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4
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bernard L. Schwartz.md
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ relations:
role: "board member, as stated in the October 21, 2004 New School release"
fn: 40
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-14
---
[[Bernard L. Schwartz]] (December 13, 1925 to March 12, 2024) was a [[Brooklyn]]-born investor who took over the ailing [[Loral Corporation]] in 1972, sold the bulk of it to [[Lockheed Martin]] in 1996, and served as a trustee of the [[New School for Social Research|New School]].[^1]
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ On December 14, 1998, Judge [[Manuel Real]] of the U.S. District Court in Los An
### The 2002 consent agreement
The State Department's draft charging letter to [[Eric J. Zahler]], president and chief operating officer of Loral Space & Communications, signed by William Lowell, director of the Office of Defense Trade Controls, states that Space Systems/Loral violated the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations in connection with its conduct after the February 1996 failed launch carrying Intelsat 708, and that "Sixty-four (64) violations are alleged at this time." Charges 1 to 5 concern Space Systems/Loral's attendance at a failure briefing in Beijing on April 10 to 12, 1996, the charter of the Independent Review Committee, a further Beijing briefing on April 15 to 16 and the first committee meeting in Palo Alto, each without a Defense Department monitor or a license; charges 6 to 29 concern the 24 areas for further technical investigation delineated at that meeting; charges 30 to 61 concern the written summary faxed to China Great Wall on April 25, the second committee meeting in Beijing from April 30 to May 1, the faxed draft of the preliminary committee report on May 7, the final report on May 10, a copy faxed on May 13 to an insurance industry representative in Beijing, and an evaluation of the Long March 3B stage separation system. Charge 62 concerns the October 5, 1995 license application for the Apstar IIR satellite, and charges 63 and 64 concern the May 5 and May 16, 1997 submissions of technical assistance agreements for Chinasat 8, each alleged to have omitted the technical interchanges already held with Chinese authorities. The letter states that civil penalties may not exceed $500,000 per violation.[^8]
The State Department's draft charging letter to [[Eric J. Zahler]], president and chief operating officer of Loral Space & Communications, signed by William Lowell, director of the [[Directorate of Defense Trade Controls|Office of Defense Trade Controls]], states that Space Systems/Loral violated the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations in connection with its conduct after the February 1996 failed launch carrying Intelsat 708, and that "Sixty-four (64) violations are alleged at this time." Charges 1 to 5 concern Space Systems/Loral's attendance at a failure briefing in Beijing on April 10 to 12, 1996, the charter of the Independent Review Committee, a further Beijing briefing on April 15 to 16 and the first committee meeting in Palo Alto, each without a Defense Department monitor or a license; charges 6 to 29 concern the 24 areas for further technical investigation delineated at that meeting; charges 30 to 61 concern the written summary faxed to China Great Wall on April 25, the second committee meeting in Beijing from April 30 to May 1, the faxed draft of the preliminary committee report on May 7, the final report on May 10, a copy faxed on May 13 to an insurance industry representative in Beijing, and an evaluation of the Long March 3B stage separation system. Charge 62 concerns the October 5, 1995 license application for the Apstar IIR satellite, and charges 63 and 64 concern the May 5 and May 16, 1997 submissions of technical assistance agreements for Chinasat 8, each alleged to have omitted the technical interchanges already held with Chinese authorities. The letter states that civil penalties may not exceed $500,000 per violation.[^8]
On January 9, 2002, the Department of State's Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, acting through its Office of Defense Trade Controls, and Space Systems/Loral entered a consent agreement under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations. The agreement refers to a draft charging letter alleging that Space Systems/Loral violated Section 38 of the Act and Section 127 of the regulations.[^35]

4
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Donald Rumsfeld.md
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@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ relations:
role: "inquiry into the treatment of detainees in u.s. custody; conclusions 13 and 19"
fn: 36
created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-14
---
Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9, 1932, in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].[^1] He was a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1963 to 1969, an assistant to [[Richard Nixon]], ambassador to [[NATO]], [[White House]] chief of staff and Secretary of Defense under [[Gerald R. Ford]], chief executive of [[G.D. Searle & Co.]] from 1977 to 1985 and of [[General Instrument Corporation]] from 1990 to 1993, and chairman of [[Gilead Sciences]] until January 2001.[^1] He served a second time as Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under [[George W. Bush]], and died on June 29, 2021, at 88; his family's statement said he "was surrounded by family in his beloved Taos, [[New Mexico]]."[^2]
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ On December 7, 1983, a [[State Department]] cable signed "DAM" ([[Kenneth W. Dam
Rumsfeld's own NODIS report of his separate meeting with Aziz (London 27592, "FROM RUMSFELD") records him saying that "the U.S. had no interest in an Iranian victory" and, after a passage withheld on classification grounds, "I made clear that our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us citing the use of chemical weapons, possible escalation in the Gulf, and human rights," followed by: "From US standpoint, obviously anything that is done that complicates life for Iran and Syria is helpful."[^20]
On December 22, 1983, the State Department's Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs sent Under Secretary [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] an action memorandum recommending [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]] financing for Iraq, which would "go far to show our support for Iraq in a practical, neutral context." Eagleburger signed it on December 24 and wrote to the bank's president, William H. Draper III, that "the terrorism issue, therefore, should no longer be an impediment to EXIM financing for U.S. sales to Iraq."[^21] The bank's country review of February 21, 1984, rated Iraq a poor credit risk. Its appendix of potential U.S. suppliers, totaling $1,510.6 million, listed [[Westinghouse]] for $159 million of turbine generators, [[Bechtel]] for $150 million of engineering on a Baghdad metro and for the Jordan oil pipeline, [[General Electric]] for power projects and [[Halliburton]] for $10 million of oil field equipment.[^22]
