berkner's letter of 20 November 1957, Page's letter of 4 December 1957, Weber's letter of 15 August 1966, and Lear, "The Disputed CIA Document on UFOs," Saturday Review, 3 September 1966, p. 45.
|
||||
[^21]: Donald E. Keyhoe, National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, to the Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 1958, with Agency routing slips of 30 September 1958 and note of 2 October 1958, CREST document CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110004-4 (5 pages), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r004000110004-4.
|
||||
[^22]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1975, chapter 2, pp. 41 and 58, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html
|
||||
[^23]: Editors' notes in the online Condon Report, Appendix U, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm ("previously deleted names" shown in braces).
|
||||
[^24]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 865 and 877-878.
|
||||
[^25]: Condon, Appendix A, "Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project 'Blue Book,'" March 1966, section I, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm.
|
||||
[^26]: Air Force action memorandum, "Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO)," 20 October 1969, with signature block of Brigadier General C. H. Bolender, paragraph 4, text at http://www.nicap.org/Bolender_Memo.htm.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ The commission's records, totaling approximately 41 cubic feet (82,000 pages), a
|
|||
[^20]: Church Committee, "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders," Senate Report 94-465, released November 20, 1975. Ford's suppression request sent October 31, 1975; Church's rejection November 4, 1975; Senate vote November 20, 1975.
|
||||
[^21]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 10: Mason Cargill to File, "CIA denial of access to records of Special Group Augmented re Cuba," April 30, 1975.
|
||||
[^22]: Marks, John. *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, ch. 12, n. 6, as transcribed at https://cryptome.org/mkultra-0005.htm. The Subproject 35 memorandum of November 15, 1954, does not mention the committee: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/32726-document-11-memorandum-director-central-intelligence-project-mkultra-subproject-35
|
||||
[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. Sole source for Rockefeller's approval of the Georgetown project; the book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
|
||||
[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. The book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
|
||||
[^24]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Topic Guide, "Rockefeller Commission Report, June 1975." FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, Memorandum on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations, August 9, 1975.
|
||||
[^25]: FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, August 9, 1975, Kissinger, Buchen, and Lynn to Ford on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations.
|
||||
[^26]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Finding Aid, "U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States Files," collection extent approximately 41 cubic feet.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -156,9 +156,9 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war,
|
|||
[^1]: CIA, "CIA in Korea 1946-1965, Volume III," July 1973, CIA Reading Room document C06146213, approved for release January 31, 2022 (chronology entries for June 25, 1950, July 1950, September 1950, October 14 and 28, 1950, November and December 1950, April 10 and 11, 1951, and July 2, 1951; later entries on JACK and CCRAK). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06146213
|
||||
[^2]: Edward Hunter, "'Brain Washing' Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party," *Miami News*, September 24, 1950, p. 2A. https://archive.org/details/hunter-edward-brain-washing-tactics-force-chinese-into-ranks-of-communist-party-
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, *Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing): Consultation with Edward Hunter, Author and Foreign Correspondent*, 85th Congress, 2nd session, March 13, 1958 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 5-6 and 14-15. https://archive.org/details/communistpsychol1958unit
|
||||
[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 1 ("Cold War on the Mind," pp. 22-24) and chapter 8 (Hunter) with the chapter notes. Sole source for the passages so cited, including the Tokyo location, the October 1950 subjects, and the identification of the subjects as North Korean prisoners.
|
||||
[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 1 ("Cold War on the Mind," pp. 22-24) and chapter 8 (Hunter) with the chapter notes.
|
||||
[^5]: U.S. Senate, *Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination and Exploitation of American Military and Civilian Prisoners*, hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 84th Congress, 2nd session, June 19, 20, 26, and 27, 1956 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1956), contents list (testimony of Edward Hunter, pp. 66 and 77).