On December 22, 1983, the State Department's Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs sent Under Secretary [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] an action memorandum recommending [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]] financing for Iraq, which would "go far to show our support for Iraq in a practical, neutral context." Eagleburger signed it on December 24 and wrote to the bank's president, [[William H. Draper III]], that "the terrorism issue, therefore, should no longer be an impediment to EXIM financing for U.S. sales to Iraq."[^21] The bank's country review of February 21, 1984, rated Iraq a poor credit risk. Its appendix of potential U.S. suppliers, totaling $1,510.6 million, listed [[Westinghouse]] for $159 million of turbine generators, [[Bechtel]] for $150 million of engineering on a Baghdad metro and for the Jordan oil pipeline, [[General Electric]] for power projects and [[Halliburton]] for $10 million of oil field equipment.[^22]
On March 5, 1984, the State Department publicly condemned Iraq's use of chemical weapons. A cable signed by Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] on March 24, 1984, captioned "EXDIS, for Rumsfeld party," gave briefing notes for his second visit to Baghdad: bilateral relations had been "sharply set back by our March 5 condemnation of Iraq for CW use, despite our repeated warnings that this issue would emerge sooner or later," a decision "to consider, and to reject, a pending application from Westinghouse to participate in a $160 million portion of a $1 billion Hyundai thermal power plant project in Iraq" was expected to confirm Iraqi perceptions that bank financing for the Aqaba pipeline was out of the question, although Eagleburger had emphasized to an Iraqi official "the administration's firm support for the line."[^23] [[Howard Teicher]], a former National Security Council staff member who wrote that he co-authored a June 1982 national security decision directive under which the United States would do "whatever was necessary and legal to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran," stated in a declaration of January 31, 1995, in [[United States v. Cardoen]] (No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida|Southern District of Florida]]), that in 1984 Israeli Foreign Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]], at a Jerusalem meeting Teicher attended with Rumsfeld, asked Rumsfeld to deliver a secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq; that Teicher was present in Baghdad when Rumsfeld told Aziz of the offer; and that Aziz refused even to accept the Israeli letter, saying he "would be executed on the spot" by Saddam if he did.[^24]

18
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Rossi.md
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@ -3,11 +3,16 @@ category: "Criminals & Offenders"
tags:
- Person
- OrganizedCrime
summary: "Michael Rossi was an employee of John Wayne Gacy who lived with him at his Norwood Park home and was named by Gacy as an accomplice in the rape, torture, and murder of young men during the 1970s."
updated: 2026-10-15
summary: "Michael Rossi was an employee of John Wayne Gacy who lived at his Norwood Park home and was named by Gacy as an accomplice in the murders of young men during the 1970s."
---
Michael Rossi was an employee of [[John Wayne Gacy]] who lived with him at his [[Norwood Park]] home and was named by Gacy as an accomplice in the rape, torture, and murder of young men during the 1970s. Rossi worked for Gacy's construction company [[Painting Decorating Maintenance|PDM]] and was in possession of [[John Szyc]]'s car at the time Szyc disappeared in January 1977, telling detectives Gacy had given it to him. Rossi had lived with Gacy on and off at the Norwood Park house along with another employee named [[David Cram]].[^1]
During Gacy's interrogation following his arrest in December 1978, he named Rossi and [[David Cram]] as accomplices who had buried bodies in the crawlspace beneath his home. Gacy claimed to have multiple personalities and confessed in the third person to the murders of [[Robert Piest]], [[John Butkovich]], and John Szyc, stating that Rossi and Cram were involved and had dug graves in the crawlspace. Both Cram and Rossi would later admit to digging trenches during Gacy's trial but denied knowing their purpose. Rossi and Cram testified that Gacy claimed to work for a crime syndicate involved in "setting people up," with Cram stating Gacy told him victims' identification cards were "from some kind of deceased people" and "had something to do with setting people up for the crime syndicate."[^1]
During Gacy's interrogation following his arrest in December 1978, he named Rossi and David Cram as accomplices who had buried bodies in the crawlspace beneath his home. Gacy claimed to have multiple personalities and confessed in the third person to the murders of [[Robert Piest]], [[John Butkovich]], and John Szyc, stating that Rossi and Cram were involved and had dug graves in the crawlspace. Cram and Rossi testified at the 1980 trial that they dug trenches in the crawl space. Rossi testified that he helped dig them and supervised newer employees who dug there, and that Gacy placed markers showing where the trenches were to go.[^2] Cram testified that Gacy described the trenches as purportedly for drainage purposes.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that both men denied knowing the purpose of the trenches and that Rossi and Cram testified that Gacy claimed to work for a crime syndicate involved in "setting people up," with Cram stating Gacy told him victims' identification cards were "from some kind of deceased people" and "had something to do with setting people up for the crime syndicate."[^1] Rossi testified that Gacy said he had been involved in "over 30 syndicate-related killings," and that Gacy told Cram the same, which Rossi believed.[^3] On December 16, 1978, Cram told Des Plaines police that Gacy said he worked for a syndicate and had set people up before.[^4]
On December 17, 1978, Rossi told Des Plaines police that Cram had telephoned him that morning, and that Cram had also found wallets in Gacy's garage.[^5] Terry Sullivan wrote that Rossi, whom he calls Dick Walsh, gave erratic and inconsistent responses on a polygraph administered by [[Joseph Kozenczak]], who could render no definite opinion.[^6] On December 21, 1978, Rossi was unloading tools at Cram's house when Gacy arrived; Sullivan reports that Rossi testified Gacy told him and Cram of over thirty killings, that he dug one trench between knee and hip depth and about a foot wide, refused to dig a second, and supervised others after Gacy marked locations with sticks.[^7]