|
||||
[^6]: Hearings cited in note 5, opening statement and testimony of Captain Bert Cumby, Dr. Harold G. Wolff and Dr. Lawrence E. Hinkle, Jr. Cumby's account is sole source for the Batchelor passages. https://archive.org/details/communist_interrogation_indoctrination_and_exploitation_of_the_american_military
|
||||
[^6]: Hearings cited in note 5, opening statement and testimony of Captain Bert Cumby, Dr. Harold G. Wolff and Dr. Lawrence E. Hinkle, Jr. https://archive.org/details/communist_interrogation_indoctrination_and_exploitation_of_the_american_military
|
||||
[^7]: Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War, "Committee Recommendations for Action," July 7, 1955; Charles E. Wilson, Secretary of Defense, to Allen Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, letter dated August 18, 1955; and an undated Defense Department action memorandum on the recommendations of the Committee, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP85B00236R000400070013-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85b00236r000400070013-0
|
||||
[^8]: CIA, Inspection and Security Staff memorandum, "Priority Requirement for Bluebird Team," June 1950, CIA CREST document 00148262. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00148262
|
||||
[^9]: CIA, Bluebird Team to Chief, Inspection and Security Staff, "Conclusions Concerning the Medical Phase of the Operations," November 27 (1950 per the scan), CIA CREST document 00149590. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00149590
|
||||
|
|
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war,
|
|||
[^16]: Hans V. Tofte to Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, letter dated April 25, 1951, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100200043-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100200043-3
|
||||
[^17]: Book review of Ernest Volkmann, *Warriors of the Night* (Morrow), sanitized copy, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302170017-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302170017-4
|
||||
[^18]: Press clipping dated August 3, 1966, "CIA Official Under Probe Reports $19,000 Theft," CIA CREST document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100230005-7; Radio TV Reports, Inc., broadcast transcripts of August 3, 1966 ([[WTOP-TV]], "Tofte Interviewed," and [[WRC Radio]], "Quote Hans Tofte"), CIA CREST documents CIA-RDP75-00001R000400390060-6 and CIA-RDP75-00001R000400390066-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100230005-7
|
||||
[^19]: Peter Dale Scott, "Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma," *The Asia-Pacific Journal* 8, issue 44, no. 2 (November 1, 2010), chapter 3 of *American War Machine*. Scott's account is sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/operation-paper-the-united-states-and-drugs-in-thailand-and-burma
|
||||
[^19]: Peter Dale Scott, "Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma," *The Asia-Pacific Journal* 8, issue 44, no. 2 (November 1, 2010), chapter 3 of *American War Machine*. Scott's account is https://archive.org/details/operation-paper-the-united-states-and-drugs-in-thailand-and-burma
|
||||
[^20]: Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Allison) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), "KMT Troops in Burma Problem," November 18, 1952, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, East Asia and the Pacific, Volume XII, Part 2*, document 28. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v12p2/d28
|
||||
[^21]: Memorandum by Allison to Bruce, "KMT Troops in Burma," January 9, 1953, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, East Asia and the Pacific, Volume XII, Part 2*, document 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v12p2/d30
|
||||
[^22]: CIA, Office of National Estimates, "Terms of Reference; SIE-4: Significance of the Communist Psychological Warfare Campaign Alleging Use of Biological Warfare by the US in Korea," March 21, 1952, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP79S01011A000600050031-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79s01011a000600050031-5
|
||||
|
|
@ -182,4 +182,4 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war,
|
|||
[^27]: "The Report of 'G'," translation of Unit 731 glanders experiments on human subjects, prepared for the Chemical Corps Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, as described in the archive.org catalogue. https://archive.org/details/fort_detrick-report_of_g
|
||||
[^28]: Edward Drea, Greg Bradsher, Robert Hanyok, James Lide, Michael Petersen and Daqing Yang, *Researching Japanese War Crimes Records: Introductory Essays* (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, 2006), pp. 96-99 and notes 63-67 (citing NA RG 165, entry 468, "SANACC 351/3," and "Summary Report of B.W. Investigations," December 12, 1947, NA RG 175). The Hill and Victor figure is printed in the volume with an illegible currency symbol, read here as yen. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf
|
||||
[^29]: Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress*, Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act and Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act, April 2007, chapters on Japanese war crimes records and the Army's records. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf
|
||||
[^30]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^30]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 2.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Secretary of State to Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill, letter on the Israeli attack and the Arms Export Control Act, 1981. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000101. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, p. 8 (chapter 1, "A Secret Agreement"). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, p. 8 (chapter 1, "A Secret Agreement").