Rossi, 20, testified on February 12, 1980 that he dug knee-high drainage trenches for Gacy in summer 1977, that Gacy marked the digging areas with sticks and got very upset if the markers were moved (an answer to defense attorney Robert Motta), that 800 to 900 pounds of lime were put in the crawl space on Gacy's orders, and that the house sometimes smelled musty; prosecutors charged, as reported, that Gacy ordered ditches dug because he wanted graves available. Rossi and Cram both testified they lived with and worked for Gacy despite his sexual propositions, and that Gacy told them he had admitted to police involvement in "syndicate" slayings of more than 30 youths.[^8]
One of the victims, nineteen-year-old [[John Mowery]], had moved into an apartment with Rossi just days before his disappearance. Two of Mowery's friends visited the apartment looking for him and spoke with Rossi, who told them Mowery was away for a few days but then asked if they would take his dog. The friends claimed Rossi also mentioned a place where dead bodies were buried during that same conversation, describing how "he knew of a location where there were a bunch of dead bodies that nobody knew about, not even the police" while saying it with what one witness described as "such a terrible smirk on his face."[^1]
@ -16,4 +21,11 @@ One of the victims, nineteen-year-old [[John Mowery]], had moved into an apartme
Gacy named a third accomplice beyond Rossi and Cram: [[Phillip Paske]], and through him a fourth, [[John David Norman]]. Gacy said he was introduced to Paske through David Cram, describing Paske as a dangerous child pimp who procured boys for sex and movies. Gacy stated that Cram, Rossi, and Paske all had keys to his house and frequently used it during periods he was out of town. In a recorded conversation later played publicly, Gacy stated: "Aside from the twelve keys, we already know that Rossi, Cram, Paske, and Norman were involved in the case. And you know something, what's funny, these sons of bitches know it too." Rossi reportedly hired former state attorney Ed Hanrahan to represent him during the investigation. A victim named [[Jeff Rignall]], who was chloroformed and raped by Gacy at the Norwood Park home in early 1978, stated at least one other person was present during the assault. Police were reported in 1979 to be looking at Rossi and two others as possible accomplices.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). *Eye of the Chickenhawk*. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: *People v. Gacy*, 103 Ill. 2d 1 (1984), Illinois Supreme Court, No. 53212, June 6, 1984, testimony summaries of David Cram and Michael Rossi. https://static.case.law/ill-2d/103/cases/0001-01.json
[^3]: Testimony of Michael Rossi, *People v. Gacy*, Circuit Court of Cook County, Indictment Nos. 79-69 et al., trial transcript Volume 5 of 13, February 1980, index pages 938 to 1064. https://archive.org/details/Gacy_trial
[^4]: Des Plaines Police Department, John Wayne Gacy investigation file, part 5 of 6, interview of David Cram, December 16, 1978. https://archive.org/details/Gacy_DesPlainesPD
[^5]: Des Plaines Police Department, John Wayne Gacy investigation file, part 5 of 6, statement of Michael Rossi, December 17, 1978. https://archive.org/details/Gacy_DesPlainesPD
[^6]: Terry Sullivan with Peter T. Maiken, *Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1983), pp. 129 to 130.
[^7]: Sullivan, *Killer Clown*, pp. 140 to 141, 285.
[^8]: United Press International, "Gacy had youths dig trenches under suburban home: Witness," Journal Gazette and Times-Courier (Mattoon, Illinois), February 13, 1980, p. 3.

7
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Philip Nordo.md
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@ -33,12 +33,15 @@ A Philadelphia jury found Nordo guilty of sexually assaulting witnesses in murde
As of the verdict, according to the District Attorney's Office, five people wrongfully convicted of homicide in cases involving Nordo had been exonerated, two had received reduced sentences and charges, one had been granted a new trial, and four were awaiting rulings; a person wrongfully convicted of firearms offenses had been exonerated in 2017.[^1]
In February 2023, after the December 2022 sentence, Deputy Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]] told the Inquirer that detectives now receive greater supervision. The reporters wrote that Vanore could not point to a single reform made specifically in response to Nordo's wrongdoing, and that he said the department had not undertaken any review of Nordo's cases. Department officials cited protocols (recorded interrogations, voluntary-participation warnings, limits on questioning time) that the Inquirer reported were enacted in 2014, three years before Nordo was benched.[^3]
### Civil Suits
Civil-rights suits arising from his conduct include *Thomas v. Nordo*, No. 2:24-cv-04914 in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|Eastern District of Pennsylvania]], filed on September 17, 2024, in which [[Jerome Brown]], counsel to [[Eugene Horsch]] and to [[R.C. Horsch]] in unrelated cases, is counsel of record.[^3]
Civil-rights suits arising from his conduct include *Thomas v. Nordo*, No. 2:24-cv-04914 in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|Eastern District of Pennsylvania]], filed on September 17, 2024, in which [[Jerome Brown]], counsel to [[Eugene Horsch]] and to [[R.C. Horsch]] in unrelated cases, is counsel of record.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Office of the Philadelphia District Attorney, "Former Homicide Detective Philip Nordo Accused of Sexual Assault, Theft Found Guilty on All Counts," press release, June 1, 2022. https://phillyda.org/news/former-homicide-detective-philip-nordo-accused-of-sexual-assault-theft-found-guilty-on-all-counts/
[^2]: "Former Philadelphia detective Philip Nordo sentenced to 24-49 years in prison," *CBS News Philadelphia,* December 16, 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/former-philadelphia-detective-philip-nordo-sentenced-to-24-49-years-in-prison/
[^3]: *Thomas v. Nordo,* No. 2:24-cv-04914 (E.D. Pa.), filed September 17, 2024, docket via CourtListener RECAP. https://www.courtlistener.com/?q=%22Thomas+v.+Nordo%22
[^3]: Chris Palmer and Samantha Melamed, "Four takeaways from the 'Predator in Blue' investigation into homicide detective Philip Nordo," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* February 27, 2023. https://inquirer.com/news/philip-nordo-philly-police-detective-trial-sexual-assault-cases-20230227.html
[^4]: *Thomas v. Nordo,* No. 2:24-cv-04914 (E.D. Pa.), filed September 17, 2024, docket via CourtListener RECAP. https://www.courtlistener.com/?q=%22Thomas+v.+Nordo%22

114
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md
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@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
aliases:
- Ronald Pandolfi
- Ron Pandolfi
- Ronald S. Pandolfi
- Dr. Ronald Pandolfi
- Dr. Ron Pandolfi
- Ron Pandolphy
- Pelican
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- CIA
@ -13,59 +15,121 @@ tags:
- Aviary
- RockefellerInitiative
- Hughes
- CoxReport
- WeirdDesk
- SenateIntelligence
- 1990s
summary: "Scientist described as working for the CIA, who briefed the Senate Intelligence Committee in 1998 on Hughes and China, appears in a purported 1993 UFO briefing telecon, and was listed as Pelican by Richard Boylan."
summary: "CIA analyst who visited Hughes Electronics in 1995 and briefed the Senate Intelligence Committee in closed session in 1998, and who appears in a purported 1993 UFO briefing telecon."
location: "Los Angeles; Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1995
role: "described as a CIA scientist (Farley, 1995; New York Times, 1998) and CIA analyst (Congressional Research Service, 1998)"
role: "described as a CIA scientist (Farley, 1995), a CIA analyst (Cox Committee, 1999) and a CIA scientist (New York Times, 1998)"
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Hughes Electronics]]"
start: 1995
role: "reported that the company had passed technical data to China after the January 1995 Long March failure"
fn: 4
end: 1995
role: "examined the company's 1995 failure review for a Long March 2E launch and reported concern that technical data had passed to China"
fn: 5
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
start: 1998
end: 1998
role: "testified in closed session in September 1998 on Hughes and China"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cox Committee]]"
start: 1998
end: 1998
role: "interviewed by the House select committee on November 4, 1998"
fn: 5
created: 2026-10-02
updated: 2026-10-02
updated: 2026-10-15
---
Ronald Pandolfi is described in the files of the White House [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] on [[Laurance Rockefeller]]'s UFO initiative, in a [[Congressional Research Service]] chronology and in *The [[New York Times]]* as a scientist or analyst of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and he figures in the 1998 congressional inquiry into [[Hughes Electronics]] and [[China]].
Ronald Pandolfi is described in the files of the White House [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] on [[Laurance Rockefeller]]'s UFO initiative, in a [[Congressional Research Service]] chronology and in *The [[New York Times]]* as a scientist or analyst of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. He figures in the 1998 congressional inquiry into [[Hughes Electronics]] and [[China]], and in the UFO-community accounts of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]], where a roster names him as Pelican.
### The Science Adviser's Briefing, 1993
A transcript headed "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]]," dated April 15, 1993, purports to record a call between Pandolfi and C. B. Scott Jones of the [[Human Potential Foundation]]. In it Pandolfi says "we had been tasked a couple of days before the proposed visit of Laurance Rockefeller with the [[White House]] Science Advisor, to provide a briefing update to him, and we didn't do that, instead we tasked out friend Dr. [[Bruce Maccabee|Maccabee]] to do it." Jones asks "why didn't you guys do it yourselves?" Pandolfi answers "We didn't have the material here to do it on that short of notice, didn't have any reference material in the file records, and Bruce had already taken a shot on something fairly similar." He describes a briefing book of "one and a half pages of bulletized notes, and then tabs going back to paragraphs on each of the main points, and then further tabs going back to the original source material," which is "unclassified." He says the science adviser, [[John H. Gibbons]], "got it the night before," that "Kit was supposed to meet with Jack yesterday and supposed to give us some guidance today," and "My guess is that he is not going to do anything. He seemed to be fairly adverse to this whole subject." (The typed line in the reproduction is partly garbled; "he" is not identified in that sentence, and the preceding exchange concerns Gibbons.) Asked whether the timing was a coincidence, he says "No, Gibbons tasked us to do this," and that Gibbons, who "didn't have any background" and "never heard of the [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]]," "contacted our representative over there and asked whether we could provide some support." Jones says in the transcript that Gibbons "was not read into it" and "declared to us that he was an agnostic." The transcript does not name the agency Pandolfi speaks for.[^1]
A transcript headed "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]]," dated April 15, 1993, purports to record a call between Pandolfi and C. B. Scott Jones of the [[Human Potential Foundation]]. In it Pandolfi says "we had been tasked a couple of days before the proposed visit of Laurance Rockefeller with the [[White House]] Science Advisor, to provide a briefing update to him, and we didn't do that, instead we tasked out friend Dr. [[Bruce Maccabee|Maccabee]] to do it." Jones asks "why didn't you guys do it yourselves?" Pandolfi answers "We didn't have the material here to do it on that short of notice, didn't have any reference material in the file records, and Bruce had already taken a shot on something fairly similar." He describes a briefing book of "one and a half pages of bulletized notes, and then tabs going back to paragraphs on each of the main points, and then further tabs going back to the original source material," which is "unclassified." He says the science adviser, [[John H. Gibbons]], "got it the night before," that "Kit was supposed to meet with Jack yesterday and supposed to give us some guidance today," and "My guess is that he is not going to do anything. He seemed to be fairly adverse to this whole subject." The reproduction of the transcript is garbled in places, and the sentence about "he" does not identify the person. Asked whether the timing was a coincidence, Pandolfi says "No, Gibbons tasked us to do this," and that Gibbons, who "didn't have any background" and "never heard of the [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]]," "contacted our representative over there and asked whether we could provide some support." Jones says in the transcript that Gibbons "was not read into it" and "declared to us that he was an agnostic." The transcript does not name the agency Pandolfi speaks for.[^1]
The transcript reached the files through C. Richard Farley Jr., who wrote that he had been associated with the Human Potential Foundation from August 1991 through April 30, 1994 and had been its Director of Project Development. He sent it to Gibbons on April 29, 1995 as an "enclosed purported transcript of a telephone conversation Jones had with Dr. Pandolfi, allegedly discussing his (and CIA's) role in supporting your response to the Rockefeller 'UFO' initiative." Farley wrote that Jones "routinely 'bugged' Pandolfi's calls, according to Jones' former executive assistant," that Jones himself gave him the transcript "for purposes which were not clear to me then, nor presently," and that he had sent it to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and CIA "months ago." In the same letter Farley wrote that he had learned of Gibbons's release of Rockefeller correspondence from "Mr. [[Dan T. Smith]], of [[Baltimore]], a self-proclaimed confidant and asset of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi, described to me (by Jones, Smith and others) as a CIA scientist," and that he knew of Pandolfi's role "from my discussions with Dr. Bruce Maccabee and from Pandolfi himself at an August, 1993 meeting (Ron, two of his associates, Dr. Jones and myself)."[^2]
Bruce Maccabee wrote to Gibbons on January 2, 1997 that "in April 1993, at the request of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi of the CIA, I sent (faxed) to you an information paper regarding UFOs entitled 'Briefing on the U.S. Government Approach to the UFO Problem as Determined by Civilian Researchers During the Last Twenty Years,'" and enclosed a copy. In it, he wrote, he had presented evidence that the government held a "rather large number of documents on UFO sightings."[^3]