|
||||
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Department of State, Tel Aviv embassy cable 9271, June 11, 1981, "MFA Briefing Paper on Israeli 'Raid' on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor," text of the Foreign Ministry briefing paper of June 9. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000187. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,23 +185,23 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never
|
|||
|
||||
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, *The Iraqi Nuclear Program: Progress Despite Setbacks*, intelligence assessment SW 83-10040CX, June 1983 (information as of May 1, 1983). CIA Reading Room document 0000875771. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000875771
|
||||
|
||||
[^6]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 64, note. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^6]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 64, note.
|
||||
|
||||
[^7]: Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/North Africa Report, JPRS L/8560, July 6, 1979 (FOUO 28/79), reprinting a 1979 article copyright IC Magazines Ltd. CIA CREST document cia-rdp82-00850r000100070005-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00850r000100070005-8
|
||||
|
||||
[^8]: "Seeking to thwart Iraq's nuclear programme, Israel bombed French warehouse, book claims," Middle East Monitor, June 14, 2021, summarizing a Ha'aretz article based on Michael (Micky) Ron, *The Quiet Sabra* (Hebrew memoir). Sole source for the passages so cited; the Mossad attribution is Ron's. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210614-seeking-to-thwart-iraqs-nuclear-programme-israel-bombed-french-warehouse-book-claims/
|
||||
[^8]: "Seeking to thwart Iraq's nuclear programme, Israel bombed French warehouse, book claims," Middle East Monitor, June 14, 2021, summarizing a Ha'aretz article based on Michael (Micky) Ron, *The Quiet Sabra* (Hebrew memoir). The Mossad attribution is Ron's. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210614-seeking-to-thwart-iraqs-nuclear-programme-israel-bombed-french-warehouse-book-claims/
|
||||
|
||||
[^9]: L'Express (Paris), October 18, 1980, p. 125, "Damage to Osirak Dome Reported," reprinted in Joint Publications Research Service, Worldwide Report: Nuclear Development and Proliferation, JPRS L/9433, December 9, 1980, pp. 33-34. CIA CREST document cia-rdp82-00850r000300060014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00850r000300060014-7
|
||||
|
||||
[^10]: Mark Schone, "Israel's Greatest Hits: Before Dubai, a History of Targeted Killing," ABC News, February 2010. https://abcnews.com/Blotter/israels-greatest-hits-dubai-history-targeted-killing-now/story?id=9856671
|
||||
|
||||
[^11]: Ronen Bergman, "Killing the Killers," Newsweek, December 13, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.newsweek.com/killing-killers-69081
|
||||
[^11]: Ronen Bergman, "Killing the Killers," Newsweek, December 13, 2010. https://www.newsweek.com/killing-killers-69081
|
||||
|
||||
[^12]: Carol Berger, "Iraqi Files Seized By UN Inspectors Seen As Possible 'Hit Lists'," The Christian Science Monitor, October 10, 1991. Sole source for the Ostrovsky claim. https://csmonitor.com/1991/1010/10032.html
|
||||
[^12]: Carol Berger, "Iraqi Files Seized By UN Inspectors Seen As Possible 'Hit Lists'," The Christian Science Monitor, October 10, 1991. https://csmonitor.com/1991/1010/10032.html
|
||||
|
||||
[^13]: Statement of Senator Alan Cranston before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 18, 1981, as transmitted in State Department cable STATE 160720 to the Vienna embassy. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000073. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^14]: Cooper, Tom, and Farzad Bishop. "Target: Saddam's Reactor: Israeli and Iranian Operations Against Iraqi Plans to Develop Nuclear Weapons." *Air Enthusiast* 110 (March/April 2004). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: Cooper, Tom, and Farzad Bishop. "Target: Saddam's Reactor: Israeli and Iranian Operations Against Iraqi Plans to Develop Nuclear Weapons." *Air Enthusiast* 110 (March/April 2004).
|
||||
|
||||
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Daily, October 1, 1980 (CO NID 80-231JX), Situation Report, Iraq-Iran, pp. 1-2; released August 2005. https://unredacted.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/iran-iraq1.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -211,31 +211,31 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never
|
|||
|
||||
[^18]: State Department cable reproducing Iraqi statements on the reactor. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000088. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^19]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 9-10. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^19]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 9-10.