In a letter of March 29, 1997 Farley told Gibbons that [[Kit Green]] used the term "myth-making" for efforts by "cultists and culture-change agents employed in ongoing efforts by Laurance Rockefeller, with his attorney Henry Diamond and former Pell aide (and intelligence 'rogue') C.R. 'Scott' Jones, to involve President Clinton in their 'UFO disclosures' initiatives."[^2]
In a letter of March 29, 1997 Farley told Gibbons that [[Kit Green]] used the term "myth-making" for efforts by "cultists and culture-change agents employed in ongoing efforts by Laurance Rockefeller, with his attorney Henry Diamond and former Pell aide (and intelligence 'rogue') C.R. 'Scott' Jones, to involve President Clinton in their 'UFO disclosures' initiatives."[^4]
### Titles and Assignments
Farley's 1995 letter calls him a CIA scientist.[^2] The [[Cox Committee]] report places a July 1995 visit to Hughes with "an analyst from the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Intelligence."[^5] A draft letter of July 6, 1998 from Allen Thomson, a former CIA officer, to the agency's inspector general describes Pandolfi as "assigned" at that time to the office of Maj. Gen. [[John Landry]], "the National Intelligence Officer for General Purpose Forces."[^6] The Congressional Research Service calls him "a CIA analyst," and the New York Times calls him "a scientist" in its lede and "an intelligence analyst" in the body.[^7] The [[Richard J. Boylan|Boylan]] roster gives "CIA Deputy Director for the Division of Science and Technology."[^8] Maccabee and the 1998 letter both address him as "Dr."[^3][^6]
### Hughes and China, 1995 to 1998
The Congressional Research Service recorded that in April 1996 "a CIA analyst, Ronald Pandolfi, had reportedly prepared a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on how Hughes may have helped to improve China's missile capabilities," which the CIA "did not approve." In September 1998 he briefed the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] on what he had found at Hughes in 1995 after the January 1995 explosion of a [[Long March]] rocket; according to a reported internal CIA cable of September 23, 1998, the CIA then told Hughes of the briefing, and the committee asked Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] for a criminal investigation of whether the CIA obstructed its inquiry.[^4] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (the [[Cox Committee]]) wrote, without naming him, that "a CIA analyst" had alleged that while visiting Hughes in 1995 he found information that technical data had been passed to China, "and that the CIA had ignored his request for a formal report to CIA Headquarters." The committee wrote that the CIA advised Hughes of the lines of questioning the committee would probably pursue, which the committee considered "ill-advised and an impediment."[^5] The committee wrote that the CIA's official explanation was that it notified Hughes "as a courtesy" and that the CIA denied any intent to interfere with the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] or congressional investigations.[^5] *The New York Times* of December 7, 1998 began its report, "When a Central Intelligence Agency scientist visited the Hughes Electronics Corporation in [[Los Angeles]] in 1995 to learn more about China's missile capabilities, he became concerned that the satellite manufacturer might have helped improve Chinese military capabilities," named him as Ronald Pandolfi, and wrote that the agency "killed his study, called a National Intelligence Estimate." It reported that agency officials denied intending to hinder the Senate inquiry and said they helped facilitate his questioning, that an agency spokesman, [[Bill Harlow]], said the agency "would not talk about Mr. Pandolfi's experiences or the 1996 National Intelligence Estimate he wrote, because of the investigations," and that one official said CIA officials "disagreed with some of Mr. Pandolfi's conclusions" and judged the estimate not "rigorous" enough.[^6] In September 2000 Senator [[Richard Shelby]] said the Justice Department had decided not to charge an unnamed CIA official with obstructing a Senate investigation.[^4] The [[Washington Post]], in a story printed in *The [[The Kansas City Star|Kansas City Star]]* of December 5, 1998, reported that officials said on Friday, December 4, the Justice Department had begun a criminal obstruction-of-justice investigation of the CIA after the Senate committee learned that the agency had told Hughes the names of company officials it had supplied to the committee. The story described Pandolfi as a CIA analyst specializing in technology who told committee staff that in 1995 he had concluded Hughes had been too aggressive in marketing high-technology equipment in China; according to unnamed sources, he had interviewed Hughes executives about their work there, Hughes complained angrily to the CIA that he was operating outside customary channels, and the CIA office that regularly deals with Hughes reprimanded him before the committee summoned him in September. The story said the CIA, aware of his views, gave Hughes advance word of his discussion with the committee and offered names of Hughes executives who might explain the disagreement. A Hughes spokesman, [[Richard Dore]], was quoted as saying Hughes "has not been provided information by the CIA regarding the details of federal criminal investigations involving Hughes."[^7]
The Cox report describes the 1995 trip. On July 19, 1995 an analyst from the Directorate of Intelligence visited the Hughes "High Bay" assembly and test facility in El Segundo, California, while researching "a draft National Intelligence Estimate relating to the impact of technology transfers on the PRC's military capabilities."[^5] Hughes had assigned its failure investigation to Donald Cromer, a retired Air Force lieutenant general and company vice president. The analyst recalled a conversation with a Hughes engineer about the failure investigation of the Apstar 2 launch, in which a [[Long March]] 2E rocket had failed. The engineer said Hughes had given the Chinese information on methods and computer modeling to reduce rocket vibration, and that this was Hughes' intent, while Hughes officials said that all required coordination with the [[Commerce Department]] had been undertaken. The committee wrote that the analyst's recollection "seems consistent with the reports Hughes provided to the Commerce Department."[^5]
The New York Times of December 7, 1998 began its report, "When a Central Intelligence Agency scientist visited the Hughes Electronics Corporation in [[Los Angeles]] in 1995 to learn more about China's missile capabilities, he became concerned that the satellite manufacturer might have helped improve Chinese military capabilities," and named him as Ronald Pandolfi. It reported that Pandolfi was alarmed by what he heard on that trip. "What they told him they were sharing and how far the company had been willing to go, he thought it was questionable from the standpoint of national security," an associate recalled.[^7] The Times described Hughes as "a unit of [[General Motors]] and major customer of the C.I.A.," which had denied any wrongdoing and said it was cooperating with the investigations.[^7]
The Congressional Research Service recorded that "In April 1996, a CIA analyst, Ronald Pandolfi, had reportedly prepared a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on how Hughes may have helped to improve China's missile capabilities, but the CIA reportedly did not approve the NIE."[^9] The Times reported that "the agency killed his study, called a National Intelligence Estimate," and that "C.I.A. officials disagreed with some of Mr. Pandolfi's conclusions and decided that the estimate was not 'rigorous' enough, one official said, so it was not published or distributed to other Government officials." [[Bill Harlow]], an agency spokesman, said the agency "would not talk about Mr. Pandolfi's experiences or the 1996 National Intelligence Estimate he wrote, because of the investigations."[^7]
The Cox report describes what followed. The analyst had alleged that while visiting Hughes in 1995 he came across information indicating that technical data had been improperly passed to the PRC, "and that the CIA had ignored his request for a formal report to CIA Headquarters." The committee asked the CIA to retrieve the names of the Hughes employees the analyst had spoken with, because he could not remember them. The CIA then advised Hughes, without prior notice to the committee, of the employees the committee might seek to interview and of the lines of questioning it would probably pursue. The committee called that action "ill-advised and an impediment to this aspect of its investigation." It wrote that the decision to advise Hughes was discussed at length within the CIA and approved by, among others, the CIA's Principal Deputy General Counsel and Deputy Director for Congressional Affairs, and that because their personal counsel advised certain CIA employees not to make themselves available during the Justice Department investigation, the committee could not interview all the CIA personnel involved. The CIA's official explanation was that it notified Hughes "as a courtesy," and the agency denied that the notification was intended to interfere with the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] or congressional investigations.[^5][^10] The committee interviewed the analyst on November 4, 1998.[^5]
The Times reported that a federal grand jury was examining whether Hughes and [[Loral Space and Communications]] had gone too far in helping the Chinese after a 1996 launch failure, and that the grand jury and congressional committees then became curious about the company's 1995 review. [[Steven D. Dorfman]], whom the Times called Hughes vice chairman and the Cox report called Hughes' president and chief executive, had told a Senate subcommittee in July 1998 that "no material technology was transmitted to the Chinese that would help them build missiles." The Times also reported that the Commerce Department had acknowledged to Congress that the license for the 1995 review should have been approved by the [[State Department]], which requires Pentagon monitors, that Dorfman told the Senate such monitors "should have been there," and that in 1995 Hughes chairman [[C. Michael Armstrong]] was leading the effort to persuade President [[Bill Clinton]] to move jurisdiction over satellites from State to Commerce.[^7] The subcommittee's hearings of June 18 and July 8, 1998 on Commerce Department satellite export controls are printed as S. Hrg. 105-867.[^11] The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Intelligence Committee]] printed its hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998 as S. Hrg. 105-1057.[^12]
The Times said that "Two months later, Mr. Pandolfi testified before a closed session of the Senate Intelligence Committee. His testimony remains secret." Officials told the paper that "the agency brought Mr. Pandolfi to the committee's attention, though not immediately."[^7] The Congressional Research Service states that in September 1998 Pandolfi briefed the committee on what he had found at Hughes in 1995, and that the CIA then told Hughes of the briefing. The report cites an internal CIA cable of September 23, 1998, which, it says, Senator Bob Kerrey, the committee vice chairman, and Senator [[Richard Shelby]] learned of. The two senators then asked Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] for a criminal investigation of whether the CIA had obstructed the Senate inquiry. Shelby said in September 2000 that the Justice Department decided not to charge an unnamed CIA official with obstructing a Senate investigation.[^9]
After the news accounts earlier in 1998, Pandolfi "spoke with Federal and Congressional investigators." The Times reported that the agency "helped arrange those interviews after some delay, one official said." The agency denied that it intended to hinder the Senate inquiry and said its officials helped facilitate Mr. Pandolfi's questioning by investigators. "Mr. Pandolfi could not be reached today for comment," the Times wrote.[^7]
The [[Washington Post]], in a story printed in the *[[The Kansas City Star|Kansas City Star]]* on December 5, 1998, reported that officials said on Friday, December 4, that the Justice Department had begun a criminal obstruction-of-justice investigation of the CIA after the Senate committee learned that the agency had told Hughes the names of company officials it had supplied to the committee. The story described Pandolfi as a CIA analyst specializing in technology who told committee staff that in 1995 he had concluded Hughes had been too aggressive in marketing high-technology equipment in China. According to unnamed sources, he had interviewed Hughes executives about their work there, Hughes complained angrily to the CIA that he was operating outside customary channels, and the CIA office that regularly deals with Hughes reprimanded him before the committee summoned him in September. The story said the CIA, aware of his views, gave Hughes advance word of his discussion with the committee and offered names of Hughes executives who might explain the disagreement. A Hughes spokesman, [[Richard Dore]], was quoted as saying Hughes "has not been provided information by the CIA regarding the details of federal criminal investigations involving Hughes."[^13]
The Times reported on December 9, 1998 that a [[Pentagon]] inquiry had faulted the company's assistance to China.[^14]
### The 1998 Symposium Dispute
A draft letter dated July 6, 1998, addressed to the inspector general of the CIA by [[Allen Thomson]], a former CIA officer, describes an earlier incident in May 1998.[^6] Thomson wrote that on May 8, 1998 Pandolfi called to tell him that [[Toffler Associates]] was sponsoring a symposium, "The Future of Space: Protection of Emerging Space Assets," at the headquarters of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] on June 25 and 26, 1998. Landry had given Pandolfi an unclassified brochure and asked for a suggested speaker. Pandolfi suggested Thomson, and Landry agreed, but after the agency's National Intelligence Officer for Science, Technology and Non-Proliferation, [[Larry Gershwin|Dr. Larry Gershwin]], told him that Thomson's participation would be unwelcome to the NRO, Landry dropped the matter.[^6]