|
||||
|
||||
[^20]: "40 years after Iraq reactor raid, IDF reveals Ilan Ramon's fears, intel sketches," The Times of Israel, June 22, 2021, reporting an IDF Archive and Defense Ministry release. https://www.timesofisrael.com/40-years-after-iraq-reactor-raid-idf-reveals-ilan-ramons-fears-intel-sketches/
|
||||
|
||||
[^21]: "Remembering Ilan Ramon, Astronaut and Hero," Mosaic Magazine, February 2, 2023 (introduction to an interview of Amos Yadlin by Menachem Butler). https://ideas.tikvah.org/mosaic/picks/remembering-ilan-ramon-astronaut-and-hero
|
||||
|
||||
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 286. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 286.
|
||||
|
||||
[^23]: State Department cable of June 21, 1981 reporting Begin's remarks on U.S. criticism of the raid. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000026. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 10-11. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 10-11.
|
||||
|
||||
[^25]: U.S. Department of State, press briefing transcript of June 12, 1981, "Department Press Briefing June 12, 1981." FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000098. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^26]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 10, note. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^26]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 10, note.
|
||||
|
||||
[^27]: U.S. Mission to Vienna cable 6873, June 12, 1981, "Israeli Attack on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor: Further Statement by IAEA Director General," with the text of Sigvard Eklund's statement. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000058. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 12. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 12.
|
||||
|
||||
[^29]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 16. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^29]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 16.
|
||||
|
||||
[^30]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 287-288. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^30]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 287-288.
|
||||
|
||||
[^31]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 9. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^31]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 9.
|
||||
|
||||
[^32]: Tel Aviv embassy cable of June 21, 1981, "Begin Blasts Weinberger but Downplays Tension," summarizing a Ha'aretz commentary. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000126. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never
|
|||
|
||||
[^39]: Beirut embassy cable, June 11, 1981, "Israeli Raid on Iraq: Claims of U.S. Involvement." FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000042. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753
|
||||
|
||||
[^40]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 12-14 and p. 13, note. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^40]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 12-14 and p. 13, note.
|
||||
|
||||
[^41]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 15. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^41]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 15.
|
||||
|
||||
[^42]: National Photographic Interpretation Center, "Increased Defensive Measures, Baghdad Nuclear Research Center, Iraq," attachment to memorandum Z-30587/81, June 27, 1981. CIA CREST document cia-rdp81t00618r000100820001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81t00618r000100820001-8
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -124,40 +124,40 @@ Hersh reports that after the war, according to [[James H. Critchfield]], then ch
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167.
|
||||
[^2]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005), reprinted in *Studies in Intelligence* 62, no. 2 (June 2018). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf. The Robarge account cites Freshwater, "Policy and Intelligence: The Arab-Israeli War," *Studies in Intelligence* 13, no. 1 (1969); Helms, *A Look Over My Shoulder*; Oren, *Six Days of War* (2002), p. 146, citing Meir Amit; Johnson, *The Vantage Point*, p. 293; Mangold, *Cold Warrior* (1989), pp. 49, 362, for the Angleton arrangement. Helms's quoted recollection and the Eban quotation are Robarge's quotations of those books. Robarge's source for the June 1 to 2 passage is the work of Michael B. Oren, who cites an interview with and writings of Meir Amit.
|
||||
[^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. The text of the Israeli estimate is not printed; the editors' note summarizes it. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
|
||||
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 124, Memorandum for the Record, June 1, 1967 (prepared June 2), Conversation between Major General Meir Amit and Secretary McNamara, by Vice Admiral Rufus Taylor, with editors' note quoting Amit's remarks at the conference of June 3-5, 1992, published in Richard B. Parker, ed., *The Six-Day War: A Retrospective* (University Press of Florida, 1996), pp. 139-140. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d124
|
||||
[^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, Telegram 3935 from the Embassy in Israel, June 5, 1967 (Eshkol's message), editors' note describing telegram 3937 and Rostow's covering memorandum. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158
|
||||
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
|
||||
[^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
|
||||
[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. Sole source for the passages so cited; the official is unnamed.
|
||||
[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. The official is unnamed.
|
||||
[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale.
|
||||
[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts.