According to the letter, Thomson then sent Toffler Associates a note describing his publications on satellite vulnerability and asking for registration materials. On May 11, a government employee visited Landry's office to complain that Pandolfi had told the writer about the symposium, and claimed that Pandolfi and Thomson had been seen recently in the Pentagon discussing highly classified matters with people who were not cleared for the programs involved. Thomson wrote that he had not been in Washington since the first week of August 1997 or in the Pentagon since 1995, and that the employee had first been described to him as a representative of the National Reconnaissance Office and was later said not to be an NRO employee. When Landry asked for dates, the people involved, and who had made the report, the employee declined, calling the matter "informal allegations." The letter states that Pandolfi sent a memorandum on May 18, 1998 to the security office of the Directorate of Intelligence asking for an investigation of the accusation, and that "nothing has come of Dr. Pandolfi's request" as of July 6. Thomson asked the inspector general to identify the person who made the allegation and, if the allegations were found groundless, to provide Pandolfi and himself with letters saying so.[^6]
### Reported Role on UFO Matters
[[Richard J. Boylan]] listed "Ron Pandolfi" as Pelican in a roster of the [[The Aviary|Aviary]] published in *[[Perceptions]],* describing him as "CIA Deputy Director for the Division of Science and Technology and current custodian of UFO files at the 'Weird Desk'" who "may be involved in the White House initiative to promptly release UFO information to the public." Boylan gave no source for the roster; in a separate passage he attributed other Aviary claims to an informant he called "Beltway Throat," whom the host site's editor calls Dan Smith, the same Dan T. Smith of Baltimore whom Farley described in 1995 as a "self-proclaimed confidant and asset of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi" (the identification of the two rests on the name alone).[^8] The Aviary of [[William L. Moore]] and [[Jaime Shandera]], as described in a UFO BBS text file and in [[Mark Pilkington]]'s *[[Mirage Men]],* consisted of bird-named contacts of Moore at [[Air Force Office of Special Investigations|AFOSI]] and elsewhere; neither source names Pandolfi, and Boylan's list attaches the same term to a different and larger roster.[^9] The authors of the [[Loose Threads Report]] wrote that Kit Green left the "weird desk" "before hiring Ron Pandolfi to take over," without a stated source.[^10] A note in [[Jacques Vallee]]'s *[[Forbidden Science: Volume Three]],* as quoted by [[Keith Basterfield]], ends a list of reported participants in the 1985 [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]] with "Ron Pandolfi of CIA also claims to have been involved." Pandolfi does not appear on [[James Oke Shannon]]'s handwritten attendee list.[^11]
Boylan listed "Ron Pandolfi" as Pelican in a roster of the Aviary published in *[[Perceptions]],* describing him as "CIA Deputy Director for the Division of Science and Technology and current custodian of UFO files at the 'Weird Desk'" who "may be involved in the White House initiative to promptly release UFO information to the public." Boylan gave no source for the roster; in a separate passage he attributed other Aviary claims to an informant he called "Beltway Throat," whom the host site's editor calls Dan Smith, the same Dan T. Smith of Baltimore whom Farley described in 1995 as a "self-proclaimed confidant and asset of Dr. Ronald Pandolfi" (the identification of the two rests on the name alone).[^8] The Aviary of [[William L. Moore]] and [[Jaime Shandera]], as described in a UFO BBS text file and in [[Mark Pilkington]]'s *[[Mirage Men]],* consisted of bird-named contacts of Moore at [[Air Force Office of Special Investigations|AFOSI]] and elsewhere; neither source names Pandolfi, and Boylan's list attaches the same term to a different and larger roster.[^15] The authors of the [[Loose Threads Report]] wrote that Kit Green left the "weird desk" "before hiring Ron Pandolfi to take over," without a stated source.[^16] A note in [[Jacques Vallee]]'s *[[Forbidden Science: Volume Three]],* as quoted by [[Keith Basterfield]], ends a list of reported participants in the 1985 [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]] with "Ron Pandolfi of CIA also claims to have been involved." Pandolfi does not appear on [[James Oke Shannon]]'s handwritten attendee list.[^17]
[[Bob Oechsler]] wrote in *[[Alien Update]]* that, "After validating my meeting with [[Everett Hineman]], the CIA Deputy Director for Science & Technology, Pandolfi asked Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman|Inman]] if he had in fact talked to me about UFOs," and that Inman "did not deny that such a conversation took place, but was unwilling to discuss any details."[^12]
[[Bob Oechsler]] wrote in *[[Alien Update]]* that, "After validating my meeting with [[Everett Hineman]], the CIA Deputy Director for Science & Technology, Pandolfi asked Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman|Inman]] if he had in fact talked to me about UFOs," and that Inman "did not deny that such a conversation took place, but was unwilling to discuss any details."[^18]
The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]], quoted by [[Jason Colavito]] in 2019, reported that the television producer [[Robert Kiviat]] was engaged by [[Joe Firmage]] to develop a series on Firmage's anti-gravity claims "and also the story of the Aviary UFO history as seen through the eyes of Pandolfi," and quoted Kiviat as saying that "Pandolfi was not willing to state his claims publicly." Colavito wrote that Kiviat sued Firmage, Pandolfi and [[Daniel Marriott]] for $300,000.[^13]
The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]], quoted by [[Jason Colavito]] in 2019, reported that the television producer [[Robert Kiviat]] was engaged by [[Joe Firmage]] to develop a series on Firmage's anti-gravity claims "and also the story of the Aviary UFO history as seen through the eyes of Pandolfi," and quoted Kiviat as saying that "Pandolfi was not willing to state his claims publicly."[^19]
### Later Claims and Litigation
Colavito reported on March 23, 2019 that Kiviat had filed suit "last month" against Firmage and Pandolfi, and against former congressman [[Daniel Marriott]], seeking $300,000. Kiviat said he had not been paid for his work on a planned television project on Firmage's claims, and that the project stalled in part because Pandolfi would not state his claims publicly. Colavito wrote that Kiviat expected the suit to let him depose former officials about the UFO phenomenon.[^19]
K. Korff wrote in a January 2019 post that in 2008 Pandolfi, working from [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] offices in the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]], asked the [[MITRE]] JASON advisory panel to examine alleged American-Chinese high-frequency gravitational wave UFO programs, and that in 2015 he supported Firmage's claims of a faster-than-light anti-gravity propulsion system. Korff also wrote that Pandolfi had Dan T. Smith perform various tasks, including a passive radar project probably tied to a MITRE and CIA National Intelligence Council effort.[^20]
Ryan wrote in 2009 that after Dan T. Smith began inquiries into government knowledge of UFOs he was introduced to Pandolfi, that the two became friends, and that in 2006 Pandolfi passed communications from Kit Green to Smith so they could reach investigators.[^2][^21]
A Substack series by Tanner F. Boyle, "Forbidden Science Dispatches #9," carries the subtitle "The Early NIDS Days, Ron Pandolfi, Kit Green, Robert Frosch, General Motors and Hughes Connections," linking Pandolfi to the early years of the [[National Institute for Discovery Science|NIDS]] research institute founded by [[Robert Bigelow]].[^22]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosed with Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf (digitized by Grant Cameron). The transcript is described in the cover letter as "purported"; its authenticity is not otherwise established.