|
||||
[^11]: National Security Archive, "The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program?" (November 2, 2016), Documents 7, 8 and 10 (AEC New York Security Office report of September 6, 1968 on the September 10 visit, with the posting's identifications of the visitors): Comptroller General of the United States, "Review of Accountability Controls Over Special Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation," June 20, 1967 (University of Arizona Special Collections, Morris Udall Papers, MS 325, Box 364, Folder 7); Letter from Richard Helms to Ramsey Clark, April 2, 1968 (ISCAP Appeal No. 2013-062). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-11-02/numec-affair-did-highly-enriched-uranium-us-aid-israels-nuclear-weapons-program
|
||||
[^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 18, "Injustice," pp. 240-248. The passage on Duckett, Helms and Hadden is Hersh's account; the conclusion on diversion is Hersh's own.
|
||||
[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Sole source for the passages so cited; Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
|
||||
[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
|
||||
[^14]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war
|
||||
[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. Sole source for the overflight claim. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument.
|
||||
[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. Sole source for the confirmation, attributed to the authors. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140
|
||||
[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument.
|
||||
[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140
|
||||
[^17]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, pp. 175-176.
|
||||
[^18]: National Security Agency, "A Review of the Technical Research Ship Program, 1961-1969," released under MDR-85456, February 22, 2017, section on USN-855 (USS Liberty). https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/AReviewoftheTechnicalResearchShipProgram-postMDR.pdf
|
||||
[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967 (SC No. 01415/67), in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, with source note reporting Helms's notes of the June 12 NSC Special Committee meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284
|
||||
[^20]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 319, Telegram from the Director of the National Security Agency (Carter) to the White House, June 22, 1967, SIGINT Readiness Bravo "Crayon" Report Nr. 2149. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d319
|
||||
[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967, 6:30 p.m. (Saunders' handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236
|
||||
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. Sole source for the cable text.
|
||||
[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library.
|
||||
[^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967 (SC 08384-67). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317
|
||||
[^24]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, scan pages 106, 117, 243, 244, 265.
|
||||
[^25]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324
|
||||
[^26]: Gwertzman, Bernard. "Israeli Payment to Close the Book On '67 Attack on U.S. Navy Vessel." New York Times, December 19, 1980. CIA Reading Room, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302640098-3, copy at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302640098-3. The article spells the name Ennis.
|
||||
[^27]: Judge Advocate General of the Navy, Third Endorsement and Enclosure (1), Summary of Events, on the Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, pp. 1-2 of the endorsement (Navy JAG file 131). Scanned copy of the record at https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html (a website maintained by A. Jay Cristol).
|
||||
[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. Sole source for the finding texts and the affidavit text; the findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
|
||||
[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. The findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
|
||||
[^29]: Associated Press, "Ex-Navy Official: 1967 Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Was Deliberate," Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp
|
||||
[^30]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Terry L. McFarland, June 23, 1980 (OH-1980-26). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804900/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_T_MCFARLAND.PDF. Copy of the NSA USS Liberty gallery, captured by the Wayback Machine, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195052/https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/USS-Liberty/
|
||||
[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. Sole source for the submarine story, which O'Connor recounts as a story passed among the crew.
|
||||
[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. O'Connor recounts the submarine story as a story passed among the crew.
|
||||
[^32]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Richard Harvey, July 16, 1980 (OH-1980-29). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804909/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_R_HARVEY.PDF. The Millington statement appears in the interviewer's question in the same transcript.
|
||||
[^33]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 289, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office, Tel Aviv, June 15, 1967, reporting Erell's June 14 presentation of apologies. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d289
|
||||
[^34]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307
|
||||
[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175. Sole source for the de Gaulle statements and the fifty Mirage III aircraft.
|
||||
[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175.
|
||||
[^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, Special National Intelligence Estimate, August 10, 1967, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 414, footnote 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d414
|
||||
[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ On December 18, 1980, the United States and Israel announced the settlement of A
|
|||
[^13]: Judge Advocate General of the Navy, Third Endorsement and Enclosure (1), Summary of Events, on the Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, pp. 1-2 of the endorsement (Navy JAG file 131). Scanned copy of the record at https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html (a website maintained by A. Jay Cristol).