[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letters to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46) and March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/.
[^1]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosed with Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf (digitized by Grant Cameron). The cover letter describes the transcript as "purported."
[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46), OSTP FOIA 01-22, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/. Sole source for the statements about Farley's own association with the Human Potential Foundation and about Dan T. Smith.
[^3]: Maccabee, Bruce, letter to John H. Gibbons, January 2, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 73b, same collection.
[^4]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html (Shelby statement of September 2000 at note 77); and CRS report RL30220, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19990608_RL30220_8a89fcc3410f43e494c171a03c54353429cabd96.html.
[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, *Report* (Cox Report), 1999, section "Issues" on CIA and Hughes, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/congress/1999_r/cox/appbod.htm.
[^6]: Gerth, Jeff. "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, reproduced at https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/pandolfi-ron/.
[^7]: "CIA being investigated for information given to Hughes," *The Kansas City Star* (Washington Post wire), December 5, 1998, p. A10, https://www.newspapers.com/image/685529422/.
[^8]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.
[^9]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1024 and UFO1030, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo; Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men,* 2010, PDF at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf.
[^10]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
[^11]: Basterfield, Keith. "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 480 (the quoted note refers to Alexander's February 2011 book), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. For Shannon's list, Loose Threads Report p. 15.
[^12]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
[^13]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert, March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary.
[^4]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection.
[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (Cox Report), 1999, H. Rept. 105-851, vol. II, ch. 5, "CIA Analyst Visits Hughes," pp. 55-57 (Cromer in the same chapter's account of the Hughes investigation), with notes 142 and 150 (interview of CIA analyst, November 4, 1998), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^6]: Draft letter dated July 6, 1998, to the Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency, from a former CIA officer, Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project, https://spp.fas.org/eprint/at_pandolfi.pdf (archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20220120131340/https://spp.fas.org/eprint/at_pandolfi.pdf). Sole source for the May 1998 symposium episode, the Landry and Gershwin exchange and the May 18 memorandum. The letter is marked DRAFT and signed Allen Thomson. Thomson is the author of "Satellite Vulnerability: a post-Cold War issue?" *Space Policy,* vol. 11, no. 1 (February 1995), pp. 19-30, and "Civil Satellite Vulnerability," *Space News,* February 20-26, 1995, both listed with the letter in the Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project e-print index, https://spp.fas.org/eprint/.
[^7]: Gerth, Jeff, "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, section A, p. 20, archived copy at https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033224/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07/us/old-concerns-over-data-transfer-to-china-get-new-attention.html
[^8]: Boylan, Richard J., "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the Pelican entry. Boylan gave no source for the roster.
[^9]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, with notes 76 and 77, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html
[^10]: Cox Report, Appendix A, "Investigative Issues," section "CIA and Hughes," pp. 208-209, same URL as note 5.
[^11]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services, *The Adequacy of Commerce Department Satellite Export Controls,* hearings of June 18 and July 8, 1998, S. Hrg. 105-867, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-105shrg49591/html/CHRG-105shrg49591.htm
[^12]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Investigation of Impacts to U.S. National Security from Advanced Satellite Technology Exports to China and Chinese Efforts to Influence U.S. Policy,* hearings of June 10 and July 15, 1998, S. Hrg. 105-1057, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-1051057.pdf
[^13]: Washington Post story printed in *The Kansas City Star,* December 5, 1998, p. A10, https://www.newspapers.com/image/685529422/
[^14]: "Pentagon Inquiry Faults Missile Maker's China Aid," *The New York Times,* December 9, 1998, as listed in the GlobalSecurity.org news index, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/china/1998/index.html
[^15]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1024 and UFO1030, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo; Pilkington, Mark, *Mirage Men,* 2010, PDF at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf
[^16]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^17]: Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 480 (the quoted note refers to Alexander's February 2011 book), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. For Shannon's list, Loose Threads Report p. 15.
[^18]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^19]: Colavito, Jason, March 23, 2019, "Alien autopsy producer sues UFO contactee, former CIA scientist and ex-congressman over stalled UFO documentary," quoting Schaeffer, Robert, blog post of March 2019, and Kiviat's account, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the Kiviat suit and the $300,000 figure.
[^20]: Korff, K., "Exposing Harry Reid's 'Black Budget' UFO Program, CIA Disinfo Ops," *Medium,* January 13, 2019, https://medium.com/@kalkorff/exposing-harry-reids-black-budget-ufo-program-cia-disinfo-ops-71a044802b27, as summarized in the RR0 UFO database entry "Ronald S. Pandolfi," https://rr0.org/people/p/PandolfiRon/index.html. Sole source for the 2008 and 2015 claims.
[^21]: Ryan, "Dan Smith: Who's That?", *Top Secret Writers,* April 26, 2009, as summarized in the RR0 UFO database entry "Dan Throop Smith, Jr.," https://rr0.org/people/s/SmithDan/index.html. Sole source for the passage so cited.
[^22]: Boyle, Tanner F., "Forbidden Science Dispatches #9," Substack, subtitle, https://tannerfboyle.substack.com/p/forbidden-science-dispatches-9