|
||||
[^14]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, press release, January 12, 2004. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/pressrelease
|
||||
[^15]: Guy Dinmore, "Tempers Flare Over Inquiry on Israeli Attack on U.S. Spy-Ship," *Financial Times*, January 13, 2004, reprinted by the History News Network. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/3027
|
||||
[^16]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. Sole source for the finding texts and the affidavit text; the findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
|
||||
[^17]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 16 to 20. Sole source for the Kidd conversations and the transcript account. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf
|
||||
[^16]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. The findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004.
|
||||
[^17]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 16 to 20. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret
|
||||
[^19]: Associated Press, "Ex-Navy Official: 1967 Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Was Deliberate," Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp
|
||||
[^20]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Terry L. McFarland, June 23, 1980 (OH-1980-26). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804900/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_T_MCFARLAND.PDF. Copy of the NSA USS Liberty gallery, captured by the Wayback Machine, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195052/https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/USS-Liberty/
|
||||
[^21]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. Sole source for the submarine story, which O'Connor recounts as a story passed among the crew.
|
||||
[^21]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. O'Connor recounts the submarine story as a story passed among the crew.
|
||||
[^22]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Richard Harvey, July 16, 1980 (OH-1980-29). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804909/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_R_HARVEY.PDF. The Millington statement appears in the interviewer's question in the same transcript.
|
||||
[^23]: David C. Walsh, "Former NSA Officials Agree," *Proceedings*, June 2003, Vol. 129/6/1,204. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/june/former-nsa-officials-agree
|
||||
[^24]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 289, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office, Tel Aviv, June 15, 1967, reporting Erell's June 14 presentation of apologies. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d289
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -137,20 +137,20 @@ Marwan died in June 2007 after falling from the balcony of his apartment in [[Lo
|
|||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991), pages 222 to 223 (military losses, Bar-Lev line, the Golan, "the end of the Third Temple," Dayan's October 8 briefing). Sole source for the figures so cited.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991), pages 222 to 223 (military losses, Bar-Lev line, the Golan, "the end of the Third Temple," Dayan's October 8 briefing).
|
||||
[^2]: Agranat Commission, "1973 Agranat Commission: Yom Kippur War," translated by Roni Eshel (Center for Israel Education, December 2010), https://israeled.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1973-Agranat-Comm-Report-1973-War.pdf. Summary of the Egyptian and Syrian fronts (1,400 Syrian tanks against 177 Israeli tanks); session and witness counts and the interim report of April 1, 1974; the protocol of the meeting of October 6, 1973 at 8:05 a.m. in which the Chief of Staff speaks of the Marwan telegram; the protocol of October 9, 1973 (7:30 a.m.) released by the Israel State Archives.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 13, p. 179. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 13, p. 179.
|
||||
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors), with annex. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
|
||||
[^5]: Judah Ari Gross, "'Odds of war lower than low': Papers highlight intel failures in Yom Kippur War," The Times of Israel, September 17, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/odds-of-war-lower-than-low-papers-highlight-intel-failures-in-yom-kippur-war/, on the cable of Zvi Zamir dated October 5, 1973 released by the Israel State Archives.
|
||||
[^6]: Alfred Eini testimony to the Agranat Commission, as reported by ynetnews (Reuters), September 25, 2012, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4285092,00.html
|
||||
[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, Historical Collections Division, "President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War" (2013), https://cia.gov/static/President-Nixon-and-the-Role-of-Intelligence-in-the-1973-Arab-Israeli-War.pdf. The December 20, 1973 post-mortem, the Cline and Colby passages, the CIA document of October 30, 1973 and the December 20, 1973 assessment appear in the booklet's text and collection list.
|
||||
[^8]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 224 to 226 (chapter 17, "Nuclear Blackmail": the meeting of October 8, attendees, the three decisions, Hirbat Zachariah, Tel Nof, target list). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 226 to 228 (Soviet interception, Elazar's diary, the objections, the Freier briefing, the Heikal account of the Soviet warning to Cairo, the Israeli cabinet's anger, Kissinger's "let Israel come out ahead, but bleed"). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^10]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 228 to 229 (the Dinitz calls and Map Room meeting, quoting Kissinger, Years of Upheaval; the account of a former Israeli intelligence official on Detachment 8200 and the October 9 Soviet warning). Sole source for the intelligence official's account.
|
||||
[^11]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 229 to 231 (Eilts, Schlesinger and Colby recollections; Heikal on Sadat and Kissinger; the KH-11 imagery of Hirbat Zachariah). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^8]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 224 to 226 (chapter 17, "Nuclear Blackmail": the meeting of October 8, attendees, the three decisions, Hirbat Zachariah, Tel Nof, target list).
|
||||
[^9]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 226 to 228 (Soviet interception, Elazar's diary, the objections, the Freier briefing, the Heikal account of the Soviet warning to Cairo, the Israeli cabinet's anger, Kissinger's "let Israel come out ahead, but bleed").
|
||||
[^10]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 228 to 229 (the Dinitz calls and Map Room meeting, quoting Kissinger, Years of Upheaval; the account of a former Israeli intelligence official on Detachment 8200 and the October 9 Soviet warning).
|
||||
[^11]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 229 to 231 (Eilts, Schlesinger and Colby recollections; Heikal on Sadat and Kissinger; the KH-11 imagery of Hirbat Zachariah).
|
||||
[^12]: Elbridge Colby, Avner Cohen, William McCants, Bradley Morris and William Rosenau, "The Israeli 'Nuclear Alert' of 1973: Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis," CNA, DRM-2013-U-004480-Final (April 2013), https://www.cna.org/reports/2013/DRM-2013-U-004480-Final.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: Richard Sale, "Yom Kippur: Israel's 1973 Nuclear Alert," UPI, September 16, 2002, as cited in Colby et al., note 10. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^14]: Alistair Horne, biography of Henry Kissinger, as quoted in Colby et al., note 10. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^13]: Richard Sale, "Yom Kippur: Israel's 1973 Nuclear Alert," UPI, September 16, 2002, as cited in Colby et al., note 10.
|
||||
[^14]: Alistair Horne, biography of Henry Kissinger, as quoted in Colby et al., note 10.
|
||||
[^15]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Long-Range Outlook for Israeli Security," enclosure to the October 24, 1973 memorandum from Vice Admiral V.P. de Poix to Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, Document 265, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25
|
||||
[^16]: "Nickel Grass," Air & Space Forces Magazine, https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1298nickel/
|
||||
[^17]: "Yom Kippur War: Nickel Grass," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/nickelgrass.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ In July 2020 Kean and Blumenthal wrote in the Times that Reid "believed that cra
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[^7]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/
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[^8]: Kloor, Keith. "UFOs Won't Go Away." *Issues in Science and Technology,* March 1, 2019. https://issues.org/ufos-wont-go-away/
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[^9]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/); Greenewald, John, Jr. "Navy Officially Releases UFO/UAP Videos, Calls Them 'Historical.'" The Black Vault, April 27, 2020 (reproduces the statement and gives the GOFAST date). https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/navy-officially-releases-ufo-uap-videos-calls-them-historical/
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[^10]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/. Sole source for the passages so cited: Mellon's on-camera statement to filmmaker James Fox in *The Phenomenon* (2020).
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[^10]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/. The passages are Mellon's on-camera statement to filmmaker James Fox in *The Phenomenon* (2020).
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[^11]: The Galileo Project. "The Galileo Project Welcomes Christopher Mellon and Luis Elizondo as Research Affiliates," October 30, 2021. https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/galileo/files/mellon-elizondo_announcement_final_2.pdf (Internet Archive copy).
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[^12]: Baker, Nicholson. "How We Lost Our Minds About UFOs." *New York Magazine,* January 31, 2024. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/leslie-kean-ufo-sightings-aliens.html
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@ -99,5 +99,5 @@ In August 1999 FBI and Justice Department officials disclosed that the FBI had f
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[^3]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings.
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[^4]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766
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[^5]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious
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[^6]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read at https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). Chris Morris's account as recounted to the author; sole source for the passage so cited.
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[^6]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read at https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). Chris Morris's account as recounted to the author;
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[^7]: U.S. House of Representatives. *Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch Davidians (Part 1)*. Joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary and the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, 104th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 20, 21 and 24, 1995. Washington: GPO, 1996. https://archive.org/details/activitiesoffede01unit
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